swiss_re_-_schweizerische_rckversicherungsgesellschaft_innovationen_2005 article sigma Innovationen zur Versicherung unversicherbarer Risiken GL High risk groups Reinsurance 4 2005 2005 gallardo_comparative_2005 article World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Comparative Review of Microfinance Regulatory Framework Issues in Benin, Ghana, and Tanzania Africa Benin Ghana Microfinance Regulation Tanzania 3585 2005 2005 sakyi_retrospective_2008 article The International Journal of Health Planning and Management Ghana has undertaken many public service management reforms in the past two decades. But the implementation of the reforms has been constrained by many factors. This paper undertakes a retrospective study of research works on the challenges to the implementation of reforms in the public health sector. It points out that most of the studies identified: (1) centralised, weak and fragmented management system; (2) poor implementation strategy; (3) lack of motivation; (4) weak institutional framework; (5) lack of financial and human resources and (6) staff attitude and behaviour as the major causes of ineffective reform implementation. The analysis further revealed that quite a number of crucial factors obstructing reform implementation which are particularly internal to the health system have either not been thoroughly studied or overlooked. The analysis identified lack of leadership; weak communication and consultation; lack of stakeholder participation, corruption and unethical professional behaviour as some of the missing variables in the literature. The study, therefore, indicated that there are gaps in the literature that needed to be filled through rigorous reform evaluation based on empirical research particularly at district, sub-district and community levels. It further suggested that future research should be concerned with the effects of both systems and structures and behavioural factors on reform implementation. Copyright ??? 2008 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd. A retrospective content analysis of studies on factors constraining the implementation of health sector reform in Ghana Content analysis Ghana Health sector reform NHIS 259--285 23 2008 3 2008 eggleston_risk_2000 article The Journal of Risk and Insurance Risk selection and optimal health insurance-provider payment systems GL Risk equalization 173--196 67 2000 2 2000 seibel_upgrading_1997 article {AEF} University of Cologne In the transition process from financial repression to a prudentially deregulated financial system, an increasing number of developing countries are becoming concerned about access of the rural and urban masses to microfinance. Only viable institutions with sound practices, which mobilize their own resources and cover their costs from the margin, can respond to the increasing demand for microsavings, microcredit and microinsurance services on a sustainable {basisThree} major approaches contribute to the development of a system of microfinance:reform of the policy environmentinstitutional transformationinstrumental innovation In this framework there is a wide variety of institutions that have to undergo major adjustments to play their role effectively as financial intermediaries for the microeconomy: commercial and development banks; formal local banks and semiformal financial institutions under private, cooperative, community or local government ownership; credit {NGOs;} and informal financial institutions. Contingent upon the policy environment, the institutional infrastructure, and the degree of market integration, there are four major strategies of institutional transformation:institutional adaptation, or downgrading, of formal financial institutions institutional enhancement, or upgrading, of non formal financial institutionslinking formal and non formal financial institutionsin the absence of a sufficient number of adaptable formal and non formal institutions, infrastructural innovation: establishing new microfinance institutions In each case, sound financial practices appropriate to the institution and its market are essential. There is no single best approach that can be simply replicated without regard to the unique situation of a country or region. Upgrading, Downgrading, Linking, Innovating: Microfinance Development Strategies: A Systems Perspective Downscaling Linking Microfinance Upgrading June 1997 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/1795 1997-06 churchhill_what_2006 inbook - Defining microinsurance - The two faces of microinsurance - What a difference three words make What is insurance for the poor? Microinsurance Geneva / Munich 12--24 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/1ADE0604-6297-4D14-B8B9-AE122900108C/0/Part1Principlesandpractices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 leonard_cost_2009 article Journal of Development Economics Health is a pressing problem facing Africans today, yet health care systems in Africa are inadequate and under-funded. We show that pervasive imperfect agency means that they are also inefficient. Imperfect agency (due to unobservable medical effort) is a recognized market failure in health care, but its impact is difficult to measure. We take an indirect approach to estimation and infer the cost of unobservable effort from the behavior of utility-maximizing patients, specifically their willingness to incur measurable costs to avoid practitioners who shirk. We use a unique data set from rural Cameroun where patients choose between the government health system, church-operated (mission) health facilities and, importantly, traditional healers. Traditional healers provide health services on an outcome-contingent basis where patients pay only if they are cured. Both government and mission facilities, in contrast, are paid on a fee-for-service basis. Patients' choices of practitioners, combined with quantitative information about patients' illnesses, permit a structural estimation of the value of unobservable medical effort. The results allow investigation into the nature of agency, its costs, and the manner in which contracts reduce and patient behavior mitigates those costs. We estimate that in the absence of imperfect agency, utility from health care would increase by at least 160\%. Even in the face of imperfect agency, the sophistication of patients in choosing between existing contracts for different illnesses increases utility by up to 20\%. The cost of imperfect agency in health care: Evidence from rural Cameroun Asymmetric information Imperfect agency Medical effort Shirking 0304-3878 282--291 March 88 2009 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBV-4SVC5S0-1/2/863a96fccb5b3ee6fa5183f36dee3877 2009-03 gruber_health_2000 incollection A distinctive feature of the health insurance market in the {US} is the restriction of group insurance availability to the workplace. This has a number of important implications for the functioning of the labor market, through mobility from job-to-job or in and out of the labor force, wage determination, and hiring decisions. This paper reviews the large literature that has emerged in recent years to assess the impact of health insurance on the labor market. I begin with an overview of the institutional details relevant to assessing the interaction of health insurance and the labor market. I then present a theoretical overview of the effects of health insurance on mobility and wage/employment determination. I critically review the empirical literature on these topics, focusing in particular on the methodological issues that have been raised, and highlighting the unanswered questions which can be the focus of future work in this area. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Health Insurance and the labour Market Health insurance Labour market Wage determination Amsterdam (a.o.) 645--706 Part 3 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 olsen_implicit_2005 article Journal of Health Economics The paper explores the merit of the willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} method as a way to elicit public preferences regarding health care priorities. The aim is to test the extent to which the implicit ranking inferred from the ordinal differences in {WTP-values} corresponds with respondents' explicit ranking of the same programmes. This issue of convergent validity is explored by face-to-face interviewing of population samples in six European countries-in total 1240 respondents. The most consistent result is the inconsistency of {WTP} and explicit ranking in all six countries. The convergent validity of {WTP} is low, particularly among those who did not state different {WTP-values} on the three programmes being considered Implicit versus explicit ranking: On inferring ordinal preferences for health care programmes based on differences in willingness-to-pay Health care Willingness to pay 990--996 2005 24 2005 ministry_of_health_malawi_malawi_2007 misc Malawi National Health accounts - {(NHA)} 2002/2003-2004/2005 Summary Report {DRAFT} Malawi February 2007 http://www.who.int/nha/country/Malawi-NHA_2002_03-2004_05.pdf 2007-02 hammitt_willingness_1999 article Journal of Risk and Uncertainty Efficient investments in health protection require valid estimates of the public's willingness to forgo consumption for diminished probabilities of death, injury, and disease. Stated valuations of risk reduction are not valid measures of economic preference if the valuations are insensitive to probability variation. This article reviews the existing literature on {CV} studies of reductions in health risk and finds that most studies are poorly designed to assess the sensitivity of stated valuations to changes in risk magnitude. Replication of a recent study published in this journal by Johannesson et al. 1997 demonstrates how serious the problem of insensitivity can be, even for a study that reports plausible results. New empirical results are presented from telephone surveys designed to provide internal and external tests of how {WTP} responds to size of risk reduction. The effect of variations in instrument design on estimated sensitivity to magnitude is examined. Overall, estimated {WTP} for risk reduction is inadequately sensitive to the difference in probability, that is, the magnitude of the difference in {WTP} for different reductions in risk is typically smaller than suggested by standard economic theory. Additional research to improve methods for communicating changes in risk is needed, and future studies of stated {WTP} to reduce risk should include rigorous validity checks. Willingness to Pay for Health Protection: Inadequate Sensitivity to Probability? Willingness to pay 33--62 1999 8 1999 madi_setting_2007 article Health Policy A participatory approach to priority setting in programme evaluation may help improve the allocation and more efficient use of scarce resources especially in low-income countries. Research agendas that are the result of collaboration between researchers, programme managers, policy makers and other stakeholders have the potential to ensure rigorous studies are conducted on matters of local priority, based on local, expert knowledge. This paper describes a process involving key stakeholders to elicit and prioritise evaluation needs for safe motherhood in three developing countries. A series of reiterative consultations with safe motherhood stakeholders from each country was conducted over a period of 36 months. In each country, the consultation process consisted of a series of participatory workshops; firstly, stakeholder's views on evaluation were elicited with parallel descriptive work on the contexts. Secondly, priorities for evaluation were identified from stakeholders; thirdly, the evaluation-priorities were refined; and finally, the evaluation research questions, reflecting the identified priorities, were agreed and finalised. Three evaluation-questions were identified in each country, and one selected, on which a full scale evaluation was undertaken. While there is a great deal written about the importance of transparent and participatory priority setting in evaluation; few examples of how such processes could be implemented exist, particularly for maternal health programmes. Our experience demonstrates that the investment in a participatory priority-setting effort is high but the process undertaken resulted in both globally and contextually-relevant priorities for evaluation. This experience provides useful lessons for public health practitioners committed to bridging the research-policy interface. Setting priorities for safe motherhood programme evaluation: A participatory process in three developing countries Participatory priority setting Programme evaluation Safe motherhood 94--104 September 83 2007 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4N3GNGP-2/1/2c0d88f734ddf17b00bc2d7bb0eed73d 2007-09 bliss_participation_2008 techreport Participation has become one of the most important buzzwords in the international development discourse since at least the middle of the 1990s. In the same way as older key terms such as gender and socio-cultural conditions of development, or new concepts such as good governance and ownership, the increasing claims for participation (of target groups, of beneficiaries, of stake-holders etc.) are usually accompanied by a critical assessment of previous development cooperation which needs to be improved by stronger, more comprehensive or target-oriented participation. However, this positive connotation of participation shared by almost all actors in the field is increasingly challenged through critical remarks forwarded by theoreticians and practitioners alike. In this article the authors provide a critical overview of the dimensions and meanings of "participation" for different actors and in different contexts, and they summarize and analyze the current controversy surrounding the concept and its implementation. One important finding is that in many development programmes (from the project level to sector-wide approaches) and Poverty Reduction Strategy processes, participation is seen and implemented in a functional and utilitarian way to achieve predefined objectives, and not as a tool for empowerment. The same holds for the actors from bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, including many Nongovernmental Organisations. From this review current challenges of participation and development are derived and discussed, including key issues such as legitimacy and representation of various groups of stakeholders, participation and decentralisation, participation and civil society, participation and the poor, and participation and conflict. Participation in International Development Discourse and Practice. {'State} of the Art' and Challenges Duisburg 67 pp. 2008 94 http://inef.uni-due.de/page/documents/Report94.pdf Institut f\"{u}r Entwicklung und Frieden 2008 morris_validity_2006 article J Epidemiol Community Health Validity of rapid estimates of household wealth and income for health surveys in rural Africa Africa Health survey 381--387 2000 2006 54 2006 okello_socioeconomic_2004 techreport Socioeconomic Characteristics of Enrollees in Community Health Insurance Schemes in Africa Africa Community-based health insurance Socio-economic characterisitics Washnigton, {D.C.} 2004 {USAID} 2004 worlbank_multivariate_???? techreport Multivariate analysis of health data: General issues Multivariate analysis Quantitative research Research method 10 Technical Note banda_private_1995 article Journal of International Development {THE} {PRIVATE} {HEALTH} {SECTOR} {IN} {MALAWI:} {OPENING} {PANDORA'S} {BOX?} Africa Malawi Primary health care 403--421 7 1995 3 1995 atim_survey_2001 techreport A Survey of Health Financing Schemes in Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Health financing schemes Micro health insurance Bethesda, Maryland 2001 {PHRplus} - Partners for Health Reformplus Project, Abt. Associates Inc. 2001 vassall_estimatingresource_2006 article Health Policy Considerable effort has been made to estimate the global resource requirements of scaling-up {HIV/AIDS} and tuberculosis {(TB)} interventions. There are currently several medium- and long-term global estimates available. Comprehensive country specific estimates are now urgently needed to ensure the successful scaling-up of these services. This paper reviews evidence on the global resource requirements of scaling-up {HIV/AIDS} and {TB} interventions. The purpose of this review is to summarise and critically appraise the methods used in the global estimates and to identify remaining knowledge gaps, particularly those relevant to country level estimation. This review found that the estimates of global resource requirements provide sound methodological guidance for countries on the basic steps to follow. However, there are still many areas that require further development or evidence. These include the following. Firstly, the methods used to assess the capacity to scale up {HIV/AIDS} and {TB} services need to be further refined. In particular countries need simple methods to assess human resource capacity. Secondly, investments need to be made to improve country level data on the costs and effectiveness of {HIV/AIDS} and {TB} services. In particular efforts should be focused on producing standardised unit costs for each intervention by country, which reflect the reality of domestic resource use. Thirdly, simple costing models, which appropriately integrate systems costs need to be developed for use at the country level. Finally, resources needs estimation needs to be embedded by countries in multi-sectoral expenditure planning processes. Countries and global agencies will continue to need estimates for different purposes at different times. Therefore attention should move away from specific estimates, to the longer term aim of building capacity at the country level, supported by global agencies. This will be of mutual benefit. Those making national resource estimates can learn from the experience of global estimation. Concurrently, global resource estimates can build on the evidence emerging from improved national resource estimates. Estimating the resource needs of scaling-up {HIV/AIDS} and tuberculosis interventions in {sub-Saharan} Africa: A systematic review for national policy makers and planners Africa Cost HIV/AIDS Rating:2 Resource requirements Scaling-up Sub-Saharan Africa 1--15 November 79 2006 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4HYN4YB-2/1/a29e5b6f0ee2e17e3ff37d8309589f32 2006-11 adato_methodological_2007 article World Development Summary This article presents the qualitative methodology used in a mixed methods longitudinal study of poverty dynamics in {KwaZulu-Natal} province in South Africa. The study opened up the definition of "the household," and developed an innovative participatory method called "household events mapping," using family trees, visual family histories, and detailed stories to trace and explain changes in household poverty status over time. These methods stimulated recall, uncovered meanings, ambiguities, and under-reporting in survey data, and led to more nuanced information about the dynamics of poverty. The article is reflexive on the research process, emphasizing the importance of giving back to research communities in longitudinal research. Methodological Innovations in Research on the Dynamics of Poverty: A Longitudinal Study in {KwaZulu-Natal,} South Africa Longitudinal survey Mixed methods Participatory methods Poverty Qualitative methods Research methodology 247--263 February 35 2007 2 2007-02 xu_understandingimpact_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine There is currently considerable discussion between governments, international agencies, bilateral donors and advocacy groups on whether user fees levied at government health facilities in poor countries should be abolished. It is claimed that this would lead to greater access for the poor and reduce the risks of catastrophic health expenditures if all other factors remained constant, though other factors rarely remain constant in practice. Accordingly, it is important to understand what has actually happened when user fees have been abolished, and why. All fees at first level government health facilities in Uganda were removed in March 2001. This study explores the impact on health service utilization and catastrophic health expenditures using data from National Household Surveys undertaken in 1997, 2000 and 2003. Utilization increased for the non-poor, but at a lower rate than it had in the period immediately before fees were abolished. Utilization among the poor increased much more rapidly after the abolition of fees than beforehand. Unexpectedly, the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure among the poor did not fall. The most likely explanation is that frequent unavailability of drugs at government facilities after 2001 forced patients to purchase from private pharmacies. Informal payments to health workers may also have increased to offset the lost revenue from fees. Countries thinking of removing user charges should first examine what types of activities and inputs at the facility level are funded from the revenue collected by fees, and then develop mechanisms to ensure that these activities can be sustained subsequently. Understanding the impact of eliminating user fees: Utilization and catastrophic health expenditures in Uganda Africa Catastrophic health care expenditure Uganda Utilisation 866--876 February 62 2006 4 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4H100B4-2/1/7d1cf94307affa4cc09d6260e63465ec 2006-02 snow_contracting_2004 techreport Contracting for Health Care Service Delivery - A Manual for Policy Makers Contracting health care Health care delivery Manual 2004 {USAID} 2004 kalanda_development_2006 article {ESSAYS} {ON} {REGULATION} {AND} {SUPERVISION} Development of Malawi's Microfinance Regulation and Supervision Africa Malawi Microfinance Regulation 16 2006 http://microfinancegateway.org/files/31185_file_Malawi_final_as_revised_in_May_2007_.pdf 2006 peters_better_2002 book Human Development Network - Health, Nutrition, and Population Series Better health systems for India's poor - Findings, Analysis, and Options Health and poverty Health sector Health system reform India Washington, {D.C.} 2002 The World Bank 2002 poulin_sex_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine In this paper, I argue two main points. First, in premarital, sexual partnerships in rural Malawi, the purpose of money exchange extends beyond the alleviation of female partners' economic constraints, and, second, by clarifying this broader purpose, it becomes possible to recognize where women exert control over their own sexual selves. These findings come from field observations and a rich set of in-depth interviews {(N=54),} bolstered on occasion by survey data, conducted with young women and men, aged 15-24 years, in the Balaka district in the southern region of the country. This research demonstrates that, contrary to typical expectations, money and gift transfers in sexual partnerships are part and parcel of the courting practices of young Malawian women and men. Transfers are as much about the expression of love and commitment as they are about meeting the financial needs of women or the acquisition of sex for men. Using narrative information to shed light on the semiotics of the sex-money link, these findings from Malawi offer a new perspective that broadens usual interpretations of transactional sex, the understanding of which is critical in fighting {AIDS.} Sex, money, and premarital partnerships in southern Malawi Africa Malawi Sexual behavior Transactional sex Youth 2383--2393 December 65 2007 11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4PJ6BW1-1/1/5929b0d4540db8abea8d12d4048d438e 2007-12 rao_health_???? inbook Health insurance in india Health insurance India New Delhi 275--295 Commission on macroeconomica and health of India basu_scaling-up_2005 book This paper reviews the current level and pattern of access to finance for India's rural poor and examines some of the key microfinance approaches in India, taking a close look at the most dominant among these, the Self Help Group {(SHG)} Bank Linkage initiative. It empirically analyzes the success with which {SHG} Bank Linkage has been able to reach the poor, examines the reasons behind this, and the lessons learned. The analysis in the paper draws heavily on a recent rural access to finance survey of 6,000 households in India, undertaken by the authors. The main findings and implications of the paper are as follows: India's rural poor currently have very little access to finance from formal sources. Microfinance approaches have tried to fill the gap. Among these, the growth of {SHG} Bank Linkage has been particularly remarkable, but outreach remains modest in terms of the proportion of poor households served. The paper recommends that, if {SHG} Bank Linkage is to be scaled-up to offer mass access to finance for the rural poor, then much more attention will need to be paid towards: the promotion of high quality {SHGs} that are sustainable, clear targeting of clients, and ensuring that banks linked to {SHGs} price loans at cost-covering levels. At the same time, the paper argues that, in an economy as vast and varied as India's, there is scope for diverse microfinance approaches to coexist. Private sector microfinanciers need to acquire greater professionalism, and the government, too, can help by creating a flexible architecture for microfinance innovations, including through a more enabling policy, legal and regulatory framework. Finally, the paper argues that, while microfinance can, at minimum, serve as a quick way to deliver finance to the poor, the medium-term strategy to scale-up access to finance for the poor should be to 'graduate' microfinance clients to formal financial institutions. The paper offers some suggestions on what it would take to reform these institutions with an eye to improving access for the poor. Scaling-up Microfinance for India's Rural Poor 2005 http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN024231.pdf World Bank, South Asia Region, Finance and Private Sector Development Unit 2005 jtting_do_2003 article World Development Community-based health insurance is an emerging and promising concept, which addresses health care challenges faced in particular by the rural poor. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether rural Senegal members of a health insurance scheme are actually better-off than nonmembers. The results show that in poor environments, insurance programs can work: Members of les mutuelles de sant\'{e} (mutual health organizations) have a higher probability of using hospitalization services than nonmembers and pay substantially less when they need care. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that while the schemes achieved to attract poor people, the poorest of the poor remained excluded Do Community-based Health Insurance Schemes Improve Poor People's Access to Health Care? Evidence From Rural Senegal Access to health Africa Community-based health insurance Health insurance Poverty Risk sharing Senegal 273--288 32 2003 2 2003 fortney_comparing_2000 article Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology Objective: This research compared alternative measures of geographic access to health care providers using different levels of spatial aggregation (county, zipcode and street) and different methods of calculating the cost of space {(Euclidean} distance, road distance and travel time). Comparing Alternative Methods of Measuring Geographic Access to Health Services 173--184 June 1 2000 2 2000-06 kanitkar_learningmicro_2005 techreport Learning from Micro Insurance for {SHGs} of Pragathi Gramin Bank Chitradurga Unit {(PGBCU)} in Karnataka Case study India Karnataka Microinsurance Mutual insurance India 2005 {GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit, microcredit innovations Department 2005 mceuen_initiatives_1997 inproceedings Initiatives in Health Care Financing: Lessons Learned Health care financing Harare, Zimbabwe May 1997 {USAID} 1997-05 spss_spss_2003 misc {SPSS} {SPSS} Regression Models 12.0 Manual Quantitative research Research method Statistics 2003 2003 fernando_low-income_2007 techreport {Low-Income} Households' Access to Financial Services - International Experience, Measures for Improvement, and the Future Access to health Low-income households Philippines 2007 {ADB} - Asian Development Bank 2007 van_de_ven_risk_2003 article Health policy Risk adjustment and risk selection on the sickness fund insurance market in five European countries Europe GL Insurance markets Risk equalization 75--98 65 2003 1 2003 tidiane_tandia_involvement_2006 inproceedings Involvement / community participation in hygiene and water in Central and Western Africa Africa Central Africa Community participation West Africa Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2006 {CREPA} 2006 hsi_preliminary_2002 techreport Preliminary Review of {Community-Based} Health Financing Schemes and their Potencial for Adressing {HIV/AIDS} Needs in {Sub-Saharan} Africa Africa Financing schemes HIV/AIDS Bethesda, Maryland 2002 {PHRplus} - Partners for Health Reformplus 2002 christensen_innovaters_2003 book The Innovater's Dilemma Innovations 2003 Harper Buisiness 2003 agyepong_public_2008 article Health Policy Plan. The public social policy and programme decisions that are made in low-income countries have critical effects on human social and development outcomes. Unfortunately, it would appear that inadequate attention is paid to analysing, understanding and factoring into attempts to reshape or change policy, the complex historical, social, cultural, economic, political, organizational and institutional context; actor interests, experiences, positions and agendas; and policy development processes that influence policy and programme choices. Yet these can be just as critical as the availability of research or other evidence in influencing decision making on policies and their accompanying programmes and the resulting degree of success or failure in achieving the original objectives. Ghana, a low-income developing country in {sub-Saharan} Africa, embarked on a national policy process of replacing out-of-pocket fees at point of service use with national health insurance in 2001. This paper uses a case study approach to describe and reflect on the complex interactions of context with actors and processes including political power play; and the effects on agenda setting, decision making and policy and programme content. This case study supports observations from the literature that although availability of evidence is critical, major public social policy and programme content can be heavily influenced by factors other than the availability or non-availability of evidence to inform content decision making. In the low-income developing country context there can be imbalances of policy decision-making power related to strong and dominant political actors combined with weak civil society engagement, accountability systems and technical analyst power and position. Efforts at major reform need to consider and address these issues alongside efforts to provide evidence for content decision-making. Without an analysis and understanding of the politics of reform and how to work within it, researchers and other technical actors may find their information to support reform is not applied effectively. Similarly, without an appreciation of the need for critical technical analysis to support decision making rather than an indiscriminate use of political approaches, political actors may find that even with the best of intentions, desired policy objectives may not be attained. Public social policy development and implementation: a case study of the Ghana National Health Insurance scheme Africa Case study Ghana National health insurance NHIS Public health insurance Public health service Public social policy 150--160 March 23 2008 2 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/2/150 2008-03 wilkinson_soziale_2004 book Soziale Determinanten von Gesundheit: Die Fakten. Zweite Ausgabe. Kopenhagen: Weltgesundheitsorganisation, 2004 Social determinants of health Denmark 2004 {WHO} 2004 woolcock_social_2000 article World Bank Res Obs In the 1990s the concept of social capital--defined here as the norms and networks that enable people to act collectively--enjoyed a remarkable rise to prominence across all the social science disciplines. The authors trace the evolution of social capital research as it pertains to economic development and identify four distinct approaches the research has taken: communitarian, networks, institutional, and synergy. The evidence suggests that of the four, the synergy view, with its emphasis on incorporating different levels and dimensions of social capital and its recognition of the positive and negative outcomes that social capital can generate, has the greatest empirical support and lends itself best to comprehensive and coherent policy prescriptions. The authors argue that a significant virtue of the idea of and discourse on social capital is that it helps to bridge orthodox divides among scholars, practitioners, and policymakers. Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy Development theory Social capital 225--249 August 15 2000 2 http://wbro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/2/225 2000-08 international_labour_organization_mutual_2001 techreport Mutual Health Organizations and {Micro-Entrepreneurs'} Associations - Guide Guide Mutual health organisations Geneva 2001 International Labour Organization 2001 enarsson_almao_2006 techreport {ALMAO} and {YASIRU} - Sri Lanka Case study Credit-life insurance Life insurance Micro health insurance Microinsurance Mutual insurance Sri Lanka 2006 21 Case Study {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2006 martin_risk_1998 article Social science \& medicine (1982) For most individuals, the use made of health care in a given year is determined principally by unpredictable random incidents. Of course, some individuals have a predictably higher predisposition to illness than others. However, the general consensus is that only a fraction of individual variability in health care costs can be predicted. The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of this inherent randomness for setting health care budgets for general practitioner purchasers of health care. The paper argues that variability in utilization in health care is very high: that no capitation formula can ever completely capture that variability, even for large populations: that the variability may give rise to certain dysfunctional consequences if not managed carefully; and that therefore careful attention should be given to the managerial arrangements associated with any devolution of health care budgets. Risk and the general practitioner budget holder Budgets Contract services Family practice GL Health care rationing Health care reform Health expenditures 02779536 1547--54 November 47 1998 10 {PMID:} 9823050 1998-11 gumber_hedginghealth_2001 techreport Hedging the health of the poor: the case for community financing in India Community financing India Washington, {D.C.} 2001 Bank World\ 2001 carrin_social_2002 article International Social Security Review Social health insurance in developing countries: A continuing challenge Developing countries Social health insurance 57--69 55 2002 2 2002 mills_cost_1993 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Described in an analysis of the cost to the Ministry of Health of providing district health services in Malawi, with particular emphasis on the district hospital. District resource allocation patterns were assessed by carefully disaggregating district costs by level of care and hospital department. A strikingly low proportion of district recurrent costs was absorbed by salaries and wages (27-39\%, depending on the district) and a surprisingly high proportion by medical supplies (24-37\%). The most expensive cost centre in the hospital was the pharmacy. A total of 27-39\% of total recurrent costs were spent outside the hospital and 61-73\% on hospital services. The secondary care services absorbed 40-58\% of district recurrent costs. Unit costs by hospital department varied considerably by district, with one hospital being consistently the most expensive and another the cheapest. A total of 3-10 new outpatients could be treated for the average cost of 1 inpatient-day, while 34-55 could be treated for the average cost of 1 inpatient. The efficiency of hospital operations, the scope for redistributing resources districtwide, and the costing methodology are discussed. The cost of the district hospital: a case study in Malawi Africa Capital Expenditures Cost Control Costs and Cost Analysis Delivery of health care District hospital Health care rationing Health care system Health Resources Hospitals District Humans Malawi Salaries and Fringe Benefits 0042-9686 329--339 71 1993 3-4 {PMID:} 8324852 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8324852 1993 biswas_making_2008 article Icfai Journal of Risk \& Insurance Although Micro Health Insurance {(MHI)} is meant for people who live below or just above the poverty line, those who cannot afford the traditional health insurance schemes, it is not giving the desired results. These schemes are not sustainable in the long run due to several limitations in the product design. To overrun this problem a feasibility study including the data collection and analysis phase, scheme design phase, and a phase to prepare for implementation of the scheme is required. Designing a client demand oriented product is a must for the successful implementation of the scheme, and stages such as client requirement analysis, prototype design, pricing, final product design, staff training and pilot test are to be considered. The performance of the scheme can be measured through a set of indicators - growth ratio, coverage ratio and liquidity ratio. Making Health Microinsurance Work Coverage Coverage ratio Growth ratio Liquidity ratio Micro health insurance 50--59 Vol. 5, No. 1 2008 {\textless}p{\textgreater}http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\_id=1082986{\textless}/p{\textgreater} http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1082986 2008 seiler_beitrge_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen In Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern sind die nationalen Einrichtungen meist nicht in der Lage, nach Naturkatastrophen rechtzeitig und umfassend Hilfe leisten zu k\"{o}nnen. Insbesondere in den l\"{a}ndlichen Regionen m\"{u}ssen die Menschen die Folgen der Katastrophe h\"{a}ufig aus eigener Kraft bew\"{a}ltigen. In Nicaragua unterst\"{u}tzt die Welthungerhilfe ein Pilotvorhaben, dass auf die St\"{a}rkung lokaler Selbsthilfeorganisationen der Bev\"{o}lkerung sowie lokaler Institutionen zur verbesserten Pr\"{a}vention und Bew\"{a}ltigung von Naturkatastrophen abzielt. Beitr\"{a}ge von kooperativer Selbsthilfe zum Risikomanagement von Naturkatastrophen 71--80 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 reschke_klassifikationsmodelle_2004 techreport Klassifikationsmodelle f\"{u}r Versicherte im Risikostrukturausgleich - Untersuchungen zur Auswahl geeigneter Grupppenbildungen, Gewichtungsfaktoren und Klassifikationsmerkmale f\"{u}r einen direkt morbit\"{a}tsorientierten Risikostrukturausgleich in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung GL Risk equalization 2004 Endbericht Bundesministerium f\"{u}r Gesundheit und Soziale Sicherung 2004 fuwa_credit_2009 techreport Studying the negative effects of credit constraints on child education. This study uses household survey data from rural Andhra Pradesh, India, to show that credit market failure can be a significant factor preventing the poor from investing in child education. The survey records time allocation of all household members for various activities, such as time spent on schooling, remunerative work, household chores and leisure. It also contains information on access to credit. This allows distinctions to be made between credit-constrained and unconstrained households. Study results suggest that: * Credit constraints lead to substantial reallocation of time among children; * Magnitude of decrease in schooling due to credit constraints is about half the amount of increase in child labor; the other half is accounted for by reduction in leisure; * Children in credit-constrained households tend to increase time allocated for remunerative and domestic work; * Cost of increased child labor due to credit market failures amounts to time lost for schooling and leisure. The study shows that analyses of children's time allocation that focus exclusively on remunerative work and schooling, ignoring domestic work or leisure, can underestimate the effects of credit constraints. How Does Credit Access Affect Children's Time Allocation? Evidence from Rural India Child labor credit constraint Gender bias Chiba, Japan 2009 183 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34172/14_How%20Does%20Credit%20Access%20Affect%20Children%27s%20Time%20Allocation.pdf Institute of Development Economics 2009 wahab_assessingimplementation_2008 unpublished Assessing the implementation of Ghana's {NHIS} law Ghana NHIS NHIS implementation NHIS law 2008 Paper Prepared for Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis {Mini???Conference,} Spring 2008 http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/seminars/papers/wahab_mcpaper08.pdf 2008 patel_insurance_2002 techreport Insurance and Poverty Alleviation: The cooperative advantage Cooperatives Insurance and poverty Cheshire, {UK} 2002 {ICMIF} 2002 spss_spss_2001 misc {SPSS} {SPSS} Categories 11.0 Manual Quantitative research Research method Statistics 2001 2001 world_bank_concentration_???? techreport The Concentration Index Quantitative research Research method 7 Technical Note ellis_health_2000 article Economic and Political Weekly Health Insurance in India: Prognosis and Prospectus Health insurance India 207--17 35 2000 4 2000 international_labour_organization_extending_2002 misc Extending Social Protection in Health Through Community Based Health Organizations: Evidence and Challenges Community-based health insurance Social protection on health 2002 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/universitas/download/publi/cbhostudy.pdf 2002 vargas_using_2006 unpublished Using selected diagnoses to improve the chilean capitation formula Chile GL Risk equalization Greifswald 2006 Diskussionspapier 2/2006 2006 radermacher_genossenschaftliche_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen Mikroversicherungen sind Risikomanagementangebote f\"{u}r Geringverdiener. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die komparativen Vorteile, die genossenschaftlichen Mikroversicherungen aufgrund der genossenschaftlichen Prinzipien erwachsen. Ebenso werden Beschr\"{a}nkungen aufgezeigt, die dieser Ansatz aufweist, und auf diese mit einem holistischen F\"{o}rderansatz geantwortet. Genossenschaftliche Mikroversicherungen als Mittel zur Bew\"{a}ltigung von Krankheitsrisiken in Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern - Potential und F\"{o}rderansatz Community-based health insurance Micro health insurance Mutual insurance 58--70 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 dror_willingness_2007 article Health Policy This study, conducted in India in 2005, provides evidence on Willingness to pay {(WTP),} gathered through a unidirectional (descending) bidding game among 3024 households {(HH)} in seven locations where micro health insurance units are in operation. Insured persons reported slightly higher {WTP} values than uninsured. About two-thirds of the sample agreed to pay at least 1\%; about half the sample was willing to pay at least 1.35\%; 30\% was willing to pay about 2.0\% of annual {HH} income as health insurance premium. Nominal {WTP} correlates positively with income but relative {WTP} (expressed as percent of {HH} income) correlates negatively. The correlation between {WTP} and education is secondary to that of {WTP} with {HH} income. Household composition did not affect {WTP.} However, {HHs} that experienced a high-cost health event and male respondents reported slightly higher {WTP.} The observed nominal levels of {WTP} are higher than has been estimated hitherto. Willingness to pay for health insurance among rural and poor persons: Field evidence from seven micro health insurance units in India Bidding game Low-income population Rural population 12--27 June 82 2007 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4KW5W5R-1/1/0459d52bbf6a39dfc37de3a4984fc5b1 2007-06 conrad_defining_2007 article Electronic Journal of Sociology Defining social capital Social capital {ISSN:} 1198 3655 2007 2007 kaara_health_2001 techreport Health is Wealth - Health Insurance Scheme - Damongo - A {COMMUNITY} {BASED} {INITIATIVE} {FOR} {HEALTH} {FINANCING} - A Practical Manual Africa Case study Community-based health insurance Damongo Scheme Ghana Micro health insurance Mutual insurance K\"{o}ln 2001 {AGEH} - Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\"{u}r Entwicklungshilfe 2001 mathauer_health_2006 article Human Resources for Health Health worker motivation in Africa: the role of non-financial incentives and human resource management tools Africa Health workers Human capital Human resource management tools Non-financial incentives 24 4 2006 http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/4/1/24 2006 gwatkin_need_2001 article International Journal for Epidemiology The need for equity-oriented health sector reforms Access to health Equity and health Health care system Health sector reform 720--723 30 2001 2001 barnett_poverty_2008 article World Development Summary A growing literature suggests that in low-income countries, households with few assets can be trapped in chronic poverty. This article reviews relevant threads of the poverty traps literature to motivate a description of the opportunities presented by innovative index-based risk transfer products. These products can be used to address some insurance and credit market failures that contribute to the persistence of poverty among households in low-income countries. Applications are considered at the micro, meso, and macro levels. Poverty Traps and {Index-Based} Risk Transfer Products Poverty trap Risk management {0305-750X} 1766--1785 October 36 2008 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4SWG0MJ-6/2/935f1c94c854c78083fb30e6e54f4994 2008-10 rifkin_primary_1988 article Soc. Sci. Med. Primary Health Care: on measuring Participation Community participation 931--940 26 1988 9 1988 carpiano_towardneighborhood_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine Within the past several years, a considerable body of research on social capital has emerged in public health. Although offering the potential for new insights into how community factors impact health and well being, this research has received criticism for being undertheorized and methodologically flawed. In an effort to address some of these limitations, this paper applies Pierre Bourdieu's (1986) {[Bourdieu,} P. (1986). Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). New York: Greenwood] social capital theory to create a conceptual model of neighborhood socioeconomic processes, social capital (resources inhered within social networks), and health. After briefly reviewing the social capital conceptualizations of Bourdieu and Putnam, I attempt to integrate these authors' theories to better understand how social capital might operate within neighborhoods or local areas. Next, I describe a conceptual model that incorporates this theoretical integration of social capital into a framework of neighborhood social processes as health determinants. Discussion focuses on the utility of this Bourdieu-based neighborhood social capital theory and model for examining several under-addressed issues of social capital in the neighborhood effects literature and generating specific, empirically testable hypotheses for future research. Toward a neighborhood resource-based theory of social capital for health: Can Bourdieu and sociology help? Bourdieu Neighborhoods Social determinants Social epidemiology Theory 165--175 62 2006 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4GHRC84-2/1/66b28fae551cf3f1a153013e1caf6fdb 2006 dror_cost_2008 article Social Science Research Network There is currently no abstract available for this document. Cost of Illness: Evidence from a Study in Five {Resource-Poor} Locations in India April 2008 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/51215 2008-04 rose_whatsocial_1999 techreport What does Social Capital add to individual Welfare? An empirical Analysis of Russia, Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 15 Russia Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 barnum_incentives_1995 article The International Journal of Health Planning and Management The mode of payment creates powerful incentives affecting provider behavior and the efficiency, equity and quality outcomes of health finance reforms. This paper examines provider incentives as well as administrative costs, and institutional conditions for successful implementation associated with provider payment alternatives. The paper focus on payments by institutions (third parties) to providers. The alternatives considered are budget reforms, capitation, fee-for-service, and case-based reimbursement. We conclude that competition, whether through a regulated private sector or within a public system, has the potential to improve the performance of any payment method. All methods generate both adverse and beneficial incentives. Systems with mixed forms of provider payment can provide tradeoffs to offset the disadvantages of individual modes. Low income countries should avoid complex payment systems requiring higher levels of institutional development. Incentives and Provider Payment Methods Health sector reform Reimbursement 23--45 10 1995 1 1995 van_de_ven_access_2000 article Journal of Health Economics Access to coverage for high-risks in a competitive individual health insurance market: via premium rate restrictions or risk-adjusted premium subsidies? GL Risk equalization 311--339 19 2000 2000 dong_feasibility_2004 article Health Policy To ensure the acceptability of community-based insurance {(CBI)} by the community and its sustainability, a feasibility study of {CBI} was conducted in Burkina Faso, including preference for benefit package of {CBI,} costing of health services, costing of the benefit package and willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} for the package. Qualitative methods were used to collect information about preferences for the benefit package. Cost per unit health services, health demand obtained from household survey and physician-judged health needs were used to estimate the cost of the benefit package. The bidding game method was used to elicit household head's {WTP} for the package. We found that there were strong preferences for inclusion of high-cost health services such as operation, essential drugs and consultation fees in the benefit package. It is estimated that the cost of the package per capita was 1673 {CFA} (demand-based) and 9630 {CFA} (need-based), including 58\% government subsidies ([euro]1=655 {CFA).} The average household head with eight household members agreed to pay from 7500 (median) to 9769 {CFA} (mean) to join the {CBI} for his/her household. The {WTP} results were influenced by household characteristics, such as location, household size and age composition. Under certain assumptions (household as the enrolment unit, median household head's {WTP} as premium for the average household, 50\% enrolment rate), it would be feasible to run {CBI} in Nouna, Burkina Faso if enrolees' health demand did not increase by more than 28\% or if the underwriting of the initial losses was covered by extra funds. The feasibility of community-based health insurance in Burkina Faso Africa Burkina Faso Feasibility 45--53 July 69 2004 1 2004-07 schultz_social_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Using data from the 2006 Social Capital Community Survey in Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin, {USA,} we investigate associations between individual social capital measures (attitudes on trust, formal group involvement, informal socializing, organized group interaction, social support and volunteer activity) and self-rated health after controlling for individual and economic characteristics. In particular, we address issues of social capital as an endogenous determinant of self-reported health using instrumental variables probit estimation. After accounting for the endogeneity of these various measures of individual social capital, we find that individual social capital is a significant predictor of self-rated health. Social capital and self-rated health: Results from the {US} 2006 social capital survey of one community Individual social capital Self-rated health Social interaction Social trust 606--617 August 67 2008 4 2008-08 world_health_organization_who_world_2003 book World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The world health report 2003 - shaping the future World health report 2003 http://www.who.int/whr/2003/en/index.html 2003 botero_future_2006 inbook Microinsurance customers of the future; Microinsurance providers of the future; The regulatory landscape; The environment for microinsurance; Embracing the future The future of microinsurance Microinsurance Geneva / Munich 583--602 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 amin_contingent_2004 article Health Research Policy and Systems We used contingent valuation technique to estimate the parental willingness to pay for an episode of diarrhoea among 324 children of both sexes aged between five and seven years in two rural villages of Chennai in India. The aim was to examine if there was any gender bias in the parental willingness to treat children for a diarrhoeal episode, and if so to what extent. The willingness to pay was specified as a hedonic function of the duration and severity of an episode, and of parents' socioeconomic characteristics. The findings suggest that parents were willing to pay more to protect their male child compared to the female child suffering from a diarrhoeal episode. The median willingness to pay to avoid an episode for male and female children were calculated at Rs. 33.7 (approx. {US\$} 0.72) and Rs. 25.2 (approx. {US\$} 0.54) respectively -- a difference of around 34\%. After adjusting for the greater duration and severity of the illness, it was found that the difference between the two medians increased to 51\%. A contingent valuation study to estimate the parental willingness-to-pay for childhood diarrhoea and gender bias among rural households in India Childhood diarrhoea Contingent valuation Gender bias India Rural India Willingness to pay 2 2004 http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content/2/1/3 2004 world_health_organization_who_world_1995 book World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The world health report 1995 - bridging the gaps World health report Geneva 1995 http://www.who.int/whr/1995/en/index.html 1995 armstrong_report_2004 techreport Report to the South African Risk Equalization fund target group - The International Review Panel Africa GL Risk Risk adjustment South Africa 2004 2004 international_labour_organization_ilo_synthesis_1999 inproceedings Synthesis of case studies of Microinsurance and other forms of extending social protection in health in latin america and the caribbean Caribbean Latin America Microinsurance Social protection on health Mexico 1999 1999 rogers_health_???? unpublished Health and Economic Consequences of Malnutrition Consequences of malnutrition Health and economics narayan_ensuringhealthy_2003 techreport Ensuring a healthy future: {NCMP} commitments - agenda for action Case study Charitable model India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Provider model Hyderabad, India 2003 {LOK} {SATTA} 2003 polder_cross-national_2005 article The European Journal of Health Economics All Western health systems are in search of efficiency. Cost of illness {(COI)} studies can contribute to the efficiency debate by elucidating the relation between health expenditure and health status and population demography. Since the purpose of {COI} data being summarized in the {OECD} Health Data publications is to facilitate cross-national comparisons, it is important to assess the comparability. We compared {COI} data from six countries at macrolevel of total health expenditure and disaggregated the data from four countries to sectors such as hospitals, drugs, health professionals, and residential care. Although the distribution of health expenditure over major diseases showed similar patterns in all countries, overall comparability was bad. We conclude that the current scope of {COI} studies is bound to national levels because health care systems dominate the magnitude and distribution of health expenditure. Cross-national comparisons may be possible if data and methods are standardized, and {COI} estimates are made for a common comparable package. A cross-national perspective on cost of illness 223--232 6 2005 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-005-0295-0 2005 takyi_religion_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine Since the late 1970s when the first cases of {HIV/AIDS} were identified in Africa, there has been an upsurge of research on the epidemic. Although religious involvement may be germane to {AIDS} protective and risk behavior, few of these studies deal with religion and {AIDS.} This article contributes to the discourse on religion and health in Africa by analysing the interrelationship between religion and {AIDS} behavior in Ghana, a West African country at the early stages of the {AIDS} epidemic, and one where religious activities are more pronounced. We explore whether a woman's knowledge of {HIV/AIDS} is associated with her religious affiliation, and whether religious affiliation influences {AIDS} preventive (protective) attitudes. Findings from our analysis of Ghanaian data indicate that religious affiliation has a significant effect on knowledge of {AIDS.} However, we did not find religious affiliation to be associated with changes in specific protective behavior, particularly the use of condoms. The limitations and implications of the study are discussed, promising directions for further research on religion and {AIDS} protective and risk behaviors are also discussed, and the design and development of culturally sensitive programs to help in the ongoing {AIDS} prevention efforts in the region are proposed. Religion and women's health in Ghana: insights into {HIV/AIDs} preventive and protective behavior Africa Behavior changes Ghana HIV/AIDS Protective behavior Religion 1221--1234 March 56 2003 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-45PTSD9-2/1/508cb14cb5c98206c7902af4536a1c2b 2003-03 spss_spss_2003-1 misc {SPSS} {SPSS} Base 12.0 Benutzerhandbuch Manual Quantitative research Research method Statistics 2003 2003 spss_spss_2002 misc {SPSS} {SPSS} Tables 11.5 Manual Quantitative research Research method Statistics 2002 2002 mizunoya_costing_2006 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} ocial protection systems are a very powerful means of alleviating and preventing poverty and can help mitigate the adverse effects of chronic poverty. They provide protection against old-age and various life risks - disability, ill-health, unemployment, and occupational injury - through contributory social insurance mechanisms and social welfare programmes, including social cash transfer schemes for those who are particularly exposed to poverty risks. This report presents the calculation of the cost of basic social protection benefit packages, and their affordability in five Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Vietnam for the period 2006 to 2034. This study offers a first estimate on the feasibility of basic social protection in low-income countries in Asia with a view to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Costing of Basic Social Protection Benefits for Selected Asian Countries: First Results of a Modelling Exercise calculation low income model Nepal Poverty social cost social security financing Viet Nam August 2006 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=934347 2006-08 ndiaye_editorial:viewbeneath:_2007 article Tropical Medicine and International Health Editorial: A view from beneath: Community Health Insurance in Africa Africa Micro health insurance 157--161 12 2007 2 2007 franke_measurement_2005 techreport Measurement of Social Capital Reference Document for Public Policy Research, Development, and Evaluation Measuring social capital Social capital 2005 Policy Research Institute - Canada 2005 mcguinness_e._malawis_2008 misc Malawi's Financial Landscape: Where Does Opportunity International Bank of Malawi Fit? Malawi July 2008 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.34331 2008-07 centre_dfid_2002 inproceedings {DFID} Health Insurance Workshop Health insurance London 2002 2002 vat_to_2002 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} How can social reinsurance sustain community health financing when governments cannot fund universal coverage? The answer to this question is the overriding focus of this book. Appropriate insurance is one option {(Musgrove} 1999, p. 55), but what kind of insurance is appropriate? The realm of insurance is ever-changing. When new risks are identified-or as new forms of risk transfer are formulated for known risks-the question about the limits of insurability comes up again and again. In the ordinary framework of casualty and liability insurance, routine technical analyses usually suffice to determine whether or not a given risk is insurable. Such calculations are performed routinely before an insurer agrees to underwrite a risk or renew a {contract.But} here the focus of debate is intrinsically different from the casualty and liability context. It is rather unusual because it concerns health costs, low-income countries, and microinsurance. The basic question is: Can insurance play any role at all in covering microinsurers' health risk and, if so, what is it? To answer this question, we draw on a set of basic concepts as well as modern problematic subjects from three parts of the literature: theory of insurance {(Briys} 1990; Ewald and Lorenzi 1998; Henriet and Rochet 1991; Outreville 1998), social protection and health care finance {(Charpentier} 2000; Cichon and others 1999), and health insurance in low-income countries {(Atim} 2000; Dror and Duru 2000; Fonteneau and Dror 2000; Gertler and Solon 2000; Meesen 2000). This chapter explores a method for establishing a coherent and simple-to-operate distinction between cost-generating health events that can be insured and those that {cannot.Health} risk, as used here, designates any situation in which the health status of an individual-or group of individuals-is exposed to possible deterioration. When this risk occurs, expenses are incurred either from treatment to improve the health status or from compensation for its deterioration. We analyze several examples to separate insurable from uninsurable health {events.Human} development is both a process and an end {(World} Bank 1993; {UNDP} 2000). This general affirmation also applies to the health risks of populations in low-income countries insofar as the related costs can both contribute to, and result from, such development. For this reason, health systems seek to improve the health of individuals (as measured by accepted indicators) and, at the same time, to adapt mechanisms to protect the overall development process. For example, insurance can provide protection against random poverty-generating events, but if similar results can be achieved by pooling resources, no matter how small, by alternative mechanisms (such as savings and prevention), they should not be ruled out. A combination of insurance and prevention can be just as effective in poor countries as it has been in rich countries. Finally, we are talking about microinsurance units, that is, community-funded health insurance schemes that are neither commercial nor national {(Dror} and Jacquier 1999). These microinsurers do not have access to the resources and financial techniques of commercial insurance and are not constrained by general policy considerations of governmental insurance. For these reasons-and no doubt more than with other types of insurance-the viability of microinsurance depends to a large extent on a coherent distinction between insurable and uninsurable risks. To Insure or Not to Insure? Reflections on the Limits of Insurability Insurability Insurance for the poor Micro health insurance 2002 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1021669 2002 gallardo_framework_2002 techreport A Framework for Regulating Microfinance Institutions {-The} Experience in Ghana and the Philippines Africa Asia Ghana Microfinance Philippines 2002 The World Bank - Financial Sector Development Department 2002 colletta_violent_2000 book Violent Conflict and the Transformation of Social Capital: Lessons from Cambodia, Rwanda, Guatemala, and Somalia Africa Cambodia Conflict Guatemala Latin America Rwanda Social capital Somalia 2000 World Bank Publications 2000 ilo_improving_2005 techreport Improving Social Protection for the Poor: Health Insurance in Ghana Africa Ghana Health and poverty Health insurance NHIS Poverty Social protection Geneva; London 2005 http://www.oit.org/public/english/protection/secsoc/downloads/policy/999sp1.pdf {ILO} 2005 morduch_strengthening_2001 techreport Strengthening public safety nets: Can the informal sector show the way? Informal sector Public safety nets Washington, {D.C.} 2001 Discussion Paper 122 International Food Policy Research Institute 2001 catrinescu_remittances_2009 article World Development Summary There is considerable debate regarding the relative contribution of international migrants' remittances to sustainable economic development. While officially recorded remittances to developing countries have increased over the last decade, research has not come to a consensus over whether remittances have a positive or negative impact on long-run growth. This paper argues that contradictory findings have emerged when looking at the remittances-growth link because of an omitted variable bias: specifically, remittances will be more likely to contribute to longer-term growth in countries with higher quality political and economic policies and institutions. Remittances, Institutions, and Economic Growth Growth Growth regressions Institutions international migration Remittances {0305-750X} 81--92 37 2009 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4SWG0MJ-5/2/2b27f58ab1e4bd37a479dac9f2bcc115 2009 ruhm_valuation_1995 inbook It is a generally accepted principie of fmanacial theory that an assumption of risk entitles the assuming party to a higher expected return on investment. This is paralleled in propertylcasualty insurance by the concept of a risk/contingency loading, or underwtiting profit margin, which varies directly with the riskiness of the business written. A risky liability can be separated into two distinct components: a tixed liability, and a pure-risk element which is neither an asset nor a liability, but which negatively impacts net Worth. It is demonstrated that, under certain assumptions: 1) the dollar value of a given risky liability is inversely related to the net capitalization of the entity assuming or retaining it, and 2) the transfer of risk from a lowercapitalized entity to a higher-capitalized entity for an appropriate premium results in gain for both parties, allowing them to achieve higher rates of return than would otherwise be available. This implies that insurance offered at an appropriate premium creates net economic value for both parties, aside from the value created by the pooling" of risks. A fair premium is defined to be the premium which equalizes the gains to both parties. The Valuation of a pure risk Element Risk assumption Valuation 299ff 1995 1995 habteab_tekie_mehrteab_adverse_2005 phdthesis Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard in {Group-Based} Lending: Evidence from Eritrea Adverse selection Group lending Microcredit Moral hazard University of Groningen 2005 2005 pauly_demand_2005 misc The Demand for Heath Insurance: Insights from Theory and Voluntary Markets in {Less-Developed} Countries. Background paper presented at Wharton impact conference on voluntary health insurance in developing countries, March 15--16 2005, University of Pennsylvania, {USA.} Demand Health insurance Micro health insurance 2005 http://hc.wharton.upenn.edu/impactconference/pauly_%20paper_%20030905.pdf 2005 haveman_economics_???? unpublished The Economics of Disability and Disability Policy Disability Incentives Labor force participation Rehabilitation Transfer policy 1999 {PREPARED} {FOR} {HANDBOOK} {OF} {HEALTH} {ECONOMICS} gpffarth_finanzierungsreform_2007 article Jahrb\"{u}cher f\"{u}r National\"{o}konomie und Statistik Finanzierungsreform und Risikostrukturausgleich -- Was bleibt vom Ausgleichsverfahren? Germany GL Risk adjustment 227 2007 1 2007 andersen_villagers:_2004 article Social Science \& Medicine Differential treatment of patients by health workers in African medical institutions is acknowledged by patients, health workers and policy-makers alike to be an obstacle in the realization of government objectives of equity in health care. This qualitative study understands the production and legitimization of differential treatment from the perspective of health workers. On the basis of qualitative field material from a hospital in Northern Ghana the relation between socio-cultural, biomedical and bureaucratic aspects of hospital practice is explored through a focus on categorizations of patients. It is concluded that to blame the "bad attitudes" of health workers for differential treatment is not an adequate explanation. It is important to acknowledge that differential treatment can be understood as a form of agency, and is related to the conditions of hospital work and to the professional and social identities of health workers. {"Villagers":} Differential treatment in a Ghanaian hospital Africa Bureaucracy Differential treatment Ghana Hospitals Patient categories 2003--2012 November 59 2004 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4C9YYHJ-1/1/f92b4e0f261deb3b534f8e608c59acb9 2004-11 schneider_shouldpoor_2004 article Health Policy and Planning Why should the poor insure? Theories of decision-making in the context of health insurance Insurance and poverty 349--355 19 2004 6 2004 beck_risiko_2004 book Risiko Krankenversicherung - Risikomanagement in einem regulierten Krankenversicherungsmarkt Health insurance Risk management Bern 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Haupt Verlag 2004 schmidt_measuring_1996 article International Journal of Health Planning and Management Measuring Participation: Its use as a managerial tool for district health planners based on a case study in Tanzania Africa Case study District health planners Measuring participation Tanzania 345--358 11 1996 1996 andreoni_impure_1990 article When people make donations to privately provided public goods, such as charity, there may be many factors influencing their decision other than altruism. Social pressure, guilt, sympathy, or simply a desire for a "warm glow" may all be important. This paper considers such impure altruism formally and develops a wide set of implications. In particular, this paper discusses the invariance proposition of public goods, solves for the sufficient conditions for neutrality to hold, examines the optimal tax treatment of charitable giving, and calibrates the model based on econometric studies in order to consider policy experiments. Impure altruism is shown to be more consistent with observed patterns of giving than the conventional pure altruism approach, and to have policy implications that may differ widely from those of the conventional models. Impure Altruism and Donations to Public Goods: A Theory of {Warm-Glow} Giving Altruism Public goods 464--477 1990 1990 grant_health_???? techreport This short paper is not by an economist. It is by a public health doctor who has spent the last ten years working with development agencies and governments to strengthen public health systems in poor and middleincome countries. It is becoming increasingly obvious that while this still needs to be done, the focus of attention must shift to private expenditure and private providers. In most poor and middle income counties - even the most aid dependant -by far the biggest source of finance in the health sector is out of pocket expenditure and the poor in many of these countries spend disproportionately more than the rich as a \% of household income on health care . This expenditure is primarily in the private sector or on unofficial user fees in the public sector. This expenditure does not protect the poor from the economic costs of catastrophic illness nor do they appear to get good value for treatment in the primary care setting. This paper is not a detailed synthesis of current knowledge but an overview for those who are not specialists in this area. It gives references to key publications, which have done that synthesis, and draws from them. Health insurance and the poor in low income countries. Health insurance and poverty Low-income countries Low-income insurance The Institute for Health Sector Development claeson_reducing_1999 techreport Reducing Child Mortality in India: Keeping Up the Pace Child mortality Health care system India Washnigton, {D.C.} 1999 Bank World\ 1999 yip_non-evidence-based_2009 article Social Science \& Medicine In recent years, many lower to middle income countries have looked to insurance as a means to protect their populations from medical impoverishment. In 2003, the Chinese government initiated the New Cooperative Medical System {(NCMS),} a government-run voluntary insurance program for its rural population. The prevailing model of {NCMS} combines medical savings accounts with high-deductible catastrophic hospital insurance {(MSA/Catastrophic).} To assess the effectiveness of this approach in reducing medical impoverishment, we used household survey data from 2006 linked to claims records of health expenditures to simulate the effect of {MSA/Catastrophic} on reducing the share of individuals falling below the poverty line (headcount), and the amount by which household resources fall short of the poverty line (poverty gap) due to medical expenses. We compared the effects of {MSA/Catastrophic} to Rural Mutual Health Care {(RMHC),} an experimental model that provides first dollar coverage for primary care, hospital services and drugs with a similar premium but a lower ceiling. Our results show that {RMHC} is more effective at reducing medical impoverishment than {NCMS.} Under the internationally accepted poverty line of {US\$1.08} per person per day, the {MSA/Catastrophic} models would reduce the poverty headcount by 3.5-3.9\% and the average poverty gap by 11.8-16.4\%, compared with reductions of 6.1-6.8\% and 15-18.5\% under the {RMHC} model. The primary reason for this is that {NCMS} does not address a major cause of medical impoverishment: expensive outpatient services for chronic conditions. As such, health policymakers need first to examine the disease profile and health expenditure pattern of a population before they can direct resources to where they will be most effective. As chronic diseases impose a growing share of the burden on the population in developing countries, it is not necessarily true that insurance coverage focusing on expensive hospital care alone is the most effective at providing financial risk protection. Non-evidence-based policy: How effective is China's new cooperative medical scheme in reducing medical impoverishment? Financial risk protection Medical impoverishment Rural China Simulation 0277-9536 201--209 68 2009 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBF-4TY8GG1-2/2/004f7572b73f9d305a6d672ba76d78bc 2009 molak_fundamentals_1997 book Vlasta Molak Fundamentals of Risk Analysis and Risk Management Cancer Epidemiology Risk analysis Risk assessment Risk communication Risk perception New York 1997 Lewis Publishers Boca Raton 1997 khawari_microfinance:it_2004 article Hamburg, Germany: Hamburg Institute of International Economics This paper attempts to understand the various microfinance initiatives globally, and its achievements so far, by reviewing existing literature. The author introduces the topic of microfinance by providing the contextual background. She discusses the following three objectives of microfinance with reference to the market and existing studies: Poverty alleviation; Women empowerment; Financial sustainability, outreach and impact: The triangle of microfinance. Through case studies, the paper discusses the pioneers in the microfinance sector - the Grameen bank, The Bank Rakyat of Indonesia and The Village Banks {(FINCA).} It also presents the various concepts that led to the development of microfinance as we know it now: Peer selection with group lending serving as the collateral; Peer monitoring using the group lending mechanism; Dynamic incentives in the form of incrementally larger loan sizes to groups with good repayment rates; Regular repayment schedules; Other collateral substitutes such as group funds used in cases of emergencies; Rotating Savings and Credit Associations {(ROSCAs)} and Accumulating Savings and Credit Associations {(ASCAs).} According to the author: The limitation of all existing literature in microfinance is the lack of empirical evidence of the impact of microfinance. Although empirical research is not an easy task, given the nature of the sector, it will help in improving existing programs and policies. Finally, the paper outlines the impact of microfinance so far. She concludes by stating the positive effects of microfinance on poverty alleviation and briefly outlines the future direction for the sector. Microfinance: Does it Hold its Promises? A Survey of Recent Literature Microfinance April 2004 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/35725 2004-04 seibel_agricultural_2000 techreport How an Agricultural Development Bank Revolutionized Rural Finance: The Case of Bank Rakyat Indonesia Agriculture bank Bank Rakhyat Indonesia Microfinance Rural financing 2000 University of Cologne - Development Research Center 2000 eyre_community_2003 article Health Promotion International - Oxford University Press Community participation in a rural community health trust: the case of Lawrence, New Zealand Community participation New Zealand 18 2003 3 2003 leftley_beyond_2006 inbook Risk-carrying alternatives; Administrative alternatives; Distribution alternatives Beyond {MFIs} and community-based models: Institutional alternatives Community-based insurance Microfinance institutions Micro health insurance - Institutional Options Geneva / Munich 424--438 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 muraleedharan_private_2003 incollection Abdo S. Yazbeck Private Health Care Sector in India - Policy Challenges and Options for partnership India Primary health care Washington, {D.C.} 2003 Health Policy Research in South Asia - Building Capacity for Reform The World Bank 2003 criel_health_1997 article Tropical Medicine and International Health A health insurance scheme for hospital care in Bwamanda district, Zaire: lessons and questions after 10 years of functioning Health insurance schemes Zaire 654--672 July 2 1997 7 1997-07 shen_out-of-pocket_2006 article Medical Care {Out-of-Pocket} Health Spending Between Low- and {Higher-Income} Populations: Who is at Risk of Having High Expenses and High Burdens? High-income population Low-income population Risk 200--209 44 2006 3 file:///X:/Bibliography-Edulink/Neu-und-unsortiert/Lisa-Neu-2008-01-22/Neue%20Literatur%20von%20Pandora/OOPS-Equitable-Financing/Shen_OOPS_between_Low_HIgher_Income_Populations.htm 2006 beck_reformstau_2004 misc Reformstau beim Risikoausgleich? Internationale Erfahrungen und konkrete L\"{o}sungen f\"{u}r die Schweiz GL Risk adjustment Switzerland 2004 2004 melnikov_risk_2003 book This book deals with the notion of "risk" and is devoted to analysis of risks in nance and insurance. More precisely, we study risks associated with future repayments (contingent claims), where we understand risks as uncertainties that may result in nancial loss and affect the ability to make repayments. Our approach to this analysis is based on the development of a methodology for estimating the present value of the future payments given current nancial, insurance and other information. Using this approach, one can adequately de ne notions of price of a nancial contract, of premium for insurance policy and of reserve of an insurance company. Historically, nancial risks were subject to elementary mathematics of nance and they were treated separately from insurance risks, which were analyzed in actuarial science. The development of quantitative methods based on stochastic analysis is a key achievement of modern nancial mathematics. These methods can be naturally extended and applied in the area of actuarial mathematics, which leads to uni ed methods of risk analysis and management. The aim of this book is to give an accessible comprehensive introduction to the main ideas, methods and techniques that transform risk management into a quantitative science. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of our book, many important notions and facts from mathematics, nance and actuarial science are discussed in an appropriately simpli ed manner. Our goal is to present interconnections among these disciplines and to encourage our reader to further study of the subject. We indicate some initial directions in the Bibliographic remark. The book contains many worked examples and exercises. It represents the content of the lecture courses {"Financial} Mathematics", {"Risk} Management" and {"Actuarial} Mathematics" given by the author at Moscow State University and State University - Higher School of Economics {(Moscow,} Russia) in 1998-2001, and at University of Alberta {(Edmonton,} Canada) in 2002-2003. Risk analysis in finance and insurance Research method Risk Boca Raton Fla. 9781584884293 2003 Chapman \& {Hall/CRC} 2003 cripps_technical_1998 techreport Technical Report No. 21: Health Reform Policy Issues in Malawi: A Rapid Assessment Africa Health sector reform Malawi Bethesda, Maryland 1998 Partnerships for Health Reform {(PHR)} 1998 martin_risk_1998-1 article Social Science \& Medicine For most individuals, the use made of health care in a given year is determined principally by unpredictable random incidents. Of course, some individuals have a predictably higher predisposi- tion to illness than others. However, the general consensus is that only a fraction of individual variabil- ity in health care costs can be predicted. The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of this inherent randomness for setting health care budgets for general practitioner purchasers of health care. The paper argues that variability in utilization in health care is very high; that no capitation formula can ever completely capture that variability, even for large populations; that the variability may give rise to certain dysfunctional consequences if not managed carefully; and that therefore careful attention should be given to the managerial arrangements associated with any devolution of health care budgets. \# 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Risk and the general practitioner budget holder GL Risk adjustment 1547--1554 47 1998 10 1998 holzmann_social_2008 book Social Protection \& Labor at the World Bank, 2000-2008 Labour Social protection 0821376489 October 2008 World Bank Publications 2008-10 gwatkin_current_2000 unpublished The Current State of Knowledge About Targeting Health Programs to Reach the Poor Equity and health Health and poverty Health care system Health sector reform Targeting 2000 2000 satish_institutional_???? article Journal of Microfinance Institutional Alternatives for the Promotion of Microfinance - {Self-Help} Groups in India India Microfinance 49--74 3 2 cceres_making_2009 book This document presents findings of a study that explored the role of regulation in microinsurance market development in Columbia. It illustrates that microinsurance can develop even in the absence of a dedicated regulatory regime, if the external circumstances are favorable and the regulator has a fairly open stance. Increasing competition due to financial liberalization forced banks and insurance companies to look for a new niche market in low income market segments. Further, the existence of a significant cooperative {MFI} sector facilitated the expansion of services in the low-income market. Characteristics of the Columbian microinsurance market include: * Lack of an official microinsurance definition; * Funeral entities providing unregulated insurance; * Demarcation rules that are favorable to market development; * Flexible market conduct regime; * Active government encouragement of low-income market activity. The study finds that while the absence of specific regulation has not hampered development, overall microinsurance penetration remains low. The creation of a microinsurance definition may serve to align policies and efforts for the development of the market and close regulatory gaps that do exist. Making Insurance Markets Work for the Poor: Microinsurance Policy, Regulation and Supervision - Colombia Case Study 2009 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2009 bassett_frameworks_2005 inproceedings Frameworks for analyzing health systems, health financing and the regulation of health insurance Health care financing Health care system Regulation Research method March 2005 http://hc.wharton.upenn.edu/impactconference/basset_paper_%20031005.pdf 2005-03 buor_gender_2004 article Health Policy The survey seeks to structure a model for gender-based health services utilisation for the Ashanti Region of Ghana, and in addition, recommend intervention measures to ensure gender equity in the utilisation of health services. A sample size of 650 covered over 3108 houses, and the main research instruments were the questionnaire and formal interview. A multiple regression model is used for the analysis of the relationship between the complex independent variables and utilisation by gender. Results show that although females have a greater need for health services than males, they do not utilise health services as much. Secondly, whereas quality of service, health status, service cost and education have greater effect on male utilisation than females, distance and income have higher impact on female utilisation. It is recommended that, to ensure equity in health care utilisation, females be empowered through increased access to formal education and sustainable income opportunities. The introduction of a national health insurance scheme is also recommended to ensure adequate access by both sexes. Gender and the utilisation of health services in the Ashanti Region, Ghana Africa Ashanti Region Ghana Health Services Males Utilisation 375--388 September 69 2004 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4BT7JDR-1/1/e6464f9d98189f57d4475dcd7730c743 2004-09 dovlo_social_2005 techreport Social dialogue in the health sector: Case study Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Ghana CHI Micro health insurance NHIS Geneva 2005 Working Paper {ILO} 2005 ministry_of_health_cambodia_social_2003 book Social health insurance in Cambodia - Proposal for a masterplan Cambodia Health sector reform Social health insurance 2003 2003 copestake_mainstreaming_2007 article World Development Summary What scope is there for the pursuit of explicit development goals in the context of increasing integration of specialized microfinance and commercial banking sectors? This question and the idea of mission drift is first analyzed using a model that distinguishes between institutions' financial and social performance possibilities, preferences, and assessment systems. The model is used to review findings from action research with an international sample of poverty oriented microfinance institutions that suggest some simple steps for improved social performance management. It is then used to illustrate the relationship between social and financial performance more widely across the retail financial services sector, and to offer pointers for more policy analysis at this level. Mainstreaming Microfinance: Social Performance Management or Mission Drift? Performance management Poverty 1721--1738 October 35 2007 10 2007-10 cohen_reducing_2003 techreport Reducing Vulnerabilty: the demand for microinsurance - A synthesis report based on the work of Grace Sebageni, Francis Simba, Altemius Millinga, Jane Mbaisi and Shahnaz Ahmed Microinsurance 2003 {MicroSave-Africa} 2003 borghi_measuringbenefits_2008 article Health Policy Economic evaluation of health promotion programmes presents well documented challenges. These programmes often generate significant non-health benefits which are typically ignored within economic evaluation. This study explored the use of the contingent valuation {(CV)} method to value the broader benefits of a women's group programme to improve maternal and newborn health in Nepal. Interviews were conducted with 93 women's group members, 70 women non-members and 33 men. Respondents were asked to give reasons for their willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} in terms of health and/or non-health benefits. {WTP} was regressed against socio-economic and demographic variables using ordinary least squares. Seventy eight percent of respondents were willing-to-pay for the women's groups. There was no significant difference between the {WTP} of women's group members compared to female non-members. Men were willing-to-pay significantly more than women. {WTP} reflected non-health benefits in over 80\% of cases. At least 11\% of women attending meetings and 38\% of those not attending were {WTP} for altruistic motives. Future research should address the relative value of non-health compared to health benefits; and motivations behind non-user values and their consistency across settings. Measuring the benefits of health promotion programmes: Application of the contingent valuation method Economic evaluation Health promotion Non-health benefit In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4S02JR9-3/1/32e126081feb5d62de312c041145331b 2008 wasem_risk_2005 article Risk Adjustment and Primary Health Care in Chile Chile GL Primary health care Risk equalization 2005 2005 tetteh_providing_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Medicines are integral of any healthcare system, and limited access to medicines undermines health systems' objectives of equity, efficiency and health development. In African countries, where it is estimated that 50-60\% of the populace lack "access" to essential medicines, health problems associated with limited drug benefits are more damaging. However, there is no single solution to medicine access problem given its multiple dimensions: availability, acceptability, affordability and accessibility. This paper explores affordability dimension of medicine access and concentrates solely on price regulatory policies and institutional structures that national and international policy makers may consider in making prices of essential drugs compatible to the purchasing power of African households. The main theme is the application of the concept of bilateral dependence in creating price-sensitive purchasers to exert countervailing market power on drug price setting in African healthcare systems. Providing affordable essential medicines to African households: The missing policies and institutions for price containment Africa Bilateral dependence solution Medicine access Price containment and regulation Procurement 569--581 February 66 2008 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4R5G8FH-3/1/d6cb57fd8037bdd70579f5353a5e62ca 2008-02 bloom_rural_1999 article Social science \& medicine (1982) A large majority of China's rural population were members of health prepayment schemes in the 1970's. Most of these schemes collapsed during the transition to a market economy. Some localities subsequently reestablished schemes. In early 1997 a new government policy identified health prepayment as a major potential source of rural health finance. This paper draws on the experience of existing schemes to explore how government can support implementation of this policy. The decision to support the establishment of health prepayment schemes is part of the government's effort to establish new sources of finance for social services. It believes that individuals are more likely to accept voluntary contributions to a prepayment scheme than tax increases. The voluntary nature of the contributions limits the possibilities for risk-sharing and redistribution between rich and poor. This underlines the need for the government to fund a substantial share of health expenditure out of general revenues, particularly in poor localities. The paper notes that many successful prepayment schemes depend on close supervision by local political leaders. It argues that the national programme will have to translate these measures into a regulatory system which defines the responsibilities of scheme management bodies and local governments. A number of prepayment schemes have collapsed because members did not feel they got value for money. Local health bureaux will have to cooperate with prepayment schemes to ensure that health facilities provide good quality services at a reasonable cost. Users' representatives can also monitor performance. The paper concludes that government needs to clarify the relationship between health prepayment schemes and other actors in rural localities in order to increase the chance that schemes will become a major source rural health finance. Rural health prepayment schemes in China: towards a more active role for government Cost Sharing Financing Government Health policy Health Services Accessibility Humans Marketing of health services Organizational innovation Prepaid health plans Quality of health care Rural health services 02779536 951--60 April 48 1999 7 {PMID:} 10192561 1999-04 platteau_mutual_1997 article The Journal of Development Studies Mutual Insurance as an Elusive Concept in Traditional Rural Communities Community participation Mutual insurance 764--796 33 1997 6 1997 jowett_do_2003 article Applied Economics Do informal risk sharing networks crowd out public voluntary health insurance? Evidence from Vietnam Case study Informal risk sharing 1153--1161 35 2003 10 2003 _anthropometrics_???? techreport Anthropometrics Anthropometric data Anthropometric indicators Key outcomes and living standards Measuring equity Technical Note 2 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis hudon_norms_2008 article International Journal of Social Economics Purpose - The paper aims to study the role of norms and values in the microfinance sector. Design/methodology/approach - The paper provides a combination of narrative with argument and analysis. Findings - A classification of the sector is proposed, mapping the institutions along two axes: the profit motive (profit vs not-for-profit) and the decision-making style (centralized vs un-centralized). Some microfinance institutions base their interactions on rigid norms or rules; while others are based on values. It is argued that the private sector will tend to produce the operating rules of the microfinance system while the not-for-profit institutions that are using an inclusive decision-making process are more likely to influence the ethical norms in the sector. Nevertheless, this classification is not static as recent events in {South-India} shows that norms, such as the interest rates, can be politically and emotionally invested to the point that they are about to become values in the sector. Originality/value - The conclusions drawn help in understanding the interactions between the various actions in microfinance. Exploiting the full range of the possibilities of those different structures may be valuable for a fully successful development in India. Norms and values of the various microfinance institutions Microfinance Microfinance institutions Norms and attitudes Social capital 35 -- 48 35 2008 1/2 2008 smith_making_2009 book Role of regulation in development of microinsurance market in Uganda This document describes the regulatory and non-regulatory drivers to microinsurance market development in Uganda. Statistics reveal extremely low levels of financial usage, and a population that is not actively engaged by the formal or informal financial sector. Uganda has poor microinsurance products usage, mostly restricted to compulsory credit life insurance, and limited distribution infrastructure. Non-regulatory drivers include extremely low and irregular household incomes, mistrust of insurance, strong consumer need for health insurance and limited footprint of formal sector activity. Regulatory drivers include: * Specific and inhibitive restrictions to market conduct; * Recent establishment of regulations and a supervisory body; * Openness to benefits of foreign entry; * Absence of explicit health insurance regulation; * Size and other compliance restrictions on mutual insurers. The Ugandan experience highlights the challenges of expanding microinsurance access in a poor developing economy with an underdeveloped financial sector. Low-income individuals need to be won over through positive experiences in credit life insurance to break their mistrust of insurance. The introduction of a new regulatory regime offers an opportunity to facilitate financial inclusion. Making Insurance Markets Work for the Poor: Microinsurance Policy, Regulation and Supervision - Uganda Case Study 2009 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2009 andrzejewski_where_2009 article Health \& Place This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual's education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person's health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and {sub-Saharan} Africa. Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana Africa Child health Community effects Ghana Health knowledge Multilevel modeling 1353-8292 228--238 March 15 2009 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VH5-4SK631Y-2/2/3a5e65365eefdaecc1adec3adac3c654 2009-03 _measuring_???? techreport Measuring progressivity of health care payments Ability to pay Applications of tools to health sector Health care payments Kakwani progressivity index Measuring equity Measuring progressivity of health care payments Progressivity by source of finance Progressivity of total health payments Technical Note 16 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis hsi_preliminary_2002-1 techreport Preliminary Review of {Community-Based} Health Financing Schemes and Their Potential for addressing {HIV/AIDS} needs in {Sub-Saharan} Africa Africa Community-based health insurance HIV/AIDS Sub-Saharan Africa Bethesda, {MD} 2002 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2002 zere_equity_2007 article {BMC} Public Health {BACKGROUND:} Growing scientific evidence points to the pervasiveness of inequities in health and health care and the persistence of the inverse care law, that is the availability of good quality healthcare seems to be inversely related to the need for it in developing countries. Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals is likely to be compromised if inequities in health/healthcare are not properly addressed. {OBJECTIVE:} This study attempts to assess trends in inequities in selected indicators of health status and health service utilization in Malawi using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of 1992, 2000 and 2004. {METHODS:} Data from Demographic and Health Surveys of 1992, 2000 and 2004 are analysed for inequities in health/healthcare using quintile ratios and concentration curves/indices. {RESULTS:} Overall, the findings indicate that in most of the selected indicators there are pro-rich inequities and that they have been widening during the period under consideration. Furthermore, vertical inequities are observed in the use of interventions (treatment of diarrhoea, {ARI} among under-five children), in that the non-poor who experience less burden from these diseases receive more of the treatment/interventions, whereas the poor who have a greater proportion of the disease burden use less of the interventions. It is also observed that the publicly provided services for some of the selected interventions (e.g. child delivery) benefit the non-poor more than the poor. {CONCLUSION:} The widening trend in inequities, in particular healthcare utilization for proven cost-effective interventions is likely to jeopardize the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and other national and regional targets. To counteract the inequities it is recommended that coverage in poor communities be increased through appropriate targeting mechanisms and effective service delivery strategies. There is also a need for studies to identify which service delivery mechanisms are effective in the Malawian context. Equity in health and healthcare in Malawi: analysis of trends Adolescent Adult Africa Child Preschool Female Health care reform Health Planning Health Services Health Services Accessibility Health Status Indicators Humans Infant Newborn Malawi Male Practice Guidelines as Topic Primary health care Social Justice Socioeconomic Factors Sub-Saharan Africa Vulnerable Populations 1471-2458 78 7 2007 {PMID:} 17504530 10.1186/1471-2458-7-78 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504530 2007 _national_???? misc National Health Policy 2002 {(India)} Health sector reform India http://mohfw.nic.in/ http://mohfw.nic.in/ dorward_labor_2006 article Review of Agricultural Economics Labor Market and Wage Impacts of {HIV/AIDS} in Rural Malawi Africa HIV/AIDS Labour market Malawi 429--439 28 2006 3 2006 sugden_reciprocity:supply_1984 article The Economic Journal Reciprocity: The Supply of Public Goods Through Voluntary Contributions External assistance health sector Public goods Voluntary help 772--787 94 1984 376 1984 honohan_cross-country_2008 article Journal of Banking \& Finance This paper presents estimates, for more than 160 countries, of the fraction of the adult population using formal financial intermediaries. The estimates are constructed by combining information on account numbers at banks and microfinance institutions (together with banking depth and {GDP} data) with estimates from household surveys for a smaller set of countries. An illustrative application of the data compares them with information on poverty: there is a correlation, but it is not clearly causal. Cross-country variation in household access to financial services Financial exclusion Microfinance 0378-4266 2493--2500 November 32 2008 11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCY-4SKB3CY-1/2/b0e99b52738483f2fe087be4ba9d6c53 2008-11 stone_measuring_2001 techreport Measuring social capital - Towards a theoretically informed measurement framework for researching social capital in family and community life - Research Paper No. 24 Social capital Melbourne 2001 Australian Institute of Family Studies 2001 wegemund_der_2001 article {IAF} Der Weg Ghanas in die Demokratie Africa Ghana History 57--62 1 2001 2001 chambers_poverty_1995 article Environment and Urbanization Poverty and livelihoods: whose reality counts? Community participation 173--204 7 1995 1 1995 devadasan_landscape_2006 article Health Policy The Indian health system is mainly funded by out-of-pocket payments. More than 80\% of health care expenditure is borne by individual households. Only about 3\% of the population, mostly those in the formal sector, benefit from some form of health insurance. Several Indian {Non-Governmental} Organisations {(NGOs)} have initiated Community Health Insurance {(CHI)} schemes within their existing development programmes. This article describes the principal features of the design and functioning of a selection of 10 {CHI} schemes and presents a brief overview of the current landscape of {CHI} in India. The schemes explicitly target the poorest and most vulnerable households in Indian society--scheduled tribes, scheduled castes and poor women. Three {CHI} management models can be distinguished. The first model consists of local {NGOs} acting as both insurer and provider. In the second model, the {NGO} is the insurer but does not itself provide care, which is then purchased from a private provider. In the third model, the {NGO} neither does provide health care nor acts as an insurer: the {NGO,} on behalf of a community, links with an insurer and purchases health care from a provider. The benefit packages generally include both primary and secondary care and most of the providers are in the private sector. Most of the schemes require external resources for financial sustainability. There is currently little information on the impact of {CHI} schemes on the performance of local health systems and more research is warranted in that respect. The landscape of community health insurance in India: An overview based on 10 case studies Community-based health insurance Typology 224--234 October 78 2006 2-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4HK04B4-1/1/1f0289b041c3ce4e2ef9ead711685235 2006-10 mapfumo_malawi_2005 techreport Malawi 2006/7 Weather Index Based Insurance Africa Malawi Weather insurance 2005 {ARD} - Agriculture and Rural Development, {CRMG} 2005 clair_developing_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine As a framework for presenting ideas on developing ways to make sociology more applicable, we focus on the recent state of medical sociology research. Data for this paper were generated through a content analysis of a twelve-year period (1993-2004) of the Journal of Health and Social Behavior {(JHSB)} and Social Science \& Medicine {(SSM).} The analysis aims to determine if the content of {JHSB} and {SSM} reflect the breadth of the sub-discipline of medical sociology as well as the stated goals of the journals. The selected issues of {JHSB} and {SSM} were coded on the basis of the following attributes: (1) Primary Substantive Topic, (2) Methodology, (3) Data Type and Analytic Technique, and (4) Research and Policy Recommendations. We found that the orientation of {JHSB} articles was towards generating research and theory that shy away from policy, interdisciplinary approaches, and applied issues. {SSM} content tends to display more interdisciplinary breadth and variety, but also reflects a dearth of applied recommendations. Our discussion focuses on what {JHSB} and {SSM} could be. We present ideas on how the sociological discipline in general--and {JHSB} and {SSM} in particular--can help generate and nourish new forms of inquiry that can impact the way research questions are framed. We conclude that such a shift is needed in order to maximize the applicability of social scientific evidence to everyday life, and we share examples situated within a socio-medical context, where there is a particular need for the application of social evidence to practice. Developing, integrating, and perpetuating new ways of applying sociology to health, medicine, policy, and everyday life Interdisciplinary Journal of health and social behavior Medical sociology Policy Practice Rating:1 248--258 64 2007 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MBT29X-1/1/7d0b4a90b1987cc2e552fa0513d1d561 2007 segal_strengths_2002 article Integrated budget-holding (fundholding) based on risk-adjusted capitation is commonly proposed as a central element of health system reform. Two contrasting models have been developed: the competitive model where fundholders or health plans compete for enrollees; and the non-competitive model, where plan membership is determined according to an objective attribute such as place of residence. Under the competitive model, efficiency is sought through consumer choice of plan. A range of regulatory elements may also be introduced to moderate undesirable elements of competition. Under the non-competitive model, efficiency is achieved through government regulation and the fact that the fundholder has continuing responsibility for the health of a defined population, supported by micro-management tools (such as quality assurance and selective payment arrangements). In theory, the non-competitive model encourages population-based health services planning. While both models assume risk-adjusted capitated funding, the requirements of any formula are more stringent under the competitive model. Economic theory, as well as documented health system experience, can help identify the relative strengths and limitations of each model. Concerns with the competitive model relate primarily to the capacity to develop robust risk adjusters for capitation sufficient to reduce the incentives for patient risk selection. Possible reductions in the quality of care are also a concern, compounded by difficulties for consumers in discriminating between plans. Efficiency under the non-competitive model requires a strong and appropriate regulatory/policy framework and effective use of micro-management tools. Funding equity objectives can be met through either model by the adoption of income-related contributions, but under the competitive model this may be compromised by incentives for the fundholders to select low-risk patients. Evidence drawn from regional fundholding in New South Wales {(NSW,} Australia), the {US} Veterans Health Agency and the literature on managed care in the {USA} illustrate these concerns. The problem of risk selection in the competitive model is a major theoretical concern, confirmed by the empirical evidence. This, together with concerns regarding other aspects of performance, suggests that the non-competitive model may be preferable, at least as an interim step in reform in public or mixed systems. Future research on this issue is clearly required. Strengths and limitations of competitive versus non-competitive models of integrated capitated fundholding Competitive models Non-competitive models 56--64 July 2002 2002-07 smith_copayments_2003 techreport User chargers are the major source of finance for many health care systems. However, traditional approaches to health care priority setting, such as cost-effectiveness analysis, take no account of the impact on equity and efficiency of user charges. This paper therefore develops a rudimentary model of priority setting in which the fixed health care budget can be augmented by user charges. The paper uses methods analogous to models of optimal commodity taxation to develop a set of rules for the inclusion of a health technology in the subsidized health care package, and the calculation of its associated copayment rate. The results indicate that optimal copayments depend on the costeffectiveness of the intervention, its price elasticity of demand, the epidemiology of the associated disease, and the policy maker's attitude towards equity. The model has important implications for policy making in three domains: health care priority setting, evaluation of health care technologies, and charging policy. Copayments and priority setting in health care: balancing equity and efficiency Copayments Equity Health technology assessment Priority setting York, {UK} 2003 draft version Centre for Health Economics 2003 davern_measuring_2003 techreport Measuring Income in Health Insurance Surveys Health insurance surveys Measuring income Willingness to pay 2003 {SHADAC} - State Health Access Data Assistance Center 2003 brockmeier_genossenschaftliche_2007 incollection Thomas Brockmeier and Ulrich Fehl Genossenschaftliche Selbsthilfe in der Entwicklungspolitik Cooperatives Developing countries Self-help G\"{o}ttingen 741--807 3-525-86081-1 2007 Volkswirtschaftliche Theorie der Kooperation in Genossenschaften Vandenhoeck \& Ruprecht 2007 cohen_reducing_2003-1 techreport Reducing Vulnerability: The Demand for Microinsurance. Microinsurance Nairobi, Kenya 2003 {CGAP/DFID/UNDP} 2003 dlamini_verbal_2007 article To explore the experience of {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma for people living with {HIV/AIDS} {(PLWA)} in Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, and Tanzania. Design and sample: Descriptive study using 43 focus groups ( n=251 participants), which included male and female {PLWA} from both rural and urban areas and nurses working with {PLWA.} Methods: Participants were asked to relate incidents of {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma that they had experienced or observed. Focus group discussions were taped, and data were content analyzed to identify examples of abuse (verbal and physical abuse and neglect) related to {HIV/AIDS} stigma. Data analysis also explored targets of abuse, abusers, and consequences of abuse. Results: Participant reports documented extensive verbal and physical abuse and neglect or negating (disallowing of access to services and opportunities) experienced by {PLWA} and observed by nurses caring for them, and identified negative consequences experienced by {PLWA} whose {HIV-positive} status was disclosed to family, friends, or community members. Conclusions: Health care workers who encourage {PLWA} to disclose their {HIV} status must carefully consider the implications of encouraging disclosure in an environment with high levels of stigma, and must recognize the real possibility that {PLWA} may experience serious verbal and physical abuse as a consequence of disclosure. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} abuse Africa AIDS (Disease) CITIES \& towns discrimination HIV infections INVECTIVE Malawi negate neglect PHYSICAL abuse RURAL geography Stigma 07371209 389--399 5 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=26219029&site=ehost-live Public Health Nursing Verbal and Physical Abuse and Neglect as Manifestations of {HIV/AIDS} Stigma in Five African Countries. 24 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 26219029; Dlamini, Priscilla S. 1; Email Address: pdlamini@healthsci.uniswa.sz Kohi, Thecla W. 2 Uys, Leana R. 3 Phetlhu, Ren\'{e} Deliwe 4 Chirwa, Maureen L. 5 Naidoo, Joanne R. 6 Holzemer, William L. 7 Greeff, Minrie 8 Makoae, Lucy N. 9; Affiliation: 1: Senior Lecturer, Department of General Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Swaziland, Mbabane, Swaziland 2: Lecturer, School of Nursing, College of Health, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 3: Professor, Deputy Vice Chancellor, and Head of the College of Health Sciences, University of {KwaZulu-Natal,} Durban, South Africa 4: Lecturer, School of Nursing Science, {North-West} University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa 5: Senior Lecturer, Kamuzu College of Nursing, University of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi 6: Project Manager, School of Nursing, University of {KwaZulu-Natal,} Durban, South Africa 7: Professor and Associate Dean, {UCSF} School of Nursing, University of {California-San} Francisco, San Francisco, California, {USA} 8: Professor, School of Nursing Science, {North-West} University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa 9: Lecturer, School of Nursing, National University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho; Source Info: Sep2007, Vol. 24 Issue 5, p389; Subject Term: {INVECTIVE;} Subject Term: {AIDS} {(Disease);} Subject Term: {HIV} infections; Subject Term: {RURAL} geography; Subject Term: {CITIES} \& towns; Subject Term: {PHYSICAL} abuse; Subject Term: {AFRICA;} {Author-Supplied} Keyword: abuse; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: discrimination; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: {HIV/AIDS;} {Author-Supplied} Keyword: negate; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: neglect; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: stigma; Number of Pages: 11p; Illustrations: 2 charts, 1 diagram; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Public Health Nursing is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1111/j.1525-1446.2007.00649.x 2007 dlfer_die_1981 inbook Die Genossenschaften zwischen Mitgliederpartizipation, Verbundbildung und B\"{u}rokratietendenz - Eine Einf\"{u}hrung in das Thema Cooperatives Germany Participation Marburg 1981 Arbeitsergebnisse der X. Internationalen Genossenschaftswissenschaftlichen Tagung 1981 in Marburg {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 1981 cull_microfinance_2008 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} ce institutions have proved the possibility of providing reliable banking services to poor customers. Their second aim is to do so in a commercially-viable way. This paper analyzes the tensions and opportunities of microfinance as it embraces the market, drawing on a data set that includes 346 of the world's leading microfinance institutions and covers nearly 18 million active borrowers. The data show remarkable successes in maintaining high rates of loan repayment, but the data also suggest that profit-maximizing investors would have limited interest in most of the institutions that are focusing on the poorest customers and women. Those institutions, as a group, charge their customers the highest fees in the sample but also face particularly high transaction costs, in part due to small transaction sizes. Innovations to overcome the well-known problems of asymmetric information in financial markets were a triumph, but further innovation is needed to overcome the challenges of high costs. Microfinance Meets the Market Access to finance Banking reform Debt Markets Emerging markets Microfinance May 2008 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1149133 2008-05 garenne_vulnerability_2006 article World Development Summary In Zambia, under-five mortality declined from 1958 to 1975, rose from 1975 to 1992, before resuming its decline from 1992 to 2001. The study investigates the economic, political, and epidemiologic determinants of these changes. The rise in mortality could be explained by an economic downturn (declining income per capita, resulting from lower copper prices on international markets and decreasing production, and its numerous consequences), and to a lesser extent by emerging diseases (increasing mortality from {HIV/AIDS} and resistant malaria). However, mortality decline could resume as a result of building social and health capital, in particular health personnel, and favorable health policies. Vulnerability and Resilience: Determinants of {Under-Five} Mortality Changes in Zambia Economic crisis Economic policies Health policy Resilience Sub-Saharan Africa Under-five mortality Vulnerability 1765--1787 October 34 2006 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4KKFPH5-1/2/2291be4f01e688ed7442a889a2873194 2006-10 varatharajan_public_2003 article Journal of Health \& Population in Developing Countries Public Sector and Efficiency: Are they Mutually Exclusive? An Alternative Policy Framework to Improve the Efficiency of Public Health Care System in Tamil Nadu, India India Public health care 2003 2003 devadasan_community_2004 article Economic and Political Weekly Community Health Insurance in India - an overview Community-based health insurance India 3179--3183 39 2004 28 2004 atim_contribution_1998 techreport The Contribution of Mutual Health Organizations to Financing, Delivery, and Access to Health Care: Synthesis of Research in Nine West and Central African Countries Access to health care Africa Central Africa Delivery Financing Mutual health organisations West Africa Bethesda, {MD} 1998 No. 18 {PHRplus,} {USAID} 1998 pavel_cizek_statistical_2005 book Statistical tools for finance and insurance Financial mathematics Research method Berlin; New York 9783540273950 2005 Springer 2005 rice_capitation_2001 article The Milbank Quarterly Capitation and Risk Adjustment in Health Care Financing: An International Progress Report GL Risk adjustment Risk equalization 81--113 79 2001 1 2001 oliveira-cruz_approaches_2003 article Journal of International Development This paper reviews the current evidence base regarding efforts to overcome constraints to effective health service delivery in low and middle-income countries. A systematic literature review was chosen as the approach to gather and analyse existing knowledge about how to improve the ?close-to-client? health system. We focused on three levels of constraints: community and household, the health services delivery level itself, and health sector policy and strategic management. In total, 116 studies were reviewed and their main findings presented. The results should be interpreted with caution due to the considerable limitations in the existing evidence base. Copyright: 2003 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd Approaches to overcoming constraints to effective health service delivery: a review of the evidence Health service delivery 41--65 15 2003 1 2003 preker_private_2007 book Alexander S. Preker and Richard M. Scheffler and Mark C. Bassett Private Voluntary Health Insurance in Development: Friend Or Foe Africa Best practices Developing countries Health insurance Health insurance in developing countries Market outcome Policy recommendations Private voluntary health insurance Public benefit package Regulation Washington, {D.C.} 2007 The World Bank 2007 armendariz_economics_2007 book The Economics of Microfinance Microfinance 0262512017 October 2007 {\textless}p{\textgreater}only chapter 1 and 3 digitally available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Mit Pr 2007-10 rao_energy-microfinance_2009 article Energy Policy More than 72\% of India's population resides in rural India1 and it also has a high concentration of people living under abject poverty. Of the total rural population 27.1-28.3\% lives below the poverty line2 {(BPL).} A lack of energy-finance options is hampering the "quality of life" of the {BPL} community. The members of this disadvantaged household which forms 27.1\% and 23.6\% of the India's rural and urban population3 has no ready access to mainstream finance or know--how of sustainable energy products nor do they have access to energy service providing agency. This lack of energy-finance options has provided the marginalized population little means to break the conventional energy paradigm and the corresponding poverty cycle. Considering the afore-mentioned problem we propose an energy-microfinance intervention or a model that encompasses two independent entities. One has an energy expertise and the other possesses finance management skills. Alternately, we also propose a special purpose entity that comprises of these two entities. This entity fosters different institutional, technical and financial engineering approaches to the provision of energy, finance and infrastructure services necessary for poverty alleviation. Energy-microfinance intervention for below poverty line households in India Below poverty line Energy Energy policy India Microfinance 0301-4215 In Press, Corrected Proof 2009 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2W-4VNCJG5-7/2/72148a729201fab09683390c8e934778 2009 smith_sensitivity_2005 article Journal of Health Economics The possible insensitivity of willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} values to changes in scale continues to cause concern within the contingent valuation {(CV)} literature. Although several reasons for this phenomenon have been suggested, empirical evidence both supports and refutes insensitivity. This paper presents data that suggest that insensitivity may be significantly determined by the individual's budget constraint: the higher the proportion of income the expressed {WTP} represents, the greater the insensitivity of that {WTP} to changes in the scale of the good, irrespective of changes in underlying marginal utility. The methodological implication for {CV} studies in health care is outlined. Copyright 2004 Elsevier {B.V.} All rights reserved. Sensitivity to scale in contingent valuation: the importance of the budget constraint Contingent valuation Income Sensitivity to scale Willingness to pay 515--529 24 2005 2005 uphoff_understanding_2000 article Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective Understanding Social Capital: Learning from the Analysis and Experience of Participation Participation Social capital 215--249 2000 2000 hans-h._hrsg._mnkner_entwicklungspolitische_1989 book Institut f\"{u}r Kooperation in Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern, {Philipps-Universit\"{a}t} - Studien und Berichte Entwicklungspolitische Konsequenzen einer konsequenten Selbsthilfef\"{o}rderung Development cooperation Self-help support {Marburg/Lahn} 1989 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {S\&W} Druckerei und Verlag {GmbH} 1989 ma_health_2002 article Journal of Economics \& Management Strategy Health Insurance, Moral Hazard, and Managed Care Health insurance Managed care Moral hazard 81--107 11 2002 1 2002 castro-leal_public_2000 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Public spending on health care in Africa: do the poor benefit? Africa Health care accessibility Health care expenditures Health care system Poverty Social Justice Socio-economic factors 66--74 78 2000 1 2000 lorenz_risikoselektion_2006 misc Risikoselektion als Anreizproblem: M\"{o}glichkeiten der Weiterentwicklung von Risikoausgleichssystemen in der Krankenversicherung Germany GL Risk adjustment Risk selection http://www.ub.uni-konstanz.de/kops/volltexte/2008/6135/ 2006 Diese Dissertation untersucht die Regulierung von Krankenversicherungsm\"{a}rkten und dabei insbesondere Risikoausgleichssysteme (wie {z.B.} den deutschen Risikostrukturausgleich), die dazu dienen, Risikoselektion durch Krankenversicherungen zu reduzieren oder gar zu verhindern. Im 2. Kapitel der Arbeit werden zun\"{a}chst die Ursachen von Risikoselektion und die allgemeine Wirkungsweise von Risikoausgleichssystemen erl\"{a}utert. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit {(Kapitel} 3-5) wird die optimale Ausgestaltung von Risikoausgleichssystemen hergeleitet; dabei wird vor allem auf die Morbidit\"{a}tsorientierung, die Wahl des \"{o}konometrischen Modells und auf Risikopools eingegangen. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit werden die Vorschl\"{a}ge mit der derzeitigen Ausgestaltung des deutschen Risikostrukturausgleichs verglichen. This thesis analyzes risk-adjustment schemes, a regulatory means to reduce incentives for risk selection in health insurance markets. In Chapter 2 the causes of incentives for risk selection and the general structure of risk-adjustment schemes are explained. In the main part of this thesis {(Chapter} 3-5) the optimal design of a risk-adjustment scheme is derived with a special focus on morbidity measures, the econometric model and cost reimbursement. In the empirical part of this thesis the optimal risk-adjustment scheme is compared to the one currently used in Germany. http://www.ub.uni-konstanz.de/kops/volltexte/2008/6135/ 2006 seibel_challenges_2000 techreport Challenges, oppurtunities and options for the development of rural financial institutions Microfinance Rural financial institutions Cologne 2000 University of Cologne - Development Research Center 2000 christie_tolerance_2001 article Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology Tolerance and solidarity are recognized as key elements in the United Nations Culture of Peace Declaration. The contributions of psychology to our understanding of the causes of intolerance and the promotion of both tolerance and solidarity are discussed by drawing on insights from the Costa Rica symposium and connecting more widely with the scholarly literature in social and peace psychology. Guided by theory and research, we examine the sources of intolerance and exclusion, emphasizing not only small group processes but structural, societal-level changes. We cite provocative evidence indicating that democratization and globalization leave in their wake new divisions and intolerance. While noting the value of intergroup contact in the context of interdependent goals, we underscore the limits of traditional social psychological approaches when addressing complex social phenomena. We emphasize the critical role peace psychologists can play in exposing ideologies of oppression, and promoting social designs and practices that support tolerance and solidarity, at micro and macro levels, within the context of a collaborative, multidisciplinary framework. Tolerance and Solidarity Solidarity 131--142 7 2001 2 2001 ahuja_health_2005 techreport Health insurance for the poor in india - an analytical study Case study Health insurance India Poverty New Delhi 2005 161 working paper {INDIAN} {COUNCIL} {FOR} {RESEARCH} {ON} {INTERNATIONAL} {ECONOMIC} {RELATIONS} 2005 kuruvilla_krankenversicherung_2007 article Internationale Revue f\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit Diese Fallstudie befasst sich mit einer wichtigen Neuerung bei der Gesundheitsversorgung fur Arme in landlichen Gebieten, dem {Yeshasvini-Krankenversicherungssystem} fur Bauern und Landarbeiter im indischen Bundesstaat Karnataka. Das wohl weltgrosste Krankenversicherungs-system fur Arme in landlichen Gebieten wurde im Jahre 2003 eingefuhrt und so ausgestaltet, dass mehrere Hindernisse fur den Gesundheitsschutz der landlichen Bevolkerung uberwunden wurden. In seinem zweiten Jahr versicherte es zu einer geringen Jahrespramie von rund 2 Dollar rund 2,2 Millionen weit verstreute Bauern fur chirurgische und ambulante Behandlungen. In dieser Abhandlung wird das System in seinem ersten Betriebsjahr beschrieben und bewertet und dessen Potenzial als Modell fur die Entwicklungslander ganz allgemein untersucht. Krankenversicherung Fur Die Armen in Landlichen Gebieten? Eine Fallstudie Uber Ein Krankenversicherungssystem Fur Bauern Und Landarbeiter in Indien Case study Health insurance India Micro health insurance 3--24 October 60 2007 4 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1726.2007.00021.x 2007-10 sen_community_1997 techreport Community Control of Health Financing in India: A Review of Local Experiences Community control Health financing India Bethesda, Maryland 1997 8 Technical Report Partnerships for Health Reform, Abt Associates 1997 cohen_demand_2006 inbook Managing risk; The importance of understanding the demand for microinsurance; Current coping strategies: Strengths and weaknesses; Opportunities for microinsurance The demand for microinsurance Demand Microinsurance Geneva / Munich 25--44 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/1ADE0604-6297-4D14-B8B9-AE122900108C/0/Part1Principlesandpractices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 demedts_organization_2004 techreport Organization of health care in developing countries - selected publications (1990 - 2004) Developing countries Health care Antwerpen, Brussels 2004 The Library Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine 2004 asante_getting_2006 article {BMC} Health Services Research Background: District health systems in Africa depend largely on public funding. In many countries, not only are these funds insufficient, but they are also released in an untimely fashion, thereby creating serious cash flow problems for district health managers. This paper examines how the untimely release of public sector health funds in Ghana affects district health activities and the way district managers cope with the situation. Methods: A qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews was adopted. Two regions {(Northern} and Ashanti) covering the northern and southern sectors of Ghana were strategically selected. Sixteen managers (eight directors of health services and eight district health accountants) were interviewed between 2003/2004. Data generated were analysed for themes and patterns. Results: The results showed that untimely release of funds disrupts the implementation of health activities and demoralises district health staff. However, based on their prior knowledge of when funds are likely to be released, district health managers adopt a range of informal mechanisms to cope with the situation. These include obtaining supplies on credit, borrowing cash internally, prepurchasing materials, and conserving part of the fourth quarter donor-pooled funds for the first quarter of the next year. While these informal mechanisms have kept the district health system in Ghana running in the face of persistent delays in funding, some of them are open to abuse and could be a potential source of corruption in the health system. Conclusion: Official recognition of some of these informal managerial strategies will contribute to eliminating potential risks of corruption in the Ghanaian health system and also serve as an acknowledgement of the efforts being made by local managers to keep the district health system functioning in the face of budgetary constraints and funding delays. It may boost the confidence of the managers and even enhance service delivery. Getting by on credit: how district health managers in Ghana cope with the untimely release of funds Africa District health managers Ghana Release of funds 6 2006 105 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/6/105 2006 kutzin_towards_2000 techreport Towards universal health care coverage: a goal-oriented framework for policy analysis Benefit package Health insurance Health policy Health sector reform Measuring coverage Regulation Universal health care Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank 2000 roth_microinsurance_2005 techreport Microinsurance and Microfinance Institutions - Evidence from India Case study Credit-life insurance India Life insurance Microfinance institutions Micro insurance schemes 2005 15 Case Study {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 dlfer_zur_1975 book Marburger Schriften zum Genossenschaftswesen - Ver\"{o}ffentlichungen des Instituts f\"{u}r Kooperation in Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern der {Philipps-Universit\"{a}t} {Marburg/Lahn} Zur Krise der Genossenschaften in der Entwicklungspolitik Cooperatives Development cooperation Reihe B 1975 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Band 10 Vandenhoeck \& Ruprecht 1975 levitt_field_2009 article European Economic Review This study presents an overview of modern field experiments and their usage in economics. Our discussion focuses on three distinct periods of field experimentation that have influenced the economics literature. The first might well be thought of as the dawn of "field" experimentation: the work of Neyman and Fisher, who laid the experimental foundation in the 1920s and 1930s by conceptualizing randomization as an instrument to achieve identification via experimentation with agricultural plots. The second, the large-scale social experiments conducted by government agencies in the mid-twentieth century, moved the exploration from plots of land to groups of individuals. More recently, the nature and range of field experiments has expanded, with a diverse set of controlled experiments being completed outside of the typical laboratory environment. With this growth, the number and types of questions that can be explored using field experiments has grown tremendously. After discussing these three distinct phases, we speculate on the future of field experimental methods, a future that we envision including a strong collaborative effort with outside parties, most importantly private entities. Field experiments in economics: The past, the present, and the future Field experiments 0014-2921 1--18 53 2009 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V64-4V3HHHG-1/2/ae0e407eccb9276549ffd7834969da36 2009 jegers_typology_2002 article Health Policy A typology to classify provider payment systems from an incentive point of view is developed. We analyse the way, how these systems can influence provider behaviour and, a fortiori, contribute to attain the general objectives of health care, i.e. quality of care, efficiency and accessibility. The first dimension of the typology indicates whether there is a link between the provider's income and his activity. In variable systems, the provider has an ability to influence his earnings, contrary to fixed systems. The second dimension indicates whether the provider's payments are related to his actual costs or not. In retrospective systems, the provider's own costs are the basis for reimbursement ex post whereas in prospective systems payments are determined ex ante without any link to the real costs of the individual provider. These different characteristics are likely to influence provider behaviour in different ways. Furthermore the most frequently used criteria to determine the provider's income are discussed: per service, per diem, per case, per patient and per period. Also a distinction is made between incentives at the level of the individual provider (micro-level) and the sponsor (macro-level). Finally, the potential interactions when several payment systems are used simultaneously are discussed. This typology is useful to classify and compare different types of payment systems as prevailing in different countries, and provides a useful framework for future research of health care payment systems. A typology for provider payment systems in health care Health care Provider payment scheme 255--273 June 60 2002 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V8X-44J3T8M-3-7&_cdi=5882&_user=2875156&_orig=na&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2002&_sk=999399996&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkzk&md5=b40fb96d74ecac0a1af16c52dbcdb1b7&ie=/sdarticle.pdf 2002-06 liu_evaluating_1999 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press Evaluating payment mechanisms: how can we measure unnecessary care Measure unnecessary care 409--413 14 1999 4 1999 trommershuser_promotional_2006 inbook Policy-making, participation and consensus-building; Creating an enabling environment; Strengthening institutions; Providing financial assistance The promotional role of governments Microinsurance other stakeholders Geneva / Munich 508--523 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 foster_imperfect_2001 article The Review of Economics and Statistics Imperfect Commitment, Altruism, and the Family: Evidence from Transfer Behavior in {Low-Income} Rural Areas Altruism Low-income countries 389--407 83 2001 3 http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/00346530152480054 2001 ilo/paho_out-of-pocket_1999 inproceedings Out-of-pocket health expenditure in Latin America and the Carribbean: the effiency rationale for extending social protection in health Caribbean Effiency rationale Latin America Social protection on health 1999 1999 world_health_organization_who_world_2005 book The world health report 2005 - make every mother and child count World health report 2005 http://www.who.int/whr/2005/en/index.html 2005 boutayeb_burden_2005 article International journal for equity in health {BACKGROUND:} By the dawn of the third millennium, non communicable diseases are sweeping the entire globe, with an increasing trend in developing countries where, the transition imposes more constraints to deal with the double burden of infective and non-infective diseases in a poor environment characterised by ill-health systems. By 2020, it is predicted that these diseases will be causing seven out of every 10 deaths in developing countries. Many of the non communicable diseases can be prevented by tackling associated risk factors. {METHODS:} Data from national registries and international organisms are collected, compared and analyzed. The focus is made on the growing burden of non communicable diseases in developing countries. {RESULTS:} Among non communicable diseases, special attention is devoted to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and chronic pulmonary diseases. Their burden is affecting countries worldwide but with a growing trend in developing countries. Preventive strategies must take into account the growing trend of risk factors correlated to these diseases. {CONCLUSION:} Non communicable diseases are more and more prevalent in developing countries where they double the burden of infective diseases. If the present trend is maintained, the health systems in low-and middle-income countries will be unable to support the burden of disease. Prominent causes for heart disease, diabetes, cancer and pulmonary diseases can be prevented but urgent (preventive) actions are needed and efficient strategies should deal seriously with risk factors like smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity and western diet. The burden of non communicable diseases in developing countries GL Non communicable diseases 14759276 2 4 2005 1 {PMID:} 15651987 2005 liddell_indigenous_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine Cultures all over the world have evolved illness representations that can accommodate not only new diseases, but also new epistemologies for explaining disease. This paper examines illness representations in {Sub-Saharan} Africa, and how these have responded to the emergence of {AIDS.} Indigenous views of illness (particularly {STDs)} exhibit coherent structure, in which causation, prevention and treatment relate to one another in functional ways. As an {STD,} an epidemic, and a disease which leads to premature death, {AIDS} lends itself readily to accommodation into established indigenous representations of illness. Even biomedical views of causation can be readily incorporated into traditional views of how illnesses are caused. However, biomedical and traditional views concerning prevention appear to be in direct conflict with one another, with potentially hazardous consequences. Research exploring the extent to which indigenous beliefs may be influencing people's decisions about safe sex could offer useful insights for {AIDS} prevention programs. Indigenous representations of illness and {AIDS} in {Sub-Saharan} Africa Africa HIV/AIDS Illness representations Indigenous beliefs Sub-Saharan Africa 691--700 February 60 2005 4 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4CYPYRJ-2/1/8c166a8f497f77f63461e97d0afe002e 2005-02 thimm_regulation_1999 phdthesis Regulation and Regulatory Transformation in European Insurance Markets Europe Insurance markets Regulation {Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\"{a}t} 1999 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 1999 mccord_health_2001 article Small Enterprise Development The topic of Microinsurance is becoming very popular among Microfinance and development practitioners, donors, and interested parties. There is still little actual documentation on implementation of this line of business outside that of credit unions. {MicroSave-Africa} recognizes the potential of Microinsurance as a risk management tool for poor families that that brings the poor beyond self-savings into the leveraged position of risk pooling. Four health insurance programs representing the four general models of insurance provision were reviewed through case study visits during {July/August} 2000. Two of the four programs are still in the testing phase while the other two have more than three years experience with their products. The microfinance related programs all chose to create an institutional barrier between the insurance program and the microfinance activities citing issues of capacity and risk. A very high dropout rate was seen in three of the programs related to premium issues as well as a universal lack of client understanding of the benefits of risk pooling. In very early testing of one program, no evidence was found to confirm the belief that access to quality health care has any impact on client performance or retention with a related {MFI.} An understanding of all these issues would benefit from additional study. Much study of microinsurance programs is still needed. Topics such as the relationship between the specific product and the client's willingness to pay for it are critical to the issue of surplus generation with these programs. A very high attrition rate was evidenced and needs further study. One example from each model is not enough to gain a comprehensive understanding of the model and its application. More case studies will help to build a better foundation from which to make decisions about which model is appropriate in which circumstances. Finally, it is clear from these cases that the provision of health insurance is a very complex business activity and great care should be taken by any institution considering entering such business. Health Care Microinsurance. A Synthesis of Case Studies from Four Health Care Financing Programs in Uganda, Tanzania, India, and Cambodia Africa Cambodia Case study India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Tanzania Uganda 25--38 12 2001 1 2001 ginneken_extending_2003 book Extending social security: policies for developing countries.: An article from: International Labour Review Developing countries Social security September 2003 International Labour Office 2003-09 mersland_performance_2009 article Journal of Banking \& Finance We examine the relationship between firm performance and corporate governance in microfinance institutions {(MFI)} using a self-constructed global dataset on {MFIs} collected from third-party rating agencies. Using random effects panel data estimations, we study the effects of board and {CEO} characteristics, firm ownership type, customer-firm relationship, and competition and regulation on an {MFI's} financial performance and outreach to poor clients. We find that financial performance improves with local rather than international directors, an internal board auditor, and a female {CEO.} The number of credit clients increase with {CEO/chairman} duality. Outreach is lower in the case of lending to individuals than in the case of group lending. We find no difference between non-profit organisations and shareholder firms in financial performance and outreach, and we find that bank regulation has no effect. The results underline the need for an industry specific approach to {MFI} governance. Performance and governance in microfinance institutions Boards Performance 0378-4266 In Press, Corrected Proof 2009 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCY-4V42J7G-3/2/e2e026f1c9324594273b761340ce4f69 2009 boateng_nhis_2007 unpublished {NHIS} Presentation at the Health Summit Ghana NHIS NHIS implementation Ghana 2007 2007 asgary_estimating_2004 article The European Journal of Health Economics Estimating rural households' willingness to pay for health insurance Health insurance Rural households Willingness to pay 209--215 5 2004 3 2004 de_swaan_in_1988 book In Care of The State: Health Care, Education and Welfare in Europe and the {USA} in the Modern Era Europe Health care system United States Cambridge, {UK} 1988 Polity Press 1988 croson_reciprocity_2005 article Economics Letters Experimental and empirical evidence identifies social preferences and proposes competing models of such preferences. We find that participants match the contributions of others in the voluntary contribution mechanism {(VCM).} We also examine a game with different equilibria, the weakest link mechanism {(WLM).} Here, in contrast, participants match the minimum contribution of others. Reciprocity, matching and conditional cooperation in two public goods games Cooperations Public goods Reciprocity 95--101 87 2005 1 2005 sulzbach_evaluatingeffects_2005 techreport Evaluating the Effects of the National Health Insurance Act in Ghana: Baseline Report Africa Ghana Ghana CHI Health insurance Micro health insurance NHIS Bethesda, Maryland 2005 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2005 cripps_guide_2000 techreport Guide to designing and managing community-based health financing schemes in East and Southern Africa - Including Toolkit - Version 1 Africa Community-based health insurance Managing CBHI Bethesda, Maryland 2000 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2000 ghler-robus_sozialkapital_2005 phdthesis Sozialkapital als Analysekonzept f\"{u}r Osteuropa? - Eine vergleichende Untersuchung von Anwendungen des Konzeptes auf postsozialistische Gesellschaften Eastern Europe Postsocialist communities Social capital Freie Universit\"{a}t, {Osteuropa-Institut} 2005 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Banzhaf,} Lars {(Redaktion);} Segbers, Klaus {(Hrsg.){\textless}/p{\textgreater}} Arbeitspapiere des {Osteuropa-Institus} der freien Universit\"{a}t Berlin - Arbeitsschwerpunkt Politik 2005 barnett_prepayment_2000 techreport Prepayment Scheme in Rwanda accepts {Sero-Positive} Members Africa Micro health insurance Prepayment scheme Rwanda Bethesda, Maryland 2000 {PHRplus,} {USAID} 2000 moore_income_???? unpublished Income Measurement Error in Surveys: A Review Cognitive research Data quality Income amount reports Income source reports Measuring income Random error Response bias Response error Willingness to pay microsave_costing_2004 misc Costing and pricing of financial services: A toolkit. Costing Microfinance Pricing 2004 2004 mwansa_non-governmental_2007 article Journal of Social Development in Africa Non-governmental organisations and poverty reduction in Africa: the need for a paradigm shift Africa NGOs Poverty reduction 53--70 22 2007 1 2007 aliber_microinsurance_2002 techreport Microinsurance in Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Microinsurance 2002 {ILO} 2002 gertler_is_2006 article {CESifo} Economic Studies Is Social Capital the Capital of the Poor? The Role of Family and Community in Helping Insure Living Standards against Health Shocks Consumption Cooperations Household Insurance Social networks 52 2006 3 2006 bolle_reciprocity_2006 article Theory and Decision Reciprocity is a decisive behavioural rule resulting in successful co-operation or deterrence. In this paper, a dynamic model is proposed, where reciprocity is described by changes in altruistic (or malevolent) ties. Multiple steady states may exist in one of which there may be general cooperation (solidarity) and the other being one of universal malice (war of each individual against all other individuals). We apply our theory to a number of examples, illustrating that the agents' initial preferences determine whether a steady state of solidarity, selfishness or malice will emerge. Reciprocity, Altruism, Solidarity: A Dynamic Model Altruism Reciprocity Solidarity 371--394 60 2006 4 2006 sebageni_assessingdemand_2002 techreport In everyday life, people are exposed to risks that threaten their lives, health, and property. Although everyone is affected by these risks to one extent or another, low-income people are the most vulnerable as they do not have adequate means to manage or minimise their exposure to risk. For many of the poor, microfinance has provided a lifeline for poverty alleviation. However, although many of the poor have made great progress through the use of microfinance products, others have simply been helped to stay reasonably stable financially and avoid falling into extreme poverty. The extent to which the poor are assisted by microfinance is still being assessed and debated, but what seems clear is that microcredit does not alleviate risk, although access to savings and credit services may reduce overall vulnerability. New products such as microinsurance may be needed, but more information is needed before appropriate microinsurance products can be developed. The following study was undertaken to investigate common risks affecting the poor in rural and urban Uganda, and to assess the demand for microinsurance by urban and rural poor households. First, we wished to understand the vulnerability of the poor - the most common crises and risks faced by poor households. Second, we examined the relative effectiveness and cost of various coping strategies used by the poor. Finally, we explored the level of satisfaction with services currently being provided by existing formal and informal insurance programmes. Respondents identified a number of risks that we organised into three categories: risks faced in the course of business, risks faced in daily life, and risks faced by communities. We also discovered that individuals have devised various coping mechanisms to help them to deal with these issues in their lives. The data revealed striking differences between the needs and expectations of rural and urban populations. These differences are important to consider in any discussion on microinsurance, and include differences in education levels, socio-economic status, and the relative availability of formal and informal schemes. The data revealed that this sector of society is generally not well educated about insurance and the concept of risk pooling. When one is dealing with low levels of understanding of a concept, simplicity and clarity are very important. It was surprising that the very people who were meant to sell these products did not understand them well enough themselves. Even where a product was mandatory, credit officers in both {FAULU} Uganda and {FINCA} Uganda admitted that they were unclear on the products and many clients complained that they still had many unanswered questions. Some clients also complained that the credit officers are very quick to demand repayment of a loan but do not take the trouble to listen to their problems when a crisis strikes. This is a key issue that must be addressed in this new industry. Assessing the Demand for Microinsurance in Uganda Africa Microinsurance Uganda Nairobi, Kenya 2002 Micro Insurance Center - Microfinance Opportunities 2002 krishna_mapping_1999 techreport Mapping and Measuring Social Capital: A Conceptual and Empirical Study of Collective Action for Conserving and Developing Watersheds in Rajasthan, India India Social capital Washington {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank 1999 noland_religion_2005 article World Development Summary. - This paper investigates the relationship between religion and economic performance. In both cross-country and within-country regressions, the null hypothesis that religious affiliation is uncorrelated with performance can frequently be rejected (i.e., religion matters), though the regressions do not yield a robust pattern of coefficients with respect to particular religions. The results with respect to Islam do not support the notion that it is inimical to growth. On the contrary, virtually every statistically significant coefficient on Muslim population shares reported in this paper-in both cross-country and within-country statistical analyses-is positive. If anything, Islam promotes growth. Religion and Economic Performance Religion and economy 1215--1232 33 2005 8 2005 barnett_guidelines_2000 techreport Guidelines for Studies of the Social and Economic Impact of {HIV/AIDS} HIV/AIDS Geneva, Switzerland 2000 {UNAIDS} - Joint United Nations Programm on {HIV/AIDS} 2000 malherbe_alive+_2004 techreport {ALIVE+} - A pilot assessment of an insurance product for the treatment of {HIV/AIDS} - Version 2, Working Draft Africa HIV/AIDS Micro health insurance South Africa Johannesburg, South Africa 2004 Genesis Analytics {(Pty)} Ltd 2004 garand_vimosewa_2005 article {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study {VimoSEWA} India Case study Charitable model India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Partner-agent-model SEWA October 2005 16 2005-10 churchill_strategies_2006 inbook Limit benefits; Focus on efficiency; Diversify income sources; Good management Strategies for sustainability Microinsurance Geneva / Munich 564--582 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_preliminary_2003 techreport Preliminary Donor Guidelines for Supporting Microinsurance Microinsurance 2003 The World Bank 2003 haddad_whatquality_1998 article Social Science \& Medicine What does quality mean to lay people? Community perceptions of primary health care services in Guinea Africa Bamako initiative Community perceptions Developing countries Guinea Primary health care Quality of health services 381--394 47 1998 3 1998 preker_voluntary_2004 techreport Voluntary Health Insurance in Development - Review of Role in Africa Region and Other Selected Developing Country Experiences Africa Developing countries Health insurance Voluntary health insurance 2004 Worldbank 2004 drake_banking_2005 techreport Banking at the Base of the Pyramid: A Microfinance Primer for Commercial Banks Commercial banks Microfinance 2005 Development Alternatives Inc., {USAID} 2005 cullis_waiting_2000 incollection A number of health care systems use waiting time as a rationing device for access to inpatient care. However, a considerable amount of research has focussed in particular on the {UK's} National Health Service and its perceived problem of waiting "lists". In this chapter a theoretical discussion addresses the issue of the optimum wait in the context of Paretian welfare economics. However, reference is also made to public choice analysis and to queuing theory. Empirical literature that explores the various dimensions of waiting costs is reviewed and evaluated. Different methods of estimation are illustrated and these include contingent valuation, implied valuation and econometric modelling. The policy section assesses various "solutions" to the waiting list "problem". Options are classified in terms of their impact on excess demand and the issue of waiting list management is addressed. In the absence of an over-arching welfare analysis both empirical work and policy recommendations are inevitably piece-meal and open to debate. Given the inherent weaknesses of applied welfare economics the challenge is to find a framework which would attract a broader consensus. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Waiting Lists and Medical Treatment Medical care market NHS inpatient queues Waiting costs Waiting lists Waiting times Amsterdam (a.o.) 1176--1249 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 african_union_universal_2006 inproceedings Universal Access to {HIV/AIDS,} Tuberculosis and Malaria Services by a United Africa by 2010 - Health Financing in Africa Africa Health financing HIV/AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis {ABUJA,} {NIGERIA} 2006 African Union 2006 brown_insurance_2000 article Microentreprise Best Practices, {USAID's} Microentreprise Innovation Project Insurance Provision in {Low-Income} Communities. Part {II:} Initial Lessons from {Micro-Insurance} Experiments for the Poor Low-income insurance Micro health insurance Microinsurance 2000 2000 turner_ii_framework_2003 article {PNAS} A framework for vulnerability analysis in substainability science Vulnerability analysis 8074--8079 100 2003 14 2003 dean_reflective_1995 article Constellations Reflective Solidarity Solidarity 114--140 2 1995 1 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8675.1995.tb00023.x 1995 sloan_not-for-profit_2000 incollection Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse {Not-For-Profit} Ownership and Hospital Behaviour Analysis of health care markets Contracting Government policy Nonprofit institutions Personal and professional services Privatization Public enterprises Public goods Public health care Regulation Amsterdam (a.o.) 1141--1174 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 mccord_microinsurance_2000 techreport Microinsurance - A case study of an example of the mutual model of microinsurance provision - Umasida Africa Case study Micro health insurance Mutual insurance Tanzania Nairobi, Kenya 2000 The Microinsurance Centre 2000 jowett_theoretical_2004 techreport This Discussion Paper is concerned with the development of risk-sharing systems for health, in low- and middle-income countries. It questions whether insurance theory developed in wealthier economies, in particular the central ideas of adverse selection and moral hazard, has relevance in the context of poorer countries with high levels of unmet health needs, and low utilisation of health services. Empirical evidence on these two issues is reviewed, as is the debate around social capital and collective action, and its relevance to extending risk sharing in poorer countries. Drawing on thinking and evidence from development economics, it is argued that informal risksharing may crowd-out formal risk-sharing schemes, the reverse of arguments found in much of the literature. Rooted in a holistic framework of household risk-reducing strategies, the paper considers the dynamic of demand for insurance in poorer countries, influenced by factors such as social cohesion, perceived corruption, and duty to the state. A central argument in the paper is that much of the literature on health insurance in low-income countries fails to consider well-developed and highly relevant bodies of literature in development economics and sociology. Theoretical Insights Into the Development of Health Insurance in Low-income Countries Health insurance Low-income countries 2004 188 discussion paper The University of York. Center for Health Economics 2004 _chapter_???? inbook Chapter 3: Health First Human capital Primary health care 92--104 kolo_analysis_2006 article Managerial Finance Purpose -- This paper seeks to look at failed development paradigms in West Africa, one of the world's poorest regions, and to argue that new and contextually relevant methods are needed to stem poverty, engage people in productive microenterprises, improve people's quality of life, and foster patriotism and civic involvement among citizens. Design/methodology/approach -- Based on the view that microentrepreneurship is a way of life and a means of livelihood for West Africa's poor, and that lack of credit is a formidable obstacle to microenterprise development, the paper makes a case for institutionalizing a financial systems approach, which was developed by microenterprise financing practitioners to provide poor people world-wide with savings and credit services, leading to their self-sufficiency and integration into mainstream financial systems. The four stages of this approach are discussed, along with the tasks in each stage. Findings -- The paper posits that implementing the approach must be a joint task among society's four key stakeholders in the public, corporate, non-profit and grassroots sectors. Originality/value -- The paper concludes that a financial systems approach offers several prospects for citizens' productivity, for political stability in their countries, and for their meaningful engagement in the world's delocalized economy. An analysis of strategic issues in institutionalizing a financial systems approach for microenterprise development in Africa Financial modelling Financial System Small enterprises 594 -- 605 32 2006 7 www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03074350610671584 2006 brehm_individual-level_1997 article American Journal of Political Science {Individual-Level} Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital Participation Social capital 999--1023 41 1997 3 1997 chalkley_government_2000 incollection This chapter reviews the literature on payment schemes for government purchases of health services. It focuses on four themes: (1) the tension between obtaining appropriate quality of services and keeping the cost of those services at an acceptable level; (2) the role of cost sharing by the payer when there is asymmetric information between purchaser and supplier about costs or case-mix; (3) the importance of commitment in purchasing; and (4) the role of reputation in maintaining quality in long term relationships between purchasers and suppliers. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Government Purchasing of Health Services Commitment Cost Sharing Prospective payment Quality of service Reputation Amsterdam (a.o.) 846--890 Part 3 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 jahn_ascertainment_2008 article Objective To assess factors related to recorded vaccine uptake, which may confound the evaluation of vaccine impact. Methods Analysis of documented vaccination histories of children under 5 years and demographic and socio-economic characteristics collected by a demographic surveillance system in Karonga District, Malawi. Associations between deviations from the standard vaccination schedule and characteristics that are likely to be associated with increased mortality were determined by multivariate logistic regression. Results Approximately 78\% of children aged 6--23 months had a vaccination document, declining to {\textless}50\% by 5 years of age. Living closer to an under-5 clinic, having a better educated father, and both parents being alive were associated with having a vaccination document. For a small percentage of children, vaccination records were incomplete and/or faulty. Vaccination uptake was high overall, but delayed among children living further from the nearest under-5 clinic or from poorer socio-economic backgrounds. Approximately 9\% of children had received their last dose of {DPT} with or after measles vaccine. These children were from relatively less educated parents, and were more likely to have been born outside the health services. Conclusions Though overall coverage in this community was high and variation in coverage according to child or parental characteristics small, there was strong evidence of more timely coverage among children from better socio-economic conditions and among those who lived closer to health facilities. These factors are likely to be strong confounders in the association of vaccinations with mortality, and may offer an alternative explanation for the non-specific mortality impact of vaccines described by other studies. {(English)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} caracter\ufffd?{i}sticas parentales caract\'{e}ristiques des parents confounders DEMOGRAPHY factores confusi\'{o}n impact du vaccin impacto vacunas Malawi parental characteristics recepci\'{o}n vacunas r\'{e}ception du vaccin SOCIAL status VACCINATION of children vaccine impact VACCINES vaccine uptake variables confusionnelles 13602276 129--138 1 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=29972943&site=ehost-live Tropical Medicine \& International Health Ascertainment of childhood vaccination histories in northern Malawi. 13 2008 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 29972943; Jahn, A. 1,2; Email Address: a\_jahn@lighthouse.org.mw Floyd, S. 2 Mwinuka, V. 1 Mwafilaso, J. 1 Mwagomba, D. 3 Mkisi, R. E. 3 Katsulukuta, A. 4 Khunga, A. 5 Crampin, A. C. 1,2 Branson, K. 2 {McGrath,} N. 1,2 Fine, P. E. M. 2; Affiliation: 1: Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi 2: Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, {UK} 3: The Zonal Health Support Office, Mzuzu, Malawi 4: Ministry of Health and Population, Lilongwe, Malawi 5: Karonga District Hospital, Karonga, Malawi; Source Info: Jan2008, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p129; Subject Term: {VACCINATION} of children; Subject Term: {VACCINES;} Subject Term: {DEMOGRAPHY;} Subject Term: {SOCIAL} status; Subject Term: {MALAWI;} {Author-Supplied} Keyword: caract\'{e}ristiques des parents; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: caracter\ufffd?{i}sticas parentales; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: confounders; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: factores confusi\'{o}n; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: impact du vaccin; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: impacto vacunas; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: Malawi; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: parental characteristics; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: r\'{e}ception du vaccin; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: recepci\'{o}n vacunas; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: vaccine impact; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: vaccine uptake; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: variables confusionnelles; Number of Pages: 10p; Illustrations: 4 charts, 3 graphs, 1 map; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Tropical Medicine \& International Health is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Objectif:} \ufffd?{E}valuer les facteurs li\'{e}s \`{a} l'enregistrement de la r\'{e}ception du vaccin pouvant influencer l'\'{e}valuation de l'impact du vaccin. M\'{e}thodes: L'analyse de la documentation sur l'historique de la vaccination des enfants de moins de 5 ans et des caract\'{e}ristiques d\'{e}mographiques et socio-\'{e}conomiques collect\'{e}s par un syst\`{e}me de surveillance d\'{e}mographique dans le district de Karonga au Malawi. Les associations entre les d\'{e}viations par rapport au programme standard de vaccination et les caract\'{e}ristiques susceptibles d'\^{e}tre li\'{e}es \`{a} un accroissement de la mortalit\'{e} ont \'{e}t\'{e} d\'{e}termin\'{e}es par r\'{e}gression logistique multivari\'{e}e. R\'{e}sultats: 78\% d'enfants \^{a}g\'{e}s de 6 \`{a} 23 mois avaient un document de vaccination. Ce pourcentage diminuait \`{a} \< 50\% vers l'\^{a}ge de 5 ans. Le fait de vivre plus pr\`{e}s d'une clinique pour moins de 5 ans, d'avoir un p\`{e}re mieux instruit et les deux parents vivants, \'{e}tait associ\'{e} au fait d'avoir un document de vaccination. Pour un petit pourcentage des enfants, les documents sur la vaccination \'{e}taient incomplets et/ou d\'{e}fectueux. Le nombre de personnes ayant re\c{c}u le vaccin \'{e}tait en g\'{e}n\'{e}ral \'{e}lev\'{e}, mais la vaccination \'{e}tait retard\'{e} chez les enfants vivant plus loin de la clinique pour moins de 5 ans la plus proche ou de milieux socio-\'{e}conomiques plus pauvres. 9\% d'enfants avaient re\c{c}u leur derni\`{e}re dose de {DPT} avec ou apr\`{e}s le vaccin contre la rougeole. Ces enfants \'{e}taient de parents relativement moins instruits et \'{e}taient plus susceptibles d'\^{e}tre n\'{e}s en dehors des services de sant\'{e} compar\'{e}s aux autres enfants. Conclusions: Bien que la couverture vaccinale globale dans cette communaut\'{e} ait \'{e}t\'{e}\'{e}tendue et la variation de la couverture selon les caract\'{e}ristiques de l'enfant ou parentales soit r\'{e}duite, il y avait une forte \'{e}vidence d'une couverture plus synchronis\'{e}e chez les enfants de meilleures conditions socio-\'{e}conomiques et chez ceux vivant plus pr\`{e}s des services de sant\'{e}. Ces facteurs sont susceptibles d'\^{e}tre des variables confusionnelles importants dans l'association entre la vaccination et la mortalit\'{e}, et peuvent offrir une explication alternative pour l'impact sur la mortalit\'{e} non sp\'{e}cifique des vaccins d\'{e}crite par d'autres \'{e}tudes. {(French)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Objetivo:} Evaluar los factores relacionados con la recepci\'{o}n registrada de vacunas, que podr\ufffd?{i}an confundir la evaluaci\'{o}n del impacto vacunal. M\'{e}todos: An\'{a}lisis de historias documentadas de vacunaci\'{o}n de ni??os menores de 5 a??os y caracter\ufffd?{i}sticas demogr\'{a}ficas y socioecon\'{o}micas recolectadas mediante un sistema de vigilancia demogr\'{a}fica en el distrito de Karonga, Malawi. Las asociaciones entre las desviaciones en la programaci\'{o}n vacunal est\'{a}ndar y las caracter\ufffd?{i}sticas que podr\ufffd?{i}an estar asociadas se determinaron mediante regresi\'{o}n log\ufffd?{i}stica multivariada. Resultados: Un 78\% de los ni??os con edades entre 6--23 meses ten\ufffd?{i}an el carnet vacunal, lo cual disminu\ufffd?{i}a a \< 50\% al llegar a los 5 a??os de edad. El vivir cerca de un centro de salud con atenci\'{o}n pedi\'{a}trica, el tener un padre con un mayor nivel educativo, y el que ambos padres estuviesen vivos estaba asociado con el tener el carnet vacunal. Para un peque??o porcentaje de ni??os, los datos vacunales estaban incompletos o ten\ufffd?{i}an errores. La recepci\'{o}n de vacunas en general era alta, pero era retardada para ni??os que viv\ufffd?{i}an m\'{a}s lejos del centro de salud o que proven\ufffd?{i}an de familias con un estatus socioecon\'{o}mico m\'{a}s bajo. Un 9\% de los ni??os hab\ufffd?{i}a recibido su \'{u}ltima dosis de {DPT} al mismo tiempo que o despu\'{e}s de la vacuna de sarampi\'{o}n. Estos ni??os ten\ufffd?{i}an padres con un menor nivel educativo y una mayor probabilidad, que otros ni??os, de haber nacido fuera de los servicios sanitarios. Conclusiones: Aunque en esta comunidad la cobertura general era alta y la variaci\'{o}n en cobertura, dependiendo de las caracter\ufffd?{i}sticas del ni??o y los padres, era peque??a, hab\ufffd?{i}a una fuerte evidencia de que aquellos ni??os con mejores condiciones socioecon\'{o}micas as\ufffd?{i} como los que viv\ufffd?{i}an m\'{a}s cerca del centro sanitario recib\ufffd?{i}an una cobertura m\'{a}s a tiempo. Estos podr\ufffd?{i}an ser factores de confusi\'{o}n al asociar las vacunas con mortalidad, y podr\ufffd?{i}an ofrecer un explicaci\'{o}n alternativa al impacto no espec\ufffd?{i}fico de las vacunas sobre la mortalidad que se describe en otros estudios. {(Spanish)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01982.x 2008 martin_health-based_2004 techreport {Health-Based} risk-assessment {Risk-Adjusted} GL Risk adjustment Washington, {D.C.} 2004 Academy Health - Advancing Research. Policy and Practice 2004 dror_reinsurance_???? misc Reinsurance and other Facilities for the Indian Micro Health Insurance System Health care system India Reinsurance Risk equalization cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_performance_2007 techreport Performance Indicators for Microinsurance Practitioners - Summary Microinsurance 2007 2007 diop_technical_2000 techreport Technical Report No. 59 - Summary of Results: Prepayment Schemes in the Rwandan Districts of Byumba, Kabgayi, and Kabutare Community participation Bethesda, {MD} 2000 Partnerships for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates Inc 2000 theobald_research_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine The case for research to promote equity in health in resource poor contexts such as Malawi is compelling. In Malawi, nearly half of all the people with tuberculosis cannot afford to access free tuberculosis services. In this scenario, there is a clear need to understand the multiple barriers poor women and men face in accessing services and pilot interventions to address these in a way that engages policy makers, practitioners and communities. This paper provides a critical reflection on our experience as applied social researchers working at the {REACH} {(Research} for Equity and Community Health) Trust in Malawi. Our work largely uses qualitative research methodologies as a tool for applied social research to explore the equity dimensions of health services in the country. We argue that a key strength of qualitative research methods and analysis is the ability to bring the perceptions and experiences of marginalised groups to policy makers and practitioners. The focus of this paper is two-fold. The first focus lies in synthesising the opportunities and challenges we have encountered in promoting the use of applied social research, and in particular qualitative research methods, on {TB} and {HIV} in Malawi. The second focus is on documenting and reflecting on our experiences of using applied social research to promote gender equity in {TB/HIV} policy and practice in Malawi. In this paper, we reflect on the strategic frameworks we have used in the Malawian context to try and bring the voices of poor women and men to policy makers and practitioners and hence intensify the research to policy and practice interface. The research, policy and practice interface: Reflections on using applied social research to promote equity in health in Malawi Africa Applied social research Gender equity HIV/AIDS Malawi Policy In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4S7S1BW-1/1/bd450d4aad85994b4c998921e9fa7521 2008 bhat_health_2003 techreport Health insurance and third party administrators: issues and challenges Health insurance Third party administrators Ahmedabad 2003 No. 2003-05-02 Indian Institute of Management 2003 leighton_overview:_1995 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press Overview: health financing reforms in Africa Africa Health care sector reforms 213--222 10 1995 3 1995 lamers_pharmacy_1999 article Medical Care Pharmacy Costs Groups: A {Risk-Adjuster} for Capitation Payments Based on the Use of Prescribed Drugs GL Risk equalization 824--830 37 1999 8 1999 lemay-boucher_insurance_2007 article Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation {(CERT)} - Discussion Paper This paper studies indigenous insurance groups using evidence from urban areas in Benin. Many of these informal institutions co-exist within neighbourhood-distance. They are based on well-defined rules and regulations, offering premium-based insurance for funeral expenses, as well as other forms of insurance and credit to cope with hardships. We provide first a description of these groups. Then we investigate, with the help of an original dataset, which individual characteristics are significant in explaining both the probability to join such groups and the choice of insurance coverage. Insurance for the Poor: The Case of Informal Insurance Groups in Benin Africa Benin Group insurance Microinsurance 07 2007 http://www.sml.hw.ac.uk/cert/wpa/2007/dp0707.pdf 2007 abt_associations_inc._african_2004 book International Perspectives African Women's Health: Why Mutual Health Organizations are Making a Difference Africa Ghana Ghana CHI Micro health insurance Women and health 2004 2004 m._jarot_eko_winarno_experience_???? misc The Experience of Bank Rakhyat Indonesia in Microfinance Bank Rakhyat Indonesia Microfinance mcintyre_beyond_2008 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization The World Health Assembly of 2005 called for all health systems to move towards universal coverage, defined as "access to adequate health care for all at an affordable price". A crucial aspect in achieving universal coverage is the extent to which there are income and risk cross-subsidies in health systems. Yet this aspect appears to be ignored in many of the policy prescriptions directed at low- and middle-income countries, often resulting in high degrees of health system fragmentation. The aim of this paper is to explore the extent of fragmentation within the health systems of three African countries {(Ghana,} South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania). Using a framework for analysing health-care financing in terms of its key functions, we describe how fragmentation has developed, how each country has attempted to address the arising equity challenges and what remains to be done to promote universal coverage. The analysis suggests that South Africa has made the least progress in addressing fragmentation, while Ghana appears to be pursuing a universal coverage policy in a more coherent way. To achieve universal coverage, health systems must reduce their reliance on out-of-pocket payments, maximize the size of risk pools, and resource allocation mechanisms must be put in place to either equalize risks between individual insurance schemes or equitably allocate general tax (and donor) funds. Ultimately, there needs to be greater integration of financing mechanisms to promote universal cover with strong income and risk cross-subsidies in the overall health system. Beyond fragmentation and towards universal coverage: insights from Ghana, South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania Ghana NHIS South Africa Tanzania Universal coverage 871--876 2008 86 http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-053413.pdf 2008 pauly_private_2006 article Health Affairs A joint Wharton {School--World} Bank conference called attention to the high proportions of medical care spending paid out of pocket in most developing countries. One of the reasons for this, attendees said, is the problem in such economies of generating high tax revenues in a nondistortive way. Since people are paying out of pocket, they should be able to afford some private insurance that can spread the risk of above-average out-ofpocket payments. The potential efficiency gains from greater use of voluntary private insurance seem large, but there are a number of possible impediments to the emergence of such insurance. {[Health} Affairs 25, no. 2 (2006): 369--379; 10.1377/hlthaff.25.2.369 Private Health Insurance in Developing Countries - Voluntary private insurance could fill in the gaps that limited public Developing countries Private health insurance Voluntary private insurance 369--379 25 2006 2 2006 culyer_introduction:state_2000 incollection Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Introduction: The State and Scope of Health Economics Equity and health Health economics Health habits Insurance markets Law and regulation Amsterdam (a.o.) 1--8 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 puig-junoy_managing_1999 article Int. J. Health Plann. Mgmt Managing Risk Selection incentives in health sector reforms Health sector reform Risk selection 287--311 14 1999 1999 usaid_health_1999 book Health Insurance and Decentralization in the Philippines Decentralization Health sector reform Philippines 1999 1999 satish_institutional_????-1 article Journal of Microfinance Institutional Alternatives for the Promotion of Microfinance Microfinance 49--72 3 2 frota_securing_2008 article Habitat International A majority of people now live in cities. Countries need to accommodate such a rapidly growing urban population, which is often living and working informally, and which is lacking access to decent working and living conditions. By integrating economic promotion policies with social protection instruments public policies not only mitigate the effects of social risks on poverty, particularly in low-income settlements, but also create the necessary conditions to allow the poor to work out of poverty. Some international organizations including the International Labour Office {(ILO)} consider that low-income countries can afford a basic package of social benefits. In face of growing informalization of the labour force worldwide, universal and targeted social cash transfers to poor people, which are not related to their employment status, are contributing today to curb poverty and reduce inequality in a number of developing countries. But, for poor people in petty jobs, poor housing and living conditions, social and economic rights are indivisible. Case studies show how social protection and local development in urban areas can be combined to achieve progressive universal coverage. These studies provide evidence that workers and families, who need to secure and enhance their vulnerable household economies, can largely benefit from measures that aim to extend further the reach of social protection. A major challenge lies in breaking down the conceptual and administrative barriers that artificially oppose economic development and social protection, in order to reduce the costs of the access to productive and basic social services and remove hurdles to local development in urban areas. Securing decent work and living conditions in low-income urban settlements by linking social protection and local development: A review of case studies Economic promotion Low-income population Social protection 0197-3975 203--222 June 32 2008 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V9H-4R2HKG5-1/2/7891b249b97485e2edf5c604b781bda7 2008-06 mwenda_towards_2004 article International Journal of Social Economics Micro-finance institutions are critical to Africa's quest for solutions to the continent's development challenge. The area of their greatest potential impact, rural Africa, is not only home to the bulk of the continent's population, but also the vast majority of Africa's poor. This paper not only defines {MFIs} with examples from Zambia, South Africa, Mali and Zimbabwe, it also establishes a clear link between {MFIs} and both poverty eradication and the empowerment and equality of women, two of the major Millennium Development Goals. The paper concludes with some policy recommendations and a set of "best practices" for the future success of {MFIs} on the continent, including the need to ensure flexibility and careful government regulation and supervision of {MFIs.} Towards best practices for micro finance institutional engagement in African rural areas: Selected cases and agenda for action Africa Best practices Microfinance 143 -- 158 31 2004 1/2 2004 gumber_health_2000 article Economic and Political Weekly Health Insurance for Informal Sector - Case Study of Gujarat Case study Gujarat Microfinance Microinsurance 3607--3613 2/2000 2000 2000 aldermann_insurance_2007 book Insurance Against Covariate Shocks: The Role of {Index-Based} Insurance in Social Protection in {Low-Income} Countries of Africa Index-based risk transfer products Weather insurance 0821370367 April 2007 World Bank Publications 2007-04 schneider_impact_2007 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press The impact of micro health insurance on Rwandan health centre costs Africa Health center costs Micro health insurance Rwanda 40--48 22 2007 2007 world_health_organization_who_world_1997 book World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The world health report 1997 - conquering suffering, enriching humanity World health report Geneva 1997 http://www.who.int/whr/1997/en/index.html 1997 atim_social_2006 techreport Social Participation in the development of mutual health organizations in senegal Africa Development of MHOs Micro health insurance Mutual health organisations Participation Senegal Social participation Bethesda, {MD} 2006 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2006 atim_training_2000 techreport Training of Trainer Manuals for Micro Health Insurance in Ghana Africa Ghana Micro health insurance Training manual 2000 Partnerships for Health Reform {(PHR),} Abt. Associates Inc 2000 labont_globalization_2007 article Globalization and Health This article is the third in a three-part review of research on globalization and the social determinants of health {(SDH).} In the first article of the series, we identified and defended an economically oriented definition of globalization and addressed a number of important conceptual and metholodogical issues. In the second article, we identified and described seven key clusters of pathways relevant to globalization's influence on {SDH.} This discussion provided the basis for the premise from which we begin this article: interventions to reduce health inequities by way of {SDH} are inextricably linked with social protection, economic management and development strategy. Reflecting this insight, and against the background of the Millennium Development Goals {(MDGs),} we focus on the asymmetrical distribution of gains, losses and power that is characteristic of globalization in its current form and identify a number of areas for innovation on the part of the international community: making more resources available for health systems, as part of the more general task of expanding and improving development assistance; expanding debt relief and taking poverty reduction more seriously; reforming the international trade regime; considering the implications of health as a human right; and protecting the policy space available to national governments to address social determinants of health, notably with respect to the hypermobility of financial capital. We conclude by suggesting that responses to globalization's effects on social determinants of health can be classified with reference to two contrasting visions of the future, reflecting quite distinct values. Globalization and social determinants of health: Promoting health equity in global governance (part 3 of 3) Global governance and equity Globalisation Social determinants of health 3 2007 7 http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/3/1/7 2007 concertation_10_2008 misc 10 ans au service des mutuelles de sant\'{e} africaines 1998-2008 Africa MHO Mutual health insurance Mutual health organisations Mutual insurance 2008 http://www.concertation.org 2008 laverack_identification_2001 article Community Development Journal An identification and interpretation of the organization aspects of community empowerment Community empowerment 134--145 36 2001 2001 rengarajan_anatomydemand_2006 article Pravartak Strategies for improving outreach of microinsurance products to the rural poor This paper presents demand side perspectives of microinsurance and suggests remedial measures for effective outreach to excluded people. Understanding vulnerability and micro-level risks from the demand side is imperative for designing policy and microinsurance products. Theoretical and empirical observations include: * Marginal communities' vulnerability makes them more susceptible to health related risks; * Within households, there is gender inequality with women more susceptible to health risk; * Unprotected health risks lead to deprivation in income consumption and employment; * Covariant risks like droughts and epidemics push the poor further into the poorer category; * Cultural risks in the form of traditional beliefs and myths push the poor into vulnerability, while also influencing their behavior in livelihood activities and health systems. Demand side realities highlight the need to design demand-oriented products and services and active involvement of public and private institutions for effective inclusion of the most disadvantaged section of the poor. Strategies include: * Developing demand-oriented microinsurance products; * Developing free insurance packages that are linked to government development programs or are formulated exclusively for the poor. An Anatomy on Demand Side Perspectives of Micro Insurance Demand side Microinsurance 54--70 4 2006 1 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34490/An%20anatomy%20on%20demand%20side%20perspectives%20of%20Micro%20Insurance.pdf 2006 currie_child_2000 incollection Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Child Health in Developed Countries Children Developed countries Health Infants Amsterdam (a.o.) 1053--1090 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 ahmed_health_2004 unpublished Health is Wealth: How {Low-Income} People Finance Health Care Developing countries Health care financing Low-income population 2004 Health Care Financing Project, {KDA} 2004 koveos_financial_2004 article Managerial Finance The objective of this study is to analyze the framework within which microfinance institutions {(MFIs)} deliver their services and provide an assessment of their operations and financial management. These institutions are examined because of their current importance to a special group of consumers, primarily the poor and disenfranchised in the developing world, and of their future promise as an economic development solution. Since the objective of these institutions is somewhat unique, the manner of their assessment must also differ from that used to assess the performance of traditional financial intermediaries. In particular, assessment of {MFIs} must recognize their dual (bank and development instrument) status. Their efficiency, then, must be analyzed in terms of its economic (or financial) dimension as well as its social dimension. The first dimension may be examined with traditional measures, while examination of the second requires measures that reflect the {MFI's} social objectives. In order to accommodate the special nature of {MFIs,} this study proposes the use of a Balanced Scorecard approach. It contributes to the study of financial institution performance by examining a non-traditional group of institutions using a variety of assessment measures. The findings should be of value to those interested in the financial sector as well as those involved in public policy decision making. Financial services for the poor: assessing microfinance institutions Financial advice Financial risk Management techniques 70 -- 95 30 2004 9 www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03074350410769281 2004 pauly_insurance_2000 incollection This paper discusses theoretical and empirical findings concerning insurance reimbursement of patients or providers by insurers operating in private markets or in mixed public and private systems. Most insurances other than health insurance do not "reimburse"; instead they pay cash to insureds conditional on the occurrence of a prespecified event. In contrast, health insurance ties the payment to medical expenditures or costs incurred in some fashion, often making payments directly to medical providers. These differences are caused by a much higher degree of moral hazard and the dominant effect of insurer demand on provider prices. Health insurances also often prohibit "balance billing," provider charges in excess of some prespecified amount. Such prohibitions are related to patient inability to shop or bargain, and to insurer market power. Empirical evidence suggests that some versions of physician and hospital reimbursement have increased the level of medical spending relative to the level that would be experienced under prospective payment. In particular, cost-based reimbursement raises total spending. Optimal reimbursement, with balance billing prohibited, may also be chosen to control moral hazard; payment will generally involve a mix of fee-for-service and predetermined (salary or capitation) payment, and may well involve positive patient cost sharing. Monopsony behavior by dominant insurers is possible, and may improve consumer welfare but not total welfare. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Insurance Reimbursement Insurance Moral hazard Private sector Public sector Reimbursement Amsterdam (a.o.) 537--560 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 trujillo_impact_2005 article International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics The Impact of Subsidized Health Insurance for the Poor: Evaluating the Colombian Experience Using Propensity Score Matching Health insurance Poverty 211--239 5 2005 3 2005 world_bank_multivariate_???? techreport Multivariate analysis of health data: Non-linear estimators Multivariate analysis Quantitative research Research method 11 Technical Note international_labour_organization_strategies_and_tools_against_social_exclusion_and_poverty_step_programme_health_2007 book The guide has two objectives: to strengthen the capacity of managers to monitor and evaluate their health microinsurance schemes {(HMIS);} and to strengthen the capacity of technical and financial support agencies and private insurers to assess the viability and performance of the {HMIS.} The guide consists of two volumes. Part I of Volume 1 presents the main definitions and basic concepts. Part {II} deals with the subject of administrative and technical monitoring -- based on the major functions of insurance management -- as well as with budget and cash flow monitoring. Part {III} deals with evaluating the viability of health insurance viewed as a financial instrument, through the use of a series of quantitative and qualitative indicators. Part {IV} deals with evaluating the institutional viability of the {HMIS.} Finally, Part V offers some indications for assessing the effectiveness, efficiency and impact of an {HMIS,} merely providing some pointers to users interested in this kind of assessment. Volume 2 contains practical indications for completing tables and calculating indicators described in Volume 1. {ILO/STEP} Guides and Manuals International Labour Organization, Strategies and Tools against social Exclusion and Poverty {(STEP)} Programme Health Microinsurance Schemes: Monitoring and Evaluation Guide Micro health insurance Micro health insurance schemes Geneva, Switzerland 978-92-2-119669-3 2007 2007 karlan_trust_2008 misc This paper builds a theory of trust based on informal contract enforcement in social networks. In our model, network connections between individuals can be used as social collateral to secure informal borrowing. We defi??ne network-based trust as the highest amount one agent can borrow from another agent, and derive a reduced-form expression for this quantity which we then use in three applications. (1) We predict that dense networks generate bonding social capital that allows transacting valuable assets, while loose networks create bridging social capital that improves access to cheap favors like information. (2) For job recommendation networks, we show that strong ties between employers and trusted recommenders reduce asymmetric information about the quality of job candidates. (3) Using data from Peru, we show empirically that network-based trust predicts informal borrowing, and we structurally estimate and test our model. Trust and Social Collateral Informal borrowing network-based trust Peru Social capital October 2008 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34454/06.pdf 2008-10 betz_das_2002 article {Nord-S\"{u}d} aktuell, {XV} Das indische Gesundheitswesen: Struktur, Defizite und die Rolle externer Akteure External assistance health sector Health care system India 462--468 3 2002 2002 mahal_private_???? techreport Private Entry into Health Insurance in India: An Assessment - Private Health Insurance and Public Health Goals in India India Private health insurance Public health care National Council for Applied Economic Research small_business_project_sbp_gaining_2003 techreport Gaining Momentum - The State of Regulatory Best Practice in Africa Africa Regulation Johannesburg, South Africa 2003 2003 criel_district-based_1998 techreport {District-Based} Health Insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa Africa Community-based health insurance Sub-Saharan Africa Antwerpen, Brussels 1998 Studies in Health Service Organisation and Policy 1998 karlan_social_2001 phdthesis Social Capital and Group {BankingMIT} - Department of Economics Group banking Social capital 2001 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Social} Capital and Group Banking{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 2001 pal_can_2005 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} t presents the methodology and the results of a modelling exercise that demonstrates that basic social protection benefits are not out of reach for low-income countries in {Sub-Saharan} Africa, even though some international assistance would be necessary for a transitory period. The Social Protection Sector of the International Labour Organization {(ILO)} has estimated the cost of basic social protection benefits education, health, pensions) for a selected number of developing countries in {sub-Saharan} Africa, namely Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Senegal and Tanzania. The selection of countries aimed to provide regional diversity within Africa but was nevertheless largely driven by data availability. A preliminary version of the result tables and assumptions were set-up by the Social Protection Sector of the {ILO} and then discussed with {DFID} {(United} Kingdom Department for International Development). Following that {DFID} provided comments and suggested modifications to some of the assumptions. These are included in the Base Case {(Scenario} I). The main aim of this paper is to provide a costing of a basic social protection benefit package with the description and sources of the data and assumptions used for the projections as well as a brief description of the methodology used. Can Low Income Countries Afford Basic Social Protection? First Results of a Modelling Exercise Africa South of Sahara economic model poverty alleviation Social security 2005 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=807366 2005 huber_mutual_2003 book Health system and health financing reforms in {sub-Saharan} Africa promoted by international donors since the 1970's have not resolved the problem of reduced access to care. Locally developed self-governing Mutual Health Organisations {(MHOs)} were seen to have great potential to enhance access to quality health care and contribute to the social and institutional development of society. Looking at the results of 10 years of {MHO} development, it seems that the idea is implemented in a community only with great difficulty. The majority of schemes reach only a fraction of the population, and does not solve the problem of access by the poorest segments of the population. The participatory character of {MHOs} and a management system based on benevolent work are their strength, but at the same time constitute a main weakness. Schemes are often poorly managed (low managerial competence) and poorly designed (poor design features). The methodologies used for this study are key informant interviews with protagonists of major national and international promoter organisations, who were questioned regarding current prominent problems, controversies and solutions offered in the practical implementation of {MHOs.} The paper is structured as follows: 1. Introduction presenting the historical background for health financing and health insurance in developing countries. 2. General approaches identified to illustrate major possible concepts for {MHO} pro motion. 3. Problems, challenges and controversies that are relevant to understand the major aspects in {MHO} promotion presented under four main problem areas: - Institutional weakness - Problem of moral hazard behaviour - Low quality of care - Ineffective support from promoting agencies and government. 4. General key issues for {MHO} development. 5. Synthesis of the experiences outlining the resulting conclusions and recommendations. As major results the study reconfirms the recommendations given at the Abidjan platform and explains in detail why the {MHO} concept is still valid. The problem of quality of care needs to be addressed by training health care providers to deliver patient-centred care, thereby improving the inter-relational quality of the consultation. Consumer misconception and unrealistic expectations are a major obstacle and lead to mutual lack of understanding between providers and {MHO} members. Programs of education for curative and preventive health care (medical conferences) can help insurance members better understand the health care offer. Improved collaboration between promoters should avoid unnecessary duplication of interventions in the field. Management tools and training manuals should be shared and made more readily available to existing mutuals. {MHOs} need to collaborate more effectively with providers so they can both benefit from the synergy created by addressing matters of common interest. Providers need to recognise that their prescribing practices are critical to the success of {MHO} schemes. The government can support the process by conducting a proactive policy to sensitise health workers about {MHOs} and to encourage providers to enter into negotiations with {MHOs.} Providers need autonomy to negotiate suitable local arrangements. Setting up {MHOs} is a complex task because local health insurance schemes are situated at the intersections of three complex systems: The Financial, the Social, and the Health Service Delivery System. If an {MHO} scheme is to succeed, then due account has to be taken of the influence of these three systems. An alternative strategy for the promotion of {MHOs} in {West-Africa} incorporating a more entrepreneurial approach is proposed by the {GTZ.} The {"Centre} for Health Insurance Competence" {(CHIC)} model sets out to address the major problems of managerial weakness and the lack of adequate compromise between the technical requirements and the participation of the community in the setting-up and implementation process. The guiding idea for the {CHIC} model is that it is neither per se necessary nor desirable to develop within each {MHO} a full technical and managerial capacity to run a health insurance scheme in a total autonomous manner. Instead, {MHOs} may purchase this expertise from a higher level institution {(CHIC)} which has as its objectives: - Building a centre of competence for consistent and long term support to a network of {MHOs.} - Developing standardized insurance products and administrative procedures suited for local adaptation. - Providing the organisational and administrative competencies needed to set-up and run {MHOs.} - Stimulating entrepreneurial behavior and supporting the gradual assumption of responsibility for an ownership of schemes by local actors. - Pressing for an efficient implementation of schemes, whilst at the same time respecting the principles and time sequence associated with a bottom-up, individualized community-based approach. - Setting-up systems to enable the {MHO} model to be extended and easily adapted to the needs of interested groups. The conclusion of the paper is that the {MHO} experience is a necessary step to sensitise the population to the concept of health insurance, to build up the capacity of the state to organize and regulate the sector and improve the general conditions for health care provision. It is argued that a compulsory health insurance system may be introduced in a 10 - 20 year time period, linking the existing formal and informal sector insurance systems when the necessary conditions are in place. {GTZ} - Deutsche Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit {GmbH} Mutual Health Insurance {(MHO)} - Five Years Experience in West Africa - Concerns, Controversies and Proposed Solutions Africa Developing countries Micro health insurance West Africa Wiesbaden 2003 http://www.concertation.org/gimi/concertation/resource.do?page=/concertation/download/publ/GTZ-en-MHO-5-years-experiences-in-west-africa.pdf Universum Verlag 2003 abramson_contracting_2004 techreport Contracting for Health Care Service Delivery - A Manual for Policy Makers Service delivery 2004 John Snow Inc, {USAID} 2004 arhinful_solidarity_2003 book African Studies Centre - Research Report 71/2003 The solidarity of self-interest: Social and cultural feasibility of rural health insurance in Ghana Africa Ghana Micro health insurance Traditional arrangements Leiden 2003 {PrintPartners} Ipskamp {B.V.,} Enschede 2003 pronyk_is_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine The role of social capital in promoting health is now widely debated within international public health. In relation to {HIV,} the results of previous observational and cross-sectional studies have been mixed. In some settings it has been suggested that high levels of social capital and community cohesion might be protective and facilitate more effective collective responses to the epidemic. In others, group membership has been a risk factor for {HIV} infection. There have been few attempts to strengthen social capital, particularly in developing countries, and examine its effect on vulnerability to {HIV.} Employing data from an intervention study, we examined associations between social capital and {HIV} risk among 1063 14 to 35-year-old male and female residents of 750 poor households from 8 villages in rural Limpopo province, South Africa. We assessed cognitive social capital {(CSC)} and structural social capital {(SSC)} separately, and examined associations with numerous aspects of {HIV-related} psycho-social attributes, risk behavior, prevalence and incidence. Among males, after adjusting for potential confounders, residing in households with greater levels of {CSC} was linked to lower {HIV} prevalence and higher levels of condom use. Among females, similar patterns of relationships with {CSC} were observed. However, while greater {SSC} was associated with protective psychosocial attributes and risk behavior, it was also associated with higher rates of {HIV} infection. This work underscores the complex and nuanced relationship between social capital and {HIV} risk in a rural African context. We suggest that not all social capital is protective or health promotive, and that getting the balance right is critical to informing {HIV} prevention efforts. Is social capital associated with {HIV} risk in rural South Africa? Africa HIV/AIDS Intervention study Men South Africa Women 1999--2010 May 66 2008 9 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4S02PWH-2/1/04307badf0cf6e96f47e98a25c6a619c 2008-05 committee_on_public_undertakings_health_2006 techreport Health Insurance - a horizontal study Health insurance India New Delhi 2006 11th report Ministry of Finance 2006 jtting_die_2001 misc Die neue Rolle von Sozialer Sicherung f\"{u}r l\"{a}ndliche Entwicklung in Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern Johannes P. J\"{u}tting Social security 2001 2001 cohen_tripsdoha_2005 article Globalization and Health There are acute disparities in pharmaceutical access between developing and industrialized countries. Developing countries make up approximately 80\% of the world's population but only represent approximately 20\% of global pharmaceutical consumption. Among the many barriers to drug access are the potential consequences of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights {(TRIPS)} Agreement. Many developing countries have recently modified their patent laws to conform to the {TRIPS} standards, given the 2005 deadline for developing countries. Safeguards to protect public health have been incorporated into the {TRIPS} Agreement; however, in practice governments may be reluctant to exercise such rights given concern about the international trade and political ramifications. The Doha Declaration and the recent Decision on the Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the {TRIPS} Agreement and Public Health may provide more freedom for developing countries in using these safeguards. This paper focuses on Ghana, a developing country that recently changed its patent laws to conform to {TRIPS} standards. We examine Ghana's patent law changes in the context of the Doha Declaration and assess their meaning for access to drugs of its population. We discuss new and existing barriers, as well as possible solutions, to provide policy-makers with lessons learned from the Ghanaian experience {TRIPS,} the Doha Declaration and increasing access to medicines: policy options for Ghana Access to health Africa Doha Declaration Ghana Health policy Health sector reform TRIPS 1 2005 17 2005 schnell_missing-data-probleme_1986 phdthesis {Missing-Data-Probleme} in der empirischen Sozialforschung Empiric research sociology Missing data problems {Ruhr-Universit\"{a}t} Bochum 1986 Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Sozialwissenschaft 1986 bicego_dimensions_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine This study uses recent Demographic and Health Survey {(DHS)} data to examine levels, trends, and differentials in orphan prevalence in {sub-Saharan} Africa. The first part of the analysis presents direct estimates of orphan prevalence in 17 countries during the period 1995-2000. We find a strong correlation between orphanhood prevalence and national adult {HIV} prevalence estimates lending support to the interpretation of the orphan crisis as, in large part, {AIDS-related.} The second part of the analysis consists of an in-depth study of trends and age-patterns in orphan prevalence and welfare in the 1990s for five countries that have had widely divergent {HIV} prevalence levels {(Zimbabwe,} Kenya, Tanzania, Ghana, and Niger). The vulnerability of orphans with respect to their situation in households and educational opportunities is evaluated in relation to non-orphans' experience. The results of the analysis indicate that losing one or both parents is significantly associated with diminished chances of being at the appropriate grade level for age. Our results are interpreted in the context of societal responses to the crisis, and potential recommendations for intervention. Dimensions of the emerging orphan crisis in {sub-Saharan} Africa Africa HIV/AIDS Mortality Orphans Sub-Saharan Africa 1235--1247 March 56 2003 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-45NY293-2/1/e63f271ee51619aa6dd0c16b36da9542 2003-03 silvers_workshop_2002 techreport {PHRplus} held a workshop on January 30, 2002 to discuss the work {PHRplus} has done with community-based health insurance/financing {(CBHI/F).} The purpose of the meeting was to exchange information, reflect on lessons learned, identify outstanding questions, and promote better information sharing across the project. The team recognized the continuing need for technical assistance to {CBHI/F} schemes especially in the areas of financial management and training. The team also concluded that as the schemes become larger and multiply, technical assistance must be provided in a more economical way. Given the experience {PHRplus} has in the field of {CBHI/F} schemes, workshop participants felt that facilitating information sharing on this subject is crucial. The idea of creating a portion of the website for best practices and discussion on the {CBHI/F} schemes was one such idea for promoting exchange. Workshop participants recognized that it is important to learn as much as possible from the activities {PHRplus} is undertaking presently. Monitoring and evaluation of technical assistance and some in-depth research into {CBHI/F} is needed. Workshop Summary: {PHRplus} {Community-Based} Health Financing Coordination Meeting - Information Sharing, Key Findings, {Knowledge-Building} Needs Community-based health financing Community-based health insurance Health sector reform Bethesda, {MD} 2002 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2002 yuen_modeling_2003 article European Journal of Health Economy Modeling risk-adjusted capitation rates for Umbria, Italy GL Italy Risk equalization 304--312 4 2003 2003 laverack_measuring_2001 article Health Promoting International Measuring community empowerment: a fresh look at organizational domians Community empowerment Organizational theory 179--185 16 2001 2001 microfinance_information_exchange_mix_benchmarking_2007 book Benchmarking African Miicrofinance 2006 Africa Microfinance 2007 2007 yin_case_2003 book Applied Social Research Methods Series Case Study Research: Design and Methods Case study research Research method London, New Delhi 2003 {SAGE} Publications 2003 garg_implications_???? unpublished Implications of Current Experience of Health Insurance in India Health insurance India mccord_card_2004 book The Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutual Benefit Association- {CARD} {MBA} - iis part of the system of {CARD} Mutually Reinforcing Institutions {(MRI)} that also includes {CARD} Bank, {CARD} Inc. (a non-governmental organisation or {NGO),} and the {CARD} Training Center. The {MBA} offers life and disability insurance, as well as an obligatory provident fund to {CARD} Bank and {CARD} Inc. members. For {CARD's} borrowers, {MBA} offers the All Loans Insurance Package {(ALIP),} which is a loan redemption scheme. These products improve the overall services to {CARD} members, and the mutually reinforcing nature of the relationships makes the operations of the {MBA} extremely efficient. {CARD} operates in an environment where there is helpful legislation for mutual benefit associations. This situation has allowed {CARD} and others to offer insurance to their members, while the regulators can be vigilant in ensuring the viability of the schemes. In 1994, several years before it created the bank or the insurance company, the {CARD} {NGO} began offering basic life insurance packages to its members. As these services were popular, {CARD} offered additional and more complex insurance products. In 1996, the organisation decided to introduce a pension plan that provided members with {PhP} 300 {(US\$5.45)1} per month after their sixty-fifth birthday and until death, in return for premiums of {PhP} 2.50 {(US\$0.05)} per week. This product was extremely popular with members. Unfortunately, {CARD} had not adequately assessed the impact of this product on the institution. When an assessment was done, it showed that a member would have to pay premiums for two years just to cover one month of the benefit. Extrapolating from there, management realised that the whole institution was at risk, and that fulfilling its obligation to members would completely diminish {CARD's} capital. From this incident, {CARD's} management learned that an insurance business must be run by insurance professionals. Management also concluded that the insurance business should not be tied to the capital of a microfinance institution {(MFI).} Management extricated {CARD} from this liability and transferred the assets of the fund to the members who then started a separate company with a separate board. An actuary assessed the risks and helped re-price the products. Soon after, a professional insurance executive was hired as the managing director. The {MBA} still participates in the {CARD} Mutually Reinforcing Institutions because it allows the insurer to deliver its product efficiently, and to pass on the savings to the low-income market in the form of cheaper premiums. The insurance business has proven profitable so far and with proper management it should continue on this path. Today {CARD} {MBA} provides life insurance coverage to nearly 600,000 low-income Filipinos. Some of the key lessons from {CARD} {MBA} include: - When the board of an insurance company is comprised of only members or policyholders who have virtually no experience in corporate governance, it is necessary to have an advisory group that is experienced and has the authority to guide the board. Such an advisory committee has been critical to the successful oversight of {CARD} {MBA.} - Insurance professionals are required to develop and manage insurance products. Aristotle Alip, the managing director of the {CARD} {MRI,} notes that he would never again take insurance risk without an insurance professional managing the company and without an actuary to help them develop the premium and understand their risk. - {MBA} field staff are selected from the organisation's policyholders for one-year terms. Although this requires much training, {CARD} sees several benefits to this strategy: - The short term limits the ability of coordinators to get too clever (in terms of fraud issues) - It builds a large pool of members that not only understand, but have experience working with the insurance products - It generates more knowledgeable policyholders, improving their role in {MBA} governance. - When insurance products are offered to a member's family, the insurer has no idea of the health condition of the rest of the family. People could join knowing that a family member was gravely ill so that they could make a quick claim. {CARD} found that husbands of their members die 3.2 times the rate as their members (who are virtually all female). The contestability clause introduced by {CARD} has had a positive result in curbing such adverse selection. - A microinsurance product can be developed and implemented reasonably well with limited donor funding. The {CARD} {MBA} has received no funding directly from donors, and has developed a set of rather simple insurance products that have the potential to assist many low-income households. However, donor funding to other {CARD} agencies has provided important infrastructure and the delivery mechanism for {CARD} {MBA} to operate effectively and efficiently. - New product development requires a clear understanding of demand, and a clear understanding of what impact the potential product is likely to have on the institution. The pension scheme was seen as a great benefit to the members, but there was no assessment of its impact on {CARD} until it was too late to save the organisation from significant grief. {CARD} {MBA} demonstrated that it learned this lesson when management decided to abandon a "dread disease" health insurance product during the pilot phase, despite a strong demand, because it realised it could not control the product sufficiently. Card {MBA,} The Phillipines Asia Case study Microinsurance Philippines 2004 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance, Good and Bad Practices Case Study 2004 roth_long-term_2006 inbook Providing savings to the poor; Long-term savings and insurance products for the poor; Key issues in offering long-term savings and insurance Long-term savings and insurance Microinsurance Risk management Savings Geneva / Munich 94--110 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/AF8FD93E-7483-4AE5-B68F-CC17CBF4DF83/0/Part2Microinsuranceproductsandservices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 letourmy_le_2008 article Comptes Rendus Biologies Health financing reforms in most low-income countries promote social and micro health insurance, in order to reduce direct spending by patients. Three phases of development can be distinguished in African countries: at first, schemes were developed only for the formal sector, then micro health insurance targeted the informal sector, and finally, health insurance was included in larger plans to reach universal coverage. The impact of health insurance is, as yet, difficult to assess. If beneficiaries have a better access to health services, the financing of health sector is not significantly improved, and there is no change in professional behaviour, in particular, in public facilities. In spite of their limits, social health insurance schemes continue to be implemented, but as a part of hybrid financing system, fitting with the abilities of low-income countries. To cite this article: A. Letourmy, C. R. Biologies 331 (2008). Le d\'{e}veloppement de l'assurance maladie dans les pays \`{a} faible revenu : l'exemple des pays africains Africa Health care financing Health insurance Micro health insurance 1631-0691 952--963 December 331 2008 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6X1F-4TJ05GT-3/2/e82c5bae294ebb6f5aa3a6f42277ad4a 2008-12 falk_what_2000 article Sociologia Ruralis What is Social Capital? A Study of Interaction in a Rural Community Social capital 87--110 40 2000 1 2000 mccord_institutional_2000 techreport Institutional and organizational structures for microinsurance provision Institutional and organizational structure Institutional options Microinsurance 2000 Week 2 briefing Paper {USAID} 2000 macintyre_referral_1999 article Social Science and Medicine Referral revisited: community financing schemes and emergency transport in rural Africa Africa Community-based health financing Community-based health insurance Rural sector 1473--4187 49 1999 1999 mcguire_physician_2000 incollection This chapter reviews the theory and empirical literature on physician market power, behavior, and motives, referred to collectively as the issue of "physician agency." The chapter is organized around an increasingly complex view of the demand conditions facing a physician, beginning with the most simple conception associated with demand and supply, and building through monopolistic competition models with complete information, and finally models with asymmetric information. Institutional features such as insurance, price regulation, managed care networks and noncontractible elements of quality of care are incorporated in turn. The review reveals three mechanisms physicians may use to influence quantity of care provided to patients: quantity setting of a nonretradable service, influencing demand by setting the level of a noncontractible input ("quality"), and, in an asymmetric-information context, taking an action to influence patient preferences. The third mechanism is known as "physician-induced demand." The empirical literature on this topic is reviewed. Theories based on alternatives to profitmaximization as objectives of physicians are also reviewed, including ethics and concern for patients, and the "target-income" hypothesis. The target-income hypothesis can be rejected, although there is empirical support for non-profit maximizing behavior. Volume 1a Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Physician Agency Agency Insurance Managed care Monopolistic competition Networks Physician-induced demand Price regulation Quantity-setting Target income Amsterdam (a.o.) 460--536 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 wiedmaier-pfister_regulation_2004 book Regulation and Supervision of Microinsurance Microinsurance Regulation 2004 Eschborn: {GTZ,} August 2004 appiah-denkyira_reachingpoor_2007 inbook {GTZ,} {ILO,} {WHO} Reaching the Poor in Ghana with National Health Insurance -- An Experience from the Districts of the Eastern Region of Ghana Africa Ghana NHIS NHIS and poverty 2007 Extending Social Protection in Health: Developing Countries' Experiences, Lessons Learnt and Recommendations 2007 wiedmaier-pfister_enabling_2006 inbook Barriers in existing regulatory frameworks; Country experiences -- preliminary insights An enabling regulatory environment for microinsurance Microinsurance Microinsurance other stakeholders Geneva / Munich 488--507 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 mahal_poor_2001 techreport The Poor and Health Service Use in India Health and poverty Health care system India Washington, {D.C.} 2001 www.fiscalconf.org Bank World\ 2001 chaudhuri_changes_2008 article Health Policy Background Economic reforms in Vietnam initiated in the late 1980s included deregulation of the health system resulting in extensive changes in health care delivery, access, and financing. One aspect of the health sector reform was the introduction of user fees at both public and private health facilities, which was in stark contrast to the former socialized system of free medical care. Subsequently, health insurance and free health care cards for the poor were introduced to mitigate the barriers to seeking care and financial burden imposed by out-of-pocket {(OOP)} health payments as a result of the user {fees.Objective} To examine the determinants of seeking care and {OOP} payments as well as the relationship between individual out-of-pocket {(OOP)} health expenditures and household ability to pay {(ATP)} during {1992-2002.Data} The data are drawn from 1992-93 and 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standard Surveys {(VLSS)} and 2002 Vietnam Household and Living Standards Survey {(VHLSS).Methods} We use a two-part model where the first part is a probit model that estimates the probability that an individual will seek treatment. The second part is a truncated non-linear regression model that uses ordinary least-squares and fixed effects methods to estimate the determinants of {OOP} payments that are measured both as absolute as well as relative expenditures. Based on the analysis, we examine the relationship between the predicted shares of individual {OOP} health payments and household's {ATP} as well as selected socioeconomic {characteristics.Results} Our results indicate that payments increased with increasing {ATP,} but the consequent financial burden (payment share) decreased with increasing {ATP,} indicating a regressive system during the first two periods. However, share of payments increased with {ATP,} indicating a progressive system by 2002. When comparing across years, we find horizontal inequities in all the years that worsened between 1992 and 1998 but improved by {2002.Conclusion} The regressivity in payments noted during 1992 and 1998 might be because the rich could avail of health insurance more than those at lower incomes and as a consequence, were able to use the healthcare system more effectively without paying a high {OOP} payment. In contrast, the poor either incurred higher {OOP} payments or were discouraged from seeking treatments until their ailment became serious. This inequality becomes exacerbated in 1998 when insurance take-up rates were not high, but the impact of privatization and deregulation was already occurring. By 2002, insurance take-up rates were much higher, and poverty alleviation policies (e.g., free health insurance and health fund membership targeted for the poor) were instituted, which may have resulted in a less regressive system. Changes in out-of-pocket payments for healthcare in Vietnam and its impact on equity in payments, 1992-2002 Health care Horizontal equity Out-of-pocket payments Vertical equity 0168-8510 38--48 October 88 2008 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4S9NG3H-1/2/001acad370a114304b87c5db0a3db645 2008-10 banks_consumers_1999 inbook Consumers' Willingness to Pay for {MOH-Sponsored} Voluntary Health Insurance in Jordan: A Focus Group Analysis. Group analysis Jordan Voluntary health insurance Willingness to pay 1999 Partnerships for Health Reform, Abt Associates 1999 tidikis_microinsurance_???? techreport Microinsurance in the Health Sector Health sector Micro health insurance Microinsurance care_international_ghana_anidaso_2004 unpublished {"ANIDASO"} - insurance policy for low-income market segment in Ghana - product guide - Prepared by {CARE} International in Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Low-income insurance Micro health insurance Mutual insurance 2004 2004 dudley_dynamic_2004 article 22nd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society The Dynamic Structure of Social Capital: How Interpersonal Connections Create Communitywide Benefits Social capital 2004 2004 craig_exploringgeneralisability_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine A growing between- and within-country literature suggests that the association between income inequality and health reflects individual- or area-level characteristics with which income inequality is associated, rather than the effects of income inequality per se. These studies also suggest that the association between income inequality and health is country-specific. Unresolved methodological issues include the geographical level at which to model the effects of income inequality, and the appropriate statistical methods to use. This study compares the results of single-level and multi-level logistic regression models estimating the association between income inequality and self-assessed health in local authorities in Scotland. The results suggest that there is a significant positive association between income inequality and health across local authorities in Scotland, even after adjusting for individual-level socio-economic status. They also suggest that there is significant local authority-level variation in self-assessed health, but this is small compared to the variation at the individual level. Income and other measures of individuals' socio-economic status are more strongly associated with self-assessed health than income inequality. This study provides further evidence that the income inequality:health association is place-specific. It also suggests that methodological choices regarding the ways of estimating the association between self-assessed health, individual-level socio-economic status and area-level income inequality may not make a substantive difference to the results when contextual effects are small. Further work is required to test the sensitivity of these conclusions to alternative levels of geographical aggregation. Exploring the generalisability of the association between income inequality and self-assessed health Income Inequality Multi-level logistic regression Rating:1 Scotland Self-assessed health 2477--2488 June 60 2005 11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4F31PN0-2/1/3a84d7fe8dde8520d5b753badf18af91 2005-06 musgrove_health_2003 techreport Health Economics in Development Health economics 475 September 2003 Bank World\ 2003-09 ofori-adjei_health_2005 article Ghana Medical Journal Some Health Challenges for the Coming Year Africa Ghana Health care system Health policy Health sector reform 39 2005 4 2005 masanjala_poverty-hiv/aids_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper reviews the nexus between poverty and {HIV/AIDS} in Africa using a sustainable livelihood framework. Much of the literature on {HIV} and {AIDS} has generated an almost universal consensus that the {AIDS} epidemic is having an immense impact on the economies of hard-hit countries, hurting not only individuals, families and firms, but also significantly slowing economic growth and worsening poverty. International evidence has concentrated on the pathways through which {HIV/AIDS} undermines livelihoods and raises vulnerability to future collapse of livelihoods. Yet, little attention has been paid to the role that social relations and livelihood strategies can play in bringing about risky social interaction that raises the chance of contracting {HIV.} Using the sustainable livelihood and social relation approaches, this article demonstrates that although {AIDS} is not simply a disease of the poor, determinants of the epidemic go far beyond individual volition and that some dimensions of being poor increase risk and vulnerability to {HIV.} The {poverty-HIV/AIDS} nexus in Africa: A livelihood approach Africa Social relations framework Sustainable livelihood framework 1032--1041 March 64 2007 5 2007-03 frick_household_2003 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Household willingness to pay for treatment provides important information for programme planning. We tested for relationships between socioeconomic status, risk of trachoma, perceptions of the effects of azithromycin, and the household willingness to pay for future mass treatment with azithromycin. Methods We surveyed 394 households in 6 villages located in central United Republic of Tanzania regarding their willingness to pay for future azithromycin treatment. A random sample of households with children under 8 years of age was selected and interviewed following an initial treatment programme in each village. Data were gathered on risk factors for trachoma, socioeconomic status, and the perceived effect of the initial azithromycin treatment. Ordered probit regression analysis was used to test for statistically significant relationships. Findings 38\% of responding households stated that they would not be willing to pay anything for future azithromycin treatment, although they would be willing to participate in the treatment. A proxy for cash availability was positively associated with household willingness to pay for future antibiotic treatment. Cattle ownership (a risk factor) and being a household headed by a female not in a polygamous marriage (lower socioeconomic status) were associated with a lower willingness to pay for future treatment. A perceived benefit from the initial treatment was marginally associated with a willingness to pay a higher amount. Conclusions As those at greatest risk of active trachoma indicated the lowest willingness to pay, imposing a cost recovery fee for azithromycin treatment would likely reduce coverage and could prevent control of the disease at the community level. Household willingness to pay for azithromycin treatment for trachoma control in the United Republic of Tanzania Africa Azithromycin Forecasting Pharmaceutical Fees Risk factors Socio-economic factors Tanzania Trachoma/drug therapy Volition Willingness to pay 101--107 81 2003 2 2003 stekelenburg_poor_2003 article Health Policy Objective: To determine the factors contributing to low performance of community health workers in Kalabo District, Zambia. Methods: In a cross-sectional descriptive study, 86 community members, 27 community health workers and nine rural health centre staff were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Other methods were focus group discussions and checklists. Data analysis was done manually. Results: The low performance of community health workers is a real problem for Kalabo District. The two most important factors are the irregular and unreliable supply of drugs and selection of the wrong people to be trained for community health workers. Conclusion: Though initially implemented as such, the comprehensive approach of the primary health care project is no longer functioning in Kalabo. Community health workers are mainly valued because of their curative services. Communities do not properly follow the official criteria for selection of people to be trained, but have other considerations. Strategies will have to be formulated to rehabilitate the programme, mainly focussing on these two findings. Other factors, like inadequate community support and inadequate supervision, were mentioned by many contributors. Poor performance of community health workers in Kalabo District, Zambia Africa DRUGS Kalabo Low performance Selection criteria Zambia 109--118 August 65 2003 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-48Y5GM8-2/1/4e58a88c8d6110b63fb82d948f1d6cb9 2003-08 xu_household_2003 article The Lancet Background Health policy makers have long been concerned with protecting people from the possibility that ill health will lead to catastrophic financial payments and subsequent impoverishment. Yet catastrophic expenditure is not rare. We investigated the extent of catastrophic health expenditure as a first step to developing appropriate policy responses. Methods We used a cross-country analysis design. Data from household surveys in 59 countries were used to explore, by regression analysis, variables associated with catastrophic health expenditure. We defined expenditure as being catastrophic if a household's financial contributions to the health system exceed 40\% of income remaining after subsistence needs have been met. Findings The proportion of households facing catastrophic payments from out-of-pocket health expenses varied widely between countries. Catastrophic spending rates were highest in some countries in transition, and in certain Latin American countries. Three key preconditions for catastrophic payments were identified: the availability of health services requiring payment, low capacity to pay, and the lack of prepayment or health insurance. Interpretation People, particularly in poor households, can be protected from catastrophic health expenditures by reducing a health system's reliance on out-of-pocket payments and providing more financial risk protection. Increase in the availability of health services is critical to improving health in poor countries, but this approach could raise the proportion of households facing catastrophic expenditure; risk protection policies would be especially important in this situation. Household catastrophic health expenditure: a multicountry analysis Catastrophic health care expenditure Multicountry analysis 111--117 362 2003 2003 perelman_derivingrisk-adjustment_2008 article Social science \& medicine (1982) The imperfect risk adjustment of prospective payment for hospitals may have dramatic consequences on equity. If the hospital is able to distinguish subgroups of patients with different expected costs within a group for which the risk-adjusted payment per admission is the same, it is likely to select the most profitable cases and deny care to the others. Meanwhile, hospitals refusing to practice patients' selection may experience solvency problems. In the long term, either those hospitals fail and access to care is at risk, or they decrease the quality of treatments and access to quality is at risk. In Belgium, since 1995, a prospective payment per case has replaced the traditional per diem payments for non-medical expenditures. A fixed number of days are paid to each admission, based on the patient's characteristics, namely diagnosis, age and geriatric profile. In this paper, we examine the imperfect risk adjustment related to the non-inclusion of socio-economic factors in the hospital financing formula. Using data from 61 Belgian hospitals from 1995, we observe that socio-economic status, which is currently not accounted for as risk adjuster, has a significant impact on length of stay {(LOS).} We estimate that patients in the upper-income categories, patients with a self-employed status and patients with an employee status are beneficial for hospitals' financial results, due to their shorter stays. On the contrary, the non-active, the low-income patients and patients benefiting from an insurance preferential regime represent, on average, a financial loss for hospitals. Finally, we find that financial results under the current financing scheme are biased due to the non-inclusion of {SES} risk-adjustors. Hospitals with the most beneficial social case-mix are shown to experience a shift from a positive to a negative financial outcome when {SES} risk adjustors are included, while the reverse is observed for hospitals with the worst social case-mix. Deriving a risk-adjustment formula for hospital financing: integrating the impact of socio-economic status on length of stay Diagnosis-related groups Econometric models GL Humans Prospective payment system Rating:1 Risk adjustment Social class 02779536 88--98 66 2008 1 {PMID:} 17888552 2008 lorgen_dancing_1998 article Journal of International Development Dancing with the state: the role of {NGOs} in health care and health policy Health care system Health policy NGOs 323--339 10 1998 1998 dror_social_2002 book Action to improve health and facilitate access to health care is important for individual well-being and national economic performance. But paying for health care is problematic. Equally vital elements of well-being, such as food, are paid through out-of-pocket payments. But that approach does not work well for health care. Unlike food, it is needed unpredictably and can be very expensive. On the face of it, the solution is private insurance. But this approach, too, does not work well because major information problems make individually risk-rated private insurance inefficient, expensive, and unable to cover all medical risks. The {U.S.} system, substantially reliant on private medical insurance, faces problems that are entirely predicted by economic theory. All other advanced industrial countries finance health care out of a mixture of (limited) out-of-pocket payments, together with funding through social insurance, and taxation, or from a mixture of the two. Neither approach is perfect. Systems with taxpayer funding of publicly produced health care can be slow to innovate and to respond to consumer preferences; systems based on social insurance combined with private production face continual upward pressures on medical spending. Yet either is capable of delivering a reasonable combination of quality, access, and cost containment. What, however, of poorer countries with limited (or minimal) fiscal and institutional capacity? Public budgets in such countries cannot afford more than minimal health care systems; and individually risk-rated insurance is likely to face even more problems than in the West because of the limited regulatory ability of government. As a result, when illness strikes, the poor - and especially the rural poor and people working in the informal economy - have to rely on private resources to pay for health care. For poorer people in low-income countries, out-ofpocket expenditure on health care can reach 80 percent of total medical spending, and a recent study of hospital visits in India showed that between one-third and one-half of patients needing inpatient care became impoverished because of inadequate risk management techniques. Enter Dror, Preker, and their coauthors! This volume discusses communitybased approaches to insuring people against medical risk-not based on individual risk rating like private insurance, but along the lines of decentralized social insurance based on the average risk. Recent studies of community savings, loans, and financing schemes show how even the poor can insure themselves against unexpected events. Community-level health insurance programs improve access to essential drugs, primary care, and basic hospital care for rural populations and informal sector workers, offering at least some protection against the impoverishing effects of illness. Tapping into experience from other sectors, the authors argue that subsidies can be used more effectively to expand insurance coverage, and that reinsurance can improve the financial viability of community-financed health schemes in settings where larger or more formal health financing mechanisms fail to reach large parts of the population. Reinsurance makes it possible to spread and transfer medical risks previously regarded as common shocks (and hence, uninsurable), such as environmental hazards (risks of pollution), earthquakes, meteorological and electrical storms, and retroactive coverage of asbestos damage. The authors suggest that reinsurance techniques could also be used to improve the viability of small risk pools typical of community health financing schemes. This is an innovative application to the health sector and to poor populations of lessons learned from other sectors. This book shows how the underlying idea of social insurance can be made operational in countries without the capacity to finance or organize large-scale systems, thus making it possible to improve access to health care for poor people in poor countries. There is no need to belabor the importance of the topic. Social Reinsurance: A New Approach to Sustainable Community Health Financing From microfinance to microinsurance GL Microinsurance Reinsurance 2002 World Bank Publications 2002 patel_reinsurance:icmif_???? techreport Reinsurance: The {ICMIF} Experience Reinsurance Manchester, United Kingdom International Co-operative and Mutual Insurance Federation {(ICMIF)} pargal_social_1999 techreport Social Capital in Solid Waste Management: Evidence from Dhaka, Bangladesh - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 16 Bangladesh Social capital Solid Waste Management Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 del_conte_roundtablemicroinsurance_2000 article The Ford Foundation, New York Roundtable on Microinsurance Services in the Informal Economy: The Role of Microfinance Institutions Microfinance Microfinance institutions 2000 2000 _proposed_???? unpublished Proposed Strategies for Health Systems Performance Assessment Health systems performance assessment Summary Document gwatkin_burden_2000 techreport The burden of disease among the global poor - Current Situation, Future Trends, and Implications for Strategy Diseases and poverty Global poverty Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank 2000 pope_evaluating_1998 article Health Care Financing Review Evaluating Alternative Risk Adjusters for Medicare GL Risk equalization United States 109--129 20 1998 2 1998 ward_problems_1985 article Problems of measuring capital in less developed countries Developing countries Measuring capital 207--221 Review of {Income\&Wealth} 1985 1985 jtting_health_2003 techreport Health insurance for the poor? Determinants of participation in community-based health insurance schemes in rural Senegal Case study Health insurance and poverty Informal insurance Micro health insurance Mutual insurance 2003 No. 204 {OECD} Development Centre 2003 irda_health_2004 article Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Journal Health Insurance Health insurance India {II} 2004 11 2004 behrend_risk-adjusted_2007 article The European journal of health economics : {HEPAC} : health economics in prevention and care Five models of risk adjusters were tested as a (proxy) measure for health status with data from a large German sickness fund. The first two models use standard demographic and socio-demographic variables. One model incorporates a simple binary indicator for hospitalization and the last two are based on the hierarchical coexisting conditions {(HCCs:} {DxCG((R))} Risk Adjustment Software Release 6.1) using in-patient diagnoses. Special investigations were done on the subgroups of insurees who left, joined or stayed with the fund over the observation period. Age and gender grouping accounted for 3.2\% of the variation in total expenditure for concurrent as well as prospective models. The current German risk adjusters age, sex, and invalidity status account for 5.1 and 4.5\% of the variance in the concurrent and prospective models, respectively. Age, gender, invalidity status and in-patient {HCC} covariates explain about 37\% of the variations of the total expenditures in a concurrent model and roughly 12\% of the variations of total expenditures in a prospective model. Only modest improvement can be achieved with the long-term-care {(LTC)} indicator. For high-risk (cost) groups, substantial under-prediction remains; conversely, for the low-risk group, represented by enrolees who did not show any health care expense in the base year, all of the models over-predict expenditure. Special investigations were done on the subgroups of insurees who left, joined or stayed with the fund over the observation period. Risk-adjusted capitation payments: how well do principal inpatient diagnosis-based models work in the German situation? Results from a large data set Capitation Fee Germany GL Risk adjustment 16187598 2007 {PMID:} 17260150 2007 baltussen_management_2006 article Tropical Medicine and International Health Management of mutual health organizations in Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Ghana CHI Management Micro health insurance Mutual insurance NHIS 654--659 11 2006 5 2006 loewe_soziale_2004 phdthesis Soziale Sicherung und informeller Sektor: Stand der theoretischen Diskussion und kritische Analyse der Situation in den arabischen L\"{a}ndern unter besonderer Ber\"{u}cksichtigung des Kleinstversicherungsansatzes Informal sector Risk aversion Social security {Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"{a}t} Karlsruhe 2004 Inaugrualdissertation 2004 portes_social_1998 article Annu. Rev. Sociol. Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology Social capital 1--24 24 1998 1998 faber_was_2005 misc Was hei\sst Mikrofinanz? October 2005 2005-10 dasgupta_social_2000 techreport Social Capital - A Multifaceted Perspective Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2000 Thw World Bank 2000 mccord_microinsurance:case_2001 techreport Microinsurance: A Case Study of the Provider Model of Microinsurance Provision, {GRET} Cambodia Cambodia Case study Micro health insurance Microinsurance Provider model Nairobi, Kenya 2001 {MicroSave-Africa} - Market-led solutions for financial services 2001 kneiding_variations_2008 article Consultative Group to Assist the Poor {(CGAP)} There is currently no abstract available for this document. Variations in Microcredit Interest Rates {(CGAP} Brief) Interest rates Microcredit July 2008 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/51188 2008-07 musau_community_1999 techreport Community Based Health Insurance: Experiences and Lessons Learned from East and Southern Africa Africa Case study Community-based health insurance Democratic Republic of Congo East Africa Kenya Mutual insurance South Africa Tanzania Uganda Bethesda, Maryland 1999 34 Technical Report {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 1999 osei_technical_2005 article Cost effectiveness and resource allocation Background: The Government of Ghana has been implementing various health sector reforms (e.g. user fees in public health facilities, decentralization, sector-wide approaches to donor coordination) in a bid to improve efficiency in health care. However, to date, except for the pilot study reported in this paper, no attempt has been made to make an estimate of the efficiency of hospitals and/or health centres in Ghana. The objectives of this study, based on data collected in 2000, were: (i) to estimate the relative technical efficiency {(TE)} and scale efficiency {(SE)} of a sample of public hospitals and health centres in Ghana; and (ii) to demonstrate policy implications for health sector policy-makers. Methods: The Data Envelopment Analysis {(DEA)} approach was used to estimate the efficiency of 17 district hospitals and 17 health centres. This was an exploratory study. Results: Eight (47\%) hospitals were technically inefficient, with an average {TE} score of 61\% and a standard deviation {(STD)} of 12\%. Ten (59\%) hospitals were scale inefficient, manifesting an average {SE} of 81\% {(STD} = 25\%). Out of the 17 health centres, 3 (18\%) were technically inefficient, with a mean {TE} score of 49\% {(STD} = 27\%). Eight health centres (47\%) were scale inefficient, with an average {SE} score of 84\% {(STD} = 16\%). Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrated to policy-makers the versatility of {DEA} in measuring inefficiencies among individual facilities and inputs. There is a need for the Planning and Budgeting Unit of the Ghana Health Services to continually monitor the productivity growth, allocative efficiency and technical efficiency of all its health facilities (hospitals and health centres) in the course of the implementation of health sector reforms. Technical efficiency of public district hospitals and health centres in Ghana: a pilot study Africa Ghana Health centres Pilot study Public district hospitals Technical efficiency 9 3 2005 http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/3/1/9 2005 gerdtham_international_2000 incollection Comparisons of aggregate health expenditure across different countries have become popular over the last three decades as they permit a systematic investigation of the impact of different institutional regimes and other explanatory variables. Over the years, several regression analyses based on cross-section and panel data have been used to explain the international differences in health expenditure. A common result of these studies is that aggregate income appears to be the most important factor explaining health expenditure variation between countries and that the size of the estimated income elasticity is high and even higher than unity which in that case indicates that health care is a "luxury" good. Additional results indicates, for example, that the use of primary care "gatekeepers" lowers health expenditure and also that the way of remunerating physicians in the ambulatory care sector appears to influence health expenditure; capitation systems tend to lead to lower expenditure than fee-for-service systems. Finally, we also list some issues for the future. We demand more efforts on theory of the macroeconomic analysis of health expenditure, which is underdeveloped at least relative to the macroeconometrics of health expenditure. We also demand more replications based on updated data and methods that seeks to unify the many differing results of previous studies. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse International comparisons of health expenditure: theory, data, and econometric analysis econometric analysis Government policy Health system International health expenditure Amsterdam (a.o.) 11--53 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 fischer_lunion_2006 techreport {L'Union} Technique de la Mutualit\'{e} Malienne, Mali Africa Case study Mali Microfinance Micro health insurance Microinsurance Mutual insurance 2006 23 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2006 baku_evaluation_2006 techreport An evaluation of informal mutual health organisations {(MHOs)} in southern Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Micro health insurance NHIS 2006 7 The {Ghanaian-Dutch} Collaboration for Health Research and Development 2006 hasan_implications_2004 article Journal of Microfinance Implications of Financial Innovations for the Poorest of the Poor in the Rural Area - Experience from Northern Bangladesh Microfinance 101--137 5 2004 2 2004 obaidullah_introduction_2008 article The Islamic Business and Finance Network {(IBF} {NET)} This monograph explains the building blocks of a microfinance program targeted at Islamic societies. Islamic societies are characterized by high and rising levels of poverty and financial exclusion. Financial exclusion is aggravated by failure on the part of conventional microfinance programs to give due importance to the religious sensitivities of Muslims. For poverty alleviation efforts to succeed in these societies, there is need for an appropriate model that is rooted in Islam and conforms to beliefs, cultures of the Muslim clients. The monograph argues that there are no fundamental contradictions in the global microfinance best practices and the Islamic approach to poverty alleviation. It seeks to present the Islamic approach as a composite and compassionate one that is rooted in charity, but permits wealth creation and for-profit enterprise. Spanning over four chapters, it focuses on the mechanisms, models, tools and instruments of the Islamic approach as prescribed by the glorious Shariah. Introduction to Islamic Microfinance Islamic microfinance Microcredit Microfinance 2008 http://microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/54157 2008 rosenberg_new_2009 article Consultative Group to Assist the Poor {(CGAP)} There is currently no abstract available for this document. The New Moneylenders: Are the Poor Being Exploited by High Microcredit Interest Rates? Interest rates Microcredit Microfinance February 2009 http://microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/55866 2009-02 mladovsky_conceptual_2008 article World Development Summary The international policy model linking community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} and universal coverage for health care in low-income countries is implicitly determined by the development of mutual health insurance in 19th century Europe and Japan. The economic and health system frameworks employed in {CBHI} policy have not sufficiently taken into account contextual considerations. Social capital theories could contribute to understanding why generally {CBHI} does not achieve significant and sustainable levels of population coverage. A framework of social capital and economic development is used to organize and interpret existing evidence on {CBHI.} This suggests that solidarity, trust, extra-community networks, vertical civil society links, and state-society relations affect the success of {CBHI.} Aligning schemes to "social determinants" of {CBHI} could result in structures that differ from those proposed by current analytic frameworks. A Conceptual Framework for {Community-Based} Health Insurance in {Low-Income} Countries: Social Capital and Economic Development Community-based health insurance Local government Social capital Trust 590--607 April 36 2008 4 2008-04 aryeetey_recent_2003 article Journal of african economies Recent Developments in African Financial Markets: Agenda for Further Research Africa Financial market 12 2003 2 2003 eisenhauer_risk_2004 article Risk Management \& Insurance Review Abstract Textbooks frequently describe adverse selection as an almost inevitable feature of insurance markets with heterogeneous buyers and asymmetric information. But if low-risk applicants are more risk averse than their high-risk counterparts, the former may be as willing or more willing than the latter to purchase insurance at any given price. The present article discusses this possibility in several forms suitable for different levels of instruction, to help bridge the gap between insurance education and current research on this topic. Risk Aversion and the Willingness to Pay for Insurance: A Cautionary Discussion of Adverse Selection Risk aversion Willingness to pay 165--175 7 2004 2 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1098-1616.2004.00043.x 2004 de_allegri_to_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine In spite of the fact that feeble levels of participation have long been identified as a major constraint to the successful long-term implementation of community-based health insurance {(CBI)} in low-income countries, evidence on determinants of enrolment in {CBI} is still lacking. The application of econometric modelling has provided a partial answer to the question, but on its own it has proved to be insufficient to guide policy making. This paper aims to fill this gap in knowledge using qualitative research methods. In-depth interviews with 32 household heads were conducted in the Nouna Health District, Burkina Faso, West Africa to assess determinants of enrolment in a newly established {CBI} scheme. The findings highlight that factors previously neglected in the literature, such as institutional rigidities and socio-cultural practices, play an important role in shaping the decision to enrol. The discussion of the findings focuses on the policy implications, offering concrete recommendations to maximise enrolment, within and beyond Burkina Faso. {"To} enrol or not to enrol?": A qualitative investigation of demand for health insurance in rural West Africa Africa Demand Health insurance Micro health insurance West Africa 1520--1527 March 62 2006 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4H87GMR-1/1/335839bcfe29cf20604752ded7a8a729 2006-03 drechsler_private_2005 techreport Private Health Insurance in Low- and {Middle-Income} Countries Low-income countries Middle income countries Private health insurance 2005 {OECD} Development Centre 2005 shewry_risk_1996 article Health Affairs Risk adjustment: the missing piece of market competition GL Risk adjustment Risk equalization 171 15 1996 1 1996 evan_selinger_microcredit_2008 article Human studies Recent debates about the Grameen Bank's microlending practices depict participating female borrowers as having fundamentally empowering or disempowering experiences. I argue that this discursive framework may be too reductive: it can conceal how technique and technology simultaneously facilitate relations of dependence and independence; and it can diminish our capacity to understand and assess innovative development initiatives. Does Microcredit {''Empower''?} Reflections on the Grameen Bank Debate Grameen Bank Microcredit 0163-8548 27--41 2008 31 10.1007/s10746-007-9076-3 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34352/Does%20Microcredit%20Empower%20Reflections%20on%20the%20Grameen%20Bank%20Debate.pdf 2008 hackl_warm_2003 unpublished Abstract Criticism of Contingent Valuation {(CV)} stresses warm glow and freeriding as possible causes for biased willingness to pay figures. We present an empirical framework to study the existence of warm glow and freeriding in hypothetical {WTP} answers based on a {CV} survey for the measurement of health-related Red Cross services. Both in conventional double-bounded and spike models we do not find indication of warm glow phenomena and free-riding behaviour. The results are very robust and insensitive to the applied payment vehicles. Theoretical objections against {CV} do not find sufficient empirical support. Warm glow, free-riding and vehicle neutrality in a health-related contingent valuation study Contingent valuation Free-riding Strategic behaviour Warm glow Willingness to pay 2003 2003 teerawattananon_health_2003 article Health Policy This paper reviews the current system of regulation and assesses its effectiveness in the health-care system of Thailand. In order to achieve this, extensive documentary reviews were performed and supplemented by in-depth interviews. We found the existing regulatory framework to be fairly comprehensive with rules and roles firmly established. Regulations cover almost all relevant private and public organisations including individuals. However, the incomplete performance of regulatory functions was detected resulting in problems of overburdened staff and delays in performance of functions. Our recommendations propose the promotion of professional ethics and continuing education, an effort to narrow the gap between expectation and reality through public education, and the empowering of consumer organisations. The increasing popularity of medical lawsuits and professional insurance, which in part reflects the imperfect administration of the system, highlights the need for careful consideration of how best to handle the increase in complaints. The mapping of the regulatory system in this paper, together with the discussion of how to cope with the expansion of medicine as a business and with greater consumerism, will be of interest to other middle income countries that seek to reform and strengthen their regulatory system. Health Policy Health sector regulation in Thailand: recent progress and the future agenda Health sector regulation Regulation Thailand 323--338 63 2003 3 http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/hepoli/v63y2003i3p323-338.html 2003 tsey_traditional_1997 article Soc. Sci. Med. Traditional Medicine in contemporary Ghana: a Public Policy Analysis Africa Ghana Public policy Traditional medicine 1065 --1074 45 1997 7 1997 kadale_consultants_rural_2005 techreport Rural Micro-finance in Malawi Malawi Microfinance Rural sector 2005 http://www.malawiagriculture.org/SimpleDocMan/docs/D_Rural_Micro_Finance_AUG2005.pdf Food Security Joint Task Force 2005 coheur_verknpfungen_2007 techreport Gegenstand der Diskussion werden innovative integrierte Strategien zur Ausweitung der sozialen Krankenversicherung sein. Diese Strategien beinhalten Verkn\"{u}pfungen zwischen gesetzlichen Systemen der sozialen Sicherheit und Systemen auf Ebene des informellen Sektors oder der Gemeinden. Die Diskussion wird sich auf die Ergebnisse einer von der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation {(IAO),} der Internationalen Vereinigung f\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit {(IVSS)} und der Internationalen Vereinigung f\"{u}r Hilfsvereine auf Gegenseitigkeit {(AIM)} im Rahmen der internationalen Allianz zur Ausweitung der Deckung gemeinsam durchgef\"{u}hrten Studie st\"{u}tzen. Diese befasst sich mit den tats\"{a}chlichen und m\"{o}glichen Auswirkungen von Verkn\"{u}pfungen in den Bereichen der Finanzen, Verwaltung, Governance, Leistungserbringung und Politik. Verkn\"{u}pfungen von gesetzlichen sozialen Sicherungssystemen und gemeinschaftsgest\"{u}tzten und lokalen Sozialschutzeinrichtungen: Ein vielversprechender neuer Ansatz Social protection Social security 2007 09 Technischer Bericht http://www.issa.int/Ressourcen {ISSA} - Internationale Vereinigung f\"{u}r soziale Sicherheit 2007 _health_2003 inproceedings Twenty participants - social scientists, public health experts, doctors, social activists and development practitioners - met between January 13-15, 2003 at the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad to address the theme of the workshop: {"Health} equity in India: People and Systems Challenges." The workshop was set against the backdrop of what is known about India's health status. While significant gains have been made in many areas, the failings in health are equally noteworthy. Over the past three decades, life expectancy has advanced to 63 years and infant mortality has declined by half to 68 per 1,000 live births. A vast infrastructure of health institutions has been built. Intensive campaigns have eradicated smallpox and guinea worm. Health has attracted the activism of diverse, energetic and vibrant civil society organizations. India is rich in human resources, exporting health professionals to the rest of the world. At the same time, however, India's failings are equally noteworthy. Child and maternal mortality remains stubbornly high. Close to half the children under three years are malnourished. Poorer states like Bihar and Orissa report health indicators that are among the lowest in the world. Demographic and health transitions are thrusting forward new threats - diabetes, heart disease, cancer, mental illness and injury. Government continues to accord health low political and financial priority. Systemic obstacles - corruption, neglect of public health, distortions of primary care, ethical and implementation gaps, inappropriate human resource development, and the medicalization of health isolate it from the political economy of the country. Health Equity in India: People and Systems Challenges - Workshop Summary Access to health Equity and health Health sector reform India Hyderabad, India 2003 Global Equity Initiative, {MacArthur} Foundation, {UNICEF} India 2003 world_bank_anthropometrics_???? techreport Anthropometrics Quantitative research Research method 2 Technical Note ahuja_regulation_2001 article The Asian Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Regulation in the Insurance Sector Insurance sector Regulation 24--39 8 2001 1 2001 hong_out-of-pocket_2000 article Journal of Consumer Affairs This study examines out-of-pocket health care expenditure patterns of households and the financial burden of health care costs over the stages of the household life cycle, using the 1995 Consumer Expenditure Survey. The elderly households not only spend more for health care, but they also experience higher financial burdens than other households. Insurance status, liquid assets, life cycle stage, household size, education, and self-employment status are significant factors affecting the household budge share of health care expenses. {Out-of-Pocket} Health Care Expenditure Patterns and Financial Burden across the Life Cycle Stages Health care expenditures Life cycle 291--313 December 34 2000 2 2000-12 vij_developing_2006 inproceedings Developing {Pro-Poor} Health Insurance in India - An International Conference on Micro Health Insurance India Pro-poor-insurance New Delhi 2006 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Strenghtening Micro Health Insurance Units for the Poor in {India-Project} 2006 dror_towardsgeneralised_???? inproceedings Towards a generalised social protection: is compulsory health insurance the solution for universal cover? Compulsory health insurance GL Risk equalization Social protection Universal coverage 15--30 perrot_applyingcontractual_2000 book Applying the contractual approach to health service delivery in developing countries Developing countries Service delivery 2000 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Discussion article. {WHO,} Department of the Organisation of Health Services Delivery, Geneva 2000 ilo_social_2007 techreport Social Health Protection- An {ILO} strategy towards universal access to health care - A consultation NHIS Social health protection Social security Geneva August 2007 Discussion Paper 19 Social Security Department - International Labour Organization 2007-08 nair_sustainability_2005 book Sustainability of Microfinance Self Help Groups in India: Would Federating Help India Microfinance 2005 World Bank, South Asia Region, Finance and Private Sector Development Unit 2005 putnam_social_2001 article Isuma: Canadian Journal of Policy Research 2 Social Capital - Measurement and Consequences Measurement Social capital 41--52 2 2001 2001 ensor_overcoming_2004 techreport Overcoming barriers to health service access: influencing the demand side Access to health Demand side barriers Health care system Washnigton, {D.C.} 2004 Bank World\ 2004 lalbhai_health_1999 inproceedings Health Insurance in India - Report of the one-day workshop organised on 30th October 1999 at Kasturbhai Lalbhai Management Development Centre Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad Health insurance India Ahmedabad 1999 1999 misra_increasing_2003 techreport Increasing Investments in Health Outcomes for the Poor - {Pro-Poor} Health {Reforms-Why,} What and How Investments in health outcomes and poverty 2003 {WHO} 2003 van_bastelaer_imperfect_???? article Imperfect Information, Social Capital and the Poor's Access to Credit Imperfect information Information asymmetry Microcredit Social capital http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=260058 leu_risikoselektion_2006 misc Risikoselektion und Risikostrukturausgleich in der Schweiz - Gutachten zuhanden der Techniker Krankenkasse Hamburg GL Risk adjustment Risk selection Switzerland November 2006 2006-11 crombrugghe_performance_2008 article Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics We use regression analysis to study the determinants of self-sustainability of a sample of microfinance institutions in India. These institutions stand out by their ability and willingness to report financial and operational data to Sa Dhan, a know-how sharing organization. We investigate particularly three aspects of sustainability: cost coverage by revenue, repayment of loans and cost-control. Our results suggest that the challenge of covering costs on small and partly unsecured loans can indeed be met, without necessarily increasing the size of the loans or raising the monitoring cost. The analysis suggests other ways to improve the financial results, like a better targeting of the interest rate policy or increasing the number of borrowers per field officer especially in collective delivery models. Performance Analysis for a sample of Microfinance Institutions in India 269--299 79 2008 2 2008 van_de_ven_risk_2000 incollection In the 1990s many countries have chosen to use prospective payment arrangements for health plans (e.g., health insurers, sickness funds or {HMOs)} together with health plan competition, as a means of creating incentives to be cost conscious, while preserving quality, innovation and responsiveness to consumer preferences. Risk adjustment is an important mechanism for attenuating problems that threaten the effectiveness of this strategy for resource allocation in health care. Without adequate risk adjustment, competing health plans have incentives to avoid individuals with predictable losses and to select predictably profitable members. This selection and the resulting risk segmentation can have adverse effects in terms of access to care, quality of care and efficiency in the production of care. This chapter first provides a conceptual framework for thinking about risk adjustment. Second, it gives an overview of the progress developing risk adjustment models in recent years. Third, several forms of risk sharing are discussed, which can be used as a tool for reducing selection in case of imperfect risk adjustment. Fourth, an overview is given of the current practice of risk adjustment and risk sharing in 11 countries. Finally some directions for future research are discussed. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Risk Adjustment in Competitive Health Plan Markets Competitive models Health plan markets Risk adjustment Amsterdam (a.o.) 754--845 Part 3 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 _who_???? techreport Who benefits from health sector subsidies? Benefit incidence analysis Benefits Health sector subsidies Measuring equity Public health service Technical Note 12 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis baltes-gtz_logistische_2005 article {AWS.} {SPSS} Logistische Regressionsanalyse mit {SPSS.(Universit\"{a}ts-Rechenzentrum} Trier SPSS 19 2005 2005 holst_health_2005 article {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study Health Microinsurance: A Comparison of Four Publicly-run Schemes Latin America Case study Charitable model Latin America Micro health insurance November 18 2005 2005-11 gaydos_world_2002 book World health systems - Challenges and Perspectives Health care system World health system Washington {D.C.;} Chicago, Illinois 2002 {AUPHA} {Press/Health} Administration Press 2002 kumaranayake_do_2000 article The health sectors in many low- and middle-income countries have been characterized in recent years by extensive private sector activity. This has been complemented by increasing public-private linkages, such as the contracting-out of selected services or facilities, development of new purchasing arrangements, franchising and the introduction of vouchers. Increasingly, however, experience with the private sector has indicated a number of problems with the quality, price and distribution of private health services, and thus led to a growing focus on the role of government in regulation. This paper presents the existing network of regulations governing private activity in the health sectors of Tanzania and Zimbabwe, and their appropriateness in the context of emerging market realities. It draws on a comparative mapping exercise reviewing the complexity of the variables currently being regulated, the level of the health system at which they apply, and the specific instruments being used. Findings indicate that much of the existing regulation occurs through legislation. There is still very much a focus on the social' rather than economic' aspects of regulation within the health sector. Recent changes have attempted to address aspects of private health provision, but some very key gaps remain. In particular, current regulations in Tanzania and Zimbabwe: (1) focus on individual inputs rather than health system organizations; (2) aim to control entry and quality rather than explicitly quantity, price or distribution; and (3) fail to address the market-level problems of anti-competitive practices and lack of patient rights. This highlights the need for additional measures to promote consumer protection and address the development of new private markets such as for health insurance or laboratory and other ancillary services. How do countries regulate the health sector? Evidence from Tanzania and Zimbabwe Africa Health care sector Regulation Simbabwe Tanzania 357--367 December 2000 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/4/357 2000-12 _measuring_????-1 techreport Measuring Living Standards: Household Consumption and Wealth Indices Constructing living standards variables Key outcomes and living standards Living standards Measuring equity Technical Note 4 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis diop_pilot_2001 techreport Pilot Testing Prepayment for Health Services in Rwanda: Results and Recommendations for Policy Directions and Implementation. Prepayment for health services Rwanda Bethesda, {MD} 2001 66 Partners for Health Reform, Abt Associates 2001 hengjin_dong_willingness-to-pay_2003 article Health Economics Purpose: To study the willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} for a proposed community-based health insurance {(CBI)} scheme in order to provide information about the relationship between the premium that is required to cover the costs of the scheme and expected insurance enrolment levels. In addition, factors that influence {WTP} were to be identified. Methods: Data were collected from a household survey using a two-stage cluster sampling approach, with each household having the same probability of being selected. Interviews were conducted with 2414 individuals and 705 household heads. The take-it-or-leave-it {(TIOLI)} and the bidding game were used to elicit {WTP.} Results: The average individual was willing to pay 2384 (elicited by the {TIOLI)} or 3191 (elicited by the bidding game) {CFA} {(US\$} 3.17 or {US\$} 4.25) to join {CBI} for him/herself. The head of household agreed to pay from 6448 (elicited by the {TIOLI)} or 9769 (elicited by the bidding game) {CFA} {(US\$} 8.6 or {US\$} 13.03) to join the health insurance scheme for his/her household. These results were influenced by household and individual ability-to-pay, household and individual characteristics, such as age, sex and education. The two methods yielded similar patterns of estimated {WTP,} in that higher {WTP} was obtained for higher income level, higher previous medical expenditure, higher education, younger people and males. A starting point bias was found in the case of the bidding game. Conclusions: Both {TIOLI} and bidding game methods can elicit a value of {WTP} for {CBI.} The value elicited by the bidding game is higher than by the {TIOLI,} but the two approaches yielded similar patterns of estimated {WTP.} {WTP} information can be used for setting insurance premium. When setting the premiums, it is important to consider differences between the real market and the theoretical one, and between the {WTP} and the cost of benefits package. The beneficiaries of {CBI} should be enrolled at the level of households or villages in order to protect vulnerable groups such as women, elders and the poor. Willingness-to-pay for community-based insurance in Burkina Faso Africa Burkina Faso Community-based health insurance Willingness to pay 849--862 2003 12 2003 jones_health_2000 incollection A decade ago, Newhouse (1987) assessed the balance of trade between imports from the econometrics literature into health economics, and exports from health economics to a wider audience. While it is undoubtedly true that imports of concepts and techniques still dominate the balance, the literature reviewed in this chapter shows that the range and volume of applied econometric work in health economics has increased dramatically over the past ten years. Examples of good practice in health econometrics make extensive use of tests for misspecification and explicit model selection criteria. Robust and distribution-free estimators are of increasing importance, and the chapter gives examples of nonparametric, and semiparametric estimators applied to sample selection, simultaneous equations, count data, and survival models. Published replications of empirical results remain relatively rare. One way in which this deficit may be remedied is through the appearance of more systematic reviews of econometric studies. The use of experimental data remains an exception and most applied studies continue to rely on observational data from secondary sources. However applied work in health economics is likely to be influenced by the debate concerning the use of data from social experiments. The chapter illustrates the impressive diversity of applied econometric work over the past decade. Most of the studies reviewed here use individual level data and this has led to the use of a wide range of nonlinear models, including qualitative and limited dependent variables, along with count, survival and frontier models. Because of the widespread use of observational data, particular attention has gone into dealing with problems of self-selection and heterogeneity bias. This is likely to continue in the future, with the emphasis on robust estimators applied to longitudinal and other complex datasets. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Health Econometrics Health econometrics Amsterdam (a.o.) 265--344 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 murray_what_1999 techreport What Matters Most: The Health of the Poorest or the Health of the Sickest? Health of the poorest Health of the sickest Target groups 1999 {HEALTH/NUTRITION/POPULATION} {AND} {POVERTY} {HNP/Poverty} Thematic 1999 sirven_endogenous_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine The aim of this study is to analyse the pathways between income and self-rated health through the mediating role of social capital. Taking up recent criticisms on statistical approaches to social capital, we propose to endogenize this concept as an outcome of households' economic status and personal characteristics. In this way it becomes possible to analyse both the compositional effect of social capital and its mediating role in the income-health causal pattern. The originality of this work rests on the production of two kinds of variables of social capital: the probability a household gets involved in social activities according to its characteristics; and a residual variable of social capital that is not predicated by household characteristics. Based on cross-sectional data from five rural areas of Antsirabe {(Madagsacar)} in 2001, this work suggests that a high level of social capital--especially in collective actions and social networks--leads to better self-rated health. Endogenous social capital and self-rated health: Cross-sectional data from rural areas of Madagascar Madagascar Self-rated health 1489--1502 September 63 2006 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4K4WN1J-1/1/13ddf09f3c0517b07989ed594ea62e3c 2006-09 young_banks_2004 techreport Banks in Microfinance: Guidelines for successful partnerships Microfinance 2004 {USAID,} Development Alternatives Inc. 2004 cohen_participations_1980 article World Development Participation's Place in Rural Development: Seeking Clarity through Specificity Community participation 213--235 8 1980 1980 bennett_role_2004 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press The role of community-based health insurance within the health care financing system: a framework for analysis Community-based health insurance GL Risk equalization 147--158 19 2004 3 2004 bryceson_risking_2006 article World Development Summary Malawi registers the eighth highest {HIV/AIDS} prevalence in the world. The rural population's increasing {HIV} prevalence is analyzed in relation to the impact of the country's 2001-02 famine. Villagers are assessing survival risks on the basis of perceptions of relative manageability. A sense of powerlessness concerning their vulnerability to {HIV/AIDS} leads to concentration on the more immediate concern of trying to ensure their day-to-day staple food needs. Changing rural land and labor patterns are militating for more transaction-based rural livelihoods, some involving high-risk sexual encounters, as a means of alleviating hunger. Risking death for survival: Peasant responses to hunger and {HIV/AIDS} in Malawi Famine Malawi Occupational risks Rural livelihoods 1654--1666 September 34 2006 9 2006-09 _annex_???? article Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool Annex {1D} - Organizational Profile Interview Guides Interview guide Questionnaire cohen_reducing_2005 article Provides an overview of the research made on the demand for and supply of microinsurance in East Africa in order for the working poor to manage risk. Description of microinsurance; Requirements in creating a viable microinsurance program; Design of the demand side research. East Africa Insurance Poor Research Risk management SUPPLY \& demand 09541748 319--325 3 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=17072774&site=ehost-live Journal of International Development Reducing vulnerability: demand for and supply of microinsurance in East Africa. 17 April 2005 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 17072774; Cohen, Monique 1; Email Address: {MoniqueC@mfopps.org;} Mccord, Michael J. 2; Sebstad, Jennefer 1; Affiliations: 1: Microfinance Opportunities; 2: {MicroInsurance} Centre; Issue Info: Apr2005, Vol. 17 Issue 3, p319; Thesaurus Term: {RESEARCH;} Thesaurus Term: {INSURANCE;} Thesaurus Term: {SUPPLY} \& demand; Thesaurus Term: {RISK} management; Subject Term: {POOR;} Subject: {AFRICA,} East; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524292 Third Party Administration of Insurance and Pension Funds; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524298 All Other Insurance Related Activities; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525190 Other Insurance Funds; Number of Pages: 7p; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 2005-04 criel_health_1997-1 article Tropical Medicine and International Health A health insurance scheme for hospital care in Bwamanda District, Zaire: lessons and questions after 10 years of functioning Health insurance Zaire 654--672 2 1997 7 1997 kingjr__2003 article Medical Decision Making " Perfect Health" versus" Disease Free": The Impact of Anchor Point Choice on the Measurement of Preferences and the Calculation of {Disease-Specific} Disutilities Measurement Preferences Standard gamble Time tradeoff Utility Visual analogue scale Willingness to pay 212--225 2003 2003 ash_finding_2001 article Health Serv Res Finding future high-cost cases: comparing prior cost versus diagnosis-based methods Costs GL Risk equalization 194--206 36 2001 6 Pt 2 2001 nandraj_accreditation_2000 techreport Accreditation system for hospitals in India Health sector reform Mumbai 2000 Centre for Enquiry into Health \& Allied Themes 2000 heggenhougen_community_2008 misc International encyclopedia of public health Community Health Insurance in Developing Countries Community-based health insurance Developing countries Micro health insurance Amsterdam [u.a.] 782--791 0-12-227225-0 1 2008 {Elsevier/AP,} Acad. Press 2008 churchhill_marketing_2006 inbook Main marketing messages; Marketing techniques; After-sales service; Marketing and mandatory insurance Marketing microinsurance Microinsurance operations Geneva / Munich 174--195 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 smith_user_2005 article Journal of Health Economics Approaches to health care priority setting, such as cost-effectiveness analysis, usually assume there are no user charges and therefore may ignore important implications for equity and efficiency. This paper therefore develops a rudimentary model of priority setting in which the fixed health care budget can be augmented by user charges. The paper uses methods analogous to models of optimal commodity taxation to develop a set of rules for the inclusion of a health technology in the subsidized health care package, and the calculation of its associated copayment rate. The results indicate that optimal levels of subsidy depend on the cost-effectiveness of the intervention, its price elasticity of demand, the epidemiology of the associated disease, and the policy maker's attitude towards equity. The model has important implications for policy making in three domains: health care priority setting, evaluation of health care technologies, and charging policy User charges and priority setting in health care: balancing equity and efficiency Copayments Equity Health technology assessment Priority setting User charges 1018--1029 24 2005 5 2005 mccord_risk_2000 techreport Risk, Poverty, and Insurance: Innovations for the Informal Economy {-AIG} and {NHHP} {PARTNERING} {WITH} {FINCA} {UGANDA} - An Example of the {Partner/Agent} Model Africa Insurance Partner-agent-model Poverty Risk Uganda Bethesda, Maryland 2000 Wolrdbank 2000 the_committee_on_invisibles_and_financing_related_to_trade_and_co-operative_1977 unpublished Co-operative insurance Cooperative insurance Participation 1977 1977 shmueli_risk_2003 article Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) Israel, like several other countries, introduced a national risk adjusted capitation system during the 1990s. However, the Israeli move was drastic, implementing from the beginning a fully prospective risk adjustment scheme based on age, supplemented by a 100\% five condition-specific risk sharing. That scheme, together with open enrollment (periodic switching options), was intended to transform an unregulated competitive health insurance market, characterized by adverse selection and preferred risk selection, into managed competition assuring quality of care, efficiency and fairness. This paper presents the Israeli experience during the first 6 years of the reformed system, focusing on issues related to the risk adjustment and risk sharing arrangements. Risk adjustment and risk sharing: the Israeli experience Aged Age factors GL Health care reform Humans Insurance selection bias Israel Managed competition National health programs Prospective payment system Risk adjustment Universal coverage 01688510 37--48 July 65 2003 1 {PMID:} 12818744 2003-07 krummacher_der_2004 phdthesis Der Participatory Rural Appraisal {(PRA)-Ansatz} aus ethnologischer Sicht Community participation PRA Johannes {Gutenberg-Universit\"{a}t,} Institut f\"{u}r Ethnologie und Afrikastudien 2004 2004 atim_social_1999 article Social Science \& Medicine Social movements and health insurance: a critical evaluation of voluntary, non-profit insurance schemes with case studies from Ghana and Cameroon Africa Cameroon Ghana Ghana CHI Health insurance Micro health insurance 881--896 48 1999 1999 tooker_affordable_2003 article American Journal of Public Health Affordable Health Insurance for All Is Possible by Means of a Pragmatic Approach Health insurance for all Pragmatic approach 106--109 93 2003 1 2003 lamers_risk_2003 article Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) As part of a market-oriented health care reform, in 1991 risk adjusted premium subsidies were introduced in the Dutch social health insurance sector. Currently the premium subsidies are primarily based on demographic variables. To mitigate the obvious inadequacy of these risk adjusters, the system of risk adjustment is supplemented with a system of risk sharing. This paper describes the main characteristics of the Dutch health care system and the development of risk adjustment and risk sharing in the last decade. The effects of introducing financial risk for Dutch sickness funds on risk selection and consumer mobility are analysed. The paper concludes with a description of expected future developments. Risk adjusted premium subsidies and risk sharing: key elements of the competitive sickness fund market in the Netherlands Econometric models GL Health care reform Humans Insurance coverage Insurance selection bias Managed competition National health programs Netherlands Risk adjustment 01688510 49--62 July 65 2003 1 {PMID:} 12818745 2003-07 bennett_21_2004 misc 21 Questions on {Community-Based} Health Financing - An Overview of {Community-Based} Health Financing Community-based health insurance Micro health insurance Microinsurance March 2004 Abt Associates, Partners for Health Reform Plus 2004-03 the_world_bank_malawi_2006 misc Malawi Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment Investing in Our Future Malawi June 2006 2006-06 micro_insurance_agency_holding_micro_2007 inproceedings Micro Insurance in Africa: Filling the Distribution Gap Africa Microinsurance August 2007 2007-08 mnkner_genossenschaftliche_1990 book Ver\"{o}ffentlichungen der {DG-Bank} Deutsche Genossenschaftsbank Genossenschaftliche Identit\"{a}t und Identifikation der Mitglieder mit ihrer Genossenschaft. Strukturfragen der Genossenschaft Teil {II} Cooperatives Germany Participation Frankfurt 17 1990 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 1990 dominic_liber_making_2003 book Making Insurance Work for Microfinance Institutions. A Technical Guide to Developing and Delivering Microinsurance - A Technical Guide Geneva, Switzerland 2003 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/finance/download/micro/minsure.pdf International Labour Organization {(ILO)} 2003 ilo_world_bank_special_2001 article Social {Re-Update} Special issue for the 3rd {UN} Conference on {LDCs,} Brussels 14--20 May 2001 Developing countries LDC 2 2001 2001 kemp_can_2007 article Objective To assess the relative costs of accessing a {TB} diagnosis for the poor and for women in urban Lilongwe, Malawi, a setting where public health services are accessible within 6 kilometres and provided free of charge. Methods Patient and household direct and opportunity costs were assessed from a survey of 179 {TB} patients, systematically sampled from all public and mission health facilities in Lilongwe. Poverty status was determined from the 1998 Malawi Integrated Household Survey {(MIHS).} Findings On average, patients spent {US\$} 13 {(MK} 996 or 18 days' income) and lost 22 days from work while accessing a {TB} diagnosis. For non-poor patients, the total costs amounted to 129\% of total monthly income, or 184\% after food expenditures. For the poor, this cost rose to 248\% of monthly income or 574\% after food. When a woman or when the poor are sick, the opportunity costs faced by their households are greater. Conclusion Patient and household costs of {TB} diagnosis are prohibitively high even where services are provided free of charge. In scaling up {TB} services to reach the Millennium Development Goals, there is an urgent need to identify strategies for diagnosing {TB} that are cost-effective for the poor and their households. {(English)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} HEALTH facilities HEALTH surveys LUNGS -- Diseases Malawi MEDICAL care POOR -- Health \& hygiene TUBERCULOSIS -- Diagnosis TUBERCULOSIS -- Patients 00429686 {580--B} 8 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=26225709&site=ehost-live Bulletin of the World Health Organization Can Malawi's poor afford free tuberculosis services? Patient and household costs associated with a tuberculosis diagnosis in Lilongwe. 85 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 26225709; Kemp, Julia R. 1; Email Address: jkemp@africa-online.net Mann, Gillian 2 Simwaka, Bertha Nhlema 3 Salaniponi, Felix M. L. Squire, Stephen Bertel 2; Affiliation: 1: {Equi-TB} Knowledge Programme, Malawi and Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, {UK.} 2: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, {UK.} 3: {REACH} Trust, Malawi.; Source Info: Aug2007, Vol. 85 Issue 8, p580; Subject Term: {TUBERCULOSIS} -- Diagnosis; Subject Term: {LUNGS} -- Diseases; Subject Term: {TUBERCULOSIS} -- Patients; Subject Term: {HEALTH} surveys; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} care; Subject Term: {HEALTH} facilities; Subject Term: {POOR} -- Health \& hygiene; Subject Term: {LILONGWE} {(Malawi);} Subject Term: {MALAWI;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 621498 All Other Outpatient Care Centers; Number of Pages: 8p; Illustrations: 4 charts; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Bulletin of the World Health Organization is the property of World Health Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Objetivo} Evaluar los costos relativos del acceso al diagn\'{o}stico de la tuberculosis para los pobres y para las mujeres en la zona urbana de Lilongwe, Malawi, un entorno donde se puede acceder de forma gratuita a servicios de salud p\'{u}blica que se encuentran a menos de 6 kil\'{o}metros. M\'{e}todos Se evaluaron los costos directos y de oportunidad para los pacientes y los hogares mediante una encuesta realizada entre 179 enfermos de tuberculosis, muestreados de manera sistem\'{a}tica a partir de todos los establecimientos de salud p\'{u}blicos y de misi\'{o}n de Lilongwe. El nivel de pobreza se determin\'{o} a partir de la Encuesta Integrada de Hogares {(MIHS)} de Malawi de 1998. Resultados Por t\'{e}rmino medio, los pacientes gastaron {US\$13} {(MK} 996 o 18 d\ufffd?{i}as de ingresos) y perdieron 22 d\ufffd?{i}as de trabajo para tener acceso al diagn\'{o}stico de tuberculosis. Entre los pacientes que no eran pobres, los costos totales ascendieron al 129\% de sus ingresos mensuales totales, o el 184\% si se descontaba el gasto en alimentos. Entre los pobres, el costo equivali\'{o} al 248\% de los ingresos mensuales, o el 574\% tras descontar los alimentos. Cuando la persona enferma es pobre o es una mujer, los costos de oportunidad afrontados por la unidad familiar son mayores. Conclusi\'{o}n Los costos del diagn\'{o}stico de la tuberculosis para los pacientes y los hogares son prohibitivamente elevados, incluso all\ufffd?{i} donde esos servicios se proporcionan de forma gratuita. Como parte de la expansi\'{o}n de los servicios antituberculosos emprendida para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, es necesario identificar urgentemente estrategias de diagn\'{o}stico de la tuberculosis que sean costoeficaces para los pobres y sus familias. {(Spanish)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Objetivo} Evaluer le co??t, par rapport \`{a} d\'autres approches, du diagnostic de la tuberculose pour les personnes pauvres et les femmes du district urbain de Lilongwe au Malawi, o\`{u} les habitants ont acc\`{e}s \`{a} des services de sant\'{e} publique gratuits \`{a} moins de 6 km. M\'{e}thodes Les co??ts directs pour les patients et les m\'{e}nages et les co??ts d\'opportunit\'{e} ont \'{e}t\'{e} \'{e}valu\'{e}s \`{a} partir d\'une enqu\^{e}te sur un \'{e}chantillon de 179 personnes tuberculeuses, constitu\'{e} par tirage syst\'{e}matique parmi l\'ensemble des \'{e}tablissements de soins de sant\'{e} publics et confessionnels du district de Lilongwe. Le niveau de pauvret\'{e} a \'{e}t\'{e} d\'{e}termin\'{e} \`{a} partir de {l\'Enqu\^{e}te} L\'{e}g\`{e}re Int\'{e}gr\'{e}e aupr\`{e}s des M\'{e}nages {(EMEP),} men\'{e}e en 1998 au Malawi. R\'{e}sultats En moyenne, les patients ont d\'{e}bours\'{e} {US} \$ 13 [996 {MK} (monnaie malawi) ou 18 jours de revenu] et perdu 22 journ\'{e}es de travail pour b\'{e}n\'{e}ficier du diagnostic de la tuberculose. Pour les patients n\'appartenant par \`{a} la population pauvre, les co??ts totaux repr\'{e}sentaient 129 \% du revenu mensuel total ou 184 \% du revenu apr\`{e}s d\'{e}duction des d\'{e}penses alimentaires. Pour les pauvres, ces co??ts s\'\'{e}levaient \`{a} 248 \% du revenu mensuel ou \`{a} 574 \% de ce revenu apr\`{e}s d\'{e}duction des d\'{e}penses alimentaires. Lorsque le malade est une femme ou une personne pauvre, les co??ts d\'opportunit\'{e} que supporte son foyer sont plus \'{e}lev\'{e}s. Conclusion Le co??t total r\'{e}el pour les malades et leur foyer du diagnostic de la tuberculose est prohibitif, m\^{e}me lorsque ce service est dispens\'{e} gratuitement Dans le cadre du d\'{e}veloppement des services de lutte contre la {TB} en vue d\'atteindre les objectifs du Mill\'{e}naire pour le d\'{e}veloppement, il est urgent de trouver des strat\'{e}gies pour le diagnostic de la {TB} qui soient peu on\'{e}reuses pour les personnes pauvres et leurs foyers. {(French)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {10.2471/BLT.06.033167} 2007 hollander_social_1990 article A social exchange approach to voluntary cooperation is developed on the assumption that voluntary cooperative behavior is motivated by social approval, which is conceptualized as an emotional activity. The associated unique Nash equilibrium may have attractive welfare properties and provides an understanding of spontaneous norm emergence. Furthermore, the opening of a market or government intervention for the collective good is shown to affect voluntary cooperation negatively. A Social Exchange Approach to Voluntary Cooperation Cooperation in health Voluntary help 1157--1167 1990 1990 rodrguez_serviper_2004 article {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study Serviper\'{u} Case study Microfinance Micro health insurance Partner-agent-model Peru 1 2004 2004 department_for_international_developement_reducing_2005 techreport Reducing poverty by tackling social exclusion Poverty Social exclusion September 2005 http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/social-exclusion.pdf Department for International Developement 2005-09 rsner_bertragbarkeit_2005 inbook Studien aus dem {Max-Planck-Institut} f\"{u}r ausl\"{a}ndisches und internationales Sozialrecht \"{U}bertragbarkeit von sozialpolitischen Erfahrungen der Industriel\"{a}nder auf Entwicklungsl\"{a}nder Developed countries Developing countries Health care system Social policy {Baden-Baden} 105--113 2005 Grundfragen und Organisation der Sozialversicherung in China und Deutschland 2005 banda_public/private_1994 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press The public/private mix in the health care system in Malawi Africa Health care system Malawi 63--71 9 1994 1 1994 nandraj_contracting_2000 techreport Contracting and regulating in the health sector: Concerns, Challenges and Options Contracting Health sector India Regulating New Delhi, India 2000 Ministry of Health \& Family Welfare; The World Bank 2000 shen_cost-minimizing_2002 article Journal of Health Economics Cost-minimizing risk adjustment GL Risk equalization 515--530 21 2002 3 2002 gertler_do_2003 techreport Do {MicroInsurance} Programs Help Families Insure Consumption Against Illness? Insurance Microfinance 2003 Paper C03-129 Institute of Business and Economic Research - Center for International and Development Economics Research, University of California, Berkeley 2003 roth_landscape_2007 techreport This report provides a description of how microinsurance works, and presents a landscape survey (a detailed quantitative overview) of microinsurance in the world's hundred poorest countries. The paper states that: * Microinsurance has to be well-administered, cost-efficient and delivered on a large scale if it is to benefit the poor and those who provide microinsurance. * The microinsurance supply chain is made up of five components: the reinsurers, the insurer, the delivery channel, the policy-holder and "covered lives". A team of microinsurance experts, who identified and assessed micro-insurers, products, delivery channels, regulations, social security schemes and donor interventions, gathered the information for the report from primary and secondary research. The research team found: * Significant presence of health microinsurance, especially in West and Central Africa, with a large number of programs, small membership and limited growth potential. * Dramatic effect of insurance regulation introduced in India, which has pushed microinsurance out of the rural areas and towards the poor. * A noticeable lack of microinsurance in North Africa and the Middle East. * Non-existent broker activity in microinsurance and weak delivery channels that hinder microinsurance activity. The report concludes that microinsurance for the world's poor is growing fast, with most growth coming from the private sector, and micro-insurers are positive about the future, predicting 100\% growth over the next five years. The Landscape of Microinsurance in the World's Poorest 100 Countries Microinsurance 2007 {MicroInsurance} Centre 2007 birchall_cooperatives_2004 book Cooperatives and the Millennium Development Goals Africa Cooperatives Geneva {92-2-116148-X} 2004 International Labour Office 2004 ullrich_reziprozitt_1999 article Soziale Welt The principle of reciprocity is widely regarded as a basic characteristic of social insurance. Thus, the expectation of reciprocity is supposed to be of central importance to the social acceptance of social insurances by the persons insured. Nonetheless, a hundred years after the inception of social insurance schemes, their acceptance seems to be more tenuous than ever. There has been a shift from a predominantly reciprocal to a predominantly redistributive exchange structure. As a consequence, we have to question whether or not the expectations of the insured persons are (still) based on the expectation of reciprocity. Based on qualitative data about the statutory health insurance in Germany, the article examines how insured persons refer to expectations of reciprocity when asked to explain their acceptance of health insurance and which types of expectations can be distinguished. The main result is that insured persons apply expectations of reciprocity also to evidently re-distributive exchange structures. Hence, it can be concluded that the expectation of reciprocity is crucial to the social acceptance not only of the reciprocal but also of the more solidarity-oriented elements of social insurance. Reziprozit\"{a}t und die soziale Akzeptanz des Sozialversicherungsstaates Reciprocity Social security 50 1999 1 1999 morgan_community_2001 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press Community Participation on Health: perpetual allure, persistent challenge Community participation Health 221--230 16 2001 3 2001 hoff_kin_2005 techreport The Kin System as a Poverty Trap Kin system Poverty trap Traditional arrangements 2005 3575 Wolrdbank 2005 devadasan_training_2006 techreport Training Manual on Health Insurance - 5 day course - Facilitator's module Health insurance Training manual Bangalore 2006 Institute of Public Health - In collaboration with the {WHO} India country office 2006 scott_economics_2000 incollection General (or family) practice and its role within primary care is increasingly regarded as the key to achieving efficiency and equity in many health care systems. This is particularly relevant where general practitioners {(GPs)} act as gatekeepers to specialist care. This chapter outlines the main economic issues in general practice. Within the context of gatekeeping, the first half of the chapter examines literature on agency, patient choice and preferences for {GP} services, and the utilisation of {GP} services. Given that much demand is determined by supply, this is followed by an examination of the determinants of referral behaviour, the effects of payment systems, and {GPs} as firms (partnerships and vertical integration). Overall, there has been little research by economists in these areas. This needs to be rectified giving the growing importance of primary care in many health care systems. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Economics of General Practice Agency relationship Financial incentives Medical care market Referral Utilisation Vertical integration Amsterdam (a.o.) 1175--1200 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 van_kemenade_social_2002 techreport Social Capital as a Health Determinant - How is it Measured? - Working Paper 2/08 Health Social capital 2002 Health Canada - Policy Research Communications Unit 2002 grootaert_local_1999 techreport Local Institutions and Service Delivery in Indonesia - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 5 Indonesia Local level institutions Service delivery Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 swartz_markets_2001 article Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing Simple income-based incentives to purchase health insurance (tax credits or deductions, or subsidies) are unlikely to succeed in significantly reducing the number of uninsured because income is not a good predictor of the extent to which individuals use medical service. Proposals to provide incentives to low-income people so they will purchase individual health insurance need to address the inherent tension between the interests of low-risk and high-risk people who rely on individual coverage. If carriers are forced to cover all applicants and to community rate premiums, low-risk people will drop coverage or not apply for it because premiums will exceed their expected need for insurance. Concern for people who currently have access to individual coverage calls for careful examination of options to permit incentive programs to succeed with the individual insurance markets. In particular, attention should focus on using alternatives to simple income-based subsidies to spread the burden of high-risk people's costs broadly, rather than impose the costs on low-risk people who purchase individual coverage. This paper describes three such alternatives. One uses risk adjustments and two rely on reinsurance so that carriers are compensated for the higher costs of covering high-risk people who use incentives to buy insurance. One alternative also permits risk selection by insurance carriers. Markets for individual health insurance: can we make them work with incentives to purchase insurance? Economic Competition Financing Government Personal Health insurance Humans Income tax Insurance pools Medically uninsured Models Organizational Motivation Private sector United States 00469580 133--45 38 2001 2 {PMID:} 11529511 2001 zwanecki_social_2001 book K\"{o}lner Schriften zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftspolitik Social Security Arrangements in {sub-Saharan} Africa Africa Social insurance Social security Sub-Saharan Africa 42 2001 {\textless}p{\textgreater}book version, no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}\ {\textless}/p{\textgreater} Transfer Verlag 2001 thomas_mesh_2007 article Health Policy This article addresses some of the complexities in the interactions both within the public health system and between that and civil society. It examines what needs to be done to improve the capacity of health systems, primarily through building relevant infrastructure (what is called {MESH} - management, economic, social and human - infrastructure) where this is lacking. This lack is most likely to occur in poorer communities and health districts. The problem of absorption and appropriate use of funds in disadvantaged areas has been highlighted as a critical bottleneck to the achievement of the millennium development goals {(MDGs).} {MESH} is defined as infrastructure which is built to improve the capacity of communities and other entities to implement health service programs efficiently. We employ this concept to determine how best to invest in health in poor areas so that they can better use any additional resources they receive. The article reviews some initial explorations of the relevance of {MESH} building strategies in South Africa. The research shows the usefulness of the {MESH} approach which requires inter alia a more developmental approach that goes beyond the vertical silos of much influential prioritization literature over the last two decades. In practice it is clear that {MESH} will vary from location to location which reflects the fact that investing in successful health strategies must take into account the voices of the local people with respect to what they want from their health services. The {MESH} approach: Strengthening public health systems for the {MDGs} Capacity building Community voices Public health systems 180--185 October 83 2007 2-3 2007-10 zhang_evaluation_2008 article Health Policy Objectives To evaluate the impacts of the chronic disease management program on the outcomes and cost of care for Virginia Medicaid {beneficiaries.Methods} A total of 35,628 patients and their physicians and pharmacists received interventions for five chronic diseases and comorbidities from 1999 to 2001. Comparisons of medical utilization and clinical outcomes between experimental groups and control group were conducted using {ANOVA} and {ANCOVA} {analyses.Results} Findings indicate that the disease state management {(DSM)} program statistically significantly improved patient's drug compliance and quality of life while reducing {(ER),} hospital, and physician office visits and adverse events. The average cost per hospitalization would have been \$42 higher without the {interventions.Conclusions} A coordinated disease management program designed for Medicaid patients experiencing significant chronic diseases can substantially improve clinical outcomes and reduce unnecessary medical utilization, while lowering costs, although these results were not observed across all disease groups. The {DSM} model may be potentially useful for Medicaid programs in states or other countries. If the adoption of the {DSM} model is to be promoted, evidence of its effectiveness should be tested in broader settings and best practice standards are expected. Evaluation of chronic disease management on outcomes and cost of care for Medicaid beneficiaries Chronic disease Cost Disease management GL Outcome assessment Pharmacists 345--354 May 86 2008 2-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4RN4868-1/1/93052ca1cc33c30f214562850f67b3fa 2008-05 jack_health_???? unpublished Health Insurance Reform in Four Latin American Countries: Theory and Practice Health insurance Health sector reform Latin America Department of Economics, Georgetown University, Washington {DC} alan_fairbank_sources_2003 techreport Sources of Financial Instability of {Community-Based} Health Insurance Schemes: How Could Social Reinsurance Help? Community-based health insurance GL Reinsurance Risk equalization Bethesda, {MD} 2003 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2003 _data_???? techreport Data for health equity analysis Requirements, sources, and issues in analysis Applications of tools to health sector Health equity analysis Measuring equity Sample design and the analysis of survey data Technical Note 20 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis asomadu-kyereme_extending_2006 unpublished {EXTENDING} {PRO-POOR} {SOCIAL} {SECURITY} {IN} {GHANA} -- {THE} {ROLE} {OF} {MUTUAL} {INSURANCE} {ORGANISATIONS} {(MIOs)} Ghana MHO NHIS Social security Bielefeld 2006 Doctoral Seminar Paper - Presented at a Doctoral Seminar, On 23 June 2006 2006 onwujekwe_inter-rater_2005 article Health Economics Inter-rater and test-retest reliabilityof three contingent valuation question formats in south-east Nigeria Africa Contingent valuation Inter-rater and test-retest Nigeria Research methodology 529--536 14 2005 2005 fehr_theories_2001 book Most economic models are based on the !"\#\$\%\&'(")"!(*+,-.(+"!\&! that assumes that /\#\# people are "01\#2!\&3"\#, motivated by their material self-interest. In recent years experimental economists have gathered overwhelming evidence that systematically refutes the self-interest hypothesis and suggests that many people are strongly motivated by concerns for fairness and reciprocity. Moreover, several theoretical papers have been written showing that the observed phenomena can be explained in a rigorous and tractable manner. These theories in turn induced a new wave of experimental research offering additional exciting insights into the nature of preferences and into the relative performance of competing theories of fairness. The purpose of this paper is to review these recent developments, to point out open questions, and to suggest avenues for future research. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics Working Paper Theories of Fairness and Reciprocity: Evidence and Economic Applications Fairness Reciprocity 2001 Centre for Economic Policy Research 2001 garg_equity_1998 techreport This paper describes the financing and delivery of health care in India from viewpoint of equity. In this context typical financing mixes of public and private sources are examined. Inequity in delivery of health care is analyzed on the basis of utilization of health services by people in different income quintiles, and in different geographical locations on the basis of self-reported ill health. The paper shows that even though the government sources of financing are mildly progressive, the large proportions spent by the household on health care makes it overall regressive. Both government and private expenditures are higher for higher income quintiles and for people living in urban areas and working in organized sector. On the other hand, people in lower income quintile and in rural areas bear higher burden of health expenditure as a proportion of their income. Delivery of health care is also found to be biased in favor of urban areas. Equity of Health Sector Financing and Delivery in India Equity and health Health care delivery Health care financing India Boston, {MA} 1998 Harvard School of Public Health 1998 akazili_using_2008 article {BMC} International Health and Human Rights {BACKGROUND:Data} Envelopment Analysis {(DEA)} has been used to analyze the efficiency of the health sector in the developed world for sometime now. However, in developing economies and particularly in Africa only a few studies have applied {DEA} in measuring the efficiency of their health care {systems.METHODS:This} study uses the {DEA} method, to calculate the technical efficiency of 89 randomly sampled health centers in Ghana. The aim was to determine the degree of efficiency of health centers and recommend performance targets for the inefficient {facilities.RESULTS:The} findings showed that 65\% of health centers were technically inefficient and so were using resources that they did not actually {need.CONCLUSION:The} results broadly point to grave inefficiency in the health care delivery system of public health centers and that significant amounts of resources could be saved if measures were put in place to curb the waste. Using data envelopment analysis to measure the extent of technical efficiency of public health centres in Ghana Africa Ghana Health centres {1472-698X} 11 8 2008 1 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/8/11 2008 danis_eliciting_2007 article Economic and Political Weekly Eliciting Health Insurance Benefit Choices of Low Income Groups Health insurance Low-income population 3331--3339 11 2007 2007 mcmahon_organizational_1975 article American Sociological Review Organizational Structure and Voluntary Participation in {Collective-Good} Decisions Public goods Voluntary help Voluntary participation 616--644 40 1975 5 1975 laleman_contribution_2007 article Human Resources for Health The contribution of international health volunteers to the health workforce in {sub-Saharan} Africa Africa External assistance health sector International health volunteers Sub-Saharan Africa 2007 2007 wiesmann_determinants_2001 phdthesis The majority of {Sub-Saharan} African citizens -- informal sector workers and the rural population -- have never had access to wage-based social health insurance or privately run health insurance. As a response to the lack of social security, to the negative side-effects of user fees introduced in the eighties and to persistent problems with health care financing, non-profit, voluntary community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} schemes for urban and rural self-employed and informal sector workers have recently emerged. {CBHI} seems to be a promising attempt to improve access to health care, health outcomes and social protection in the case of illness. Given the unique ethnic, lingual and cultural diversity within African nations, the {CBHI} approach may be particularly valuable because it allows adaptation to local conditions. The actual implementation of {CBHI} schemes in {Sub-Saharan} Africa has had mixed results so far, with viability and acceptance largely depending on design and management of the scheme, community participation, regulations at the level of the health care provider, quality of services and on the socio-economic and cultural context. Small-scale health insurance can supplement other sources of finance rather than being a substitute for them. Further research is required to identify appropriate measures and instruments to overcome the identified limitations of {CBHI} schemes. Determinants of viable health insurance schemes in rural Sub- Sahara Africa Africa Health insurance Health insurance schemes Sub-Saharan Africa 2001 2001 sky_high_???? misc High risk pool alternatives - a case study of New Hampshire's Individual Health Insurance Market Reforms GL Health sector reform High risk pools Individual health New Hampshire isham_can_2001 book Forthcoming in Social Capital and {Well-Being} in Developing Countries Can Investments in Social Capital Improve Local Development and Environmental Outcomes? A {Cost-Benefit} Framework to Assess the Policy Options Social capital 2001 Edward Elgar Publications 2001 wiechers_yeshasvini_2005 techreport Yeshasvini Co-operative Farmers Health Care Scheme - Summary of Interviews and Field Research Case study Charitable model India Micro health insurance Mutual insurance Provider model 2005 Strengthening Micro Health Insurance Units for the Poor in India 2005 tenkorang_health_2001 techreport Studies and literature reviews of health insurance schemes targeting rural or informal sector populations in developing countries (often termed as community insurance schemes) frequently conclude that schemes have design weaknesses, yet do not explore in detail the effect of design features on performance. The paper presents a conceptualization of how performance in the area of risk protection and resource mobilization is determined by the interaction of design features with institutional and technical factors. Design features refer to the scheme specifications, such as required contribution, and to operating modalities, such as procedures for enrollment or obtaining benefits. Performance, with respect to risk protection and resource mobilization, of several potential "high population schemes" for the informal sector in Africa, is assessed. The outcome suggests that the design of community health insurance schemes may be improved by: 1) design specifications that utilize data on willingness to pay {(WTP)} of the target population and projected health care costs; 2) incorporating modalities of operations that facilitate cost-effective exchange between a formal organization and individuals acting in an informal environment. Health Insurance for the Informal Sector in Africa: Design Features, Risk Protection, and Resource Mobilisation Africa Micro health insurance 2001 {WG3:} 1 World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2001 lawson_women_1999 techreport Women and {AIDS} in Africa: sociocultural dimensions of the {HIV/AIDS} epidemic Africa Women and AIDS Malden, {MA} 1999 {UNESCO} 1999 folland_community_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine Robert Putnam showed that a social capital index, created as a weighted sum of 14 variables chosen to describe the civic degree of sociability and community mindedness, is correlated with many community outcomes, such as education, child well-being, crime, and the total mortality rate. Although correlation does not establish causation, we can find that in a large number of studies this index, a selection of its elements, or similar measures register as significantly correlated with health variables, virtually always in a direction consistent with the hypothesis that social capital improves health. The potential benefit of this relationship is substantial, especially if it proves to be robust to differences in time and place, statistical contexts, and ultimately if the relation can be supported to be causal. This paper subjects the social capital and health hypothesis to an expanded set of rigorous tests, which, by surviving, it becomes stronger or, by failing, its weaknesses are better revealed. The paper seeks to extend this body of research by a combination of study characteristics that are each relatively unusual in social capital and health research. Though causality cannot be established by these tests, the work shows that the association of social capital with health is quite robust when challenged in the following ways: (1) seven different health measures are studied, including five mortality rates; (2) the 48 contiguous states are observed at six points in time covering the years from 1978 to 1998 over four year intervals, thus forming a panel; (3) the multivariate tests feature economic variables from the production of health literature; and (4) a statistical method (instrumental variables) is applied to account for the possibility that omitted variables are confounding the social capital estimates. The results and the discussion find cases for which the social capital and health hypothesis performs only weakly, but, on the whole, the hypothesis is remarkably robust to these variations. Does "community social capital" contribute to population health? Community health 2342--2354 June 64 2007 11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4NG4C9C-1/1/3ecd5561e0555ea0eeb63e8bdb93cb43 2007-06 schneider_trust_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine Micro-health insurance {(MHI)} has been proposed as an alternative to user fees to improve access to medical care without the threat of financial impoverishment. To enrol in health insurance and pay a premium, consumers should be able to trust that insurers use their funds to reimburse providers who will deliver quality care when needed. In 1998, shortly after the re-introduction of user fees, the Rwandan Ministry of Health in close collaboration with the local population developed and implemented {MHI} in three districts. Member benefits cover preventive and curative care in health centres and ambulance transport to the district hospital where a limited package of services is also covered by {MHI.} This paper examines trust-building structures and practices in {MHI} in Rwanda. It is an exploratory, descriptive analysis using information collected from focus groups. Findings suggest that {MHI} managers, providers and policy-makers need to think systematically about a wide range of initiatives that enhance trust and caring, and to design trust-building structures and practices in the consumer-insurance-provider arrangement. Trust in micro-health insurance: an exploratory study in Rwanda Micro health insurance 1430--1438 October 61 2005 7 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4F923T6-4/1/6156454689d708f192a23393287f9343 2005-10 meulen_extent_2000 article International Journal of Social Welfare The Extent and Limits of Solidarity in Dutch Health Care Health care system Netherlands Solidarity 250--260 9 2000 4 2000 klling_situationskonforme_1994 phdthesis Situationskonforme Konzepte der Gesundheitspolitik in Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern Health care system Health politics {Rheinisch-Westf\"{a}lische} Technischen Hochschule Aachen 1994 1994 world_bank_outcomes_???? techreport Outcomes \#3: Adult Health Quantitative research Research method 3 Technical Note loewe_downscaling_2006 article Internationale Revue f\"{u}r soziale Sicherheit Downscaling, Upgrading oder Linking? Wege zur Realisierung von Kleinstversicherungen Meso macro Microinsurance 45--75 59 2006 2006 glied_managed_1999 techreport Managed Care Health sector reform Cambridge, {MA} 1999 Working Paper 7205 {NATIONAL} {BUREAU} {OF} {ECONOMIC} {RESEARCH} 1999 world_health_organization_who_world_1996 book World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The world health report 1996 - Fighting disease, fostering development World health report Geneva 1996 http://www.who.int/whr/1996/en/index.html 1996 institute_for_health_sector_development_getting_2000 book {IHSD} Issues Note Getting Value for Money and Equity from the Private Sector Health sector reform 2000 2000 kalipeni_concern_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine The {HIV} prevalence rate in Malawi, currently estimated to be 15\%, is among the highest in the world. There is a growing realization that in order to understand the underlying causes and devise more effective prevention strategies focus should be placed on economic, political, social, and cultural forces as well as perceptions of individual risk to {HIV/AIDS.} During 2003 we conducted field work in Lilongwe, the capital city of Malawi, to examine perceptions of individuals as to their risk to {HIV} infection using the structured interviews and the focus group discussions with men from five areas of Lilongwe. The discussion in this paper focuses on the perception of risk to {HIV} infection among men in low socioeconomic income areas that we interviewed. Our findings indicate that while knowledge about {HIV/AIDS} and the best ways in which one can protect oneself from getting {HIV} is very high, people continue to engage in at-risk behaviors without using the necessary protection. Many of the men in our sample indicated that they were indeed at risk of getting infected with {HIV.} In spite of this, some of the respondents in both the structured interviews and the focus group discussions pointed out that some people had began taking measures to protect themselves, such as using condoms with nonregular partners, women leaving their husbands where cheating was obvious, and, for men, reducing the number of extra-marital sexual relations. Concern and practice among men about {HIV/AIDS} in low socioeconomic income areas of Lilongwe, Malawi Africa HIV/AIDS Malawi Perception of risk 1116--1127 March 64 2007 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBF-4MBT29X-2&_user=2875156&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2007&_rdoc=10&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235925%232007%23999359994%23643811%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5925&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=13&_acct=C000056617&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2875156&md5=9a13877a854803f5639eb8809c391378 2007-03 gertler_insuringeconomic_1999 inproceedings One of the most sizable and least predictable shocks to the economic opportunities of families in developing countries is major illness. There are two important economic costs associated with illness: the cost of the medical care used to diagnose and treat the illness, and the loss in income associated with reduced labor supply and productivity. The size and unpredictability of both of these costs suggests that families may not be able to smooth their consumption over periods of major illness, especially in developing countries where few individuals are covered by formal health and disability insurance {(World} Bank, 1993 and 1995a). While families with sick members in developed countries are able to access formal insurance markets, families in low income countries must rely on informal mechanisms such as drawing on savings, selling assets, transfers from their family and social support networks, and borrowing from local credit markets. The possibility that there is less than full consumption smoothing through these m echanisms suggests a potentially large loss in welfare from this shock to the household's resources. Insuring the Economic Costs of Illness Economic costs of illness Poverty Social protection 1999 1999 world_bank_measuring_???? techreport Measuring Living Standards: Household Consumption and Wealth Indices Quantitative research Research method 4 Technical Note mccord_microinsurance:_2004 misc Microinsurance: Options for Support; Uganda - Albania - Georgia Africa Albania Europe Georgia Microinsurance Uganda Frankfurt, Germany October 2004 2004-10 kalipeni_hiv/aids_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine {HIV/AIDS,} gender, agency and empowerment issues in Africa Africa Empowerment HIV/AIDS 1015--1018 March 64 2007 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MBC587-5/1/65cb18269a7cf9632576c1686c73c88f 2007-03 grootaert_measuring_2004 techreport Measuring Social Capital - An Integrated Questionnaire - World Bank Working Paper No. 18 Measuring social capital Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2004 The World Bank 2004 asenso-okyere_financing_1995 article World Health Forum Financing health care in Ghana Africa Ghana Ghana CHI Health care Micro health insurance 86--91 16 1995 1995 henke_towards_2005 book 2 Towards sustainable health care systems. Strategies in health in surance schemes in France, Germany, Japan and the Netherlands Health care system 2005 http://www.issa.int/pdf/publ/henkeed2.pdf International Social Security Association 2005 stekelenburg_health_2005 article Health Policy Objective: To identify traditional healers in the catchment area of Kalabo District Hospital and to investigate determinants which play a role in the choice between different health care options, and to explore possibilities for increasing co-operation between the District Hospital and traditional healers. Methods: In a cross-sectional comparative and descriptive study, a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods was used. A total of 12 health workers, 13 traditional healers and 100 community representatives were interviewed, using (semi)-structured questionnaires. A focus group discussion was held with 12 traditional healers. Results: This study shows that all respondents are willing to visit the hospital if they fall ill in future, and 88\% of the respondents will visit a traditional healer. More women than men visit traditional healers, but the men who do visit them, do so more frequently. Level of education is not an important determinant. Increasing age leads to more frequent visits to both the hospital and traditional healers. Almost half of the respondents (49\%) only have to walk less than 30???min to a traditional healer, but the hospital is the same distance for only 34\% of the respondents. Waiting time turned out to be an important factor: in the hospital, 48\% of the respondents are not helped within time, and only 28\% are not helped in time by the traditional healer. Demon possession, mbaci, kanono and infertility are typical health problems for which people visit a traditional healer. The cost of treatment from a traditional healer is usually one cow, but only if the patient is cured. Satisfaction was measured at 89\% after hospital treatment, and 74\% after treatment from a traditional healer. If dissatisfied with the traditional healer, 86\% would consider attending the hospital. Health care seeking behaviour and utilisation of traditional healers in Kalabo, Zambia Health care seeking behaviour Kalabo Traditional healing 67--81 71 2005 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4CSYS3X-1/1/dbe6feabaeb1177bff4d3a12eda76e66 2005 katabarwa_kinship_2004 article The Lancet This article briefly discusses the success of the traditional kinship system in involving women and men in caring for vulnerable groups such as children, adolescents, the elderly and the disabled, and in improving health care delivery at the community level in Africa. Kinship structure and health-care improvement in {sub-Saharan} Africa Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Traditional forms of cost sharing Traditional health care 2194 363 2004 9427 http://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc2008.html 2004 standing_beyond_2002 inproceedings Beyond public and private? Unorganised markets in health care delivery Health care delivery Health sector reform Oxford 2002 2002 gautier_lunion_2005 article {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study {L'Union} des Mutuelles de Sant\'{e} de Guin\'{e}e Foresti\`{e}re, Guinea Africa Case study Guinea Micro health insurance Mutual insurance October 17 2005 2005-10 cavanaugh_political_2007 techreport The Political Development of the Ghanaian National Health Insurance System: Lessons in Health Governance Ghana Health policy NHIS NHIS implementation Bethesda, Maryland 2007 {USAID} 2007 dong_willingness-to-pay_2003 article Health Economics Purpose: To study the willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} for a proposed community-based health insurance {(CBI)} scheme in order to provide information about the relationship between the premium that is required to cover the costs of the scheme and expected insurance enrolment levels. In addition, factors that influence {WTP} were to be identified. Methods: Data were collected from a household survey using a two-stage cluster sampling approach, with each household having the same probability of being selected. Interviews were conducted with 2414 individuals and 705 household heads. The take-it-or-leave-it {(TIOLI)} and the bidding game were used to elicit {WTP.} Results: The average individual was willing to pay 2384 (elicited by the {TIOLI)} or 3191 (elicited by the bidding game) {CFA} {(US\$} 3.17 or {US\$} 4.25) to join {CBI} for him/herself. The head of household agreed to pay from 6448 (elicited by the {TIOLI)} or 9769 (elicited by the bidding game) {CFA} {(US\$} 8.6 or {US\$} 13.03) to join the health insurance scheme for his/her household. These results were influenced by household and individual ability-to-pay, household and individual characteristics, such as age, sex and education. The two methods yielded similar patterns of estimated {WTP,} in that higher {WTP} was obtained for higher income level, higher previous medical expenditure, higher education, younger people and males. A starting point bias was found in the case of the bidding game. Conclusions: Both {TIOLI} and bidding game methods can elicit a value of {WTP} for {CBI.} The value elicited by the bidding game is higher than by the {TIOLI,} but the two approaches yielded similar patterns of estimated {WTP.} {WTP} information can be used for setting insurance premium. When setting the premiums, it is important to consider differences between the real market and the theoretical one, and between the {WTP} and the cost of benefits package. The beneficiaries of {CBI} should be enrolled at the level of households or villages in order to protect vulnerable groups such as women, elders and the poor Willingness-to-pay for community-based insurance in Burkina Faso Africa Burkina Faso Community-based health insurance Contingent valuation Health care financing Micro health insurance Willingness to pay 849--862 12 2003 2003 grootaert_social_1999 techreport Social Capital, Household Welfare and Poverty in Indonesia - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 6 Indonesia Poverty Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 ahmed_meetingspecial_2006 inbook Special risks affecting women and children (girls and boys); Microinsurance to address the special needs of women and children; Policy tasks to improve the strategic situation of women and children Meeting the special needs of women and children Geneva / Munich 130--144 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/AF8FD93E-7483-4AE5-B68F-CC17CBF4DF83/0/Part2Microinsuranceproductsandservices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 lavy_club_2007 article Purpose. Malawi is a very poor country with a current population of 12 million people and very few orthopaedic surgeons or physiotherapists. An estimated 1125 babies are born per year with club foot. If these feet are not corrected early, then severe deformity can develop, requiring complex surgery. A task force was established to address this problem using locally available resources. Methods. A nationwide early manipulation programme was set up using the Ponseti technique, and a club foot clinic established in each of Malawi's 25 health districts. One year later the clinics were reviewed. Results. Twenty out of the 25 clinics originally established were still active, and over one year had seen a total of 342 patients. Adequate records existed for 307 patients, of whom 193 were male and 114 female (ratio 1.7:1). A total of 175 patients had bilateral club foot and 132 were unilateral (ratio 1.3:1) giving a total of 482 club feet; 327 of the 482 feet were corrected to a plantigrade position. Most clinics had problems with supply of materials. Many patients failed to attend the full course of treatment. Conclusions. Overall the establishment of a nationwide club foot treatment programme was of benefit to a large number of children with club feet and their families. In a poor country with many demands on health funding many challenges remain. The supply of plaster of Paris and splints was inadequate, clinic staff felt isolated, and patient compliance was limited by many factors which need further research. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Club foot CLUBFOOT Malawi MEDICAL care ORTHOPEDICS PHYSICAL therapists PUBLIC health 09638288 857--862 11/12 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=25507908&site=ehost-live Disability \& Rehabilitation Club foot treatment in Malawi - a public health approach. 29 June 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 25507908; Lavy, C. B. D. 1; Email Address: chris.lavy@virgin.net Mannion, S. J. 1 Mkandawire, N. C. 1 Tindall, A. 1 Steinlechner, C. 1 Chimangeni, S. 1 Chipofya, E. 1; Affiliation: 1: Beit Trust Cure International Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi, Africa; Source Info: Jun2007, Vol. 29 Issue 11/12, p857; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} health; Subject Term: {ORTHOPEDICS;} Subject Term: {PHYSICAL} therapists; Subject Term: {CLUBFOOT;} Subject Term: {MEDICAL} care; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: Club foot; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: Malawi; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: public health; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 621340 Offices of Physical, Occupational and Speech Therapists, and Audiologists; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; Number of Pages: 6p; Illustrations: 3 graphs, 5 color; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Disability \& Rehabilitation is the property of Taylor \& Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1080/09638280701240169 2007-06 cutler_anatomy_1999 techreport The Anatomy of Health Insurance GL Health insurance Cambridge. {MA} 1999 7176 National Bureau of Economic Research 1999 osterkamp_public_2003 article The European Journal of Health Economics Moral hazard in an insurance system can be reduced by introducing {copayments.Unfortunately,} this may exert undesired distribution effects, which are generally regarded to be of specific relevance in the health sector. The article concentrates on an obligatory social health insurance system and tries to show that rightly adjusted and double-differentiated copayment rates can at least partially resolve the dilemma between allocation and {distribution.The} differentiation considered is with respect to income and to treatment sickness {costs.The} argument is presented by means of diagrammatic exposition. Public health insurance Pareto-efficient allocative improvements through differentiated copayment rates Copayments Income distribution Moral hazard Public health insurance 79--84 4 2003 2 2003 dror_micro-insurance:_1999 article International Social Security Review This paper proposes a way to improve health provision for populations that are usually excluded from access to health services. It starts out from a short description of who the excluded are, and what they are excluded from. The paper then looks at the major policy statements elaborated at the international level, and proceeds to propose the missing dimension. Next, based on field testing and analysis of several tens of pilot cases, the paper proposes a concept for group-based health insurance, or "micro-insurance", and explains its rationale and its components. Lastly, the paper proposes a strategy to implement this concept. Micro-insurance: Extending Health Insurance to the Excluded GL Informal sector Micro health insurance Microinsurance 71--97 52 1999 1 1999 borzecki_identifying_2004 article American Journal of Medical Quality The objective was to determine the best strategy for identifying outpatients with hypertension-related diagnoses using Veterans Affairs {(VA)} administrative databases. We reviewed 1176 outpatient charts from 10 {VA} sites in 1999, taking the presence of 11 diagnoses relevant to hypertension management as the "gold standard" for identifying the comorbidity. We calculated agreement, sensitivity, and specificity for the chart versus several administrative data-based algorithms. Using 1999 data and requiring 1 administrative diagnosis, observed agreement ranged from 0.98 (atrial fibrillation) to 0.85 (hyperlipidemia), and kappas were generally high. Sensitivity varied from 38\% (tobacco use) to 97\% (diabetes); specificity exceeded 91\% for 10 of 11 diagnoses. Requiring 2 years of data and 2 diagnoses improved most measures, with minimal sensitivity decrease. Agreement between the database and charts was good. Administrative data varied in its ability to identify all patients with a given diagnosis but identified accurately those without. The best strategy for case-finding required 2 diagnoses in a 2-year period. Identifying {Hypertension-Related} Comorbidities From Administrative Data: What's the Optimal Approach? 201--206 September 19 2004 5 http://ajm.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/5/201.pdf 2004-09 mccord_microinsurance_???? techreport Microinsurance Microinsurance http://bouldermicrofinance.org/es/courses/microinsurance Boulder Institute of Microfinance mrio_olivares_market_???? techreport The creation of credit markets in poor countries is a crucial factor for their development. If well put into practice, people would be able to improve their quality of life. With the suitable support they will become educated and that will allow them to enlarge their business, to think by themselves and to appreciate that they have rights. Microfinance has seen great changes in the last 50 years and has become visibly known due to the success of some occurrence in developing countries and more recently in Europe through a number of schemes that have been implemented solving this key issue. In this article we discuss this experience, we evaluate the economic theory of microfinance and propose a alternative model. We conclude that microcredit can be see as a new approach in developing policies or as a scheme against unemployment. Market Solutions in Poverty: The Role of Microcredit in Development Countries with Financial Restrictions Interest rates Microcredit Microfinance 12/2009 School of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics zweifel_multiple_2004 techreport Multiple Payers in Health Care: A Framework for Assessment Assessment Multiple payers in health care Washington {D.C.} 2004 The World Bank 2004 miller_social_2006 article World Development Summary This paper empirically examines the role of community social capital in the individual's health production function. We focus on health measures relating to physical as well as mental health. In addition to exploring the relationship between social capital and health, we test for interrelationships between social and human capital in the production of health. Data come from more than 10???000 adults surveyed in the Indonesian Family Life Surveys of 1993 and 1997. We identify a robust positive empirical association between community-level social capital and good health. We find weak evidence for an interrelationship between human and social capital and mental health. Social capital and health in Indonesia Health Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) Social capital 1084--1098 June 34 2006 6 2006-06 greiner_reformoptionen_2006 article Gesundheitswesen {(Bundesverband} der \"{A}rzte des \"{O}ffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes {(Germany))} {AIM} {OF} {THE} {ARTICLE:} The risc structure compensation scheme within the German compulsory health insurance system is intended to enforce the principle of solidarity all over the statutory health insurance and not only within the different sickness funds. Differences in the contribution rates should not reflect different risc profiles, but the differences of the efficiency in social care. The criticism against the current adjustment system in Germany is multifarious and points e. g. on the missing orientation to morbidity. This article follows the question, whether this criticism is valid. {METHODS:} The variables and methods, which are currently used to calculate the risc structure adjustment are discussed and compared to an alternative proposal for the future form of the risc structure adjustment, which includes both a higher orientation to riscs and incentives for social health insurance funds to decline the costs for the social care system on long-term. {RESULTS:} Currently, for the calculation of the risc structure adjustment the following variables are used: age, sex, income, number of family members who are exempted from contributions and persons who get occupational disability pension, and number of insured persons who are registered to an accredited {Disease-Management-Program} {(DMP).} Especially the last variable includes a high control effort, because the higher co-payments of the adjustment system are aligned to the voluntariness of participation and active collaboration of the patients in {DMP.} The argument, a further development to a morbidity-oriented risc structure adjustment leads to less cost management of the sickness funds is not totally correct, because not actual, but standardised costs are the basis for compensation. On the other hand the morbidity determined cost components should not totally be adjusted, as a proper distribution of savings to the risc structure adjustment and the single funds would still be an incentive for cost management and prevention. {CONCLUSION:} An ongoing refining of the risc structure adjustment might cause new incentive problems. Instead a morbidity orientated risc structure compensation scheme should leave a part of the savings due to better social care structures in the sickness funds and should include outpatient care parameters. The change to a new honorarium system could create a better data basis for this improved form of risc structure adjustment in the future. Reformoptionen f\"{u}r einen zuk\"{u}nftigen Risikostrukturausgleich in der {GKV} Cost Sharing Germany GL Health care costs National health programs Risk adjustment Risk factors 14394421 442--8 July 68 2006 7 {PMID:} 16868871 2006-07 birchall_rediscoveringcooperative_2003 misc Rediscovering the cooperative advantage- Poverty reduction through self-help Cooperatives Poverty reduction Self-help 2003 http://service.gmx.net/de/cgi/derefer?TYPE=3&DEST=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oit.org%2Fdyn%2Fempent%2Fdocs%2FF1406653842%2Fpoverty%2520-%2520coops%2520birchall%2520090103.pdf International Labour Office, Geneva 2003 _chapter_????-1 inbook Chapter 6 - Social Capital: The Missing Link? Social capital 77--93 Expanding the Measure of Wealth hofmeister_financial_1999 techreport Financial Sector Study Ghana Africa Financial sectors Ghana Eschborn 1999 Deutsche Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit {(GTZ)} {GmbH} - Abteilung 41 Arbeitsfeld Finanzsystementwicklung und Kreditwesen 1999 erik_banks_alternative_2004 book Alternative Risk Transfer: Integrated Risk Management through Insurance, Reinsurance, and the Capital Markets Capital markets Insurance Reinsurance Risk management West Sussex, England 0-470-85745-5 2004 John Wiley \& Sons 2004 osei-akoto_demand_2003 techreport In recent years the number of formal risk-sharing schemes for health care services in Ghana has risen rapidly. At present about 42 out of 110 districts are operating some form of formal community-based health insurance, which are voluntary and to a greater extent integrated to health care facilities. The success of these schemes depend largely on the extent to which they directly or indirectly lessen the financial burden of people who have suffered most since the inception of economic reforms in the health sector. The paper looked at the social inclusion aspects of the schemes by studying demand for the two oldest schemes by the poor and exploring design features that could enhance better coverage and improve financial protection for health care services. The results from this study show that the schemes perform quite well in terms of paying hospitalisation bills for beneficiaries. However the findings portray a remarkable exclusion of the poorest of the poor, even from other forms of risk-sharing arrangements in the informal sector. Apart from poverty, the analysis also reveals that high-risk households are less likely to participate fully in the insurance schemes. Among other suggestions, the study recommends that the schemes should be redesigned to benefit rural and poor households more than they do now. Demand for voluntary health insurance by the poor in developing countries: Evidence from rural Ghana Africa Community-based health insurance Ghana Health sector reform Micro health insurance Rural health infrastructure Bonn 2003 {ZEF} 2003 ranson_health_???? unpublished Health Insurance for the Poor Health insurance Poverty atta_preprah_linking_2008 misc This paper proposes a conceptual framework that establishes the relationship between microfinance, poverty and {HIV/AIDS.} This paper argues that if microfinance can reduce poverty then it could also be used as a powerful tool for preventing {HIV/AIDS.} It reviews theoretical and empirical literature about poverty, {HIV/AIDS} and microfinance. The paper states that: * Microfinance institutions can assist clients in protecting their income and assets from the impact {HIV/AIDS} and related diseases; * The people most at risk from {HIV/AIDS} are the poor, in general, and women, in particular; * High levels of poverty force women to seek alternative means of livelihood, as a result of which they contact {HIV/AIDS.} The paper proposes a conceptual framework that links microfinance, poverty and {HIV/AIDS.} In this model: * Poverty plays an intermediary role. * A combination of financial and non-financial services reduces poverty levels; this has a trickle down effect on the family as well as on society. * The right wing of the model comprises financial services that benefit the poor in a variety of ways, increasing their income, making them self-sufficient, empowering women, etc. * The left wing of the model comprises non-financial services such as education, counseling, business advisory services etc. * Together, they result in a reduction in social exclusion and sexual exploitation that are the risk factors for {HIV/AIDS.} The paper concludes with policy recommendations to help microfinance institutions support the prevention of {HIV/AIDS,} and mitigate its economic impact on affected households. Linking Microfinance, Poverty and {HIV/AIDS:} Theoretical and Empirical Review HIV/AIDS Microfinance 2008 2008 shaw_new_1999 techreport In 1997, the World Bank Institute {(WBI)} launched a major learning program for Bank client countries and Bank staff called the Flagship Program on Health Sector Reform and Sustainable Financing. Much of the learning program focuses on how different policy options, including large-scale financial and institutional changes affect the efficiency, equity, and sustainable financing of national health systems. The aim is to help policy makers and implementers to be more informed of choices about what ought to be done to improve health outcomes. Equally important, however, is to address how the public sector can execute it's functions better. Assuming that health policy-makers decide on the right options (what ought to be done), can we also reasonably assume that the implementing arms of government and the public sector are ready and sufficiently equipped to execute them effectively? Judging from the experience of a large number of developing countries, the answer to this question is clearly no. The new public sector management {(NPSM)} is concerned with injecting business-like practices into public agencies with the expectation that efforts to implement change will be easier, more effective, and more permanent as a result. {NPSM} has evolved in response to perceived differences in public versus private performance, especially the perception that weak incentive structures undermine performance of public sector managers. A key premise in {NPSM} is that managing business aspects of a health ministry, department, division, or facility is not so different from managing any other business. Roles and responsibilities must be clear, performance of employees counts, and accountability to clients/patients is important. It is true that health markets tend to be different from markets for other goods and services in terms of their positive externalities, asymmetries of information between provider and client, societal pressures to subsidize the poor, and complexities involving health insurance markets and catastrophic financial loss. But once these differences are acknowledged, there is no reason to assume that management of health inputs, outputs, and outcomes cannot take place in a business-like environment. Part I of this paper reviews the broad motivations behind {NPSM,} including intrinsic differences between public and private organizations that appear to impact on incentives and performance. Part I reviews experience in selected {OECD} countries where the financing and delivery of social services is heavily socialized with a strong public sector role, taxpayers have expressed dissatisfaction with traditional modes of public sector management, and {NPSM} reforms have been hotly debated. 1 Part {II} of this paper describes the {NPSM} paradigm in terms of three building blocks that influence the performance of public agencies and the behaviors of employees who work for them. It explains how leverage points within the {NPSM} paradigm are expected to create incentives for improved performance. It is when all three building blocks of the {NPSM} paradigm work together that synergies are expected to take place, and that continuous improvements in the performance of public agencies are expected to be generated over time. This part of the paper gives the reader a working model of {NPSM,} with the strong caveat that {NPSM} remains rather eclectic, does not yet constitute a formal model or theory, and merits far more scrutiny and evaluation than has taken place to date. Part {III} illustrates five organizational strategies that can be used to introduce {NPSM} into public agencies. Much of Part {III} refers to developing country applications. The 1 World Bank, 1997, World Development Report, 1997: The State in a Changing World {(Washington} {DC:} World Bank) 4 organizational strategies include (i) increased accountability in personnel performance management, (ii) performance-related budgeting, (iii) autonomous agencies, (iv) managed competition and contracting, and (v) corporatization. In reality, none of these organizational strategies are likely to work in complete isolation of the other. Nor is any pretense made that these five strategies represent an exhaustive list of all {NPSM} tools available to the policy-maker, or that they must be sequenced in a particular way. Rather, they are featured here because they incorporate or mimic business-like practices that have been observed to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of employees, line managers and senior managers. Much of Part {III} refers to developing country experience. A concluding section acknowledges that an adequate enabling environment must be in place if {NPSM} reforms are to take hold and be sustainable. This includes a checklist of specific conditions that are pertinent to the enabling environment for example, appropriate legislative changes, civil service reform, and the introduction of other facilitating instruments. New Trends in Public Sector Management in Health - Applications in Developed and Developing Countries Developed countries Developing countries Health sector reform Public health care Public sector management Washington, {D.C.} 1999 37146 The World Bank Institute 1999 doherty_health_1999 article Bulletin World Health Organization The methods used in South Africa's first comprehensive review of health finance and expenditure are outlined. Special measures were adopted to make the process acceptable to all concerned during a period of profound political transition. The estimation of indicators of access to public sector resources for districts sorted by per capita income allowed the health care problems of disadvantaged communities to be highlighted. Health expenditure and finance: who gets what? Health care expenditures 156--9 77 1999 2 1999 world_health_organization_who_world_2002 book The world health report 2002 - Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life World health report 2002 http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/index.html 2002 paldam_social_2000 article Journal of Economic Surveys Social Capital - One or Many? - Definiton and Measurement Measurement Measuring social capital Social capital 629--653 14 2000 5 2000 directory_of_development_organizations_guide_2007 article Directory of Development Organizations Guide to International Organizations, Governments, Private Sector, Development Agencies, Civil Society, University, Grantmakers, Banks, Microfinance Institutions and Development Consulting Firms - Resource guide to Development Organizations and the Internet - Botswana Africa Botswana External assistance health sector Guide I 2007 {I.A/Africa} 2007 van_barneveld_risk_2001 article Journal of Health Economics Risk sharing as a supplement to imperfect capitation: a tradeoff between selection and efficiency GL Risk equalization Selection 147--168 20 2001 2001 wagstaff_inequalities_2002 techreport Health inequalities have recently started to receive a good deal of attention in the developing world. But how large are they? And how large are the differences across countries? Recent data from a 42-country study shows large but varying inequalities across countries. It explores the reasons for these intercountry differences and concludes that large inequalities in health are not apparently associated with high income inequalities, or with low shares of health spending financed publicly. They are, however, associated with higher per capita incomes. Evidence from trends in health inequalities - in both the developing and developed world - supports the notion that health inequalities rise with rising per capita incomes. The association between health and inequality and per capita income is probably due in part to technological change going hand-in-hand with economic growth, coupled with a tendency for the better-off to assimilate new technology ahead of the poor. Given that increased health inequality associated with rising per capita incomes is a bad thing and increased average health levels associated with rising incomes are a good thing, the paper outlines a way of quantifying the trade-off between health inequalities and health levels. The paper also suggests that successful anti-inequality policies can be devised, but that their success cannot be established simply by looking at "headline" health inequality figures, since these reflect the effects of differences and changes in other variables, including per capita income. Four approaches that can shed light on the impacts on health inequalities of anti-inequality policies include cross-country comparative studies, country-based before-and-after studies with controls, benefit-incidence analysis, and decomposition analysis. The results of studies in these four genres do not give as many clear-cut answers as one might like on how best to swim against the tide of rising per capita incomes and their apparent inequality-increasing effects. But they ought at least to help us build up our stock of knowledge on the subject. Inequalities in Health in Developing Countries: Swimming Against the Tide? Country study Developing countries Empiric study Health inequality Washington, {D.C.} 2002 The World Bank 2002 population_malawi_2001 techreport {MALAWI} {NATIONAL} {HEALTH} {ACCOUNTS} {(NHA)} {-A} Broader Perspective of the Malawian Health Sector Africa Health care sector Malawi National health accounts Lilongwe, Malawi 2001 Planning Department Ministry of Health and Population 2001 woolcock_place_2000 article This paper provides a brief introduction to the recent theoretical and empirical literature on social capital as it pertains to economic development issues, with a particular focus on its significance for {OECD} countries. In so doing it seeks to address three specific questions: {1.How} are social capital, human capital and social capability related to one another? {2.How} can social capital be measured? {3.How} might existing economic growth models give more adequate attention to social capital? The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes Social capital 2000 http://homepages.wmich.edu/~jbiles/woolcock.pdf 2000 luft_modifying_1996 article Health Affairs Modifying managed competition to address cost and quality GL Risk equalization 23 15 1996 1 1996 seibel_rural_2001 techreport {RURAL} {FINANCE} {FOR} {THE} {POOR:} {FROM} {UNSUSTAINABLE} {PROJECTS} {TO} {SUSTAINABLE} {INSTITUTIONS} Informal finance Microfinance 2001 University of Cologne - Development Research Center 2001 van_den_berg_preferences_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Legislation that came into effect in 2006 has dramatically altered the health insurance system in the Netherlands, placing greater emphasis on consumer choice and competition among insurers. The potential for such competition depends largely on consumer preferences for price and quality of service by insurers and quality of affiliated providers. This study provides initial evidence on the preferences of Dutch consumers and how they view trade-offs between various aspects of health insurance product design. A key feature of the analysis is that we compare the responses of high and low risk individuals, where risk is defined by the presence of a costly chronic condition. This contrast is critically important for understanding incentives facing insurers and for identifying potential unanticipated consequences of market competition. The results from our conjoint analysis suggest that not only high risk but also low risk individuals are willing to pay substantially more for insurance products that can be shown to provide better health outcomes. This suggests that insurance products that are more expensive and provide better quality of care may also attract low risk individuals. Therefore, development and dissemination of good, reliable and understandable health plan performance indicators may effectively reduce the problem of adverse selection. Preferences and choices for care and health insurance Conjoint analysis GL Health insurance Netherlands Preferences Risk selection 2448--2459 June 66 2008 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBF-4S7G10W-1/2/3fb515eb4657b5af7e7b03006ddfa5c8 2008-06 jtting_health_2001 techreport Health insurance for the rural poor ? Health insurance and poverty Rural sector Bonn 2001 Zentrum f\"{u}r Entwicklungsforschung {(ZEF)} 2001 savedoff_private_2004 techreport Private health insurance plays a large and increasing role around the world. This paper reviews international experiences and shows that private health insurance is significant in countries with widely different income levels and health system structures. It contrasts private health insurance across regions and highlights countries with particularly high rates of private expenditures. It argues that policy makers need to confront the role that private health insurance will play in their health systems and regulate the sector appropriately so that it serves public goals of universal coverage and equity. Private Health Insurance: Implications for Developing Countries Developing countries Health insurance Private health insurance 2004 3 Discussion Paper http://www.who.int/health_financing/issues/en/private_health_in_dp_04_3.pdf World Health Organization {(WHO),} Department {"Health} system Financing, Expenditure and Resource Allocation" 2004 ulasi_hiv/aids-related_2009 article Health \& Place Objective To assess {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma and discrimination of people living with {HIV/AIDS} {(PLWHA)} in Kumasi, {Ghana.Methods} A cross-sectional survey of 104 adults from the four sub-districts in Kumasi was {conducted.Results} Four stigma constructs, employment-based discrimination, screening and identification of {HIV} positive people, revelation of {HIV} status and social contact stigma were determined based on reliability measures from responses to the questionnaire. Regression analysis showed that participants with higher educational attainment were more likely to favor policies denying employment to {PLWHA} (p{\textless}0.05), but disapproved of revealing {HIV} sero-status (p{\textless}0.05). Muslims were more likely than Christians to agree with identifying {PLWHA} (p{\textless}0.05) and more likely to advocate revealing {HIV} sero-status (p{\textless}0.05). Males were more likely to favor revealing {HIV} status (p{\textless}0.05). Employed persons were more likely to have social contact with {PLWHA} {(p{\textless}0.05).Conclusions} These findings are useful in guiding the design of interventions against {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma in Kumasi. {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma in Kumasi, Ghana Community members discrimination Stigma 1353-8292 255--262 March 15 2009 1 2009-03 _catastrophic_???? techreport Catastrophic health care payments Applications of tools to health sector Catastrophic health care expenditure Measuring equity Measuring incidence and intensity of catastrophic impact Technical Note 18 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis hauck_social_???? unpublished The Social Security Program of the {Self-Employed} Women's Association Ahmedabad, India Case study Charitable model India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Partner-agent-model SEWA Social security Draft Version world_bank_catastrophic_???? techreport Catastrophic health care payments Quantitative research Research method 18 Technical Note leist_brief_2004 techreport Brief Technical Report on {BAIF} Community Health Programme BAIF Case study Community-based health insurance India Micro health insurance Mutual insurance 2004 {GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit 2004 gwatkin_are_2004 techreport The paper asks whether the pursuit of universal coverage by a wide range of free government services constitutes the most promising approach to meeting the needs of disadvantaged population groups. The response given to that question is "probably not". The record to date points clearly to the danger that the benefits of subsidized government health services will flow primarily to the better-off, rather than to the poor for whom the services are intended. While there is no perfect approach to dealing with this issue, the record also points to several approaches that can significantly ameliorate the situation. Two of them, discussed in the paper, are the adoption of targeting measures to increase the proportion of benefits from government expenditures that flow to the poor; and the development of alternative, selfsustaining service financing and delivery mechanisms to serve the better-off. Successful implementation of approaches like these would allow governments to focus their efforts to achieve universal free coverage on a limited number of interventions that are particularly important for poor groups. Are Free Government Health Services the Best Way to Reach the poor Free government health services Health care financing Resource allocation and purchasing Social security Targeting Universal coverage Washnigton, {D.C.} 2004 Bank World\ 2004 liu_cost_2003 article International Journal of Health Planning and Management Cost analysis of pneumonia treatment in the Philippines Health care system Philippines Pneunomia treatment 221--231 18 2003 2003 seibel_informal_2001 article Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship {(ISSN} 1084-9467) {INFORMAL} {FINANCE:} {ORIGINS,} {EVOLUTIONARY} {TRENDS} {AND} {DONOR} {OPTIONS} Informal finance Microfinance 6 2001 1 2001 badasu_implementation_2006 article African Population Studies Supplement A Implementation of Ghana's Health User Fee Policy and the Exemption of the Poor: Problems and Prospects Africa Ghana Health care system Health sector reform 286--302 19 2006 2006 overbye_extending_2005 article International Journal of Social Welfare Extending social security in developing countries: a review of three main strategies Developing countries Social security 305--314 14 2005 2005 ekman_health_2008 article Health Policy and Planning Health insurance reform in Vietnam: a review of recent developments and future challenges Studies 02681080 252 July 23 2008 4 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Vietnam} is undertaking health financing reform with a view to achieve universal coverage of health insurance within the coming years. To date, around half of the population is covered with some type of health insurance or prepayment. This review applies a conceptual framework of health financing to provide a coherent assessment of the reforms to date with respect to a set of key policy objectives of health financing, including financial sustainability, efficiency in service provision, and equity in health financing. Based on the assessment, the review discusses the main implications of the reforms focusing on achievements and remaining challenges, the nature of the Vietnamese reforms in an international perspective, and the role of the government. The main lessons from the Vietnamese experiences, from which other reforming countries may draw, are the need for sustained resource mobilization, comprehensive reform involving all functions of the health financing system, and to adopt a long-term view of health insurance reform. Future analysis should include continued evaluation of the reforms in terms of impacts on key outcomes and the political dimensions of health {reform.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}Vietnam} is undertaking health financing reform with a view to achieve universal coverage of health insurance within the coming years. To date, around half of the population is covered with some type of health insurance or prepayment. This review applies a conceptual framework of health financing to provide a coherent assessment of the reforms to date with respect to a set of key policy objectives of health financing, including financial sustainability, efficiency in service provision, and equity in health financing. Based on the assessment, the review discusses the main implications of the reforms focusing on achievements and remaining challenges, the nature of the Vietnamese reforms in an international perspective, and the role of the government. The main lessons from the Vietnamese experiences, from which other reforming countries may draw, are the need for sustained resource mobilization, comprehensive reform involving all functions of the health financing system, and to adopt a long-term view of health insurance reform. Future analysis should include continued evaluation of the reforms in terms of impacts on key outcomes and the political dimensions of health reform.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} http://ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1501028131&Fmt=7&clientId=92&RQT=309&VName=PQD 2008-07 sekhri_private_2005 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Private health insurance: implications for developing countries Developing countries Health care expenditures Health policy Private health insurance Private sector 127--134 83 2005 2 2005 ekman_community-based_2004 article Health Policy and Planning Health policy makers are faced with competing alternatives, and for systems of health care financing. The choice of financing method should mobilize resources for health care and provide financial protection. This review systematically assesses the evidence of the extent to which community-based health insurance is a viable option for low-income countries in mobilizing resources and providing financial protection. The review contributes to the literature on health financing by extending and qualifying existing knowledge. Overall, the evidence base is limited in scope and questionable in quality. There is strong evidence that community-based health insurance provides some financial protection by reducing out-of-pocket spending. There is evidence of moderate strength that such schemes improve cost-recovery. There is weak or no evidence that schemes have an effect on the quality of care or the efficiency with which care is produced. In absolute terms, the effects are small and schemes serve only a limited section of the population. The main policy implication of the review is that these types of community financing arrangements are, at best, complementary to other more effective systems of health financing. To improve reliability and validity of the evidence base, analysts should agree on a more coherent set of outcome indicators and a more consistent assessment of these indicators. Policy makers need to be better informed as to both the costs and the benefits of implementing various financing options. The current evidence base on community-based health insurance is mute on this point. Community-based health insurance in low-income countries: a systematic review of the evidence Community-based health insurance Community health financing Evidence base Financial protection Health insurance Micro health insurance Resource mobilization Systematic review Willingness to pay 249--270 19 2004 5 2004 world_health_organization_who_proposed_???? misc Proposed strategies for health systems performance assessment - summary document Health care system Health system assessment WHO {http://www.who.int/health-systems-performance/peer\_review\_docs/Final\%20SPRG\%205.pdf} http://www.who.int/health-systems-performance/peer_review_docs/Final%20SPRG%205.pdf dror_micro_2005 article Journal of Insurance and Risk Management (special issue on micro health insurance) Why Micro Health Insurance Schemes Cannot Forego Reinsurance GL Reinsurance Risk equalization 4 2005 7 2005 foreit_reliability_2003 article Health Policy This paper examines the reliability, theoretical and predictive validity of willingness to pay {(WTP)} surveys for setting prices for reproductive health services in developing countries. Four country applications were conducted; the surveys used similar elicitation methods (a series of three closed-ended questions to cover the range of target prices, followed by a single open ended question to elicit maximum {WTP)} and samples of current or potential users of family planning, gynecology, and prenatal care services. In all four applications, respondents were able to understand {WTP} questions and responded with high levels of internal consistency. Evidence supporting theoretical validity was also found in all surveys. Higher income and more highly motivated users had higher {WTP} than lower income and less motivated users. Predictive validity was assessed in one study. Services utilization predicted by a {WTP} survey was compared with actual post-price increase utilization. Adding {WTP} to information already possessed by program managers resulted in a threefold increase in ability to predict utilization change as a result of a price increase, and in nearly half of cases predicted percent change in utilization was within 10\% of observed change. {WTP} surveys when used for reproductive services price setting appear reliable and valid, and improve a program manager's ability to predict client responses to price changes. The reliability and validity of willingness to pay surveys for reproductive health pricing decisions in developing countries Developing countries Pricing Services utilization Willingness to pay 37--47 63 2003 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-45PK6PG-3/1/823bfcf1128d6867f6003cfb7fa648db 2003 ullrich_solidaritt_1996 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r Soziologie Solidarit\"{a}t und Sicherheit. Zur sozialen Akzeptanz der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung Public insurance Solidarity Willingness to accept 171--189 25 1996 1996 churchhill_organization_2006 inbook Organizational structure: Where does microinsurance fit in? Recruitment: Where to access appropriate expertise; Training; Compensation; Institutional culture Organization development in microinsurance Microinsurance operations Geneva / Munich 270--287 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 _annex_????-1 article Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool Annex {1B} - Community Questionnaire Questionnaire Social capital behrman_social_2003 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} ing the determinants of individuals' perceptions of their risk of becoming infected with {HIV} and their perceptions of acceptable strategies of prevention is an essential step towards curtailing the spread of this disease. We focus in this paper on learning and decision-making about {AIDS} in the context of high uncertainty about the disease and appropriate behavioral responses, and we argue that social interaction is an important determinant of risk perceptions and the acceptability of behavioral change. Using longitudinal survey data from rural Kenya and Malawi, we test this hypothesis. We investigate whether social interactions' and especially the extent to which social network partners perceive themselves to be at risk "exert causal influences on respondents" risk perceptions and on one approach to prevention, spousal communication about the threat of {AIDS} to the couple and their children. The study explicitly allows for the possibility that important characteristics, such as unobserved preferences or community characteristics, determine not only the outcomes of interest but also the size and composition of networks. The most important empirical result is that social networks have significant and substantial effects on risk perception and the adoption of new behaviors even after controlling for unobserved factors. Social Networks, {HIV/AIDS} and Risk Perceptions AIDS Malawi Social networks February 2003 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=382844 2003-02 dror_impact_2006 article Health Policy Background This study aims to assess the impact of being insured by micro-health insurance units {(MIUs)} on equality of access to health care among groups with inequitable income distribution. We measure equality by relating income with access to healthcare. The analysis is based on a household survey conducted in five regions in the Philippines in {2002.Methods} We generated concentration curves and indices {(CI)} for insured and uninsured households (150 for each cohort in each region). We also elaborated a method to retain the relative income rank of households when data were aggregated across regions, as the regions had quite different nominal income {levels.Results} We found a significant effect of household income on access to hospitalizations among the uninsured households (a positive {CI),} but no such effect among the insured households {(CI} close to zero). As regards professionally attended deliveries, an increased tendency of poorer households to deliver at home {(CI} slightly negative) and a lower rate of deliveries in hospital {(CI} slightly positive and statistically significant) were reported by both uninsured and insured households. Access to consultations was unrelated to income among the insured {(CI} close to 0), but negatively correlated with income among the uninsured (a positive and significant {CI).Conclusion} We conclude that {MIUs} in Philippines improve income-related equality of access to hospitalization and medical consultation in cases of illness. The findings of this study strengthen a claim for government support for the operation of {MIUs} as successful (albeit micro) suppliers of health insurance. The impact of filipino micro health-insurance units on income-related equality of access to healthcare Access to healthcare Income-related equality of access Micro health insurance 304--317 August 77 2006 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4H57JDP-1/1/194c0319a5d10a16e327776d8a2bc52f 2006-08 cook_alcohol_2000 incollection Excess drinking is associated with lost productivity, accidents, disability, early death, crime, neglect of family responsibilities, and personality deterioration. These and related concerns have justified special restrictions on alcoholic-beverage commerce and consumption. The nature and extent of government involvement in this arena vary widely over time and place, and are often controversial. Economists have contributed to the evaluation of alcohol policy through empirical work on the effects of alcoholcontrol measures on consumption and its consequences. Economics has also provided an accounting framework for defining and comparing costs and benefits of interventions, including excise taxes. Outside of the policy arena, economists have analyzed alcohol consumption in the context of stretching the standard model of consumer choice to include intertemporal effects and social influence. Nonetheless, perhaps the most important contribution by economists has been the repeated demonstration that there is nothing unusual about alcohol in at least one essential respect: consumers drink less ethanol (and have fewer alcohol-related problems) when alcohol-beverage prices are increased. Important econometric challenges remain, including the search for a satisfactory resolution to the conflicting results on the effect of price changes on consumption by consumers who tend to drink heavily. There are also unresolved puzzles about the relationship between drinking and productivity; even after controlling for a variety of other characteristics, drinkers tend to have higher earnings than abstainers, and women's earnings (but not men's) tend to increase with alcohol consumption. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Alcohol Alcohol Health habits Amsterdam (a.o.) 1628--1673 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 odonnell_analyzing_2008 techreport Equity has long been considered an important goal in the health sector. Yet inequalities between the poor and the better-off persist. The poor tend to suffer higher rates of mortality and morbidity than do the better-off. They often use health services less, despite having higher levels of need. And, notwithstanding their lower levels of utilization, the poor often spend more on health care as a share of income than the better-off. Indeed, some nonpoor households may be made poor precisely because of health shocks that necessitate out-of-pocket spending on health. Most commentators accept that these inequalities refl ect mainly differences in constraints between the poor and the better-off - lower incomes, higher time costs, less access to health insurance, living conditions that are more likely to encourage the spread of disease, and so on - rather than differences in preferences (cf. e.g., Alleyne et al. 2000; Braveman et al. 2001; Evans et al. 2001a; Le Grand 1987; Wagstaff 2001; Whitehead 1992). Such inequalities tend therefore to be seen not simply as inequalities but as inequities {(Wagstaff} and van Doorslaer 2000). Some commentators, including Nobel prize winners James Tobin (1970) and Amartya Sen (2002), argue that inequalities in health are especially worrisome - more worrisome than inequalities in most other spheres. Health and health care are integral to people's capability to function -their ability to fl ourish as human beings. As Sen puts it, {"Health} is among the most important conditions of human life and a critically signifi cant constituent of human capabilities which we have reason to value" {(Sen} 2002). Society is not especially concerned that, say, ownership of sports utility vehicles is low among the poor. But it is concerned that poor children are systematically more likely to die before they reach their fi fth birthday and that the poor are systematically more likely to develop chronic illnesses. Inequalities in out-of-pocket spending matter too, because if the poor - through no fault of their own - are forced into spending large amounts of their limited incomes on health care, they may well end up with insuffi cient resources to feed and shelter themselves. Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data - A Guide to Techniques and Their Implementation Household data Measuring equity Washington, {D.C.} 2008 The World Bank 2008 islam_social_2006 article International Journal for Equity in Health The aim of the paper is to critically review the notion of social capital and review empirical literature on the association between social capital and health across countries. The methodology used for the review includes a systematic search on electronic databases for peer-reviewed published literature. We categorize studies according to level of analysis (single and multilevel) and examine whether studies reveal a significant health impact of individual and area level social capital. We compare the study conclusions according to the country's degrees of economic egalitarianism. Regardless of study design, our findings indicate that a positive association (fixed effect) exists between social capital and better health irrespective of countries degree of egalitarianism. However, we find that the between-area variance (random effect) in health tends to be lower in more egalitarian countries than in less egalitarian countries. Our tentative conclusion is that an association between social capital and health at the individual level is robust with respect to the degree of egalitarianism within a country. Area level or contextual social capital may be less salient in egalitarian countries in explaining health differences across places. Social capital and health: Does egalitarianism matter? A literature review Egalitarism Health Social capital 3 5 2006 http://www.equityhealthj.com/content/5/1/3 2006 sivakumar_fixing_2003 misc Fixing India's healthcare system Health sector reform India 2003 {www.refidd.com/Business} 2003 rademacher_institutional_2006 inbook Institutional options; Value, interests and conflicts in the insurance business process Institutional options for delivering health microinsurance Micro health insurance - Institutional Options Geneva / Munich 401--423 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 bevan_exploringstructured_2004 techreport The dominant forms of international poverty research involve statistical analyses of household surveys and 'qualitative' information produced using 'participatory' techniques. The expertises of other social scientists are rarely used to inform development policy. The paper critiques the muddled conceptualisations of 'chronic poverty' in the World Development Special Issue on Chronic Poverty, and outlines a Dynamic {Actor/Structure} framework for analysing poverty processes based on human and social ontologies, which are clearly spelled out. The framework combines three structural levels, actor, lifeworld, and 'big structure', with the different conceptualisations of time implicit in the concepts of calendars and clocks, rhythms and histories, and is used to analyse and understand four episodes of chronic poverty in Brazil, Sierra Leone and Haiti. The sociological analysis of these anthropological studies reveals some of the complex structures and processes involved in the generation of poverty. A crossdisciplinary approach to poverty research would result in more realistic development policies and practices. Exploring the Structured Dynamics of Chronic Poverty: A Sociological Approach Poverty 2004 {WeD} Working Paper 06. Wellbeing in Developing Countries {ESRC} research group, University of Bath. 2004 finkelstein_minimum_2004 article Journal of Public Economics Minimum standards, insurance regulation and adverse selection: evidence from the Medigap market Adverse selection Insurance Medigap Regulation 2515--2547 2004 http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/pubeco/v88y2004i12p2515-2547.html 2004 sbarbaro_trade_2000 techreport Trade Liberalization in Health Insurance - Opportunities and Challenges - The Potential Impact of Introducing or Expanding the Availability of Private Health Insurance within Low and Middle Income Countries Trade liberalization and health insurance Geneva 2000 World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2000 criel_declining_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine Declining subscriptions to the Maliando Mutual Health Organisation in {Guinea-Conakry} {(West} Africa): what is going wrong? Guinea MHO Subscriptions 1205--1219 57 2003 7 2003 dror_towardsgeneralised_????-1 misc Towards a generalised social protection: is compulsory health insurance the solution for universal cover? Risk equalization roberts_getting_2004 book Getting health reform right - a guide to improving performance and equity Health sector reform New York 2004 Oxford University Press 2004 gaynor_change_???? unpublished Change, Consolidation, and Competition in Health Care Markets Change Competition Consilidation Health care markets freiler_strong_2004 article Strong Neighbourhoods Task Force Why strong neighbourhoods matter: Implications for Policy and Practice Neighbourhood Social capital Social cohesion 2004 2004 world_health_organization_who_world_1999 book World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The world health report 1999 - making a difference World health report 1999 http://www.who.int/whr/1999/en/index.html 1999 hochrainer_investigatingimpact_2008 article World Bank Policy Research Working Paper This analysis explores the potential impact of climate change on the viability of the Malawi weather insurance program making use of scenarios of climate change-induced variations in rainfall patterns. The analysis is important from a methodological and policy perspective. By combining catastrophe insurance modeling with climate modeling, the methodology demonstrates the feasibility, albeit with large uncertainties, of estimating the effects of climate change on the near and long-term future of microinsurance schemes serving the poor. By providing a model-based estimate of the incremental role of climate change, along with the associated uncertainties, this methodology can quantitatively demonstrate the need for financial assistance to protect micro-insurance pools against climate-change induced insolvency. This is of major concern to donors, nongovernmental organizations, and others supporting these innovative systems; those actually at-risk; and insurers. A quantitative estimate of the additional burden that climate change imposes on weather insurance for poor regions is of interest to organizations funding adaptation. Investigating the Impact of Climate Change on the Robustness of {Index-Based} Microinsurance in Malawi Climate change Malawi Microinsurance Risk management Weather insurance May No. 4631 2008 2008-05 chininga_targeting_2005 article This article presents the results of a study that simulated the implementation of targeted safety nets in Malawi. It was prompted by the proposal by the government of Malawi to establish a publicly supported safety net system in partnership with a consortium of donors, which would, among other things, operate on the basis of the principle of community targeting for purposes of maximising efficiency and effectiveness. The purpose of this study was therefore threefold: to find out whether communities could develop criteria for targeting beneficiaries; to establish whether communities could make decisions on who to include and exclude as beneficiaries on the basis of criteria identified; and to seek their views on how the safety net transfers could be efficiently and effectively managed. The results demonstrated that there is great resistance to targeting but nevertheless communities have clear ideas on whom to target and on how to make the selection and distribution processes fair, transparent and accountable. Cet article pr\'{e}sente les r\'{e}sultats d'une \'{e}tude sur la mise en \ufffd?{\oe}uvre de filets de s\'{e}curit\'{e} cibl\'{e}s au Malawi. Elle a \'{e}t\'{e} suscit\'{e}e par une proposition du gouvernement visant \`{a} mettre en place un syst\`{e}me de filet de s\'{e}curit\'{e} financ\'{e} sur fonds publics et appuy\'{e} par un consortium de donateurs. Pour \^{e}tre plus efficace, ce syst\`{e}me reposerait sur le principe du ciblage des communaut\'{e}s. D\`{e}s lors, les objectifs de cette \'{e}tude sont les suivants: 1) d\'{e}couvrir si des communaut\'{e}s pourraient d\'{e}velopper des crit\`{e}res pour cibler les b\'{e}n\'{e}ficiaires; 2) si les communaut\'{e}s peuvent prendre des d\'{e}cisions incluant ou excluant des personnes du groupe des b\'{e}n\'{e}ficiaires sur la base de ces crit\`{e}res; 3) solliciter leurs avis sur la fa\c{c}on dont les transferts li\'{e}s aux filets de s\'{e}curit\'{e} pourraient \^{e}tre... {ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR} Copyright of European Journal of Development Research is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts) Communities Community development Malawi Politics \& government Social history Social policy 09578811 706--734 4 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=19114317&site=ehost-live European Journal of Development Research Targeting Safety Net Interventions in Developing Countries: Some Insights from a Qualitative Simulation Study from Malawi. 17 December 2005 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 19114317; Chininga, Blessings 1; Email Address: kchinsinga@yahoo.co.uk; Affiliations: 1: Senior Lecturer, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, Chancellor College, Malawi; Issue Info: Dec2005, Vol. 17 Issue 4, p706; Thesaurus Term: {COMMUNITY} development; Subject Term: {SOCIAL} policy; Subject Term: {SOCIAL} history; Subject Term: {COMMUNITIES;} Subject Term: {MALAWI} -- Politics \& government; Subject: {MALAWI;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 925120 Administration of Urban Planning and Community and Rural Development; Number of Pages: 29p; Illustrations: 1 chart; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 2005-12 filmer_health_1997 unpublished There is broad consensus that a mix of public health, preventive and simple curative activities provided through low-level facilities is the right policy for public expenditures on health in developing countries. Yet this near unanimous consensus is in sharp contrast to a mixed record in practice and consistent disappointment in implementation. We show how the recent theoretical and empirical literature on the economics of health sheds light on both the disappointment and the consensus by emphasizing various links in the entire chain of events from public spending to health status. First, incorporating the analysis of the health seeking behavior of individuals can completely change conclusions about the appropriate role for, and the expected impact of, public sector interventions. Second, highlighting the key role of providers' incentives in determining the actual efficacy and quality with which the consensus around something like primary health care {(PHC)} is implemented also changes the expectation of effectiveness of public interventions. Both aspects emphasize the deep difficulties encountered with bringing incentives, whether for suppliers or for users, to bear on the delivery of {PHC.} Health Policy in Poor Countries: Weak Links in the Chain Health and poverty Health care system Health policy Poor countries 1997 1997 singleton_negotiating_2006 unpublished Negotiating Change: An Analysis of the Origins of Ghana's National Health Insurance Act Africa Ghana Micro health insurance NHIS Minnesota 2006 2006 levine_hnp_???? unpublished This is the fourth of a series of six sessions focusing on the linkages between health, nutrition, population and poverty. This session will attempt to delineate the complex relationship between health system and the poor and propose analytical tools to examine how these systems perform in serving the needs of the poor. {HNP} and the Poor: The Health System and the Poor - Session 4 Developing countries Health care system Poverty Session dror_community_2008 article Microfinance Focus This article reviews some of the challenges facing micro insurance units, as well as the approach underlying the activities of the Micro Insurance Academy toward improving access of vulnerable communities to micro health insurance services. Community Based Micro Health Insurance as an Enabler of Solidarity and {Self-Help} amongst Poor Communities India Micro health insurance Microinsurance September Vol. 2 2008 Iss. 8 2008-09 chabot_national_1991 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press National community health insurance at village level: the case from {Guinea-Bissau} Africa Community-based health insurance Guinea-Bissau Micro health insurance Rural sector 46--54 6 1991 1 1991 manje_madison_2005 techreport Madison Insurance, Zambia Africa Case study Credit-life insurance Microinsurance Zambia 2005 10 Case Study {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 mkandawire_social_2004 book Social Policy in a Development Context Developing countries Social policy New York, {N.Y.} 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Palgrave Macmillan 2004 aubert_designing_2008 article Journal of Development Economics Designing Credit Agent Incentives to Prevent Mission Drift in {Pro-Poor} Microfinance Institutions 0304-3878 In Press, Accepted Manuscript 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBV-4TWVX2N-1/2/119e0faba452880d4bdb37352baa6554 2008 narayan_empowerment_2002 book World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty presents a multidimensional view of poverty. In particular, it underscores the importance of increasing poor people's access to opportunity, security, and empowerment for economic growth and poverty reduction. Building on {WDR} 2000/2001, the World Bank's Strategic Framework Paper identifies two priority areas for Bank support to client governments: (a) building the climate for investment, jobs, and growth, and (b) empowering poor people and investing in their assets. This book defines the World Bank's approach to empowerment for economic growth and poverty reduction. It will also inform the World Bank's social development strategy. A growing body of evidence is showing the linkages between empowerment and good governance and growth, growth that is more pro-poor, and improved project performance. However, there remain many questions about what empowerment means, how it applies to the Bank's work, and what actions should be undertaken to move the empowerment agenda forward. This book addresses these three issues, taking into account the World Bank's mandate and comparative advantage in this field. The final section of the book documents tools and practices that can support the implementation of an empowering approach to poverty reduction. The World Bank's Role The World Bank's comparative advantage in pursuing an empowerment agenda for poverty reduction lies in its relationship with governments around the world. The Bank is well placed to provide analysis, evaluation, and advice on issues from governance to sector reform and economic growth, based on research and learning from projects co-financed with governments. The Bank can convene stakeholders to stimulate debate, consensus, and coalition building for reform. It can support information disclosure and public accountability mechanisms in projects and lending products. Finally, the Bank can build capacity and support the strengthening of civil society and government institutions at the local and national levels. Empowerment and Poverty Reduction: A Sourcebook Empowerment Poverty reduction 0821351664 July 2002 World Bank Publications 2002-07 _outcomes_???? techreport Outcomes \#1: Child Survival Complete fertility history Direct mortality estimation Incomplete fertility history Indirect mortality estimation Key outcomes and living standards Measuring equity Technical Note 1 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis ajzen_explainingdiscrepancy_2004 article Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin An experiment was designed to account for intention-behavior discrepancies by applying the theory of planned behavior to contingent valuation. College students {(N} = 160) voted in hypothetical and real payment referenda to contribute \$8 to a scholarship fund. Overestimates of willingness to pay in the hypothetical referendum could not be attributed to moderately favorable latent dispositions. Instead, this hypothetical bias was explained by activation of more favorable beliefs and attitudes in the context of a hypothetical rather than a real referendum. A corrective entreaty was found to eliminate this bias by bringing beliefs, attitudes, and intentions in line with those in the real payment situation. As a result, the theory of planned behavior produced more accurate prediction of real payment when participants were exposed to the corrective entreaty Explaining the Discrepancy between Intentions and Actions: The Case of Hypothetical Bias in Contingent Valuation Attitude Contingent valuation Hypothetical bias Intention Theory of planned behavior Willingness to pay 1108--1121 30 2004 9 2004 ranson_quality_2001 article Health Policy and Planning Community-based health insurance is an emerging and promising concept, which addresses health care challenges faced in particular by the rural poor. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether rural Senegal members of a health insurance scheme are actually better-off than nonmembers. The results show that in poor environments, insurance programs can work: Members of les mutuelles de sant\'{e} (mutual health organizations) have a higher probability of using hospitalization services than nonmembers and pay substantially less when they need care. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that while the schemes achieved to attract poor people, the poorest of the poor remained excluded Quality of hysterectomy care in rural Gujarat: the role of community-based health insurance Community-based health insurance Hysterectomy care Micro health insurance Rural gujarat Willingness to pay 395--403 16 2001 4 2001 mundial_world_2005 book World Development Report 2006:: Equity and Development World development report 2005 The World Bank 2005 grb_ghana_2007 misc Ghana, Social Security Schemes for Health, Accra Ghana Health care system NHIS Social security March 2007 2007-03 united_nations_-_general_assembly_implementation_2004 techreport Implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration - Report of the {Secretary-General} Development Global health Millennium development goals UN Willingness to pay 2004 A/59/282 Fifty-ninth session - Item 56 of the provisional agenda - Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit 2004 basher_empowerment_2007 article Journal of Developing Areas This paper analyzes how participation in microcredit program helps to reduce the fertility rate. By using the data from the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, the paper also examines whether the accomplished empowerment of the microcredit borrower remains limited only to economic activities or also reflected in their non-economic activities. The results show that the Grameen Bank transforms its participants from a passive recipient of credit to a well responsive and active agent in economic and non-economic aspects of life. This transformation sets up an encouraging context for the effective public policies for economic and social changes at a reduced transaction cost. Empowerment of Microcredit Participants and Its Spillover Effects: Evidence from the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh Fertility Behavior Microfinance 173--183 40 2007 2 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=983363 2007 dror_do_2006 article The Geneva Papers Do Micro Health Insurance Units Need Capital or Reinsurance? A Simulated Exercise to Examine Different Alternatives Capital Micro health insurance Reinsurance 739--761 31 2006 4 2006 mccord_microinsurance_2000-1 techreport Microinsurance in Uganda: A case study of an example of the partner-agent model of microinsurance {provision-AIG/FINCA} Uganda-group personal accident insurance Africa Case study Credit-life insurance Microinsurance Uganda Nairobi, Kenya 2000 {THE} {MICROINSURANCE} {CENTRE} - {MicroSave} Africa 2000 simtowe_microfinance_2008 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} icance of the problem of poor health is reflected in the Millennium development goals numbers four, five and six which aim at reducing the child mortality rate, improving maternal health and reducing the prevalence and death rates associated with diseases such as {HIV/AIDS,} Malaria, Tuberculosis and others by 2015. While the link between microfinance and poverty reduction has become common knowledge, less has been done to unearth the potential of using microfinance as a tool for combating morbidity and mortality. A number of studies have shown that microfinance leads to poverty reduction through increased incomes. Also, a clear and robust relationship between individual income and individual health has been established by a number of empirical investigations showing that poverty leads to lower health status. However, such studies fail to explicitly isolate the causal effect of an intervention on wellbeing as they use approaches such as the difference in the mean of a target response indicator of beneficiaries and that of non-beneficiaries or by running an ordinary least squares procedure of the indicator variable on the beneficiary status variable and a set of household, demographic and environmental variables. In so doing they fail to establish an adequate counterfactual situation and identify the true causality of change. This study examines the relationship between microfinance and health by applying a counterfactual outcomes framework on data from the Malawi's second Integrated Household Survey {(IHS2)} data of 2004. The counterfactual outcomes framework of modern evaluation theory is used to estimate the Local Average Treatment Effect {(LATE)} of participation in microfinance on household health outcomes such as morbidity and mortality. Results indicate that although improving health status of borrowers is not a primary goal of most microfinance institutions, borrowing has a reducing effect on morbidity as well as mortality. These findings suggest that there is scope for using microfinance as a tool for achieving the millennium development goals on health. This would require the adoption of an integrated approach in which microfinance institution link up with health service providers to provide both credit and health services to their clients. Does Microfinance Lead to Good Health? A Local Average Treatment Effect Analysis for Rural Malawi conterfactual Health imapct Malawi Microfinance April 2008 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1120576 2008-04 ahmed_health_2005 book {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Health Microinsurance - A Comparative Study of Three Examples in Bangladesh Bangladesh Case study Micro health insurance Mutual insurance September 2005 2005-09 criel_district-based_1998-1 book Studies in health services oragnisation \& policy District-based Health Insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa - Part {II:} Case Studies Africa District-based health insurance Sub-Saharan Africa Antwerpen 10 1998 {ITG} Press 1998 hanel_basic_1992 book Marburg Consult f\"{u}r Selbsthilfef\"{o}rderung - Theorie und Praxis der Selbsthilfef\"{o}rderung Basic Aspects of Cooperative Organizations and Cooperative {Self-Help} Promotion in Developing Countries Cooperatives Developing countries Self-help Marburg 1992 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {S\&W} Druckerei und Verlag, {Marburg/Lahn} 1992 browne_health_1997 misc Health Insurance for the "uninsurable" GL High risk pools Micro health insurance 1997 1997 ensor_transition_2001 techreport Transition to universal coverage in developing countries - an overview Developing countries Health insurance Universal coverage University of York 2001 Centre for Health Economics 2001 swamy_local_1999 techreport The Local Level Instititutions Study: Local Institutions and Service Delivery in Burkina Faso - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 8 Africa Burkina Faso Local level institutions Service delivery Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 la_concertation_inventaire_2004 misc Inventaire des mutuelles de sant\'{e} en Afrique - Synth\`{e}se des travaux de recherche dans 11 pays Africa Inventory Micro health insurance October 2004 http://www.ilo.org/gimi/RessFileDownload.do?ressourceId=82&ressFilename=82.pdf&sizeKb=634377&longTitle=Inventaire+des+syst%E8mes+d%27assurance+maladie+en+Afrique%3A+synth%E8se+des+travaux+de+recherche+dans+11+pays&author=La+Concertation&ressYear=2004 2004-10 ouattara_social_2007 inbook {GTZ,} {ILO,} {WHO} Social health insurance in French-speaking {sub-Saharan} Africa: situation and current reform Africa Health insurance Micro health insurance Social protection West Africa 2007 Extending Social Protection in Health: Developing Countries' Experiences, Lessons Learnt and Recommendations 2007 dodd_dying_2002 techreport Dying for Change - Poor people's experience of health and ill-health Health and poverty 2002 World Bank, World Health Organization, Voices of the Poor 2002 international_social_security_association_dynamic_2008 techreport Dynamic Social Security for Africa: An Agenda for Development - Developments and Trends Africa Ghana NHIS Social security Geneva 2008 http://www.issa.int/aiss/content/download/55826/1021550/file/2-ISSA_DT_Africa.pdf International Social Security Association 2008 world_council_of_churches_community-based_2001 article Contact - A publication of the world council of churches Community-based health insurance Community-based health insurance 2001 174 2001 mavlankar_health_2000 techreport Health Insurance in India: Opportunities, Challenges and Concerns Health insurance India Ahmedabad 2000 Indian Institute of Management 2000 gwatkin_health_2000 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Health inequalities and the health of the poor: What do we know? What can we do Health and poverty Health inequality 3--17 78 2000 1 2000 yazbeck_attacking_2009 book Attacking inequality in the health sector - a synthesis of evidence and tools Evidence base Health sector Inequalities in health Washington, {DC} 978-0-8213-7444-3 2009 Bank World\ 2009 krause_non-profit_2000 techreport Non-profit Insurance Schemes for the Unorganised Sector in India India Microinsurance Non-profit insurance schemes Eschborn, Germany 2000 22 e Social Policy Working Papers {GTZ} - division 42 - {???State} and Economic Reform, Civil Society" 2000 national_statistical_office_malawi_malawi_2001 misc This final report presents the major findings of the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey {(MDHS)} carried out from July to November 2000. The survey collected information on fertility levels, nuptiality, fertility preferences, knowledge and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of mothers and children, childhood illnesses and mortality, use of maternal and child health services, malaria, maternal mortality, and {HIV/AIDS-related} knowledge and behaviours. {(D\"{U}I-Hff)} Malawi demographic and health survey 2000 Malawi 2001 http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/FR-175-MW04.pdf 2001 gre_auswirkungen_2008 techreport Die Beseitigung ungerechtfertiger Wettbewerbsvorteile durch die Reform des Risikostrukturausgleichs tr\"{a}gt ma\ssgeblich zur Weiterentwicklung der Wettbewerbsordnung in der gesetzli-chen Krankenversicherung bei. Die Weiterentwicklung des {RSA} w\"{a}re jedoch fachlich (jedoch nicht: politisch) auch ohne die Einf\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds m\"{o}glich gewesen. Es besteht dar\"{u}ber hinaus die Gefahr, dass durch die Ausgestaltung der \"{U}berforderungsklausel im Zu-sammenhang mit dem Zusatzbeitrag neue Wettbewerbsverzerrungen entstehen. Forderungs-ausf\"{a}lle als Konsequenz der \"{U}berforderungsklausel m\"{u}ssten von der {GKV-Versichertengemeinschaft} insgesamt und nicht den Versicherten der jeweiligen Krankenkasse getragen werden. Der Ausbau der Steuerfinanzierung verbessert die Nachhaltigkeit der {GKV-Finanzierung} und st\"{a}rkt dar\"{u}ber hinaus auch noch die Verteilungsgerechtigkeit. Um Zweifel an der Stetigkeit der Steuerfinanzierung zumindest teilweise zu zerstreuen, fordern die Autoren eine deutliche Beschleunigung des Ausbaus der Steuerfinanzierung auf 3 Mrd. ??? pro Jahr. Die Konstruktion von einkommensabh\"{a}ngigem Beitrag einerseits und Zusatzbeitrag anderer-seits verlagert das Risiko steigender Gesundheitsausgaben nach Einf\"{u}hrung des Gesundheits-fonds ausschlie\sslich auf die versicherten Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer. Eine weitere Schw\"{a}chung der Einkommenssolidarit\"{a}t in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung k\"{o}nnte durch die Abschaffung des Zusatzbeitrags und die R\"{u}ckkehr zu dezentral festgelegten ein-kommensabh\"{a}ngigen Beitragss\"{a}tzen verhindert werden. Allerdings w\"{u}rde diese L\"{o}sung den Gesundheitsfonds an sich eliminieren. Der Gesundheitsfonds ist jedoch ein zentrales Element, mit dem es in der spezifischen deutschen Situation m\"{o}glich sein k\"{o}nnte, ein einheitliches Ver-sicherungssystem zu implementieren. Durch die Einf\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds werden die Wettbewerbsparameter Preis und Produkt weitgehend neutralisiert. Krankenkassen legen ihr strategisches Augenmerk aus-schlie\sslich darauf, die Erhebung eines Zusatzbeitrags zu vermeiden. In diesem Zusammen-hang ist es fatal, dass gleichzeitig mit der Einf\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds auch die An-schubfinanzierung innerhalb der integrierten Versorgung ausl\"{a}uft. Zur Revitalisierung des Preis- und Produktwettbewerbs ist in jedem Fall der Ausbau von wettbewerblichen Differen-zierungsm\"{o}glichkeiten im Versorgungsangebot und die Verl\"{a}ngerung der Anschubfinanzierung in der integrierten Versorgung zu fordern. Zur Beseitigung der Fehlanreize im Zusam-menhang mit der Einf\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds k\"{o}nnte der Anteil des durch Zusatzbeitr\"{a}-ge zu finanzierenden Ausgabenanteils deutlich erh\"{o}ht werden. Bei der Realisierung dieser Option m\"{u}sste allerdings zwingend die \"{U}berforderungsklausel reformiert werden. Die Alter-native best\"{a}nde darin, zu einkommensabh\"{a}ngigen Beitragss\"{a}tzen zur\"{u}ckzukehren. Auswirkungen des Gesundheitsfonds und Optionen zur Weiterentwicklung 2008 Policy Paper f\"{u}r die {Hans-B\"{o}ckler-Stiftung} 2008 world_bank_who_???? techreport Who benefits from health sector subsidies? Benefit incidence analysis Quantitative research Research method Subsidies 12 Technical Note chiumya_regulation_2006 techreport The Regulation of Microfinance in Zambia Africa Microfinance Regulation Zambia Morrill Hall, {MD} 2006 {IRIS} Center 2006 ullrich_solidaritt_2000 book Solidarit\"{a}t im Sozialversicherungsstaat: Die Akzeptanz des Solidarprinzips in der gesetzlichen Krankenkasse Social security Solidarity 2000 Campus Verlag 2000 bdard_armutsbekmpfung_1988 inproceedings Armutsbek\"{a}mpfung durch Selbsthilfe Poverty Self-help Feldafing, Germany 1988 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Deutsche Stiftung f\"{u}r internationale Entwicklung in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Bundesministerium f\"{u}r wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und den \"{u}brigen Institutionen der Gemeinsamen Arbeitsgruppe 1988 mathiyazhagan_willingness_1998 article International Journal of Health Planning and Management The main objective of this article is to examine the willingness to pay for a viable rural health insurance scheme through community participation in India, and the policy concerns it engenders. The willingness to pay for a rural health insurance scheme through community participation is estimated through a contingent valuation approach (logit model), by using the rural household survey on health from Karnataka State in India. The results show that insurance/saving schemes are popular in rural areas. In fact, people have relatively good knowledge of insurance schemes (especially life insurance) rather than saving schemes. Most of the people stated they are willing to join and pay for the proposed rural health insurance scheme. However, the probability of willingness to join was found to be greater than the probability of willingness to pay. Indeed, socio-economic factors and physical accessibility to quality health services appeared to be significant determinants of willingness to join and pay for such a scheme. The main justification for the willingness to pay for a proposed rural health insurance scheme are attributed from household survey results: (a) the existing government health care provider's services is not quality oriented; (b) is not easily accessible; and, (c) is not cost effective. The discussion suggests that policy makers in India should take serious note of the growing influence of the private sector and people's willingness to pay for organizing a rural health insurance scheme to provide quality and efficient health care in India. Policy interventions in health should not ignore private sector existence and people's willingness to pay for such a scheme and these two factors should be explicitly involved in the health management process. It is also argued that regulatory and supportive policy interventions are inevitable to promote this sector's viable and appropriate development in organizing a health insurance scheme. Willingness to Pay for Rural Health Insurance Through Community Participation in India Community participation Contingent valuation Viable health insurance scheme Willingness to pay 47--67 13 1998 1998 mccord_partner-agent_2006 inbook Why a partner-agent model? How the partner-agent model works; The good and the bad; Advantages and disadvantages The partner-agent model: Challenges and opportunities Micro health insurance - Institutional Options Partner-agent-model Geneva / Munich 357--377 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 arhinful_solidarity_2003-1 book The solidarity of self-interest: social and cultural feasibility of rural health insurance in Ghana 2003 African Studies Centre, Leiden 2003 grace_participatory_2008 article Development in Practice Participatory risk assessment: a new approach for safer food in vulnerable African communities Africa Participatory research Risk assessment 0961-4524 611 18 2008 4 http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/09614520802181731 2008 bendig_savings_2009 article German Institute of Global and Area Studies {(GIGA)} There is currently no abstract available for this document. Savings, Credit and Insurance: Household Demand for Formal Financial Services in Rural Ghana Ghana Microfinance Microinsurance Microsavings 2009 http://microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/55867 2009 mahal_dopoor_2000 inproceedings Do the Poor or the Rich Benefit More from Government Health Services? The Case of India Benefits Health care system India Public health and poverty Public health care 2000 {Health/Nutrition/Population} and Poverty seminar report 2000 duclos_poverty_2006 book Poverty and Equity: Measurement, Policy and Estimation with Dad Measurement Poverty 2006 Preliminary version Springer Verlag 2006 miller_franco_social_2004 techreport Social Participation in the Development of Mutual Health Organizations in Senegal Africa Case study Community participation Mutual health organisations Mutual insurance Senegal 2004 Partners for Health Reformplus {(PHRplus)} 2004 krebs_erziehung_2001 book Erziehung in Traditionalen Kulturen - Quellen und Befunde aus Afrika, Amerika, Asien und Australien - 1898-1983 Africa Asia Australia Education Traditional cultures United States Berlin 2001 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Dietrich Reimer Verlag 2001 bennett_health_1998 techreport Health insurance schemes for people outside formal sector employment Health insurance Informal sector 1998 16 {ARA} Paper World Health Organization {(WHO),} Division of Analysis, Research and Assessment {(ARA)} 1998 preker_health_2004 book Health financing for poor people: resource mobilization and risk sharing Health financing Poverty Risk sharing 2004 Bank World\ 2004 directory_of_development_organizations_guide_2007-1 article Directory of development organizations Guide to International Organizations, Governments, Private Sector, Development Agencies, Civil Society, University, Grantmakers, Banks, Microfinance Institutions and Development Consulting Firms - Resource guide to Development Organizations and the Internet - Ghana Africa External assistance health sector Ghana Guide Edition 2007 2007 {I.A/Africa} 2007 ager_patterns_2005 article Health Policy and Planning Despite emphasis on strengthening local health care provision, concern remains regarding the rates of utilization of state-provided services within Orissa. The reported study examined patterns of service utilization across the rural population of four districts of Orissa, with special reference to perceptions of the availability and quality of state services at the primary care level. Within the selected districts, 219 interviews were conducted across 66 villages. Households reported utilizing a wide range of health care providers, although hospitals constituted the most frequently--and primary health care centres {(PHCs)} the least frequently--accessed services. Private practitioners (qualified and unqualified) represented a major sector of provision. This included high rates of access by scheduled tribes and castes (running at approximately twice the rate of access to both local and {PHC} provision). Key factors guiding patterns of utilization were reputation of the provider, cost and physical accessibility. Local health provision through assistant nurse midwives and male health workers was generally perceived of poor quality, with the lowest rates of resolution of health problems of all service providers. The location of a subcentre base for assistant nurse midwives within a village had no demonstrable impact on access to services. Acknowledging constraints on broader generalization, the implications of the findings for informing health policy and programming within Orissa are noted. This includes support for current efforts to strengthen the capacity of {PHC} and sub-centre level provision within the state, and acknowledgement of the potentially growing role of effectively regulated private provision in meeting the needs of the rural poor. Patterns of health service utilization and perceptions of needs and services in rural Orissa Access to health Costs Health care provider Health seeking behaviour Orissa Reputation Rural sector Rural services 176--184 20 2005 3 2005 imf_international_monetary_fund_malawi:_2007 misc Malawi: Poverty Reduction Strategy {Paper-Growth} and Development Strategy - {IMF} Country Report No. 07/55 Malawi February 2007 2007-02 schieber_health_1999 article Health Affairs {(Project} Hope) Developing countries account for 84 percent of world population and 93 percent of the worldwide burden of disease; however, they account for only 18 percent of global income and 11 percent of global health spending. Limited resources and administrative capacity coupled with strong underlying needs for services pose serious challenges to governments in the developing world. This paper analyzes health spending, health outcomes, and health delivery system characteristics for the six developing regions of the world as well as for low-, medium-, and high-income country groupings. Health care financing and delivery in developing countries Data collection Delivery of health care Developing countries Health care expenditures Health care reform Health care system Health Status Indicators Humans 02782715 193--205 18 1999 3 {PMID:} 10388216 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10388216?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum 1999 world_bank_character_???? misc The Character of Institutions Character of institutions http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/reports/crying/cry9.pdf http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/reports/crying/cry9.pdf loewenson_assessingimpact_2004 techreport Assessing the impact of Health Centre Committees on health system performance and health resource allocation - Training and Research Support Centre {(TARSC)} Zimbabwe Community Working Group on Health Africa Case study Community participation Health centres Zimbabwe 2004 Final Report Southern African Regional Network on Equity in Health {(EQUINET),} {IDRC} Canada 2004 world_health_organization_who_world_2004 book The world has reached a crucial moment in the history of {HIV/AIDS,} and now has an unprecedented opportunity to alter its course. The most important message of the latest World Health Report is that, today, the international community has the chance to change the history of health for generations to come and open the door to better health for all. Tackling {HIV/AIDS} is the world's most urgent public health challenge. Unknown barely a quarter of a century go, it is now the leading cause of death for young adults worldwide. More than 20 million people have died from it and an estimated 34-46 million others are now infected with the virus. There is as yet no vaccine and no cure. The World Health Report 2004 - Changing History, published by the World Health Organization, calls for a comprehensive {HIV/AIDS} strategy that links prevention, treatment, care and long-term support. Until now, treatment has been the most neglected element in most developing countries: almost 6 million people in these countries will die in the near future if they do not receive treatment - but only about 400 000 of them were receiving it in 2003. {WHO} and its partners have declared the treatment gap a global emergency and have launched a drive to provide 3 million people in developing countries with antiretroviral therapy by the end of 2005 - one of the most ambitious public health projects ever conceived. This report shows how it can be done. It goes further, looking beyond 2005 to explain how international organizations, national governments, the private sector and communities can combine their strengths and simultaneously fortify health systems for the enduring benefi t of all. Illustrated with photographs of people whose lives have been deeply affected by the global pandemic, The World Health Report 2004 makes essential reading for everyone with a political, professional or personal interest in health. World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The World health report 2004: changing history. WHR Geneva 2004 2004 criel_declining_2003-1 article Social Science \& Medicine Mutual Health Organisations {(MHOs)} are a type of community health insurance scheme that are being developed and promoted in {sub-Saharan} Africa. In 1998, an {MHO} was organised in a rural district of Guinea to improve access to quality health care. Households paid an annual insurance fee of about {US\$2} per individual. Contributions were voluntary. The benefit package included free access to all first line health care services (except for a small co-payment), free paediatric care, free emergency surgical care and free obstetric care at the district hospital. Also included were part of the cost of emergency transport to the hospital. In 1998, the {MHO} covered 8\% of the target population, but, by 1999, the subscription rate had dropped to about 6\%. In March 2000, focus groups were held with members and non-members of the scheme to find out why subscription rates were so low. The research indicated that a failure to understand the scheme does not explain these low rates. On the contrary, the great majority of research subjects, members and non-members alike, acquired a very accurate understanding of the concepts and principles underlying health insurance. They value the system's re-distributive effects, which goes beyond household, next of kin or village. The participants accurately point out the sharp differences that exist between traditional financial mechanisms and the principle of health insurance, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of both. The ease with which risk-pooling is accepted as a financial mechanism which addresses specific needs demonstrates that it is not, per se, necessary to build health insurance schemes on existing or traditional systems of mutual aid. The majority of the participants consider the individual premium of {US\$2} to be fair. There is, however, a problem of affordability for many poor and/or large families who cannot raise enough money to pay the subscription for all household members in one go. However, the main reason for the lack of interest in the scheme, is the poor quality of care offered to members of the {MHO} at the health centre. Declining subscriptions to the Maliando Mutual Health Organisation in {Guinea-Conakry} {(West} Africa): what is going wrong? Africa District health systems Guinea Micro health insurance Mutual health organisations Social perception 1205--1219 October 57 2003 7 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-482YTNH-2/1/27e6ac4feb2e5598ab67482be09bfdff 2003-10 kasprzyk_chapter_???? inbook The present chapter describes the primary sources of measurement error found in sample surveys and the methods typically used to quantify measurement error. Four sources of measurement error - the questionnaire, the data-collection mode, the interviewer, and the respondent - are discussed, and a description of how measurement error occurs in sample surveys through these sources of error is provided. Methods used to quantify measurement error, such as randomized experiments, cognitive research studies, repeated measurement studies, and record check studies, are described and examples are given to illustrate the application of the method. Chapter {IX:} Measurement error in household surveys: sources and measurement Measurement error Measuring income Methods to quantify measurement error Sources of measurement error Willingness to pay 171--198 Household Sample Surveys in Developing and Transition Countries wasem_morbidittsorienteierter_2008 article Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik Wie der Beitrag informiert, erhalten mit der Einf\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds zum 1.1.2009 die Krankenkassen ihre Finanzmittel \"{u}ber Zuweisungen aus diesem Fonds. Die Zuweisungen sollen sich hierbei insbesondere nach der Morbidit\"{a}t richten. Morbidit\"{a}tsorienteierter Risikostrukturausgleich Ausgestaltung und Perspektiven f\"{u}r die Versorgung Germany GL Risk adjustment 1611--5821 2008 2008 4 2008 appiah-denkyira_reachingpoor_2007-1 inbook {GTZ,} {ILO,} {WHO} Reaching the Poor in Ghana with National Health Insurance -- An Experience from the Districts of the Eastern Region of Ghana Africa Ghana NHIS NHIS and poverty 2007 Extending Social Protection in Health: Developing Countries' Experiences, Lessons Learnt and Recommendations 2007 wipf_pricing_2006 inbook Database design requirements for pricing (and sound microinsurance management); Pricing components, key factors and methodology; Modelling techniques Pricing microinsurance products Microinsurance Microinsurance operations Pricing Geneva / Munich 238--253 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 booysen_usingasset_2008 article World Development Summary Using comparable, nationally representative surveys and extending the work of {[Sahn,} D. E., \& Stifel, D. C. (2000). Poverty comparisons over time and across countries in Africa. World Development, 28(12), 2123-2155], an asset index is used to investigate changes in poverty in seven African countries. Poverty declined in five of the seven countries. Improvements in the asset index are driven by progress in the accumulation of private assets, while access to public services has deteriorated. However, the method has some shortcomings. Assets are slow-changing and discrete. The index therefore may not capture changes in well-being accurately. The poor discrimination ability of the index at the lower end of the scale also makes it an inappropriate tool for studying ultra-poverty. Using an Asset Index to Assess Trends in Poverty in Seven {Sub-Saharan} African Countries Asset index multiple correspondence analysis Poverty 1113--1130 June 36 2008 6 2008-06 jamison_health_1997 misc The Health of the Poor: Global and {Country-Specific} Estimates for Selected Indicators Country study Global Health and poverty Selected indicators July 1997 Health and Poverty Seminar Report 1997-07 selten_experimental_1998 article 120 subjects played a three-person-game in which each player could win {DM} 10,00 with probability 2/3. Before the independent random decisions were made, the players had to decide under double blind conditions how much they were willing to give to one loser or each of two losers in the case of their winning. The great majority of subjects were willing to make substantial conditional gifts. The most common type of gift behavior does not lend itself to a straightforward interpretation as the result of altruistic utility maximization. We found an education effect, a gender effect, and a false consensus effect. An experimental solidarity game Game theory Solidarity 517--539 March 1998 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8F-3T82THN-1/2/8072a21a01baedb7ec0bf9698918d103 1998-03 dror_impact_2005 techreport The impact of filipino micro health-insurance units on income-related equality of access to healthcare Access to health Equality Micro health insurance Philippines 1--14 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd., Health Policy, Science direct 2005 northridge_environment_???? article American Journal of Public Health Environment and Health: Capacity Building for the Future Environment and health 1949--1850 94 11 world_health_organization_who_world_1998 book The world health report 1998 - Life in the 21st century: A vision for all World health report 1998 http://www.who.int/whr/1998/en/index.html 1998 tolhurst_he_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper explores the gendered dynamics of intra-household bargaining around treatment seeking for children with fever revealed through two qualitative research studies in the Volta Region of Ghana, and discusses the influence of different gender and health discourses on the likely policy implications drawn from such findings. Methods used included focus group discussions, in-depth and critical incidence interviews, and Participatory Learning and Action methods. We found that treatment seeking behaviour for children was influenced by norms of decision-making power and [`]ownership' of children, access to and control over resources to pay for treatment, norms of responsibility for payment, marital status, household living arrangements, and the quality of relationships between mothers, fathers and elders. However, the implications of these findings may be interpreted from different perspectives. Most studies that have considered gender in relation to malaria have done so within a narrow biomedical approach to health that focuses only on the outcomes of gender relations in terms of the (non-)utilisation of allopathic healthcare. However, we argue that a [`]gender transformatory' approach, which aims to promote women's empowerment, needs to include but go beyond this model, to consider broader potential outcomes of intra-household bargaining for women's and men's interests, including their livelihoods and [`]bargaining positions'. {"He} will ask why the child gets sick so often": The gendered dynamics of intra-household bargaining over healthcare for children with fever in the Volta Region of Ghana Africa Decision-making Gender mainstreaming Ghana 1106--1117 March 66 2008 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4RGG4TH-1/1/aeb722a62b80c90fcf5a025b27ef4007 2008-03 chima_economic_2003 article Health Policy Information on the economic burden of malaria in Africa is needed to target interventions efficiently and equitably, and to justify investment in research and control. A standard method of estimation has been to sum the direct costs of expenditure on prevention and treatment, and the indirect costs of productive labour time lost. This paper discusses the many problems in using such data to reflect the burden to society or the potential benefits from control. Studies have generally focussed on febrile illness, overestimating the burden of uncomplicated malaria, but underestimating the costs of severe illness, other debilitating manifestations, and mortality. Many use weak data to calculate indirect costs, which fail to account for seasonal variations, the difference between the average and marginal product of labour, and the ways households and firms [`]cope' in response to illness episodes. Perhaps most importantly, the costs of coping mechanisms in response to the risk of disease are excluded, although they may significantly affect productive strategies and economic growth. Future work should be rooted in a sound understanding of the health burden of malaria and the organisation of economic activities, and address the impact on the productive environment, and epidemiological and socio-economic geographical variation. The economic impact of malaria in Africa: a critical review of the evidence Africa Cost of illness Economic impact Malaria 17--36 63 2003 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-45PV0X4-1/1/6cd866c2de914e2ec2274938d8c570d2 2003 hazarika_household_2008 article World Development Summary This paper examines the effect of household access to microcredit upon work by 7-11-year-old children in rural Malawi. Given that microcredit organizations foster household enterprises wherein much child labor is engaged, this paper aims to discover whether access to microcredit might increase work by children. It is found that, in the season of peak labor demand, household access to microcredit, measured as self-assessed credit limits at microcredit organizations, raises the probability of child work in households with average landholdings and retail sales enterprises. Household Access to Microcredit and Child Work in Rural Malawi Child labor Malawi Microcredit 843--859 May 36 2008 5 2008-05 cohen_reducing_2005-1 article Explores the demand for microinsurance in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Research design; Risk and risk management; Coping differences by gender. Gender Insurance Kenya Risk management Tanzania Uganda 09541748 397--474 3 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=17072773&site=ehost-live Journal of International Development Reducing vulnerability: the demand for microinsurance. 17 April 2005 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 17072773; Cohen, Monique 1; Email Address: {msa@Microsave-Africa.com;} Sebstad, Jennefer 2; Affiliations: 1: Microfinance Opportunities; 2: {MicroSave-Africa,} Ethiopia; Issue Info: Apr2005, Vol. 17 Issue 3, p397; Thesaurus Term: {INSURANCE;} Thesaurus Term: {RISK} management; Subject Term: {GENDER;} Subject: {KENYA;} Subject: {TANZANIA;} Subject: {UGANDA;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524292 Third Party Administration of Insurance and Pension Funds; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524298 All Other Insurance Related Activities; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525190 Other Insurance Funds; Number of Pages: 78p; Illustrations: 10 charts, 3 diagrams, 1 graph; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 2005-04 dror_reinsurance_2001 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Reinsurance of health insurance for the informal sector Reinsurance 672--678 79 2001 7 2001 sulzbach_evaluatingimpact_2008 techreport Evaluating the Impact of National Health Insurance in Ghana Ghana NHIS NHIS implementation 2008 Abt Associates Inc. 2008 mckee_chapter_???? incollection Joseph Figueras and Martin {McKee} and Jennifer Cain and Suszy Lessof Chapter 2: Winners and losers: the consequences of transition for health Consequences Transition of health 33--50 Health systems in transition: learning from experience. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Copenhagen. World Health Organization rifkin_paradigms_1996 article Acta Tropica Paradigms lost: towards a new understandign of community participation in health programmes Community participation Health care 79--92 61 1996 1996 family_health_international_health_2001 techreport Health care provider survey in Maharashtra Accessibility Health care provider Health care system India Maharashtra India 2001 {USAID} 2001 stephens_social_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Social capital has been controversially linked to public health benefits, particularly as an explanation for the relationship between economic inequalities and health. This paper focuses on social capital in this context, particularly a recent emphasis on social capital in neighbourhoods and growing use of Bourdieu's social theory in empirical investigations. A review of some of this work is used to suggest the need for a more coherent theoretical approach to using Bourdieu and to introduce an ethnographic study of social connections in New Zealand. Forty-six residents of, a rural town, a deprived city suburb, or an affluent suburb, volunteered to be interviewed about their social connections. Their talk was transcribed and analysed in terms of everyday practice. The results of this study suggest that social connections are not necessarily located in neighbourhoods, and that social capital will be better understood in a broader social context which includes competition for resources between deprived and non-deprived groups, and the practices of all citizens across neighbourhoods. When considering social capital, an exclusive focus on deprived neighbourhoods as sites for research and intervention is not helpful. Social capital in its place: Using social theory to understand social capital and inequalities in health Bourdieu Health inequalities 1174--1184 March 66 2008 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4RDC02H-5/1/ed669391a5b161d2d78fab640b9906cc 2008-03 norton_long-term-care_2000 incollection Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Long-term-care Demand and reimbursement for medical services Disabled people Economics and menthal health Equity and health Health care system Health habits Insurance Long-term care Mental health Amsterdam (a.o.) 957--994 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 dodd_poverty_2004 techreport Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers - Their Significance for Health Health and poverty Health care system Pro-poor-growth PRSP PRSPs and health Geneva, Switzerland 2004 second synthesis report World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2004 bundesministerium_fr_wirtschaftliche_zusammenarbeit_und_entwicklung_bmz_sektorkonzept_2004 book Sektorkonzept Finanzsystementwicklung Financial System Financial system development Bonn 2004 http://www.bmz.de/de/service/infothek/fach/konzepte/Finanzsystementwicklung.pdf 2004 dror_health_2007 article Social science \& medicine (1982) We applied a decision tool for rationing choices, with a predetermined budget of about 11 {US} dollars per household per year, to identify priorities of poor people regarding health insurance benefits in India in late 2005. A total of 302 individuals, organized in 24 groups, participated from a number of villages and neighborhoods of towns in Karnataka and Maharashtra. Many individuals were illiterate, innumerate and without insurance experience. Involving clients in insurance package design is based on an implied assumption that people can make judicious rationing decisions. Judiciousness was assessed by examining the association between the frequency of choosing a package and its perceived effectiveness. Perceived effectiveness was evaluated by comparing respondents' choices to the costs registered in 2049 illness episodes among a comparable cohort, using three criteria: 'reimbursement' (reimbursement regardless of the absolute level of expenditure), 'fairness' (higher reimbursement rate for higher expenses) and 'catastrophic coverage' (insurance for catastrophic exposure). The most frequently chosen packages scored highly on all three criteria; thus, rationing choices were confirmed as judicious. Fully 88.4\% of the respondents selected at least three of the following benefits: outpatient, inpatient, drugs and tests, with a clear preference to cover high aggregate costs regardless of their probability. The results show that involving prospective clients in benefit package design can be done without compromising the judiciousness of rationing choices, even with people who have low education, low-income and no previous experience in similar exercises. Health insurance benefit packages prioritized by low-income clients in India: three criteria to estimate effectiveness of choice Choice Behavior Health insurance Humans India Insurance benefits Micro health insurance Reimbursement Mechanisms Willingness to pay 02779536 884--96 February 64 2007 4 {PMID:} 17141931 2007-02 hurley_overview_2000 incollection This chapter provides an overview of normative analysis in the health sector in recent decades. It surveys two distinct, but related, literatures. The first is normative analysis of the operation of health care and health care insurance markets, market failure, and the scope for non-market institutional arrangements to improve the efficiency and equity of the financing, funding, organization and delivery of health care. The second is the debate about the most appropriate normative framework within which to carry out normative analysis in the health sector, focusing on the welfarist and extra-welfarist frameworks. This is a debate about assumptions and methods. Although the rival frameworks share the broad conclusion that market failure pervades the health sector, the diagnoses regarding nature of that failure sometimes differ and, more importantly, the prescriptions to improve efficiency and equity often differ. Because it is not always clear what writers mean by "welfare economics" and "extra-welfarism," I briefly summarize key concepts of efficiency and key assumptions and elements of each framework. The three subsequent sections then analyze the nature of health care as an economic commodity and the implications of these characteristics both for the operation of health care and health care insurance markets and for the methods of normative economic analysis. Section 4 surveys prominent approaches to analyzing equity in health care. Section 5 examines the methods of normative analysis as applied to evaluate individual health care services. Finally, I end with some observations on recent discussions of the role of normative economic analysis in policy making and of health economists as policy advisors. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse An Overview of the Normative Economics of the Health Sector Economic evaluation Extra-welfarism health care efficiency health care equity Welfare economics Amsterdam (a.o.) 56--118 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 soulas_de_russel_les_1984 article Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics Les Cooperatives Des Pays Les Plus Pauvres: Role Fixateur Des Populations Rurales Et Conditions De Succes Africa Cooperatives 71--90 55 1984 1 1984 dfid_health_systems_resource_centre_dfid_2002 inproceedings {DFID} Health Insurance Workshop Report London 2002 2002 _annex_????-2 article Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool Annex {1E} - Organizational Profile Scoresheet Questionnaire Social capital asenso-okyere_willingness_1997 article Health Policy Willingness to pay for health insurance in a developing economy. A pilot story of the informal sector of Ghana using contingent valuation Africa Ghana Ghana CHI Micro health insurance Willingness to pay 223--237 42 1997 1997 develtere_micro-insurance_2004 book Micro-insurance and Health Carein Developing Countries: An International Picture Leuven, Belgium 2004 http://www.cooperatiefondernemen.be/publicaties/R941c.pdf Cera Foundation 2004 ashley_hubka_impact_2005 techreport Impact of Government Regulation on Microfinance Microfinance Regulation 2005 Prepared for the World Development Report 2005 2005 bester_making_2008 book The need to facilitate positive market discovery beyond funeral insurance. Effective market provision of microinsurance requires the distribution of products with low value premiums. Although the cost of distribution can be substantially increased by regulation it can also be substantially reduced through distribution innovations, as the application of "tick of the box" models has shown. This has however only been successful in funeral insurance, due to the high awareness of and natural demand for it that makes it possible to sell it as a "commodity" without active sales effort. Now the market faces the challenge of also selling other life and non-life insurance to their funeral insurance clients. Beyond funeral insurance the awareness amongst low-income persons of the value of insurance remains low, implying that such products need to be actively sold. Active, advice-based selling to the low-income market has however thus far been inhibited by onerous market conduct regulation. Need to facilitate entry and formalisation. There is currently no effective space for memberbased entities to formalise into for the provision of insurance. The friendly society space that currently exists may pose risks to consumers and is also limited in terms of the benefits it can provide. Proposed new microinsurance regime takes on board lessons. The current proposed regulatory reform (initiated by the South African National Treasury to correct market imperfections) is encouraging in that it suggests an active engagement of the regulatory authorities to address the challenges highlighted by the case study. It also forms part of a broader policy to empower the previously disadvantaged citizens of the country. Should the proposal for regulatory reform be accepted and enacted, it will provide a valuable case study on the impact of regulatory change on the development of a icroinsurance market. Making insurance markets work for the poor: microinsurance policy, regulation and supervision: South Africa case study 2008 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34173/15_Making%20Insurance%20Markets%20Work%20for%20the%20Poor_Microinsurance%20Policy,%20Regulation%20and%20Supervision_South%20Africa%20Case%20Study.pdf {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance, Good and Bad Practices Case Study 2008 harpham_urban_2009 article Health \& Place The world became mainly urban in 2007. It is thus timely to review the state of knowledge about urban health and the current priorities for research and action. This article considers both health determinants and outcomes in low-income urban areas of developing countries. The need to study urban health in a multi-level and multi-sectoral way is highlighted and priorities for research are identified. Interventions such as the Healthy Cities project are considered and obstacles to the effective implementation of urban health programmes are discussed. Concepts such as the double burden of ill health and the urban penalty are re-visited. Finally, a call for a shift from [`]vulnerability' to [`]resilience' is presented. Urban health in developing countries: What do we know and where do we go? Intra-urban differences Review Social determinants Urban 1353-8292 107--116 March 15 2009 1 2009-03 dror_field_2004 article Health policy Field based evidence of enhanced healthcare utilization among persons insured by micro health insurance units in Philippines - Article in press Healthcare utilization Micro health insurance Philippines 2004 2004 buor_mothers_2003 article Health Policy The significant extent to which maternal education affects child health has been advanced in several sociodemographic-medical literature, but not much has been done in analysing the spatial dimension of the problem; and also using graphic and linear regression models of representation. In Ghana, very little has been done to relate the two variables and offer pragmatic explanations. The need to correlate the two, using a regression model, which is rarely applied in previous studies, is a methodological necessity. The paper examines the impact of mothers' education on childhood mortality in Ghana using, primarily, Ghana Demographic and Health Survey data of 1998 and World Bank data of 2000. The survey has emphatically established that there is an inverse relationship between mothers' education and child survivorship. The use of basic health facilities that relate to childhood survival shows a direct relationship with mothers' education. Recommendations for policy initiatives to simultaneously emphasise the education of the girl-child, and to ensure adequate access to maternal and child health services, have been made. The need for an experimental project of integrating maternal education and child health services has also been recommended. A linear regression model that illustrates the relationship between maternal education and childhood survival has emerged. Mothers' education and childhood mortality in Ghana Africa Antenatal care Child mortality Ghana Mothers' education Postnatal care Vaccination 297--309 June 64 2003 3 2003-06 van_vliet_predictability_1992 article The Journal of Risk and Insurance Predictability of Individual Health Care Expenditures Health care expenditures Individual health care expenditures Predictability 443--461 59 1992 3 1992 winkelhake_risk_1998 article {Soz.-Pr\"{a}ventivmedizin} Risk equalization, competition and choice in Germany: A reply to Wysong and Abel Germany Risk equalization 3--4 43 1998 1998 usaid/phr_ilo/acopam_anmc_wsm_contribution_2001 techreport Contribution of Mutual Health Organizations to Financing, Delivery, and Access to Health Care - Ghana Case Study Africa Case study Ghana Micro health insurance Mutual insurance 2001 International Labour Organization 2001 ilo-step-programme_health_2000 techreport Health {Micro-Insurance} - A Compendium Micro health insurance Geneva 2000 International Labour Organization 2000 barden-ofallon_factors_2004 article {AIDS} and Behavior Measures of {HIV/AIDS} knowledge and risk perception are important because they are often linked to behavioral change both in theory and in practice. This study examines knowledge and risk perception by assessing their relationship with demographic characteristics, first source of {HIV/AIDS} information, and behavioral and cognitive risk exposures among men and women in a rural district of Malawi. The data come from a panel study of 940 women aged 15--34 years and 661 men aged 20--44 years. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression models are used for the analysis. The results indicate that knowledge of {HIV/AIDS} does not necessarily translate into perceived risk. In addition, there appears to be a gender difference in the influence of cognitive and behavioral factors on perceived risk. Factors Associated with {HIV/AIDS} Knowledge and Risk Perception in Rural Malawi Malawi 131--140 June 8 2004 2 {10.1023/B:AIBE.0000030244.92791.63} http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:AIBE.0000030244.92791.63 2004-06 kamoche_managing_2004 book Routledge Global Human Resource Management Series Managing Human Resources in Africa Africa Human resources Social capital London 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Routledge 2004 international_labour_office_india:inventory_2005 techreport India: An inventory of micro insurance schemes India Micro insurance schemes Geneva 2005 2 working paper {ILO} 2005 kahssay_community_1999 techreport Community Involvement in Health Development: a review of the concept and practice Community participation Health development Geneva 1999 World Trade Organization 1999 department_community_2005 techreport Community Driven Development and Social Capital: Designing a Baseline Survey in the Philippines Community development Social capital Washnigton, {D.C.} 2005 The World Bank 2005 kruk_assessing_2008 article Health Policy With the setting of ambitious international health goals and an influx of additional development assistance for health, there is growing interest in assessing the performance of health systems in developing countries. This paper proposes a framework for the assessment of health system performance and reviews the literature on indicators currently in use to measure performance using online medical and public health databases. This was complemented by a review of relevant books and reports in the grey literature. The indicators were organized into three categories: effectiveness, equity, and efficiency. Measures of health system effectiveness were improvement in health status, access to and quality of care and, increasingly, patient satisfaction. Measures of equity included access and quality of care for disadvantaged groups together with fair financing, risk protection and accountability. Measures of efficiency were appropriate levels of funding, the cost-effectiveness of interventions, and effective administration. This framework and review of indicators may be helpful to health policy makers interested in assessing the effects of different policies, expenditures, and organizational structures on health outputs and outcomes in developing countries. Assessing health system performance in developing countries: A review of the literature Health indicators Health metrics Health system performance Rating:1 263--276 March 85 2008 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4PVY2J9-3/1/fd48910e565ef0c68f33307a3144e8c7 2008-03 meze-hausken_reducing_2008 article Global Environmental Change Recurrent climate hazards challenge subsistence farmers in developing countries. Reliance on various diversification strategies and traditional risk sharing among kin and families has serious limitations, such as the problem of covariate risk within such networks. Index-based crop insurance could help to reduce people's climate-related risk, but raising the necessary capital to make insurance schemes financially secure is difficult for micro-insurance providers. We examine the extent to which spatial pooling of micro-insurance schemes could reduce these capital requirements. We simulate a hypothetical insurance market operating in Ethiopia, using rainfall data and yield estimates for 15 stations. By performing a Monte Carlo analysis, risk capital required to keep the probability of financial ruin below a threshold value is identified. We investigate the marginal benefits of pooling increasing numbers of sites, as well as the relationship between the benefits of pooling and the spatial covariance of rainfall. We find spatial diversification to offer considerable savings in required capitalization with as few as three sites pooled, as well as a weak but significant relationship between rainfall covariance and those benefits. The results suggest that spatial pooling may be an attractive option for micro-insurers, worthy of a detailed case-by-case analysis when designing index-insurance schemes. Reducing climate risk for micro-insurance providers in Africa: A case study of Ethiopia Climate adaptation Climate insurance Spatial diversification 0959-3780 In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VFV-4TY3XVN-1/2/79d198bc492f5de7f87918cbf1ac5929 2008 grootaert_understanding_2001 article Social Capital Initiative Working Paper Understanding and Measuring Social Capital: A Synthesis of Findings and Recommendations from the Social Capital Initiative Measurement Measuring social capital Social capital 2001 2001 durlauf_social_2004 misc Social capital Social capital 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}RePEc} [http://oai.repec.openlib.org] {(Germany)} {ER{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/econ/archive/wp2004-12.pdf 2004 brockmeier_wirtschaftsordnung_2007 incollection Thomas Brockmeier and Ulrich Fehl Wirtschaftsordnung und Genossenschaften - Ordnungs-, transformations- und wettbewerbstheoretische \"{U}berlegungen Cooperatives Economic development G\"{o}ttingen 619--740 3-525-86081-1 2007 Volkswirtschaftliche Theorie der Kooperation in Genossenschaften Vandenhoeck \& Ruprecht 2007 mesa-lago_die_2007 article Internationale Revue f\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit In den letzten 25 Jahren haben fast alle 20 Lander Lateinamerikas ihre Gesundheitssysteme reformiert, aber die im Schnitt bei 53 Prozent der Gesamtbevolkerung (und damit unter der Mindestnorm der {IAO)} liegende Deckung der Sozialversicherung schwankt zwischen 7 und 26 Prozent in zehn dieser Lander sowie stagniert oder sinkt in mindestens acht Landern, wobei der Zugang zur Gesund-heitsversorgung unzureichend ist. In diesem Beitrag analysieren wir in einem ersten Teil den Wandel auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Deckung bei der sozialen Krankenversicherung, beschreiben die gesetzliche Deckung verschiedener Bevolkerungsgruppen, geben statistische Schatzungen zur Deckung/zum Zugang und deren Entwicklungstendenzen in den drei verschiedenen Bereichen (staatlicher Sektor, Sozialversicherung und Privatsektor), dokumentieren die Unterschiede in der Deckung anhand von Faktoren wie Einkommen, Geografie und ethnischer Zugehorigkeit und stellen fest, welche Schwierigkeiten bei der Eingliederung des informellen Sektors, der auf dem Lande lebenden, indigenen und armen Bevolkerung auftreten und wo die Ursachen fur die niedrige Deckung liegen und beschreiben die Zugangsbehinderungen. In einem zweiten Teil behandeln wir die Empfehlungen der internationalen Organisationen zu Deckung und Zugang, schlagen spezifische Mabetanahmen zur Ausdehnung des Schutzes im Allgemeinen sowie fur Risikogruppen vor und beleuchten Fragestellungen, die weiteres statistisches Material und entsprechende Untersuchungen erfordern, wahrend der dritte Teil die Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen zusammenfasst. Die Ausdehnung Des Schutzes Der Krankenversicherung Und Der Arbeitsmarkt: Probleme Und Politik in Lateinamerika Health insurance Labour market Latin America South America 3--36 60 2007 1 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1726.2007.00001.x 2007 churchill_making_2003 techreport Making Insurance Work for Microfinance Institutions: A Technical Guide to Developing and Delivering Microinsurance Microfinance Micro health insurance Technical guide Geneva, Switzerland 2003 International Labour Organization 2003 jtting_arepoor_2003 inproceedings Are the poor to poor to demand health insurance? Health insurance Poverty Durban, South Africa August 2003 2003-08 buor_determinants_2004 article {GeoJournal} Determinants of utilisation of health services by women in rural and urban areas in Ghana Africa Ghana Health Services 89--102 61 2004 1 2004 kalk_health_2008 article A letter to the editor in response to the article {"Understanding} enrolment in community health insurance in the {sub-Saharan} Aftrica: a population-based case-control study in rural Burkina Faso" by M. De Allegri and other researchers in the 2006 issue is presented. Health insurance LETTERS to the editor 00429686 B 3 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=31371526&site=ehost-live Bulletin of the World Health Organization Health insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa: a call for subsidies. 86 March 2008 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 31371526; Kalka, Andreas 1; Email Address: andreas.kalk@gtz.de; Affiliation: 1: Health Sector Coordinator, German Cooperation, {GTZ,} {BP} 59, Kigali, Rwanda; Source Info: Mar2008, Vol. 86 Issue 3, {pB;} Subject Term: {LETTERS} to the editor; Subject Term: {HEALTH} insurance; Number of Pages: 2/3p; Document Type: Letter{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 2008-03 gemeinsame_einrichtung_kvg_risikoausgleich_2005 misc Risikoausgleich GL Risk adjustment Switzerland http://www.kvg.org/print/ra/default.htm 2005 http://www.kvg.org/print/ra/default.htm 2005 cuevas_cooperative_2006 techreport Cooperative Financial Institutions: Issues in Governance, Regulation, And Supervision Governance and risk Legal environment Macro governance Regulation Washington, {D.C.} 2006 82 The World Bank 2006 obermann_social_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine Very little is known about the Philippine health care system, and in particular its experience with social health insurance {(SHI).} Having initiated an {SHI} programme 35 years ago, the Philippines hold many lessons for the development of such schemes in other low and middle-income countries. We analyse the challenges currently facing {PhilHealth,} the national health insurer. {PhilHealth} was formed in 1995 as a successor to the Medicare programme and was given a mandate to achieve universal coverage by 2010. To date, {PhilHealth} has been quite successful in some areas (e.g. enrolment), but lags behind in others (e.g. quality and price control). We conclude that {SHI} in the Philippines has been a success story so far and provides lessons for countries in a similar situation. For example: (i) {SHI} is based on value decisions and the clear statement of societal goals can give guidance in the technical execution, (ii) {SHI} is a financing institution and needs to be treated accordingly, (iii) {SHI} can be implemented independently of the current economic situation and might actually contribute to economic development, (iv) community-based health care financing schemes should be merged with the national {SHI} in the long run, and (v) there is a strong need to push for high quality care and improved physical access. No clear suggestions can be given with respect to the benefit catalogue and the balance between economies of scale and decentralisation. Although riddled with many inadequacies, {PhilHealth} was set up as a strong and largely politically independent institution for the development of {SHI.} {SHI} can act as a stabilizing institution in a politically and economically volatile environment. Social health insurance in a developing country: The case of the Philippines Developing countries Philippines Social health insurance 3177--3185 June 62 2006 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4J022W1-2/1/6f73419dc54ae2e6a4545091ec45e31a 2006-06 peters_rural_2006 article Journal of Development Studies Malawi is one of the poorest countries in Africa. There is widespread, though not universal, agreement about the shape of poverty in the country and the policy challenge this sets. Agriculture continues to be the most obvious means to stimulate broad-based rural growth and to provide levels of food security and income needed for the majority rural population. A longitudinal study over a decade during which radical policy and political changes occurred provides the data and basis for discussing the appropriate policy directions for reducing poverty. Rural Income and Poverty in a Time of Radical Change in Malawi Africa Malawi Poverty Rural income 322--345 42 2006 2 2006 subramanian_unravellingconceptual_2005 article Economic and Political Weekly For some time now, there has been growing dissatisfaction with the conceptual basis of India's official poverty statistics, with specific reference to the manner in which the Planning Commission has sought to address the 'identification' problem in poverty measurement. Unfortunately, this has evoked little in the way of official acknowledgement, and still less in the way of official rectification; apart from which, the faulty procedures underlying the official methodology have been replicated in a number of 'non-official' scholarly studies. The present paper makes an effort to identify, within an analytical framework of elementary demand theory, the source of the conceptual muddle, and to indicate how seriously misleading it could be to continue to employ the official methodology (or variants thereof) in assessments of income poverty in India. Unravelling a Conceptual Muddle: India's Poverty Statistics in the Light of Basic Demand Theory' India Poverty 1--7 40 2005 1 2005 ridker_health_1999 article Pr\'{e}cis - World Bank Operations Evaluations Department Health Care in India: Learning from Experience Health care system India Lessons learnt 1--5 1999 187 1999 andrzejewski_where_2009-1 article Health \& Place This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual's education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person's health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and {sub-Saharan} Africa. Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana Africa Child health Community effects Ghana Health knowledge Multilevel modeling 1353-8292 228--238 March 15 2009 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VH5-4SK631Y-2/2/3a5e65365eefdaecc1adec3adac3c654 2009-03 directory_of_development_organizations_guide_2007-2 article Directory of Development Organizations Guide to International Organizations, Governments, Private Sector, Development Agencies, Civil Society, University, Grantmakers, Banks, Microfinance Institutions and Development Consulting Firms - Resource guide to Development Organizations and the Internet - Malawi Africa External assistance health sector Malawi Edition 2007 2007 {I.B/Africa} 2007 avery_measuring_1988 article Review of Income and Wealth Measuring wealth with survey data: an evaluation of the 1983 survey of consumer finances Measuring wealth Research method 339--369 34 1988 4 1988 vijay_gupta_regression_2000 misc Regression explained Quantitative research Research method Statistics 2000 {VJBooks} Inc. 2000 barnett_poverty_2008-1 article World Development Summary A growing literature suggests that in low-income countries, households with few assets can be trapped in chronic poverty. This article reviews relevant threads of the poverty traps literature to motivate a description of the opportunities presented by innovative index-based risk transfer products. These products can be used to address some insurance and credit market failures that contribute to the persistence of poverty among households in low-income countries. Applications are considered at the micro, meso, and macro levels. Poverty Traps and {Index-Based} Risk Transfer Products Index-based risk transfer products Poverty trap Risk management {0305-750X} 1766--1785 October 36 2008 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4SWG0MJ-6/2/935f1c94c854c78083fb30e6e54f4994 2008-10 _risks_???? techreport Risks, Poverty and Insurance: Innovations for the informal economy Insurance Poverty Risks Workshop Proceedings Summary diop_assessment_1996 techreport Under a National Assembly law passed in 1995 and corresponding implementing regulations enacted in 1996, the government of Niger established a new cost recovery policy for primary health care services. According to these legal instruments, the concept of cost recovery is defined as a participatory mechanism for sharing the cost of health care services provided to the local population at public health facilities. Its purpose is to generate additional income from the sharing of health care costs with the local community in order to improve the quality of primary health care. However, attempts to implement the country's new cost recovery policy at the nationwide level have suffered from the unstable political climate, inadequate institutional framework, and lack of leadership within the Ministry of Public Health {(MOH).} This report presents the strengths and weaknesses of Niger's cost recovery policy for primary health care services and makes recommendations for short- and long-term follow-up activities for the {MOH.} Pilot tests on user fees and an annual head tax, implemented with technical assistance from the United States Agency for International Development {(USAID)-funded} Health Financing and Sustainability {(HFS)} Project, were used as the basis for developing a financial management system to safeguard revenues and ensure their judicious use by health committees. Drug management procedures were also improved by the installation of a simplified drug management system. Niger has already improved the availability of generic drugs through an ongoing program streamlining procurement procedures, and has trained medical personnel in local health districts in the use of standardized diagnosis and treatment protocols, and essential drugs. However, Niger's current cost recovery policy for primary health care services ignores two essential issues: income generated by cost recovery mechanisms cannot replace government funding, and means testing policies are needed to protect the poor. In addition to addressing these weaknesses of the cost recovery policy, the {MOH} needs to implement a major effort to increase the public's awareness of the new policy. All central bureaus and agencies of the {MOH} need to become more involved in cost recovery activities and help reinforce the goals and objectives of the National Program for the Strengthening of Primary Health Care {(PNASSP).} Assessment of Niger's National Cost Recovery Policy Implementation in the Primary Health Care Sector Africa Cost recovery Policy Health sector reform Niger Primary health care Bethesda, {MD} 1996 6 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 1996 schuller_reflectionsuse_2007 article Review of Social Economy Reflections on the Use of Social Capital Social capital {LXV} 2007 1 2007 wagstaff_equity_2000 incollection The paper surveys the economics literature on equity in health care financing and delivery. The focus is, for the most part, on empirical work, especially that involving intemational and temporal comparisons. There is, however, some discussion of the concept and definition of equity. The empirical sections cover the literature on equity in health care financing (progressivity and horizontal equity of health care financing arrangements), equity in health care delivery (horizontal equity in the sense of treating persons in equal need similarly), and equality of health. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Equity in Health Equality Equity Health Health care delivery Health care financing Inequality Amsterdam (a.o.) 1800--1862 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 nabeth_mikroversicherung_2007 inbook Mikroversicherung also Antwort auf ein Grundbed\"{u}rfnis Microinsurance Geneve 978-2-88247-069-0 2007 Schweizerisches Jahrbuch f\"{u}r Entwicklungspolitik - Entwicklungsfinanzierung durch Mobilisierung lokaler Ressourcen Inst. 2007 figueras_health_???? book Health systems in transition: learning from experience Health care system Health sector reform smith_community-based_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} has been incorporated into the health financing strategies of governments and communities in several {Sub-Saharan} African countries. Despite the support for and proliferation of {CBHI} schemes in this region, empirical evidence on how {CBHI} impacts access to health care, particularly maternal health services, is very limited. We use recent household surveys in three West African countries - Senegal, Mali, and Ghana - to examine the relationship between {CBHI} membership and access to formal sector maternal health care. We find that membership in a {CBHI} scheme is positively associated with the use of maternal health services, particularly in areas where utilization rates are very low and for more expensive delivery-related care. Our findings suggest, however, that membership in a {CBHI} scheme is not sufficient to influence maternal health behaviors - it is the inclusion of maternal health care in the benefits package that makes a difference. While many questions remain about {CBHI,} this study provides preliminary evidence suggesting that {CBHI} is a potential demand-side mechanism to increase maternal health care access. However, complementary supply-side interventions to improve quality of and geographic access to health care are also critical for improving health outcomes in this region. Community-based health insurance and access to maternal health services: Evidence from three West African countries Access Africa Ghana Mali Maternal health NHIS Senegal Sub-Saharan Africa 2460--2473 June 66 2008 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4S4BK25-1/1/390ef19102d5232fece832230fb932e7 2008-06 knack_social_1999 techreport Social Capital, Growth and Poverty: A Survex of {Cross-Country} Evidence Growth Poverty Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank 1999 mahal_health_???? inbook Health Policy Challenges for India: Private Health Insurance and Lessons from the International Experience Health policy India 395--436 simon_valuing_1999 book Valuing Mortality Reductions in India: A Study of Compensating Wage Differentials India Mortality reduction 1999 World Bank, Development Research Group, Infrsastructure and Development 1999 gwatkin_socio-economic_2000 techreport Socio-economic Differences in Health, Nutrition and Population in India Health care system India Socio-economic factors Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank 2000 isham_what_1999 techreport What determines the Effectiveness of {Community-Based} Water Projects? Evidence from Central Java, Indonesia on Demand Responsiveness, Service Rules, and Social Capital - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 14 Community-based project Indonesia Water project Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 feder_coveringlow-income_2001 article Health Affairs Covering The {Low-Income} Uninsured: The Case For Expanding Public Programs Low-income insurance 27 20 2001 1 2001 henry_assessingrelative_2000 book The {CGAP} Poverty Assessment Tool provides transparency on the depth of poverty outreach of {MFIs.} It provides rigorous data on the levels of poverty of clients relative to people within the same community through the construction of a multidimensional poverty index that allows for comparisons between {MFIs} and across countries. It has been primarily designed for donors and investors who would require a more standardized, globally applicable and rigorous set of indicators to make poverty-focused funding decisions. The tool involves a survey of 200 randomly selected clients and 300 non clients, takes about four months to complete and costs around \$10,000. Field tests were successfully completed in four countries. The Poverty Assessment Tool should be used in conjunction with other appraisal tools (such as the {CGAP} Appraisal Format) to ensure a holistic understanding of {MFIs.} Assessing the Relative Poverty of Microfinance Clients: A {CGAP} Operational Tool Measurement Microfinance Poverty 2000 International Food Policy Research Institute 2000 kouyat_great_2007 article Too many African children are dying from a disease for which we have effective and cost-effective prevention and treatment options, say the authors. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Burkina Faso CHILDREN -- Death MALARIA -- Prevention MEDICINE Preventive VECTOR control 15491277 e127--1000 6 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=25635524&site=ehost-live {PLoS} Medicine The Great Failure of Malaria Control in Africa: A District Perspective from Burkina Faso. 4 June 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 25635524; Kouyat\'{e}, Bocar 1 Sie, Ali 2 Y\'{e}, Maurice 3 De Allegri, Manuela 4 M\"{u}ller, Olaf 4; Email Address: olaf.mueller@urz.uni-heidelberg.de; Affiliation: 1: Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 2: Centre de Recherche en Sant\'{e} de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso 3: District Health Team of Nouna and Department of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 4: Department of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Source Info: Jun2007, Vol. 4 Issue 6, pe127; Subject Term: {MALARIA} -- Prevention; Subject Term: {CHILDREN} -- Death; Subject Term: {VECTOR} control; Subject Term: {MEDICINE,} Preventive; Subject Term: {BURKINA} Faso; Number of Pages: 4p; Illustrations: 1 map, 1 color; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040127 2007-06 delhi_network_of_positive_people_socio-economic_2003 misc {ILO} {Socio-Economic} impact of {HIV/AIDS} on people living with {HIV/AIDS} and their families HIV/AIDS 2003 2003 kent_ranson_making_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine How best to provide effective protection for the poorest against the financial risks of ill health remains an unanswered policy question. Community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} schemes, by pooling risks and resources, can in principal offer protection against the risk of medical expenses, and make accessible health care services that would otherwise be unaffordable. The purpose of this paper is to measure the distributional impact of a large {CBHI} scheme in Gujarat, India, which reimburses hospitalization costs, and to identify barriers to optimal distributional impact. The study found that the Vimo Self-employed Women's Association {(SEWA)} scheme is inclusive of the poorest, with 32\% of rural members, and 40\% of urban members, drawn from households below the 30th percentile of socio-economic status. Submission of claims for inpatient care is equitable in Ahmedabad City, but inequitable in rural areas. The financially better off in rural areas are significantly more likely to submit claims than are the poorest, and men are significantly more likely to submit claims than women. Members living in areas that have better access to health care submit more claims than those living in remote areas. A variety of factors prevent the poorest in rural and remote areas from accessing inpatient care or from submitting a claim. The study concludes that even a well-intentioned scheme may have an undesirable distributional impact, particularly if: (1) the scheme does not address the major barriers to accessing (inpatient) health care; and (2) the process of seeking reimbursement under the scheme is burdensome for the poor. Design and implementation of an equitable scheme must involve: a careful assessment of barriers to health care seeking; interventions to address the main barriers; and reimbursement requiring minimum paperwork and at the time/place of service utilization. Making health insurance work for the poor: Learning from the {Self-Employed} Women's Association's {(SEWA)} community-based health insurance scheme in India 707--720 February 62 2006 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4GRH797-1/1/8e84592f21da66ad6d830dbac6b67379 2006-02 hossain_community_2004 article {BMJ} Community development and its impact on health: South Asian experience Community development Health South Asia 830--833 328 2004 7443 2004 _annex_????-3 article Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool Annex {1A} Community Profile And Asset Mapping - Interview Guide Interview guide Questionnaire Research method greenwald_medicare_2000 article Health Care Financing Review Medicare {Risk-Adjusted} Capitation Payments: From Research to Implementation GL Risk adjustment Risk equalization 1--5 21 2000 3 2000 spss_inc._spss_2005 book {SPSS} 14.0 - Command Syntax Reference SPSS Chicago, {IL} 2005 {SPSS} Inc. 2005 spss_spss_1999 misc {SPSS} {SPSS} Interaktive Grafiken 9.0 Manual Quantitative research Research method Statistics 1999 1999 wagstaff_catastrophe_2003 article Health Econ This paper presents and compares two threshold approaches to measuring the fairness of health care payments, one requiring that payments do not exceed a pre-specified proportion of pre-payment income, the other that they do not drive households into poverty. We develop indices for "catastrophe" that capture the intensity of catastrophe as well as its incidence and also allow the analyst to capture the degree to which catastrophic payments occur disproportionately among poor households. Measures of poverty impact capturing both intensity and incidence are also developed. The arguments and methods are empirically illustrated with data on out-of-pocket payments from Vietnam in 1993 and 1998. This is not an uninteresting application given that 80\% of health spending in that country was paid out-of-pocket in 1998. We find that the incidence and intensity of "catastrophic" payments - both in terms of pre-payment income as well as ability to pay - were reduced between 1993 and 1998, and that both incidence and intensity of "catastrophe" became less concentrated among the poor. We also find that the incidence and intensity of the poverty impact of out-of-pocket payments diminished over the period in question. Finally, we find that the poverty impact of out-of-pocket payments is primarily due to poor people becoming even poorer rather than the non-poor being made poor, and that it was not expenses associated with inpatient care that increased poverty but rather non-hospital expenditures. Catastrophe and impoverishment in paying for health care: with applications to Vietnam 1993-1998 Catastrophic health care expenditure Fairness Health payments Poverty impact (in press) 2003 2003 gpffarth_reforming_2005 article Journal of Public Health Reforming Germany's risk structure equalization scheme-taking stock at the halfway point Germany GL Risk equalization 248--256 13 2005 5 2005 philipson_economic_2000 incollection Infectious diseases are is currently the main cause of mortality in the world and have been even more important historically. This paper reviews recent research in economic epidemiology. Specifically, it discusses the occurrence of infectious diseases and the effects of public health interventions designed to control them. Several key points include: differences in the predictions regarding short- and long-run disease occurrence between rational and epidemiological epidemics, the nonstandard effects of interventions when epidemics are rational, the desirability and possibility of eradicating infectious diseases, as well as the components of the welfare loss induced by infectious diseases. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Economic Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Health HIV/AIDS Infectious disease Public health care Amsterdam (a.o.) 1761--1799 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 felix_brosius_spss_???? misc {KAPITEL} 30 {Nicht-Parametrische} Tests {SPSS} 8 Manual Quantitative research Research method Statistics International Thomson Publishing canada_minister_of_health_social_2006 article Strenghtening the Policy Research Connection - Health Policy Research - Bulletin Social Capital and health: Maximizing the benefits Canada Social capital 12 2006 2006 world_bank_measuring_????-1 techreport Measuring inequity in health service delivery Inequalities in health Quantitative research Research method 13 Technical Note carrin_community_2003 techreport Scarce economic resources, low or modest economic growth, constraints on the public sector and low organisational capacity explain why the design of adequate health financing systems in developing countries, especially the low income ones1, remains cumbersome and the subject of significant debate. Earlier on, cost-recovery for health care via user fees was established in many developing countries usually as a response to severe constraints on government finance. However, most studies alert decision-makers to the negative effects of user fees on the demand for care, especially that of the poorest households2. Alternative health financing systems exist, de-linking utilisation from direct payment, and thereby protecting the population, especially the most vulnerable groups, from having to resort to various coping mechanisms3. Financing is based either on general tax revenues and/or social health insurance contributions. Risk-pooling is a core characteristic of these systems, enabling health services to be provided according to people's need rather than to their individual capacity to pay for health services. A tax funded health system may not be easy to develop, due to the lack of a robust tax base and a low institutional capacity to collect taxes and weak tax compliance. Social health insurance has traditionally started by insuring workers. A further nationally organized expansion of social health insurance to the self-employed and non-formal sector is especially demanding. Other financing methods which would circumvent these organisational difficulties are therefore explored, including the direct involvement of communities in health financing. In this paper, the focus will be on voluntary health insurance, organized at the level of the community, or community based health insurance {(CHI).} In the next section, we return to the issue of {CHI} as a response to obstacles to the implementation of universal coverage. In this paper, we look at how community based health insurance schemes {(CHIs)} have been performing in practice so far. This evidence is analyzed using a simple framework that is presented in section 3. In section 4, we discuss the international evidence, using this particular framework. We also analyze factors that influence the performance of {CHIs} in the same section. In section 5, we study the impact of {CHI} on goals of the health system. Perspectives regarding the future role of {CHIs} are offered in section 6. Concluding remarks are in section 7. Community based health insurance schemes in developing countries: facts, problems and perspectives/by Guy Carrin. Community-based health insurance Geneva, Switzerland 2003 1 Discussion Paper http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/EIP_FER_DP.E_03.1.pdf World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2003 lehner_group_2008 article Munich, Germany: University of Munich Microfinance is typically associated with joint liability of group members. How-ever, a large part of microfinance institutions rather offers individual instead of group loans. The paper analyze the incentive mechanisms in both individual and group contracts. Moreover, it shows that microfinance institutions offers group loans when the loan size is rather large, refinancing costs are high, and competition between microfinance institutions is low. Otherwise, individual loans are offered. Interestingly, the analysis predicts that individual lending in microfinance will gain in importance in the future if microfinance institutions continue to get better access to capital markets and if competition further rises. {[Based} on author's abstract] Group Lending Versus Individual Lending in Microfinance Group lending Microcredit Microfinance November 2008 http://microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/53927 2008-11 meta_equity_2007 unpublished Equity Issues in {MeTA} Country Reports - Overview Equity Ghana NHIS 2007 2007 nam_relationship_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among {HIV} patients is the most important patient-enabled factor related to virological failure and can lead to drug resistance. It is important to avoid virological failure, especially in resource-limited settings where treatment options are limited and the effects of treatment failure are profound. This qualitative study aimed to identify the psycho-social factors related to adherence behaviour in Gaborone, Botswana, a high prevalence setting in southern Africa. One-to-one, in-depth interviews were conducted with adult antiretroviral patients in the private and public health sectors who had been on antiretroviral therapy for a minimum of 6 months. A grounded theory approach was adopted and patients were selected purposively and theoretical sampling determined the final sample size. Thirty-two patients were interviewed, 22 from the public-sector, the mean age was 9.5 years and 53\% were women. We found that acceptance of {HIV-status,} the ability to avoid internalising stigmatising attitudes and identification of an encouraging confidante were key factors related to good adherence. Encouraging confidantes (including clinicians) and contributed to promoting hope and acceptance of {HIV-status,} enabling patients to develop a positive therapeutic relationship with their antiretrovirals and make lifestyle changes that promoted adherence. Active participation in a social network and a desire to avoid being thin and visibly identifiable as {HIV-positive} were also adherence-motivating factors. Conversely, participants who expressed some degree of denial about their {HIV-status} tended to express emotions associated with depression, and internalised stigma that inhibited the development of a relationship with a confidante. We feel it is important to identify individuals with {HIV} who are still in some degree of denial about their status and to identify depression among patients on antiretrovirals. This will enable more targeted, individualised support in the management of individuals' {HIV} disease. The relationship of acceptance or denial of {HIV-status} to antiretroviral adherence among adult {HIV} patients in urban Botswana Acceptance Adherence Africa Antiretrovirals Botswana HIV/AIDS Stigma In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4SDH5SV-2/1/884608a754a05baab8904412a962f35d 2008 bester_making_2004 techreport Making insurance markets work for the poor in Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland - scoping study - Final Report - {VERSION} 2.0 Africa Botswana Insurance and poverty Lesotho Namibia Swaziland Johannesburg, South Africa 2004 Genesis Analytics {(Pty)} Ltd 2004 parishrama_bhawan_concept_2004 techreport Concept Paper on Need for Developing {Micro-Insurance} in India India Microinsurance Hyderabad, India 2004 Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority 2004 woolhandler_health_2004 article International Journal of Health Services Health care administration in the united states and canada: micromanagement, macro costs Canada Health care administration Macro cost Macro management United States 65--78 34 2004 1 2004 holzmann_social_2001 article International Tax and Public Finance This paper proposes a new definition and conceptual framework for Social Protection grounded in Social Risk Management. The concept repositions the traditional areas of Social Protection (labor market intervention, social insurance and social safety nets) in a framework that includes three strategies to deal with risk (prevention, mitigation and coping), three levels of formality of risk management (informal, market-based, public) and many actors (individuals, households, communities, {NGOs,} governments at various levels and international organizations) against the background of asymmetric information and different types of risk. This expanded view of Social Protection emphasizes the double role of risk management instruments- protecting basic livelihood as well as promoting risk taking. It focuses specifically on the poor since they are the most vulnerable to risk and typically lack appropriate risk management instruments, which constrains them from engaging in riskier but also higher return activities and hence gradually moving out of chronic poverty. Social Risk Management: A New Conceptual Framework for Social Protection, and Beyond Risk Risk management Social protection Social risk management Strategies 529--556 8 2001 4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011247814590 2001 gupta_effect_2009 article World Development Summary This paper assesses the effect of the steadily growing remittance flows to {sub-Saharan} Africa. Though the region receives only a small portion of the total recorded remittances to developing countries, and the volume of aid flows to {sub-Saharan} Africa swamps remittances, this paper finds that remittances, which are a stable, private transfer, have a direct poverty-mitigating effect, and promote financial development. These findings hold even after factoring in the reverse causality between remittances, poverty, and financial development. The paper posits that formalizing such flows can serve as an effective access point for "unbanked" individuals, and households. Effect of Remittances on Poverty and Financial Development in {Sub-Saharan} Africa Financial development Poverty Remittances {0305-750X} 104--115 37 2009 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4T2S00P-2/2/b7a168c9a3088ddfe7a8117053e900ef 2009 cornelia_helfferich_die_2005 book 2 Die Qualit\"{a}t qualitativer Daten - Manual fur die Durchfuhrung qualitativer Interviews Qualitative interviews Qualitative research Wiesbaden July 2005 {VS} Verlag f\"{u}r Sozialwissenschaften 2005-07 carlo_facilitating_1999 article Prior theorists and researchers have suggested that multiplicative models of prosocial behavior may account for weak and inconsistent relations between traits and prosocial behaviors. This study examined the multiplicative relations of trait personal distress, trait sympathy, and U{\textasciicircum}it perspective taking on prosocial behaviors. Nonlinear, 2-way interactions were hypothesized, such that as trait personal distress decreased from moderate to low levels, and trait perspective taking or trait sympathy increased, volunteering would increase. One hundred and eighty-two undergraduate students completed a battery of trait measures that included trait perspective taking, trait sympathy, and trait personal distress. Approximately 6 weeks later, the students were given an opportunity to volunteer for a charity organization. Results indicated that there was a nonlinear multiplicative effect of trait perspective taking and trait personal distress on volunteering. Discussion focused on the implications of nonlinear, multiplicative trait models of prosocial behaviors. Facilitating and Disinhibiting Prosocial Behaviors: The Nonlinear Interaction of Trait Perspective Taking and Trait Personal Distress on Volunteering Solidarity 189--197 1999 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=psychfacpub 1999 smith_perceptions_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper combines quantitative and qualitative data to investigate changes in perceived risk of contracting {HIV/AIDS} in rural Malawi. Using longitudinal survey data, we find that Malawians worried less about contracting {HIV/AIDS} in 2001 than in 1998. According to qualitative interviews and observational journal accounts, {HIV/AIDS} and strategies to prevent it are a frequent topic of conversation amongst married Malawians. Women report worrying most about their husbands as a possible source of infection, discussing with them the importance of avoiding infection, and, increasingly, using divorce to reduce their risk. Men report worrying most about their extramarital partners and adopting preventive strategies such as fewer partners and more careful partner selection. We show that the decline in perceived risk is significantly associated with declines in the behaviors that Malawians worry most about and perceptions of risk in individuals' social networks. We interpret these findings as evidence that Malawians are changing their behavior in ways that may reduce the spread of {HIV/AIDS.} Perceptions of risk and strategies for prevention: responses to {HIV/AIDS} in rural Malawi Africa HIV/AIDS Malawi Perceived risk Sub-Saharan Africa 649--660 February 60 2005 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4CYPYRJ-1/1/76b0185b2fc57c7e865b90a6ee3d9742 2005-02 engstrm_contextual_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine In this study, we critically examine whether contextual social capital {(CSC)} is associated with self-rated health, with an emphasis on the problem of confounding. We also examine different components of {CSC} and their association with self-rated health. Finally, we look at differences in susceptibility between different socio-demographic groups. We use the cross-sectional base line study of the Stockholm Public Health Cohort, conducted in 2002. A postal questionnaire was answered by 31,182 randomly selected citizens, 18-84 years old, in Stockholm County. We used four measures of social capital: horizontal (civic trust and participation), vertical (political trust and participation), cognitive (civic and political trust) and structural (civic and political participation). {CSC} was measured at parish level from aggregated individual data, and multilevel regression procedures were employed. We show a twofold greater risk of poor self-rated health in areas with very low {CSC} compared with areas with very high {CSC.} Adjustments for individual socio-demographic factors, contextual economic factors and individual social capital lowered the excess risk. Simultaneous adjustment for all three forms of confounding further weakened the association and rendered it insignificant. Cognitive and structural social capital show relatively similar associations with self-rated health, while horizontal {CSC} seems to be more strongly related to self-rated health than vertical {CSC.} In conclusion, whether there is none or a moderate association between {CSC} and self-rated health, depends on the extent to which individual social capital is seen as a mediator or confounder. The association with self-rated health is similar independent of the measure of {CSC} used. It is also similar in different socio-demographic groups. Contextual social capital as a risk factor for poor self-rated health: A multilevel analysis Area effects Multi-level modelling Self-rated health Social capital Sweden 2268--2280 June 66 2008 11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4NBR3KH-2/1/59fc3965481e6f4b23865b25a703bb8c 2008-06 ltd_education_2000 techreport Education and Training for Consumer Participation in Health Care - {FINAL} {REPORT} {OF} {PROJECT} - Community participation Consumer participation Canberra 2000 Commonwealth of Australia 2000 ranson_making_2006 article Social Science and Medicine Making health insurance work for the poor: learning from the {Self-Employed} Women's Association's {(SEWA)} community-based health insurance scheme in India Micro health insurance SEWA 707--720 62 2006 3 2006 letourmy_revue:_2008 article C. R. Biologies in most low-income countries promote social and micro health insurance, in order to reduce direct spending by patients. Three phases of development can be distinguished in African countries: at first, schemes were developed only for the formal sector, then micro health insurance targeted the informal sector, and finally, health insurance was included in larger plans to reach universal coverage. The impact of health insurance is, as yet, difficult to assess. If beneficiaries have a better access to health services, the financing of health sector is not significantly improved, and there is no change in professional behaviour, in particular, in public facilities. In spite of their limits, social health insurance schemes continue to be implemented, but as a part of hybrid financing system, fitting with the abilities of low-income countries. Revue: Le d\'{e}veloppement de l'assurance maladie dans les pays \`{a} faible revenu : l'exemple des pays africains Africa Health financing Health insurance Reforms 952--963 331 2008 2008 demirguc-kunt_finance_2008 book World Bank Policy Research Report Finance for all? Policies and Pitfalls in Expanding Access Access to finance and development Firms' Access to Finance Government's role in facilitating access Household access to finance Universal coverage Washington, {D.C.} 2008 The Wolrd Bamk 2008 mtika_political_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine This study examines how livelihood struggles push rural Malawians into {AIDS-risky} sexual behavior. The study involved in-depth interviews of 59 household guardians, four key informant group discussions, and after work observations and interviews of 19 people working, traveling, or running businesses. Findings reveal that circular migration has become a livelihood practice for adults aged 20-49 in rural Malawi through which they contract {AIDS.} This migration springs from the fragile political economy brought about by development strategies that did not build up and deploy human capital in rural communities. Doing so would advance local economic enterprise that would reduce prime age adults' involvement in circular migration and improve their opportunities for self-determination thus increasing the adoption of {AIDS} prevention interventions in rural Malawi. The abstinence, being faithful, and condom use {(ABC)} interventions in controlling {AIDS} need to be complemented by developing human capital and using it to unlock the economic growth and problem-solving potential in rural communities. Political economy, labor migration, and the {AIDS} epidemic in rural Malawi Africa AIDS epidemic Circular migration Economic insecurity HIV/AIDS Malawi Multi-partner sexual relations Political economy 2454--2463 June 64 2007 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4NK47BM-7/1/c7951e5f52ddcb85f38b0e10e409bf2c 2007-06 chikova_die_2007 article Internationale Revue f\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit Zahlreiche Personen, die aufgrund einer {HIV/Aids-Erkrankung} vorzeitig in den Ruhestand gehen, verringern die Zahl der Erwerbstatigen und bedrohen die Tragfahigkeit der gesetzlichen Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit des Landesamtes fur soziale Sicherheit in Simbabwe. Die Wirtschaft leidet seit einem Jahrzehnt unter einer Rezession, verbunden mit hoher Inflation und bedeutenden Arbeitsplatzverlusten, die sich auch auf die Beitrage an das Nationale System fur Renten und andere Leistungen {(NPOBS)} negativ auswirken, und die Regierung setzt Obergrenzen fur das zu versichernde beitragsrelevante Einkommen. Es gibt gegenwartig keine konsistenten Ansatze, um die mit diesen Faktoren verbundene Aushohlung der Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit zu mildern. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die potenziellen Auswirkungen von {HIV/Aids} und den verbindlichen Obergrenzen auf die Einnahmen des {NPOBS} angesichts der hohen Inflationsraten fur die Zukunft abzuschatzen. Wir kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass {HIV/Aids} die vorgesehenen Beitragszahlungen an das System bis 2030 um mehr als 30 Prozent verringern wird. Politische Strategien zur Anpassung und haufigen Uberprufung der Hohe der Obergrenzen fur das versicherte Einkommen in Einklang mit der Inflationsentwicklung sowie Investitionen in die Pravention von {HIV/Aids} konnten dazu beitragen, die negativen Auswirkungen von {HIV/Aids} und/oder der Obergrenzen auf die Beitrage zur sozialen Sicherheit in Simbabwe zu verringern. Die Auswirkungen von {HIV/Aids} auf die Beitr\"{a}ge zur sozialen Sicherheit am Beispiel Simbabwes 25--50 October 60 2007 4 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1726.2007.00022.x 2007-10 tien_community_2000 techreport Community Health Workers Incentives and Disincentives: How They Affect Motivation, Retention, and Sustainability Community participation 2000 {USAID} 2000 ascanio_graziosi_new_2002 book A New Approach in Evaluating Microfinance Institutions' Performance Microfinance Microfinance institutions 2002 2002 _health_1999 techreport Health Insurance and Decentralization in the Philippines Decentralization Health insurance Health sector reform Philippines 1999 {US} Agency for International Development {(USAID)} 1999 levin_microinsurance_2007 techreport Microinsurance aspects in agriculture Agricultural insurance Agriculture Microinsurance 2007 Discussion Paper Munich Re Foundation - From Knowledge to Action 2007 brnighausen_one_2002 article Social Science \& Medicine One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle-and low-income countries Germany Health insurance system 1559--1587 54 2002 10 2002 behrend_zur_2007 article Gesundheitswesen {(Bundesverband} der \"{A}rzte des \"{O}ffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes {(Germany))} {BACKGROUND:} A report commissioned by the German Ministry of Health recommends to the existing scheme for calculating risk-adjusted transfers to sickness funds supplement with the {IPHCC+RxGroups} method. The method is based on inpatient diagnoses and prescribed drugs as health status measures deduced from prior use. {OBJECTIVE:} The present study investigates the sickness fund's expected net return from gaming based on the drug component of the risk adjuster. {METHODS:} The study explores three possible strategies using the {RxGroups} method. For the stimulations, insurees are assigned to additional indications or to higher valued {RxGroups} within the same indication. Then, costs and financial benefits attributable to the altered drug use are estimated and compared with the status quo. The study uses 2000 and 2001 sample data of more than 370,000 insurees of Germany's company-based sickness funds system {(BKK).} {RESULTS:} While upgrading increases overall costs, it can be beneficial for the individual sickness funds. Their net return crucially depends on the number of sickness funds gaming the system: the more participating in the game, the smaller is the average net return. Moreover, not participating often is even worse, which in turn points to a prisoner's dilemma. {CONCLUSIONS:} When extending the risk adjustment scheme in social health insurance, the German legislator should take into account the perverse incentives of risk adjusters such as the described prescription drug model. Zur Strategieanf\"{a}lligkeit der Arzneimittelkomponente des {IPHCC+RxGroups-Klassifikationssystems} in einem morbidit\"{a}tsorientierten Risikostrukturausgleich - Eine konzeptionelle und datengest\"{u}tzte Analyse Diagnosis-related groups Drug prescriptions Economic models Game theory Germany GL Insurance pools Risk adjustment Risk factors 14394421 1--10 69 2007 1 {PMID:} 17347926 2007 ebertz_kooperationen_2006 techreport Kooperationen als Instrument des Strategischen Risikomanagements Cooperations Participation Risk management M\"{u}nster 2006 Westf\"{a}lische {Wilhelms-Universit\"{a}t} M\"{u}nster 2006 sachs_macroeconomics_2001 techreport Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development Developing countries Health and development Macroeconomics and health Geneva, Switzerland 2001 Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health World Health Organization 2001 oxfam_health_2008 techreport Health insurance in low-income countries. Where is the evidence that it works? Impact Low-income countries Micro health insurance May 2008 bp No. 112 Joint {NGO} Briefing Paper 2008-05 araral_jr._what_2009 article World Development Summary I examine the factors that influence collective action in the commons using econometric analyses on a data set of 1958 irrigation associations in the Philippines. I find that collective action is associated with water scarcity, proximity to markets, group size, farm size, and governance structure. Water scarcity has a curvilinear effect on collective action and is mediated by the governance structure. The results suggest the need for a diagnostic approach in the analysis of institutional arrangements in diverse socio-ecological settings. These also suggest that collective action in the commons is more complex than is conventionally assumed in the decentralization literature. What Explains Collective Action in the Commons? Theory and Evidence from the Philippines Collective action Commons Decentralization Free riding Irrigation Philippines {0305-750X} 687--697 March 37 2009 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4TP1FFS-1/2/fd0b1a210b57f500695a06d1823cf6b2 2009-03 radermacher_challenges_2006 inbook Product manufacturing; Product sales; Product servicing; Maintenance of long-term stability Challenges and strategies to extend health insurance to the poor Micro health insurance Geneva / Munich 66--93 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/AF8FD93E-7483-4AE5-B68F-CC17CBF4DF83/0/Part2Microinsuranceproductsandservices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 chollet_expanding_2002 techreport Expanding Individual Health Insurance Coverage: Are {High-Risk} Pools The Answer? GL High risk pools 2002 http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/hlthaff.w2.349v1/DC1 Project {HOPE--The} {People-to-People} Health Foundation, Inc. 2002 ullrich_reciprocity_2002 article Journal of European Social Policy Reciprocity, justice and statutory health insurance in Germany Solidarity 123 12 2002 2 2002 sahn_exploring_2003 article Review of Income and Wealth Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure data Expenditure data Measuring welfare 463--489 49 2003 4 2003 witter_health_2002 article Briefing Paper for {OXFAM,} University of York, York Health Financing in Developing and Transitional Countries Developing countries Health care financing Transitional countries 2002 2002 jenkins_behavioral_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine Household demand for improved sanitation in developing countries is an important social and behavioral process with implications for public health, sanitation policy and planning, and sanitation design and technology development. This paper develops a behavioral approach to assess household demand for improved sanitation in Ghana. Adoption decision stages of preference, intention, and choice to install a toilet in Ghana are defined, measured in a survey, and used to estimate sanitation demand, identify factors affecting demand at each stage, and classify households by adoption stage to identify targeted demand-stimulation strategies. Results from a representative national sample of 536 households indicate that of 74\% of households without any home sanitation, 31\% have some likelihood of installing a toilet within the next year, but only 6\% are very likely to do so; 62\% had not considered the idea. Motivating and constraining factors are compared at each adoption stage and strategies likely to increase toilet installation in Ghana discussed. The approach is useful for assessing behavioral indicators of sanitation demand in developing countries and suggesting where marketing approaches can and cannot work to accelerate adoption of household sanitation improvements. Behavioral indicators of household decision-making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana Adoption decision stages Africa Demand estimation Ghana Household sanitation Marketing Policy and planning 2427--2442 June 64 2007 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4NHD9C7-3/1/48dc46b5595cf807119620ff599ae983 2007-06 mcintyre_tale_2003 article Health Policy and Planning A tale of two visions: the changing fortunes of Social Health Insurance in South Africa Africa GL Risk equalization Social health insurance South Africa 47--58 18 2003 1 2003 hsiao_health_2000 techreport Health Care Financing in Developing Nations - a background paper Developing countries Health care financing Massachusetts 2000 Background Paper Harvard College 2000 llato_making_2009 book This document presents findings from the Philippines on the role of regulation in the development of microinsurance markets. The driving forces behind the development of microinsurance in the Philippines have been its strong mutual/cooperative tradition, informal risk pooling and underwriting, and microfinance growth. The Philippines' insurance regulatory regime explicitly provides for microinsurance. Market characteristics include: * Market approach of monitoring market trends and tailoring regulation accordingly; * Creation of a special prudential tier for the underwriting of microinsurance policies and linking this to the allowance for Mutual Benefit Associations {(MBAs);} * Institutional flexibility for formal insurers; * Innovative mechanisms to facilitate formalization of informal insurance operators; * Group-based and microfinance driven microinsurance; * Financial inclusion policy that contributed to microfinance and microinsurance sector development. This study illustrates how {MFI-based} microinsurance can evolve beyond the provision of credit life insurance to also provide life, accident and capital health insurance to members. Despite some remaining obstacles, a number of policy and regulatory aspects bode well for the growth of microinsurance in the Philippines. Making Insurance Markets Work for the Poor: Microinsurance Policy, Regulation and Supervision - Philippines Case Study 2009 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34163/4_Making%20Insurance%20Markets%20Work%20for%20the%20Poor_%20Microinsurance%20Policy,%20Regulation%20and%20Supervision_Philippines%20Case%20Study.pdf {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2009 van_kleef_risk_2007 article International journal of health care finance and economics Theoretically, a risk avers consumer takes a deductible if the premium rebate (far) exceeds his/her expected out-of-pocket expenditures. In the absence of risk equalization, insurers are able to offer high rebates because those who select into a deductible plan have below-average expenses. This paper shows that, for high deductibles, such rebates cannot be offered if risk equalization would "perfectly" adjust for the effect of self selection. Since the main goal of user charges is to reduce moral hazard, some effect of self selection on the premium rebate can be justified to increase the viability of voluntary deductibles. Does risk equalization reduce the viability of voluntary deductibles? Choice Behavior Cost savings Deductibles and coinsurance Econometric models GL Health expenditures Health insurance Risk adjustment Voluntary programs 13896563 43--58 March 7 2007 1 {PMID:} 17431767 2007-03 womens_world_banking_diagnostic_2008 misc Examining major achievements, challenges and growth trends in the microfinance sector Diagnostic to Action: Microfinance in Africa Africa Microfinance October 2008 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34983/Diagnostic%20to%20Action_%20Microfinance%20in%20Africa.pdf Africa Microfinance Action Forum 2008-10 phelan_pulling_2004 article Best's Review Pulling it together - How riskpools can manage {HIPAA} compliance costs by taking a step-by-step apporach HIPAA 84--86 2004 1 2004 ahuja_design_2003 techreport Design of incentives in community based health insurance schemes Community-based health insurance Incentives 2003 {NO.} 95 {INDIAN} {COUNCIL} {FOR} {RESEARCH} {ON} {INTERNATIONAL} {ECONOMIC} {RELATIONS} 2003 yeung_willingness_2003 article Health Economics Willingness to pay and size of health benefit: an integrated model to test for'sensitivity to scale Health insurance Willingness to pay 791--796 12 2003 9 2003 asfaw_can_2004 article Health Policy Using household level data and double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method, the article investigates the prospect of community health insurance schemes in mitigating the health shock effects of economic reforms and deregulations on the poor rural households of Ethiopia. The results demonstrate that the introduction of such schemes can help to protect the poor against the adverse impacts of economic reforms on health. It is also demonstrated that enough and sustainable resources can be generated from such schemes without obstructing the current economic reforms and evicting the poor and the socially disadvantaged section of the population out of the health care market. Can community health insurance schemes shield the poor against the downside health effects of economic reforms? The case of rural ethiopia Africa Community-based health insurance Double-bounded dichotomous choice format Economic reforms Ethiopia 97--108 October 70 2004 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4C2FJCX-1/1/36c8f8af468c30fb16ae872c5dacfd15 2004-10 zephyr_money_2004 article Issues in Political Economy Money is Not Enough: Social Capital and Microcredit Microcredit Social capital August 13 2004 http://www.elon.edu/ipe/Zephyr_Edited.pdf 2004-08 peters_india_2001 techreport India - raising the sights: better health systems for India's poor - overview Health and poverty Health care system Health sector reform India Washington, {D.C.} 2001 Bank World\ 2001 ogunbekun_private_1999 article Private health care in Nigeria: walking the tightrope Africa Nigeria Private health care Regulation 174--181 June 1999 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/2/174 1999-06 holloh_regulation_2006 techreport Regulation, Supervision \& Support of {Non-Bank,} {Non-Cooperative} {Micro-Finance} Institutions MF Indonesia 2006 {GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit, {ProFi} - Promotion of small financial institutions 2006 european_communities_health_2003 techreport Health in Europe: Results from 1997-2000 surveys 1990ies Europe Health Survey 2003 3 Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities 2003 ferreiro_private_2000 techreport Private Health Insurance in India: Would its Implementation Affect the Poor? India Private health insurance Regulation 79--82 May 2000 Private Health Insurance and Public Health Goals in India, Report on a National Seminar The World Bank 2000-05 gross_evaluatingeffect_2004 article Social Science \& Medicine In Israel, supplemental insurance, which covers services not included in the mandatory basic benefits package, is offered by sick funds and regulated by the Ministry of Health. In 1998, policy regulations were set to eliminate barriers that prevented the ill from purchasing supplemental insurance, thereby increasing equality and risk solidarity. In this paper, we examine whether these regulations have indeed changed the extent of ownership and characteristics of policyholders, using data from surveys conducted in 1995, 1997, 1999, and 2001. The findings indicate that while there were no significant changes between 1995 and 1997, there was a significant increase in ownership among those with poor health status after the new regulations came into effect. We conclude that administrative regulations can influence the structure of supplemental insurance to achieve desired social values, and discuss additional policy options that are currently under debate in Israel to further promote equality and solidarity in this market by increasing accessibility to low income and other underserved populations. Evaluating the effect of regulatory prohibitions against risk selection by health status on supplemental insurance ownership in Israel GL Health system reform Israel Risk selection Supplemental insurance Vulnerable Populations 1609--1622 May 58 2004 9 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBF-497YSNG-1/1/474991199c2280be473ea76fc2a4b3a6 2004-05 african_union_special_2006 inproceedings Special Summit of African Union on {HIV/AIDS,} Tuberculosis and Malaria {(ATM)} Africa HIV/AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis Abuja, Nigeria May 2006 {SOCIO-CULTURAL} {DETERMINANTS} {AND} {IMPACT} 2006-05 matilica_out-of-pocket_1999 article {CMJ} Onlina {Out-of-Pocket} Payments for Health Care in Croatia Croatia Health care 40 1999 2 file:///X:/Bibliography-Edulink/Neu-und-unsortiert/Lisa-Neu-2008-01-22/Neue%20Literatur%20von%20Pandora/OOPS-Equitable-Financing/Mastilica_OOPP_Health-Care-Croatia-Equity.htm 1999 basaza_community_2008 article Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) Community Health Insurance {(CHI)} in Uganda faces low enrolment despite interest by the Ugandan health sector to have {CHI} as an elaborate health sector financing mechanism. User fees have been abolished in all government facilities and {CHI} in Uganda is limited to the private not for profit sub-sector, mainly church-related rural hospitals. In this study, the reasons for the low enrolment are investigated in two different models of {CHI.} Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were carried out with members and non-members of {CHI} schemes in order to acquire more insight and understanding in people's perception of {CHI,} in their reasons for joining and not joining and in the possibilities they see to increase enrolment. This study, which is unprecedented in East Africa, clearly points to a mixed understanding on the basic principles of {CHI} and on the routine functioning of the schemes. The lack of good information is mentioned by many. Problems in ability to pay the premium, poor quality of health care, the rigid design in terms of enrolment requirements and problems of trust are other important reasons for people not to join. Our findings are grossly in line with the results of similar studies conducted in West Africa even if a number of context-specific issues have been identified. The study provides relevant elements for the design of a national policy on {CHI} in Uganda and other {sub-Saharan} countries. Community health insurance in Uganda: Why does enrolment remain low? A view from beneath 01688510 February 2008 {PMID:} 18280608 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280608 2008-02 national_resource_centre_for_consumer_participation_methods_2002 techreport Methods Of Consumer Participation Community participation Consumer participation 2002 2002 asfaw_big_2004 article World Development Using a nested multinomial logit model, this study investigates the demand "reduction" and "diversion" effects of user fees in rural areas of Ethiopia. The results reveal that an increase in user fees of public clinics, which are the most widely used alternative, can have a significant demand reduction effect on the poorest of the poor. This implies that despite cost recovery has been advocated as an alternative means of health care financing in most of the developing world, increasing user fees may drive the poorest segment of the population out of the health care market unless some protective measures are taken. Key words: Africa; Ethiopia; user fees; demand for health; demand reduction; demand diversion How Big is the {Crowding-Out} Effect of User Fees in the Rural Areas of Ethiopia? Implications for Equity and Resources Mobilization Ethiopia User fees for health services 2065--2081 December 32 2004 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4DPYH91-2&_user=2875156&_coverDate=12%2F01%2F2004&_alid=798144909&_rdoc=4&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=5946&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=7&_acct=C000056617&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2875156&md5=4a6d1fb4a7d421ce850ac1f94d453f87 2004-12 culter_paying_1996 techreport Paying for Health Insurance: The {Trade-Off} between Competition and Adverse Selection Adverse selection Competition Health insurance Cambridge, {MA} 1996 5796 National Bureau of Economic Research 1996 rsner_risikomanagementstrategien_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen Der Beitrag analysiert einleitend die Struktur von Humanrisiken, um darauf aufbauend theoretische Optionen f\"{u}r die Gestaltung von Risikomanagementstrategien zu entwerfen. Dabei spricht sich der Verfasser hinsichtlich der Zielgruppe armer l\"{a}ndlicher Bev\"{o}lkerungsgruppen f\"{u}r eine differenzierte Anwendung des Versorgungs-, F\"{u}rsorge- und Versicherungsprinzips aus. Der genossenschaftlichen Selbsthilfe werden dabei sowohl f\"{u}r die Verbesserung des individuellen Risikobew\"{a}ltigungspotentials als auch bei der Entwicklung geeigneter Vorsorgeangebote wichtige Funktionen zugeschrieben. Risikomanagementstrategien f\"{u}r arme l\"{a}ndliche Bev\"{o}lkerungsgruppen Developing countries Social risk management 17--41 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 world_health_organization_who_world_2006 book World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The world health report 2006 - working together for health World health report 2006 http://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/index.html 2006 cracknell_costing_2004 techreport Costing and pricing of financial services- A toolkit Costing Microfinance Pricing Nairobi, Kenya 2004 {MicroSave-Africa} - Market-led solutions for financial services 2004 lngen_einbeziehung_2007 misc Germany's risk-adjustment scheme {(RAS)} includes the statutory health insurance {(SHI),} but not the full private health insurance {(PHI).} We analyzed that the expansion of the {RAS} to the {PHI} would cause a transfer of 9.9 billion Euros per year from the {PHI} to the {SHI} (thresholds of relevant income of 2006) We used the {SOEP} Data set, which is assumed to be representative for Germany. However, we could not evaluate, which health plan within the {PHI} or {SHI} would face a financial burden or relief an how the transfer could be implemented in existing organizational frames. Einbeziehung der privaten Krankenvollversicherung in den Risikostrukturausgleich der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung in Deutschland. Absch\"{a}tzung der quantitativen Auswirkungen Germany GL Private health insurance Risk adjustment 2007 2007 molyneux_ethics_2008 article Social science \& medicine (1982) The ethics of medical research have grown as an area of expertise and debate in recent years, with two broad approaches emerging in relation to transnational research: (1) the refinement of guidelines and strengthening of review, processes primarily to protect the right of individual research participants and strengthen interpersonal relations at the micro-level; and (2) considering more centrally, as crucial ethical concerns, the wider interests of whole populations, the functioning of research institutions, the processes of collaboration, and the ethics of inequitable international relations. We see the two areas of debate and action as complementary, and believe that social science conducted in and around transnational medical research environments can bring these two perspectives together in a more 'situated ethics' of research. To explore this idea for medical research in Africa, we organized a conference in December 2005 in Kilifi, Kenya. In this introduction we outline the two emerging approaches to medical ethics, summarise each of eight papers selected from the conference for inclusion in this special issue on ethics and ethnography, and finally highlight two areas of lively debate at the conference itself: the appropriateness and value of ethics guidelines and review boards for medical research; and the ethical review of social science research. Together, the papers and debates point to the importance of focusing on the ethics of relationships and on justice in both biomedicine and social science research, and on giving greater voice and visibility to the field staff who often play a crucial and under-supported role in 'doing ethics' in the field. They also point to the potential value of social science research on the range of relationships operating at different levels and time scales in medical research, including those surrounding community engagement activities, and the role and functioning of ethics review boards. We conclude by highlighting the ethical priority of capacity strengthening in medical research, social science and research ethics in Africa to ensure that local and national priorities and concerns are considered at both the micro and macro levels. Ethics and the ethnography of medical research in Africa Africa Ethics Medical research May 2008 {PMID:} 18455856 2008-05 enarson_savings-_2006 inbook Loan-linked products; Savings-linked insurance; Product design and delivery issues Savings- and credit-linked insurance Credit-life insurance Insurance Microcredit Savings Geneva / Munich 111--129 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/AF8FD93E-7483-4AE5-B68F-CC17CBF4DF83/0/Part2Microinsuranceproductsandservices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 lipson_gats_2001 techreport {GATS} and Trade in Health Insurance Services: Background Note for {WHO} Commission on Macroeconomics and Health GATS and trade in health insurance service {GEneva} 2001 {WG} 4: 7 World Trade Organization 2001 ranson_health_2001 article The Lancet Health Insurance in India Health insurance India 1555--1556 358 2001 2001 mwabu_financing_2002 techreport Financing medical care through Insurance: Policy lessons from Household- and {Community-Level} Analysis in Kenya Case study Insurance policy Kenya 75--97 2002 African Development Bank 2002 reddy_health_2003 techreport Health Care Health sector reform 2003 {BSE} 2003 zweifel_moral_2000 incollection Consumer incentives are reflected in a wide range of choices, many of which occur in both insurance- and tax-financed health care systems. However, health insurance and sick leave pay cause consumer incentives to be reflected in moral hazard effects of several types. Theoretically, ex ante moral hazard (a reduction of preventive effort in response to insurance coverage) is not unambiguously predicted, and there is very limited empirical evidence about it. The case for static ex post moral hazard (an increase in the demand for medical care of a given technology) is stronger. The empirical evidence reported comes from three sources, natural experiments, observational comparisons of individuals, and the Health Insurance Experiment {(HIE).} The distinguishing feature of the {HIE} is that participants were assigned to insurance plans, which forestalls the possibility of good risks self-selecting plans with substantial cost sharing, resulting in an overestimate of the effects of plan design on health care expenditure. While the values of estimated price elasticities vary widely among the three sources and less markedly according to the type of care (outpatient, hospital, dental, mental), the responsiveness of the demand for medical care to net price is beyond doubt. The pure price elasticity for medical care in excess of a deductible (i.e. where the marginal price is constant) was estimated by {HIE} at -0.2 overall. Finally, there may be a dynamic moral hazard effect (choice biased in favor of new, usually more expensive medical technology). Here, the empirical evidence is very scanty again. Another promising field for future research is the interplay between consumer incentives and rationing by the physician in managed care. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Moral Hazard and Consumer Incentives in Health Care Consumer incentives Health care Moral hazard Amsterdam (a.o.) 409--459 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 the_economist_intelligence_unit_limited_part_2004 article The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited {PART} 1: Regional and global perspectives Middle East and Africa: Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals {-Healthcare} and pharmaceuticals: In focus Africa East Africa Health care system Middle Africa 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 2004 ballet_social_2007 article The Journal of Environment Development This article explores the reasons why community-based natural resource management is not necessarily a panacea. One reason may be that the communitarian benefits associated with social capital formation generally focus on the structural approach (e.g., network connections, group size) and too rarely take into consideration the underlying cultural context in which these relationships are embedded. Using Bourdieu's seminal framework for the different forms of capital (social, cultural, and symbolic), it indeed appears that (a) social capital is costly to produce and (b) its outcomes on resource management depend highly on the cultural capital (values, norms, etc.) in which it exists. The reference to Bourdieu's social capital helps to introduce the analysis of power relationships in community-based natural resource management. Social Capital and Natural Resource Management: A Critical Perspective Social capital 355--374 December 16 2007 4 http://jed.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/4/355 2007-12 frew_comparing_2004 article Health Policy The willingness-to-pay technique is being used increasingly in the economic evaluation of new health care technologies. Clinical trials of two methods of screening for colorectal cancer are currently being conducted in the {UK} and willingness-to-pay for screening has already been estimated by means of a questionnaire survey, using open-ended {(OE)} and payment scale {(PS)} formats. This paper addresses the same medical issue, although it elicits willingness-to-pay values by means of a bidding game in an interview setting. Interviews were conducted with 106 subjects in Nottingham. The bidding game format produced considerably higher valuations than had either of the previous questionnaire formats, whilst the significant differences between agreed valuations obtained using different initial bids supported the existence of starting-point bias in the bidding game. As with the questionnaire study, the majority of interview subjects offered relative valuations of tests at variance with their expressed preferences over the same tests. Given the significant difference in valuations generated by different formats, it follows that the economic case for preferring any one technology over others will depend considerably upon whichever format happens to have been used to generate the valuations. Comparing willingness-to-pay: bidding game format versus open-ended and payment scale formats Bidding game Colorectal cancer Screening Willingness to pay 289--298 June 68 2004 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4BC2M9G-1/1/14d860f19d00589bedfa92ee7daec978 2004-06 sachs_summary:_2001 techreport Summary: Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development Developing countries Health and development Macroeconomics and health Geneva, Switzerland 2001 Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health World Health Organization 2001 quaye_underdevelopment_1996 book Underdevelopment and Health Care in Africa Africa Health care system Lewiston, New York, {USA/Queenston,} Ontario, Canada 1996 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Edwin Mellen Press 1996 de_allegri_community_2009 article In recent years, a number of reviews have generated evidence on the potential of community health insurance {(CHI)} to increase access to care and offer financial protection against the cost of illness for poor people excluded from formal insurance systems. Field experience, however, shows that in {sub-Saharan} Africa {(SSA),} a series of operational difficulties still hampers the successful development of {CHI,} yielding negative effects on potential progress towards increased access to care and improved financial protection. Through a careful assessment of the existing literature, including peer-reviewed articles, books, consultancy reports, and manuscripts from international organizations, we produce an analytical review of such difficulties. Our aim is to provide policy makers with the necessary knowledge on the problems at stake and with policy propositions to offset such problems, strengthening {CHI} and enhancing its role within {SSA} health systems. Our review of the literature reveals that the major difficulties currently faced by {CHI} in {SSA} are operational in nature and cluster around five areas: (i) lack of clear legislative and regulatory framework; (ii) low enrolment rates; (iii) insufficient risk management measures; (iv) weak managerial capacity; and (v) high overhead costs. Consequently, our review calls for appropriate policy interventions, specifically: (i) greater commitment towards the development of adequate legislation in support of {CHI;} (ii) increasing uptake of measures to expand equitable enrolment; (iii) the adoption of adequate risk management measures in all schemes; (iv) substantial investments from host countries as well as from sponsoring agencies to improve managerial capacity; and (v) collective efforts to contain overhead costs. {(English)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} community health insurance Health care financing Micro health insurance Sub-Saharan Africa 13602276 586--596 5 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=39464529&site=ehost-live Tropical Medicine \& International Health Community health insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa: what operational difficulties hamper its successful development? 14 May 2009 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 39464529; De Allegri, Manuela 1; Email Address: manuela.de.allegri@urz.uni-heidelberg.de Sauerborn, Rainer 1 Kouyat, Bocar 2 Flessa, Steffen 3; Affiliation: 1: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tropical Hygiene and Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 2: Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 3: Faculty of Law and Economics, Department of Health Care Management, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Source Info: May2009, Vol. 14 Issue 5, p586; Subject Term: {POOR} -- Medical care; Subject Term: {HEALTH} insurance; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} policy; Subject Term: {COMMUNITY} health services; Subject Term: {AFRICA,} {Sub-Saharan;} {Author-Supplied} Keyword: \ufffd?{A}frica {sub-Sahariana;} revisi\'{o}n; financiaci\'{o}n sanitaria; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: Afrique sub-saharienne; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: assurance sant\'{e} communautaire; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: community health insurance; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: financement de la sant\'{e}; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: health financing; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: review; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: revue; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: Seguro comunitario de salud; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: {sub-Saharan} Africa; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 621498 All Other Outpatient Care Centers; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 623220 Residential Mental Health and Substance Abuse Facilities; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 624190 Other Individual and Family Services; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 923120 Administration of Public Health Programs; Number of Pages: 11p; Illustrations: 1 chart; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Au} cours des derni\`{e}res ann\'{e}es, un certain nombre de revues ont g\'{e}n\'{e}r\'{e} des preuves sur le potentiel de l'assurance en sant\'{e} communautaire {(ASC)} d'accro??tre l'acc\`{e}s aux soins et d'offrir une protection financi\`{e}re contre le co??t de la maladie, pour les personnes pauvres exclues des syst\`{e}mes formels d'assurance. L'exp\'{e}rience de terrain montre cependant qu'en Afrique subsaharienne {(ASS),} une s\'{e}rie de difficult\'{e}s op\'{e}rationnelles constituent encore des obstacles au succ\`{e}s du d\'{e}veloppement de {l'ASC,} produisant des effets n\'{e}gatifs sur le potentiel du progr\`{e}s vers l'am\'{e}lioration de l'acc\`{e}s aux soins et l'am\'{e}lioration de la protection financi\`{e}re. Par une \'{e}valuation minutieuse de la documentation existante, comprenant des articles publi\'{e}s, des livres, des rapports d'experts et des manuscrits provenant d'organisations internationales, nous avons effectu\'{e} une analyse de ces difficult\'{e}s. Notre but est de fournir aux d\'{e}cideurs, les connaissances n\'{e}cessaires sur les probl\`{e}mes en jeu et avec des propositions de politique, de pallier ces probl\`{e}mes, ce qui renforceraient {l'ASC} et son r??le au sein des syst\`{e}mes de sant\'{e} de {l'ASS.} Notre revue de la litt\'{e}rature r\'{e}v\`{e}le que les principales difficult\'{e}s rencontr\'{e}es par {l'ASC} en {ASS} sont de nature op\'{e}rationnelle et regroupent cinq domaines: a) absence d'une structure l\'{e}gislative et r\'{e}glementaire claire, b) faible taux d'enr??lement, c) insuffisance des mesures de gestion des risques, d) faible capacit\'{e} de gestion; e) frais g\'{e}n\'{e}raux \'{e}lev\'{e}s. Par cons\'{e}quent, notre revue fait appel \`{a} des interventions de politiques, plus sp\'{e}cifiquement: a) un engagement plus important en vue de l'\'{e}laboration d'une l\'{e}gislation appropri\'{e}e \`{a} l'appui de {l'ASC,} b) une augmentation de l'adh\'{e}sion aux mesures visant \`{a} accro??tre l'enr??lement \'{e}quitable, c) l'adoption de mesures ad\'{e}quates de gestion des risques dans tous les sch\'{e}mas, d) des investissements substantiels de la part des pays d'accueil ainsi que des organismes sponsors afin d'am\'{e}liorer les capacit\'{e}s de gestion; e) des efforts collectifs en vue de contenir les frais g\'{e}n\'{e}raux. {(French)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02262.x 2009-05 dusuki_banking_2008 article Humanomics Purpose -- The main purpose of this paper is to review the microfinance scheme and discuss how Islamic banks can participate in such an endeavour without actually compromising the issue of institutional viability and sustainability. Design/methodology/approach -- The paper is based on an extensive review of microfinance with the objective of building a case for Islamic banking to participate in a microfinance initiative. Findings -- As reviewed in this paper, microfinance requires innovative approaches beyond the traditional financial intermediary role. Among others, building human capacity through social intermediation and designing group-based lending programmes are proven to be among the effective tools to reduce transaction costs and lower exposure to numerous financial risks in relation to providing credit to the rural poor. This paper also suggests the use of a special purpose vehicle {(SPV)} as one of the possible alternatives for Islamic banks channelling funds to the poor. Research limitations/implications -- Islamic banks may benefit from the spectrum of Shariah-compliant sources of funds and offer a wide array of financing instruments catering for different needs and demands of their clients. Furthermore, the use of a bankruptcy-remote entity like {SPV} can protect Islamic banks from any adverse effect of microfinance activities. Originality/value -- The analysis here is valuable in drawing the attention of Islamic banking practitioners to the fact that they can actually practise microfinance without undermining their institutional viability, competitiveness and sustainability. This is evident from the proposed model to incorporate {SPV} into their microfinance initiatives. Banking for the poor: the role of Islamic banking in microfinance initiatives Banking Financial services Islam 49 -- 66 24 2008 1 www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/08288660810851469 2008 fischer_cooperatives_2006 inbook What is a mutual insurer? The cooperative difference; Insurance development models and stages; Insurance products offered under the cooperative network model; Why mutuals develop networks and how they work; Advantages and disadvantages of the model Cooperatives and insurance: The mutual advantage Micro health insurance - Institutional Options Geneva / Munich 336--356 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_poor_2006 misc Poor Peoples' Savings: {Q\&A} with Experts Microfinance Microsavings 2006 http://www2.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.2118/47623_file_Poor_People_s_Savings_Q_As_with_Experts.pdf 2006 leppert_stellenwert_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen Partizipation gilt als Schl\"{u}ssel zu erfolgreichem kooperativen Risikomanagement und ist gleicherma\ssen ein grundlegendes Merkmal von Genossenschaften als Selbsthilfeorganisationen. Als Analyseraster von Partizipation wird ein Konzept der potentiellen Bereiche und m\"{o}glichen Intensit\"{a}ten sowie der realen Auswirkungen in Risikomanagementorganisationen vorgeschlagen. Dieses Konzept wird beispielhaft anhand empirischer Nachweise genossenschaftlich organisierter Mikrokrankenversicherungen dargestellt und mit Leben gef\"{u}llt. Stellenwert von Partizipation in kooperativen Formen des Risikomanagements in Entwicklungsgesellschaften - eine Analyse anhand von Mikrokrankenversicherungen Community-based health care Micro health insurance Participation 104--116 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 dong_genders_2003 article Health Policy The purpose was to study gender's effect on willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} for community-based insurance {(CBI)} in order to provide information for deciding enrolment unit and setting premium in Burkina Faso. A two-stage cluster sampling was used in the household survey, with each household having the same probability of being selected. One thousand one hundred and seventy-eight men and 1236 women in the 800 households were interviewed. The bidding game approach was used to elicit {WTP.} We found that compared to male, female had less education, lower income and expenditure, less episodes of diseases and lower ratio of becoming household head, but higher marriage rate. These characteristics influenced the {WTP} difference between men and women. Men were willing to pay 3666 {CFA} (\$4.89) to join {CBI,} 928 {CFA} higher than women were. Education and economic status positively influenced {WTP,} implying higher years of schooling and economic status and higher {WTP.} Age and distance to health facility negatively influenced {WTP,} thus higher age and longer distance and less {WTP.} Based on the results from this study, we suggest that {CBI} should be enrolled on the basis of households or villages in order to protect vulnerable persons, such as the aged, women and the poor. In setting premium a policy-maker needs to take into account costs of the {CBI} benefits package, possible subsidies from government and other agencies and {WTP} information. {WTP} should never be taken as a premium because it only provides some information for the respondents' financial acceptability for a certain benefits package. Gender's effect on willingness-to-pay for community-based insurance in Burkina Faso Contingent valuation Willingness to pay 153--162 May 64 2003 2 2003-05 seibel_commercial_2002 article Seminar on {SHG-bank} Linkage Programme, New Delhi, 25\&26 November Commercial Aspects of {SHG} Banking in India India Microfinance SHG banking 2002 2002 anheier_small-scale_1987 book K\"{o}lner Beitr\"{a}ge zur Entwicklungsl\"{a}nderforschung - Cologne Development Studies - herausgegeben f\"{u}r die K\"{o}lner Gesellschaft zur F\"{o}rderung der Entwicklungsl\"{a}nderforschung {e.V.} {Small-Scale} Industries and Economic Development in Ghana: Business Behaviour and Strategies in Informal Sector Economies Africa Economic development Ghana Informal sector Band 3 1987 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Verlag Breitenbach Publishers 1987 lftl_staatliche_2002 article Deutsches \"{A}rzteblatt Staatliche Entwicklungszusammenarbeit: Malawi - (k)ein hoffnungsloser Fall Malawi A--3245 November 48/99 2002 2002-11 gruber_hiv/aids_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper discusses how {HIV/AIDS} prevention, treatment and mitigation activities and funding for such work can lead to community conflict. The central role of communities in combating {HIV/AIDS} is widely agreed, with the contributions of social capital networks and civil society seen as pivotal; a rights-based approach to {HIV/AIDS} activities is considered essential. Yet experiences from a {UK} Department for International Development funded project in Nigeria suggest that greater critical attention must be given to the impacts and effects of {HIV/AIDS} on communities, and the ways in which conflict can develop, emerge and be sustained, resulting in severe breakdown of social cohesion and reduction or cessation of {HIV/AIDS} activities. It is argued here that conflict can be fuelled by the different priorities and perceptions of community members and groups vis-???-vis those of development organisations, and by the impact of funds on often desperately poor communities. Case studies analyse the development of the conflict, failed attempts at resolution, and two post-conflict project interventions whose design and implementation were informed by its experiences and outcome. The paper concludes by considering the potential input of participatory approaches, community psychology and change management in the development and implementation of {HIV/AIDS} interventions specifically so as to reduce potential for conflict. Its intention is to contribute to the debate on how best to implement genuinely community-based and managed {HIV/AIDS} interventions. {HIV/AIDS} and community conflict in Nigeria: implications and challenges Africa Change management Community conflict HIV/AIDS Niger 1209--1218 March 60 2005 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4D5P3D3-2/1/9121cfe7a32abb7de655db20baab4728 2005-03 coheur_entwicklungsstand_???? techreport Entwicklungsstand der privaten, nicht gewinnorientierten Organisationen des Sozialschutzes Social protection on health Fachausschuss f\"{u}r Hilfsvereine auf Gegenseitigkeit; Fachausschuss f\"{u}r Gesundheitsleistungen und Krankenversicherung rsner_chinas_2004 article International Social Security Review China's health insurance system in transformation: Preliminary assessment, and policy suggestions China GL High risk pools 65--90 57 2004 3 2004 _financial_???? unpublished Financial Risk Protection in Kottayam District of Kerala : Is it Feasible India Risk protection zweifel_private_2004 misc Private voluntary health insurance in developing countries, Chapter 2: Supply. Report submitted to the World Bank. Background paper presented at Wharton impact conference on voluntary health insurance in developing countries, March 15-16 2005, University of Pennsylvania, {USA.} Insurance theory Micro health insurance Moral hazard Rating:1 July 2004 http://hc.wharton.upenn.edu/impactconference/Zweifel%20Conference%20Paper%20030905.pdf 2004-07 choudhury_income_???? article Review of Income and Wealth Income, Consumption and Saving in Urban and Rural India Income India Rural sector Savings 37--56 pollet_development_2004 techreport Development co-operation: how co-operatives cope: a survey of major co-operative development agencies Cooperatives Microfinance 2004 {BRS;} {CERA} foundation 2004 van_de_ven_risk_2000-1 article Handbook of Health Economics Risk adjustment in competitive health plan markets GL Risk adjustment Risk equalization 755--845 1 2000 2000 grossmann_human_2000 incollection This chapter contains a detailed treatment of the human capital model of the demand for health which was originally developed in 1972. Theoretical predictions are discussed, and theoretical extensions of the model are reviewed. Empirical research that tests the predictions of the model or studies causality between years of formal schooling completed and good health is surveyed. The model views health as a durable capital stock that yields an output of healthy time. Individuals inherit an initial amount of this stock that depreciates with age and can be increased by investment. The household production function model of consumer behavior is employed to account for the gap between health as an output and medical care as one of many inputs into its production. In this framework the "shadow price" of health depends on many variables besides the price of medical care. It is shown that the shadow price rises with age if the rate of depreciation on the stock of health rises over the life cycle and falls with education (years of formal schooling completed) if more educated people are more efficient producers of health. An important result is that, under certain conditions, an increase in the shadow price may simultaneously reduce the quantity of health demanded and increase the quantities of health inputs demanded. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse The Human Capital Model Human capital Human Capital index Amsterdam (a.o.) 348--408 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 fehl_risiko_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen Nach einer knappen Bestimmung des Verh\"{a}ltnisses zwischen Risiko und Entwicklung wird aufgezeigt, dass Wahrnehmung und Bek\"{a}mpfung von Risiken zum Ausgangspunkt von Entwicklungsprozessen werden k\"{o}nnen, wodurch allerdings regelm\"{a}\ssig -- oft erst sp\"{a}ter entdeckte -- neue Risiken entstehen, die dann wiederum \"{u}ber Innovationsprozesse den Entwicklungsprozess weiter vorantreiben. Wie die Langfristbetrachtung zeigt, kommt es hierbei zur Ver\"{a}nderung in der Struktur der Risiken. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie man mittels bestimmter Maximen versuchen kann, Risiken sowohl auf individueller wie auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene produktiv zu bew\"{a}ltigen. Risiko und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung 3--16 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 asfaw_innovations_2005 article International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics It has become clear that due to market failure, state failure, and other reasons, the conventional sources of finance alone could not solve the health problem of the rural population, particularly that of the socially excluded and disadvantaged groups. Community Based Health Insurance Schemes {(CBHIS)} are one of the most recently mentioned options to narrow the existing inequalities in access to basic health services. This study assesses the prospect of {CBHIS} in the rural areas of Ethiopia using a double bounded dichotomous contingent valuation method. The results show that even in one of the poorest countries of the world, there is a promising prospect to introduce {CBHIS.} Innovations in Health Care Financing: New Evidence on the Prospect of Community Health Insurance Schemes in the Rural Areas of Ethiopia Africa Community-based health insurance Ethiopia Innovations in health care 241--253 5 2005 2005 radermacher_yeshasvini_2005 article {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study Yeshasvini Trust, Karnataka India Case study Charitable model India Micro health insurance Mutual insurance November 20 2005 2005-11 zohir_wider_2004 article Journal of International Development The paper distinguishes between a "wider" definition of wider impacts (which takes into account feedbacks from impacts to institutional performance) and a "narrower" definition, which does not. In respect of both definitions, the paper sets out a typology of the effects which need to be measured (cultural, economic, social and political) and of the levels at which each of these impacts needs to be assessed (local, regional and national). The purpose is not to set out a blueprint for specific studies but rather to offer a framework which may be useful for guiding the methodology of such studies. Copyright 2004 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd. Wider impacts of microfinance institutions: issues and concepts Microfinance 301--330 16 2004 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1080 2004 green_economics_1988 techreport The economics of health care Health and economics Health care system Great Britain 1988 {E-Source} http://www.oheschools.org/ohe.pdf Office of Health Economics, Industry Supports Education 1988 urs_fischbacher_are_???? techreport Are People Conditionally Cooperative? Evidence from a Public Goods Experiment Cooperative behaviour Public goods http://ideas.repec.org/p/zur/iewwpx/016.html Institute for Empirical Research in Economics - {IEW} danzon_liability_2000 incollection Physicians are traditionally liable under a negligence rule of liability. Economic analysis of liability rules, including malpractice, assumes that the primary function of liability is injury prevention (deterrence). Compensation can be provided more efficiently through other forms of social or private insurance. In theory, a negligence rule creates incentives for efficient care, hence there should be no negligence, no claims and no demand for liability insurance. In practice, the incidence of negligent injury has been estimated at roughly one per hundred hospital admissions in the {US} and about one in seven physicians is sued per year. These discrepancies between the theory and actual operation of the negligence system arise primarily because of imperfect information on the part of courts, doctors, patients, liability insurers and health insurers. Imperfect information and extensive health insurance lead to biased and uncertain legal standards. Uncertain legal standards create incentives for physicians to practice defensive medicine and incentives for plaintiffs and defendants to invest in litigation, leading to high overhead costs, such that compensation through the malpractice system carries a load of \$1.50 per \$1.00 of compensation. Nevertheless, the extreme criticisms of the malpractice system are exaggerated. Malpractice premiums are less than 1 percent of total health care costs. There are no comprehensive estimates of defensive medicine costs; in any case such costs are likely to decline with the growth of managed care. Although claim disposition exhibits both Type 1 and Type 2 errors, negligent injuries are much more likely to lead to a claim being filed and payment to the plaintiff than non-negligent injuries, and awards are strongly related to loss incurred. The limited empirical evidence of provider response to liability and the deterrent effect of claims suggests - but cannot prove - that the net benefits of the malpractice system may plausibly be positive. Nevertheless, reforms designed to reduce inappropriate compensation and deter excessive litigation and defensive practice would make the system more cost-effective. The empirical evidence, based primarily in the {US,} includes studies of malpractice injuries; physician response to liability; trends in claim frequency, severity (size), and claim disposition; and the malpractice insurance market. Analyses of actual and proposed reforms address tort reform, no fault, enterprise liability and optimal liability under managed care. More limited evidence is available on the negligence regimes in Canada and the {UK,} and the quasi no-fault regimes in Sweden and New Zealand. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Liability for Medical Malpractice Accidents Administrative costs Adverse events California Health care costs Insurance Insurance crisis Law and regulation United States Amsterdam (a.o.) 1337--1404 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 world_bank_poverty_???? techreport Poverty impact of health care payments Quantitative research Research method 19 Technical Note bhat_regulation_1996 article Journal of Health Planning and Management Regulation of the Private Health Care Sector in India Health sector reform India Primary health care 253--274 11 1996 1996 marek_hudon_microfinance_2007 techreport In recent years, large numbers of developing and transitional countries have ex??peri??enced situations of crisis, following political, economic or natural disasters, or total crisis, triggered by war or totalitarian oppression. The goal of this article is to study the role of member-owned institutions {(MOIs)} in the provision of the reparations for victims of human rights abuses or reconstruction in post-conflict and post-disaster situations. We argue that grants usually awarded for reconstruction in post-conflict areas or for reparations payments in post-disaster areas could be best turned into equity and deposits to foster {MOIs.} {MOIs} are found to be an appropriate institutional framework, to make the benefits of one-off payments more sustainable and also reinforce the financial sector. Microfinance in post-disaster and post-conflict situations: Turning victims into shareholders Microfinance Post-conflict Post-disaster 2007 http://ideas.repec.org/p/sol/wpaper/07-002.html Universit\'{e} Libre de Bruxelles, Solvay Business School, Centre Emile Bernheim {(CEB)} 2007 birchall_what_2004 article Annals of Public \& Cooperative Economics This article reports the findings of a project entitled {'The} participation of members in mutual businesses'. A previous project developed a theoretical model of what makes people participate, focusing on the participation of public service users in council housing and social care services. The current project builds on this work, applying the 'mutual incentives model' to a population sample of area committee members and a random sample of non2010participant members of a very large {UK} consumer co2010operative, the Co2010operative Group. Two arguments are presented as to why such research is needed. First, member participation in co2010operative and mutual businesses is becoming an important issue both for this sector and more generally for public policy. Second, a comparison between a public services setting and a co2010operative setting enables us to extend and further test the theoretical model. Two main features of the model are outlined: a 'mutual incentives theory' that goes beyond other models to combine individualistic and collectivistic motivations, and the 'participation chain', a synthesis of existing knowledge that joins motivations to three 'links' that we call 'resources', 'mobilization' and 'dynamics'. The article then summarizes the project methodology, and reports the main findings. As in the public services project, on the 'demand' side, collectivistic incentives prove to be dominant over individualistic, but with some individual 'internal' benefits also being important. On the 'supply' side, skills derived from previous experience were important, as were a positive evaluation of opportunities to participate, and recruitment through existing networks. We then compare the findings to those from the public service users and from a regional co2010operative society; Oxford, Swindon and Gloucester Co2010op. Collective motivations are dominant in all three datasets, but are shown to vary in interesting ways that have important implications for member participation strategies. What Motivates Members to Participate in Cooperative and Mutual Businesses? 465--495 75 2004 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.2004.00259.x 2004 schicho_zentralafrika_1999 book Handbuch Afrika: In drei B\"{a}nden Zentralafrika, S\"{u}dliches Afrika und die Staaten im Indischen Ozean - Band 1 Africa Frankfurt 1999 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Brandes \& Apsel Verlag {GmbH} 1999 hongoro_do_2000 article Do they work? Regulating for-profit providers in Zimbabwe Africa Formal providers Regulation Zimbabwe 368--377 2000 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/15/4/368 2000 kimball_notefield_2006 techreport Note from the Field - Weather Insurance Mitigates Risk Case study Weather insurance 2006 {U.S.} Agency for International Development {(USAID)} 2006 sengupta_microfinance_2008 article Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis This article tracks the rise of microfinance since its inception and the various mechanisms that make it an effective tool in reducing poverty. The article discusses: The evolution of the Grameen Bank; Grameen's innovation of group lending contracts; The current state of microfinance and services provided by Banco Solidario {(Bolivia),} Compartamos {(Mexico)} and Good Faith Fund {(United} States); Common perceptions in microfinance; The future of microfinance. It reviews questions related to microfinance based on numerous studies, technical surveys and newspaper reports. These include the following: Is microfinance a desirable alternative to informal, exploitative sources of finance? How are high are the repayment rates for {MFIs?} Is there more to microfinance than group lending or joint liability contracts? Is microfinance an important tool for poverty alleviation? Is microfinance sustainable or even profitable? Could competition among {MFIs} lead to better results? Does microfinance have any social impact in terms of female empowerment and education? Can the microfinance experiment be successfully replicated anywhere in the world? This article concludes that microfinance remains a viable solution to economic development and poverty alleviation. The Microfinance Revolution: An Overview Microfinance February 2008 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/48563 2008-02 seibel_changing_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen This article examines the Nigerian experiments of attempting to modernize indigenous savings and credit associations and of linking them to commercial banks. In a first part historical forms of self-help organizations are presented in a comparative perspective as they emerged in Germany. In a second part the various experiments in Nigeria during the last sixty years are presented. The article comes to the concluding observation that until today in Nigeria only the traditional esusu-type self-help organizations offered at least some opportunities for risk management, while cooperatives and banks largely failed in that respect. Changing patterns of risk management by self-help organizations of savings and credit: the Nigerian experience Microfinance Nigeria Self-help Social risk management 42--57 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 nayar_self-help:_2004 article International Journal for Equity in Health Self-help: What future role in health care for low and middle-income countries Self-help low income country 3 2004 1 2004 gommans_hiv/aids_2005 techreport {HIV/AIDS} and microinsurance in the microfinance sector of Africa - report of the workshop - Addis Ababa, 25 - 27 April 2005 Africa HIV/AIDS Microfinance Microinsurance 2005 Report of the workshop {AFMIM/Hivos} 2005 nanavaty_local_2005 techreport From Local to Global and Informal to Formal - Entering Mainstream Markets Cooperatives India Informal economy Institutions Poverty Women 2005 2005/02 Discussion Paper {EGDI} - Expert Group on Development Issues, United Nations University; {WIDER} - World Institute for Development Economics Research 2005 castano_equitable_2002 article Health Policy and Planning Equitable financing, out-of-pocket payments and the role of health care reform in Colombia Colombia Equitable financing Health care reform 5--11 17 2002 Suppl. 1 2002 kiwara_group_2007 article East African journal of public health {OBJECTIVE:} The main objective was to assess how group premiums can help poor people in the informal economy prepay for health care services. {METHODS:} A comparative approach was adopted to study four groups of informal economy operators (cobblers, welders, carpenters, small scale market retailers) focusing on a method of prepayment which could help them access health care services. Two groups with a total of 714 operators were organized to prepay for health care services through a group premium, while the other two groups with a total of 702 operators were not organized to prepay through this approach. They prepaid through individual premium, each operator paying from his or her sources. Data on the four groups which lived in the same city was collected through a questionnaire and focus group discussions. Data collected was focused on health problems, health seeking behaviour and payment for health care services. Training of all the groups on prepaid health care financing based on individual based premium payment and group based premium payment was done. Groups were then free to choose which method to use in prepaying for health care. Prepayment through the two methods was then observed over a period of three years. Trends of membership attrition and retention were documented for both approaches. {RESULTS:} Data collected showed that the four groups were similar in many respects. These similarities included levels of education, housing, and social services such as water supplies, health problems, family size and health seeking behaviour. At the end of a period of three years 76\% of the members from the two groups who chose group premium payment were still members of the prepayment health scheme and were receiving health care. For the two groups which opted for individual premium payment only 15\% of their members were still receiving health care services at the end of three years. {CONCLUSION:} Group premium is a useful tool in improving accessibility to health care services in the poorer segments of the population especially the informal economy operators Group premiums in micro health insurance experiences from Tanzania Adult Africa Attitude to Health Cost Sharing Educational Status Fees and Charges Females Financing Personal Focus Groups Health care expenditures Health care reform Health Services Accessibility Humans Insurance pools Male Medically underserved area Poverty Areas Prepaid health plans Quality of health care Questionnaire Residence characteristics Tanzania Urban Health Services 08568960 28--32 April 4 2007 1 {PMID:} 17907758 2007-04 bold_contract_2009 techreport In many rural settings, informal mutual support networks have evolved into semiformal insurance groups, such as funeral societies. Using detailed panel data for six villages in Ethiopia, we can distinguish two types of contracts, in terms of whether payments are only made at the time of death or savings are accumulated by the group based on premiums paid ex-ante. We characterize these contracts as the coalition-proof equilibria of a symmetric and stationary risk-sharing game, and we show numerically that a contract with savings makes higher demands on enforceability, leading to less cohesive groups finding it in their interest to choose the contract without savings and that coalition-proofness is a necessary condition for the coexistence of both contract types. We show in the data that the type of contract chosen by groups is correlated with the level of trust and other enforcement improving factors. We also predict that among the observed contracts, those with group-based savings and ex-ante payments will attain higher welfare in terms of consumption smoothing than those observed using no group savings. Using panel data, and controlling for household effects and time-varying village level effects, we show that funeral groups are vehicles for risk-sharing and that contract type matters for performance in line with these predictions. The results appear robust to endogeneity of group formation and endogenous selection into contract types. Contract Design in Insurance Groups Oxford 2009 421 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34324/56905.pdf University of Oxford 2009 philippe_fontaine_making_2000 article European Journal of the History of Economic Thought European Journal of the History of Economic Thought Making use of the past: theorists and historians on the economics of altruism Altruism 407--422 7 2000 3 http://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/eujhet/v7y2000i3p407-422.html 2000 ryan_valuing_2004 article Journal of Health Economics This paper compares willingness to pay {(WTP)} estimates generated from the dichotomous choice {(DC)} and payment card {(PC)} approaches. In a split-sample {WTP} experiment concerned with allocating scarce health care resources across three health care interventions, the {DC} approach is shown consistently to generate larger welfare estimates than the {PC.} Observed difference between {PC} and {DC} experiments cannot be explained by the inclusion of non-demanders or methods of statistical analysis but may be partly explained by "yea-saying". No evidence of range bias or mid-point bias was found with {PC} responses. Data were also collected on respondents' ordinal rankings of the three interventions and person-trade-offs {(PTOs).} Neither of these approaches converged with {WTP.} Future work must address the decision heuristics individuals employ when responding to valuation experiments. Valuing health care using willingness to pay: a comparison of the payment card and dichotomous choice methods Dichotomous choice methods Payment card Person-trade-off Willingness to pay 237--258 23 2004 2004 _national_????-1 unpublished National Health Insurance Scheme Ghana NHIS molyneux_combatingother_2008 article Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene This paper suggests that the 'other diseases' of Millennium Development Goal 6 {(MDG} 6) are ignored by policy-makers and politicians who overfocus on unachievable objectives and targets around the 'big three' diseases of {HIV,} tuberculosis {(TB)} and malaria, which if the planet was viewed by aliens would be seen as the only diseases that existed on the planet. The diseases of the majority of the poor represent 'low hanging fruit' for control and elimination and opportunities are ignored despite the availability of cheap or donated drugs and ample evidence that such interventions are effective and reduce incidence, as well as mortality and morbidity. The time frame available to achieve the {MDGs} of some 7-8 years requires a re-evaluation of what can be done with the tools available now and which can address the problems faced by the majority of poor people afflicted by disabling conditions which together represent a global burden greater than malaria or {TB.} The author considers also the volume of research relevant to the {MDGs} and their achievement is distorted by the focus on high tech end research which cannot be delivered by 2015 and that in terms of the 90:10 gap in research relevant to the problems of the poorest the real gap is 99:1. The concepts of distortion of donor funding for diseases of {MDG} 6 for implementation of largely curative interventions which do not reduce incidence as well as research which addresses problems that cannot reach poor people in the time frame to 2015 is emphasised. New paradigms are required if any impact on {MDG} 6 is to be achieved recognising the needs of the majority via an equitable distribution of funding. Combating the "other diseases" of {MDG} 6: changing the paradigm to achieve equity and poverty reduction? Diseases and poverty Millennium development goals Poverty reduction 00359203 509--19 June 102 2008 6 {PMID:} 18413278 2008-06 danis_enrollees_2004 article The Gerontologist Enrollees Choose Priorities for Medicare Medicare enrollees 58--67 44 2004 1 2004 hsiao_strategic_2000 misc A Strategic Framework in Mobilizing Domestic Resources for Health Health care system 2000 2000 andreoni_cooperation_1995 article The American Economic Review Cooperation in {Public-Goods} Experiments: Kindness or Confusion Cooperations Public goods 891--904 85 1995 4 1995 arhin-tenkorang_health_2001 techreport Studies and literature reviews of health insurance schemes targeting rural or informal sector populations in developing countries (often called "community insurance schemes") frequently conclude that schemes have design weaknesses, yet do not explore in detail the effect of design features on performance. This paper presents a conceptualization of how performance in the areas of risk protection and resource mobilization is determined by the interaction of design features with institutional and technical factors. Design features refer to scheme specifications (e.g., required contribution) and to operating modalities (e.g., procedures for enrolment or obtaining benefits. Performance, with respect to risk protection and resource mobilization, of several potential "high population schemes" for the informal sector in Africa, is assessed. The outcome suggests that the design of community health insurance schemes may be improved by: (1) design specifications that utilize data on willingness to pay {(WTP)} of the target population and projected health care costs; (2) incorporating modalities of operations that facilitate costeffective exchange between a formal organization and individuals acting in an informal environment Health Insurance for the Informal Sector in Africa - Design Features, Risk Protection, and Resource Mobilization Africa Health insurance Informal sector Low-income countries Risk protection Washington, {D.C.} 2001 The World Bank 2001 bandawe_experience_1997 article Child Welfare The Experience of Family Foster Care in Malawi: A Preliminary Investigation Africa Family foster care Malawi 76 1997 4 1997 who_who_2000 inbook Who pays for health systems? External assistance health sector Subsidies 93--115 2000 World Health Report 2000 2000 matthias_range_islamic_2004 phdthesis Islamic Microfinance Islamic microfinance MF Indonesia {RWTH} Aachen 2004 Research Center of {"International} technical and economical Co-operation" - Faculty of Business Administration 2004 world_health_organization_who_world_2000 book The World health report 2000 - Health Systems: Improving Performance Health care system WHO World health report Geneva 2000 http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf 2000 mullan_non-physician_2007 article The Lancet Summary Many countries have health-care providers who are not trained as physicians but who take on many of the diagnostic and clinical functions of medical doctors. We identified non-physician clinicians {(NPCs)} in 25 of 47 countries in {sub-Saharan} Africa, although their roles varied widely between countries. In nine countries, numbers of {NPCs} equalled or exceeded numbers of physicians. In general {NPCs} were trained with less cost than were physicians, and for only 3-4 years after secondary school. All {NPCs} did basic diagnosis and medical treatment, but some were trained in specialty activities such as caesarean section, ophthalmology, and anaesthesia. Many {NPCs} were recruited from rural and poor areas, and worked in these same regions. Low training costs, reduced training duration, and success in rural placements suggest that {NPCs} could have substantial roles in the scale-up of health workforces in {sub-Saharan} African countries, including for the planned expansion of {HIV/AIDS} prevention and treatment programmes. Non-physician clinicians in 47 {sub-Saharan} African countries Africa Health care provider Sub-Saharan Africa 2158--2163 June 370 2007 9605 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T1B-4NYSH9K-2/1/0993af91ae754aa99a6e510e18420cb4 2007-06 rossing_feldman_social_1999 techreport Social Capital: Conceptual Frameworks and Empirical Evidence - An annotated Bibliography - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 5 Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 spss_spss_2003-2 misc {SPSS} {SPSS} 12.0 Schneller Einstieg Manual Quantitative research Research method Statistics 2003 2003 van_de_ven_was_2002 article Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung Was ist die beste Strategie eines "solidarischen" Ausgleichs der Krankheitslasten in einem wettbewerblichen Krankenversicherungssystem: Obergrenzen f\"{u}r Versicherungsbeitr\"{a}ge oder risikobezogene Pr\"{a}miensubventionen? GL Risk adjustment Risk equalization 477--489 71 2002 2 2002 wilkes_coping_1997 unpublished Coping with the costs of severe illness in rural China Health care financing Severe illness 1997 {IDS} Working Paper 58 1997 gupta_ohri_working_2004 techreport Working Paper on Microfinance \& Health, A Case for Integrated Service Delivery Health Microfinance Service delivery 2004 4 Social Enterprise Associates 2004 pope_principal_2000 article Health Care Financing Review Principal Inpatient Diagnostic Cost Group Model for Medicare Risk Adjustment GL Risk equalization 93--118 21 2000 3 2000 al-bagdadi_microfinance_2002 techreport Microfinance Associations - The case of the Ghana Microfinance Institutions Network {(GHAMFIN)} Africa GHAMFIN Ghana Microfinance Microfinance associations Eschborn 2002 Deutsche Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit {(GTZ)} {GmbH} - Division 41 - Economic Development and Employment Promotion 2002 schulz_auslandsmrkte:_2004 article {MEDICA} Auslandsm\"{a}rkte: Indien - Medizintechnik: Das ungenutzte Potenzial Health care system India Insurance policy 2004 2004 veenstra_location_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine After decades of epidemiological exploration into individual-level risk factors for ill health, a recent surge of interest in the health effects of socially patterned attributes of geographically defined [`]places' has given the structural side of the agency-structure debate new prominence in population health research. Utilizing two original data sets, one pertaining to features of communities in British Columbia, Canada and the other to characteristics of individuals living in them, this article distinguishes the health effects of socially patterned attributes of communities, including the social capital of communities, from the health effects of characteristics of residents that contribute to social capital, e.g., trust and participation in voluntary associations. Results from multilevel analysis demonstrated that, of three different individual-level measures of health and well-being (and including measures of long-term limiting illness and self-rated health), only a measure of depressive symptoms had variability that could be reasonably attributed to the level of the community. The social capital of communities in the form of the availability of public spaces explained some of this variability, but in the direction contrary to expectations. Overall, location (community of residence) did little to explicate health inequalities in this context. The strongest predictors of health in multivariate and multilevel models were characteristics of individual survey respondents, namely, income, trust in politicians and governments, and trust in other members of the community. Breadth of participation in networks of voluntary association was not significantly related to health in multivariate models. Location, location, location: contextual and compositional health effects of social capital in British Columbia, Canada Long-term limiting illness Multilevel modelling Place Rating:2 Self-rated health 2059--2071 May 60 2005 9 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4DSPYTK-2/1/2e70c4cad894712bc125c04f6c7dac8e 2005-05 mahal_assessing_2002 article Economic and Political Weekly Assessing private health insurance in India India Private health insurance 559--71 37 2002 2002 buchmueller_private_2004 techreport Private Health Insurance in France France Private health insurance Paris, France 2004 12 {OECD} 2004 mazzucato_informal_2009 article World Development Summary Risk pooling literature argues the need for geographic proximity to ensure the functioning of informal insurance arrangements. This paper investigates whether these arrangements exist between migrants and their network members back home and, if so, how they work in the absence of geographic proximity. Analysis of a simultaneous matched sample of migrants in the Netherlands and network members in Ghana reveals the existence of reverse remittances. These remittances show that there is risk pooling between migrants and network members. The paper elaborates on the institutional arrangements that make such a system possible. Informal Insurance Arrangements in Ghanaian Migrants' Transnational Networks: The Role of Reverse Remittances and Geographic Proximity Ghana Remittances Transnational networks {0305-750X} In Press, Corrected Proof 2009 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4V936RM-2/2/f18b3cc7f43b31611c4b972e2d965a81 2009 garand_risk_2006 inbook The risks inherent in insurance products; Capital requirements; Reserves; Reinsurance; Investment management; Profit distribution Risk and financial management Microinsurance operations Geneva / Munich 254--269 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 carrin_provider_2003 article Human Ressources for Health In this paper, we focus on those policy instruments with monetary incentives that are used to contain public health expenditure in high-income countries. First, a schematic view of the main cost-containment methods and the variables in the health system they intend to influence is presented. Two types of instruments to control the level and growth of public health expenditure are considered: (i) provider payment methods that influence the price and quantity of health care, and (ii) cost-containment measures that influence the behaviour of patients. Belonging to the first type of instruments, we have: fee-for-service, per diem payment, case payment, capitation, salaries and budgets. The second type of instruments consists of patient charges and reference price systems for pharmaceuticals. Secondly, we provide an overview of experience in high-income countries that use or have used these particular instruments. Finally, the paper assesses the overall potential of these instruments in cost-containment policies. Provider payments and patient charges as policy tools for cost-containment: How successful are they in high-income countries? Patient charges Provider payment July 1 2003 6 http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/1/1/6 2003-07 hochrainer_investigatingimpact_2008-1 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} sis explores the potential impact of climate change on the viability of the Malawi weather insurance program making use of scenarios of climate change-induced variations in rainfall patterns. The analysis is important from a methodological and policy perspective. By combining catastrophe insurance modeling with climate modeling, the methodology demonstrates the feasibility, albeit with large uncertainties, of estimating the effects of climate change on the near and long-term future of microinsurance schemes serving the poor. By providing a model-based estimate of the incremental role of climate change, along with the associated uncertainties, this methodology can quantitatively demonstrate the need for financial assistance to protect micro-insurance pools against climate-change induced insolvency. This is of major concern to donors, nongovernmental organizations, and others supporting these innovative systems; those actually at-risk; and insurers. A quantitative estimate of the additional burden that climate change imposes on weather insurance for poor regions is of interest to organizations funding adaptation. Investigating the Impact of Climate Change on the Robustness of {Index-Based} Microinsurance in Malawi Banks \& Banking Reform Climate change Debt Markets HazardRisk Management Malawi May 2008 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1149134 2008-05 gumber_measurement_1997 article Journal of Health and Population in Developing Countries Measurement and Patterns of Morbidity and the Utilization of Health Services: Some Emerging Issues from Recent Health Interview Surveys in India Disease pattern Health care expenditures Health care utilization India 16--43 1 1997 1 1997 kawabata_preventing_2002 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Editorial Preventing impoverishment through protection against catastrophic health expenditure Catastrophic health care expenditure 612 80 2002 8 2002 mendis_availability_2007 article Objective To assess the availability and affordability of medicines used to treat cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and glaucoma and to provide palliative cancer care in six low- and middle-income countries. Methods A survey of the availability and price of 32 medicines was conducted in a representative sample of public and private medicine outlets in four geographically defined areas in Bangladesh, Brazil, Malawi, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. We analysed the percentage of these medicines available, the median price versus the international reference price (expressed as the median price ratio) and affordability in terms of the number of days' wages it would cost the lowest-paid government worker to purchase one month of treatment. Findings In all countries ???7.5\% of these 32 medicines were available in the public sector, except in Brazil, where 30\% were available, and Sri Lanka, where 28\% were available. Median price ratios varied substantially, from 0.09 for losartan in Sri Lanka to 30.44 for aspirin in Brazil. In the private sector in Malawi and Sri Lanka, the cost of innovator products (the pharmaceutical product first given marketing authorization) was three times more than generic medicines. One month of combination treatment for coronary heart disease cost 18.4 days' wages in Malawi, 6.1 days' wages in Nepal, 5.4 in Pakistan and 5.1 in Brazil; in Bangladesh the cost was 1.6 days' wages and in Sri Lanka it was 1.5. The cost of one month of combination treatment for asthma ranged from 1.3 days' wages in Bangladesh to 9.2 days' wages in Malawi. The cost of a one-month course of intermediate-acting insulin ranged from 2.8 days' wages in Brazil to 19.6 in Malawi. Conclusion Context-specific policies are required to improve access to essential medicines. Generic products should be promoted by educating professionals and consumers, by implementing appropriate policies and incentives, and by introducing market competition and/or... {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} CHRONIC diseases CHRONIC fatigue syndrome CHRONIC leukemia CHRONIC lymphocytic leukemia DISEASES DRUGS INVALIDS Malawi MEDICINE PUBLIC health WORLD health 00429686 {279--A} 4 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=24765494&site=ehost-live Bulletin of the World Health Organization The availability and affordability of selected essential medicines for chronic diseases in six low- and middle-income countries. 85 April 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 24765494; Mendis, Shanti 1; Email Address: mendiss@who.int Fukino, Keiko 1 Cameron, Alexandra 2 Laing, Richard 2 Filipe Jr., Anthonio 3 Khatib, Oussama 4 Leowski, Jerzy 3 Ewene, Margaret 5; Affiliation: 1: Department of Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion, World Health Organization, 20 avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland 2: Department of Medicines, Policy and Standards, {WHO,} Geneva, Switzerland 3: {South-East} Asia Regional Office, {WHO,} New Delhi, India 4: Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, {WHO,} Cairo, Egypt 5: Health Action International - Europe, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Source Info: Apr2007, Vol. 85 Issue 4, p279; Subject Term: {MEDICINE;} Subject Term: {CHRONIC} fatigue syndrome; Subject Term: {CHRONIC} leukemia; Subject Term: {CHRONIC} lymphocytic leukemia; Subject Term: {CHRONIC} diseases; Subject Term: {WORLD} health; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} health; Subject Term: {INVALIDS;} Subject Term: {DISEASES;} Subject Term: {DRUGS;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 424210 Drugs and Druggists\' Sundries Merchant Wholesalers; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; Number of Pages: 11p; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Bulletin of the World Health Organization is the property of World Health Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} {10.2471/BLT.06.033647} 2007-04 ensor_chapter_???? inbook {CHAPTER} 2: Microeconomics and market failure in health Market failure in health microeconomics grootaert_local_2000 techreport The Local Level Insititutions Study: Local Institutions, Poverty and Household Welfare in Bolivia - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 9 Bolivia Local level institutions Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 2000 poortinga_social_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine Although it is now widely acknowledged that the social environment plays an important role in people's health and well-being, there is considerable disagreement about whether social capital is a collective attribute of communities or societies, or whether its beneficial properties are associated with individuals and their social relationships. Using data from the European Social Survey (22 countries, N=42,358), this study suggests that, rather than having a contextual influence on health, the beneficial properties of social capital can be found at the individual level. Individual levels of social trust and civic participation were strongly associated with self-rated health. At the same time, the aggregate social trust and civic participation variables at the national level were not related to people's subjective health after controlling for compositional differences in socio-demographics. Despite the absence of a main contextual effect, the current study found a more complex cross-level interaction for social capital. Trusting and socially active individuals more often report good or very good health in countries with high levels of social capital than individuals with lower levels of trust and civic participation, but are less likely to do so in countries with low levels of social capital. This suggests that social capital does not uniformly benefit individuals living in the same community or society. Social capital: An individual or collective resource for health? European social survey Multilevel modelling Self-rated health Social trust 292--302 62 2006 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4GMS9GY-1/1/fc9ca5a38eae970fea92096a67731460 2006 seloilwe_community_2007 article International Nursing Review Community mental health care in Botswana: approaches and opportunities Africa Botswana Community-based health care Mental health 173--178 54 2007 2007 african_development_bank_migrant_2009 misc Understanding mechanisms governing the remittances market Migrant Remittances: A Development Challenge Remittances 2009 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34957/Migrant%20Remittances,%20a%20Development%20Challenge.pdf 2009 phrplus_21_2004 techreport 21 questions on {CBHF} - An overview of community-based health financing Community-based health insurance Micro health insurance Overview Bethesda, Maryland 2004 {PHRplus} Resource Center, Abt Associates Inc. 2004 kappel_die_2002 article {IAF} Die Ursachen der Wachstumsschw\"{a}che Afrikas Africa Economic growth 277--296 3 2002 2002 2002 belli_impact_2004 techreport This paper introduces a conceptual framework to investigate the equity consequences of resource allocation, strategic purchasing and payment system reforms {(RAP)} in health, and reviews the empirical literature that has analyzed the impact of these reforms on equity. In the first part, the paper reviews the existing evidence on the distribution of health and health care utilization across socio-economic groups in developing countries. Such evidence shows a striking consistency in the association between poverty and poor health, and that the distribution of health benefits across socio-economic groups is highly unequal, favoring the wealthier segments of the population. At the same time it shows that the issue of quality of services is as important as the issue of their accessibility. Then the paper addresses the meaning of equity in health care: we argue that the concept of equity and that of an equitable distribution of resources in health are not as straightforward as they appear. In the second part, the paper reviews the core elements of {RAP} reforms, and it presents a survey of the empirical literature that has investigated the impact of {RAP} reforms from an equity perspective. We argue that some {RAP} reform components, such as the new resource allocation mechanisms, bear a strong pro-poor potential, but that other components can lead to the emergence of trade-offs between conflicting objectives, such as efficiency and equity. For instance, the new purchasing contracts and payment systems devised to enhance efficiency can create adverse equity effects. Conceptually, these trade-offs are significant and operating at several levels. The Impact of Resource Allocation and Purchasing Reforms on Equity Equity Health care financing Health sector reform Payment systems Resource allocation Resource allocation and purchasing Washington, {D.C.} 2004 The World Bank 2004 geman_learning_1998 article European Finance Review This paper argues that in the fundamental subject of financial risk analysis, some valuable lessons may be drawn from insurance. The probability of ruin, defined as a first passage time, carries a dynamic element whose absence in Value at Risk is one liability, among others. Extreme value theory, which has been successfully applied to insurance shortly after it was introduced in probability, may offer a coherent framework for analyzing the extreme moves such as the ones observed in recent foreign exchange and financial crises. Lastly, we show that the genuine hazards generated by global capital markets and illustrated by the events of summer 1998, generate a market incompleteness that existing models of defaultable bonds do not fully address. However, the long experience of risk premium analysis in the insurance and reinsurance industry, as well as the existence of historical data on natural disasters, render the valuation of catastrophe bonds less perilous than that of defaultable bonds. Learning about Risk: Some Lessons from Insurance Insurance Risk 113--124 2 1998 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009835429630 1998 makoka_demand_2007 phdthesis The Demand for Private Health Insurance in Malawi - {MPRA} Paper No. 4974 Africa Malawi Private health insurance University of Malawi, Chancellor College, Economics Department 2007 2007 williams_equity_2000 incollection Equity in health has to be distinguished from equity in access to health care, or equity in the distribution of health care resources. We take as a working definition of health for our purposes the number of quality adjusted life years that a person may expect to enjoy over his or her lifetime. Although we mostly follow the economists' custom of regarding equity as synonymous with reducing inequalities in health, we also consider the much richer variety of concepts employed by philosophers when discussing distributive justice. Here however we have distinguished notions of justice which are essentially procedural from those which are substantive, concentrating mainly on the latter. What we have sought to do is to identify the implications of various philosophical theories of justice for the way in which a welfare economist might appraise a particular distribution of health within a community. To do this we distinguish theories which place constraints on admissible outcomes (the health opportunity set), from theories which require the social welfare function (or maximand) to have particular properties. This classification is summarised in the Table 1, which is the key exhibit around which the analysis and exposition is organised Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Equity in Health Distribution Economic methodology Equity Government expenditures and health Government policy Inequality Justice Other normative criteria and measurement Public goods Public health care Regulation Relationship of economics to social values Amsterdam (a.o.) 1863--1910 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 kifmann_health_2005 article Public Choice Health insurance in a democracy: Why is it public and why are premiums income related? Democracy Income relation Premiums Public health insurance 283--308 124 2005 3 2005 ilo_republic_2006 misc Republic of Ghana - Technical Note, Financial assessment of the National Health Insurance Fund Ghana NHIS November 2006 2006-11 de_ree_aiding_2009 article Journal of Development Economics This paper considers the impact of foreign aid flows on the risk of civil conflict. We improve on earlier studies on this topic by addressing the problem of the endogenous aid allocation using {GDP} levels of donor countries as instruments. A more structural addition to the literature is that we efficiently control for unobserved country specific effects in typical conflict onset and conflict continuation models by first differencing. The literature often overlooks the dynamic nature of these types of models, thereby forcing unlikely i.i.d. structures on the error terms implicitly.1 As a consequence, malfunctioning institutions, deep-rooted political grievances, or any other obvious, yet unobserved and time persistent determinants of war are simply assumed away. We find a statistically significant and economically important negative effect of foreign aid flows on the probability of ongoing civil conflicts to continue (the continuation probability), such that increasing aid flows tends to decrease civil conflict duration. We do not find a significant relationship between aid flows and the probability of civil conflicts to start (the onset probability). Aiding violence or peace? The impact of foreign aid on the risk of civil conflict in {sub-Saharan} Africa Civil conflict Development cooperation Foreign aid Sub-Saharan Africa 0304-3878 301--313 March 88 2009 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBV-4S7SV6G-1/2/5c791b23f18cab11ac76e1316d958666 2009-03 committee_for_the_promotion_and_advancement_of_cooperatives_copac_copac_2000 book {COPAC} Directory of Agencies Assisting Cooperatives Cooperatives COPAC Geneva, Switzerland 2000 2000 ledgerwood_transforming_2006 book Transforming Microfinance Institutions: Providing Full Financial Services to the Poor Financial development Microcredit Microfinance Microinsurance Microsavings 0821366157 August 2006 World Bank Publications 2006-08 tawfik_sex_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper compares three interpretations of women and the transmission of {HIV} in rural Malawi. One is disseminated world-wide by institutions with a global reach such as the World Health Organization in Geneva and United States Agency for International Development {(USAID);} the second is provided by urban Malawians situated in the capital of Lilongwe, the seat of government and the site of the many international and national non-governmental agencies; the third is articulated by rural women and men in Balaka District, Malawi. We focus on women's motivations for extramarital sex, using qualitative interview data. We find that whereas in Geneva and Lilongwe women from rural Malawi are said to engage in sexual relationships outside of marriage because they need money for survival, in Balaka they are said to be motivated not only by money for survival but also for attractive consumer goods as well as by passion and by revenge for a husband's infidelity. We also find that data collection procedures influence explanations for women's affairs, as does the respondent's gender. An implication of this study is that {AIDS-prevention} policies based on the view from Geneva and Lilongwe need modification for Balaka, and by implication for rural Africa more generally. Sex in Geneva, sex in Lilongwe, and sex in Balaka Political economy of sex Sex perceptions 1090--1101 March 64 2007 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MD9KF0-2/1/ce57bc23bc804881c97d1dc58720fad6 2007-03 mathanga_malaria_2007 article International Journal for Equity in Health Background: In Africa, national governments and international organizations are focusing on rapidly "scaling up" malaria control interventions to at least 60 percent of vulnerable populations. The potential health and economic benefits of "scaling up" will depend on the equitable access to malaria control measures by the poor. This paper analyses the present inequalities in access to malaria interventions in Malawi. Methods: Equity in access to malaria control measures was assessed using the Malawi Demographic Health Survey {(DHS)} 2000 and the 2004 national survey on malaria control. Utilisation of malaria control methods was compared across the wealth quintiles, to determine whether the poor were being reached with malaria control measures. Results: Overall {ITN} coverage increased from 5\% in 2000 to 35\% in 2004. However, there was a disproportionate concentration of {ITNs} amongst the least poor compared to the poorest group. Effective treatment of fever remains unacceptably low with only 17\% of the under-five children being promptly treated with an effective antimalarial drug. And only 29 percent of pregnant women received the recommended dose of at least two doses during the pregnancy. No income related inequalities were associated with prompt treatment and {IPT} use. Conclusion: The present distribution strategies for {ITNs} are not addressing the needs of the vulnerable groups, especially the poor. Increasing access to {ITNs} by the poor will require innovative distribution models which deliberately target the poorest of the poor. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Malaria control in Malawi: are the poor being served? HEALTH surveys MALARIA -- Prevention Malawi MEDICAL policy POOR -- Health \& hygiene PUBLIC health 14759276 22--27 6 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 34936824; Mathanga, Don P. 1,2; Email Address: dmathang@mac.medcol.mw Bowie, Cameron 1; Email Address: cam.bowie@malawi.net; Affiliation: 1: Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi 2: Malaria Alert Centre, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Source Info: 2007, Vol. 6, p22; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} policy; Subject Term: {MALARIA} -- Prevention; Subject Term: {HEALTH} surveys; Subject Term: {POOR} -- Health \& hygiene; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} health; Subject Term: {MALAWI;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 923120 Administration of Public Health Programs; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; Number of Pages: 6p; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of International Journal for Equity in Health is the property of {BioMed} Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1186/1475-9276-6-22 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=34936824&site=ehost-live 2007 edgerton_traditional_1980 article Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry The publication of The Quest for Therapy in Lower Zaire {(University} of California Press) by John M. Janzen (with the collaboration of William Arkinstall), and African Therapeutic Systems {(Crossroads} Press), edited by Z. A. Ademuwagun, John A. A. Ayoade, Ira E. Harrison and Dennis M. Warren, calls attention to recent research findings which indicate that mentally ill persons, particularly schizophrenics, may recover more rapidly and fully in non-industrialized societies than they do in industrialized ones. The books by Janzen and Ademuwagen et al. will be examined as contributions to a growing body of information on native African therapeutic practices. Evidence relating to the apparently benign course of psychosis in Africa will be examined, and various explanations for this pattern will be evaluated. Finally, some guidelines for future research will be suggested. Traditional treatment for mental illness in Africa: A review 167--189 June 4 1980 2 1980-06 record_economic_2006 article Globalization \& Health Background: The medical "brain drain" has been described as rich countries "looting" doctors and nurses from developing countries undermining their health systems and public health. However this "brain-drain" might also be seen as a success in the training and "export" of health professionals and the benefits this provides. This paper illustrates the arguments and possible policy options by focusing on the situation in one of the poorest countries in the world, Malawi. Discussion: Many see this "brain drain" of medical staff as wrong with developed countries exploiting poorer ones. The effects are considerable with Malawi facing high vacancy rates in its public health system, and with migration threatening to outstrip training despite efforts to improve pay and conditions. This shortage of staff has made it more challenging for Malawi to deliver on its Essential Health Package and to absorb new international health funding. Yet, without any policy effort Malawi has been able to demonstrate its global competitiveness in the training ("production") of skilled health professionals. Remittances from migration are a large and growing source of foreign exchange for poor countries and tend to go directly to households. Whilst the data for Malawi is limited, studies from other poor countries demonstrate the power of remittances in significantly reducing poverty. Malawi can benefit from the export of health professionals provided there is a resolution of the situation whereby the state pays for training and the benefits are gained by the individual professional working abroad. Solutions include migrating staff paying back training costs, or rich host governments remitting part of a tax (e.g. income or national insurance) to the Malawi government. These schemes would allow Malawi to scale up training of health professionals for local needs and to work abroad. Summary: There is concern about the negative impacts of the medical "brain-drain". However a closer look at the... {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} An economic perspective on Malawi's medical "brain drain.". BRAIN drain Developing countries Malawi MEDICAL care MEDICAL policy PHYSICIANS PUBLIC health 17448603 12--8 2 2006 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 28743564; Record, Richard 1; Email Address: richardrecord@hotmail.com Mohiddin, Abdu 2; Email Address: abdumohiddin@doctors.org.uk; Affiliation: 1: Trade and Private Sector Development, Ministry of Industry, {PO} Box 30366, Capital City, Lilongwe 3, Malawi 2: Division of Health and Social Care Research, Guy\'s, King\'s and St Thomas\' School of Medicine, Kings College London, London {SE1} {3QD,} {UK;} Source Info: 2006, Vol. 2, p12; Subject Term: {BRAIN} drain; Subject Term: {PHYSICIANS;} Subject Term: {MEDICAL} care; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} health; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} policy; Subject Term: {DEVELOPING} countries; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 923120 Administration of Public Health Programs; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 621111 Offices of Physicians (except Mental Health Specialists); {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; Number of Pages: 8p; Illustrations: 2 charts; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Globalization \& Health is the property of {BioMed} Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1186/1744-8603-2-12 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=28743564&site=ehost-live 2006 french_microfinance_network_handbookfor_???? techreport A Handbook for Microfinance Institutions {thatWish} to Add Micro-insurance Products to their Activities From microfinance to microinsurance Microfinance Microinsurance Epargne sans frontiers rankin_social_2002 article Feminist Economics Social Capital, Microfinance, and the Politics of Development Microfinance Social capital 1354-5701 1 8 2002 1 http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/13545700210125167 2002 sinha_making_2009 book This document presents findings from India on the role of regulation in microinsurance market development. There is a strong political imperative for financial inclusion in India, resulting in regulation that mandates low-income market expansion, as well as a dedicated microinsurance space. Yet, microinsurance penetration in India remains small. State-owned insurance monopolizes the market. Private insurers as well as the insurance regulatory authority are recent entrants in the sector, and as such have found it difficult to prioritize microinsurance. Characteristics of the market include: * High share of compulsory products; * Low share of microinsurance agents in distribution; * Endowment products dominate voluntary sales; * There are virtually no completely informal insurance programs operating in India; * Low consumer awareness restricts market development. The regulatory strategy to compel insurers to reach down-market has triggered some action, but rarely beyond that required by law. Further, general insurance regulation and the specific provisions for microinsurance impose restrictions that limit the success of microinsurance. Making Insurance Markets Work for the Poor: Microinsurance Policy, Regulation and Supervision -- India Case Study 2009 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34170/10_Making%20Insurance%20Markets%20Work%20for%20the%20Poor_Microinsurance%20Policy,%20Regulation%20and%20Supervision_India%20Case%20Study.pdf {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2009 criel_community_2004 article Tropical Medicine \& International Health Community health insurance {(CHI)} in {sub-Saharan} Africa: researching the context. Access to care Community-based health insurance Context Sub-Saharan Africa 1041--1043 October 9 2004 10 2004-10 palmer_new_2003 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization The use of private health care providers in low- and middle-income countries {(LMICs)} is widespread and is the subject of considerable debate. We review here a new model of private primary care provision emerging in South Africa, in which commercial companies provide standardized primary care services at relatively low cost. The structure and operation of one such company is described, and features of service delivery are compared with the most probable alternatives: a private general practitioner or a public sector clinic. In a case study of cost and quality of services, the clinics were popular with service users and run at a cost per visit comparable to public sector primary care clinics. However, their current role in tackling important public health problems was limited. The implications for public health policy of the emergence of this new model of private provider are discussed. It is argued that encouraging the use of such clinics by those who can afford to pay for them might not help to improve care available for the poorest population groups, which are an important priority for the government. Encouraging such providers to compete for government funding could, however, be desirable if the range of services presently offered, and those able to access them, could be broadened. However, the constraints to implementing such a system successfully are notable, and these are acknowledged. Even without such contractual arrangements, these companies provide an important lesson to the public sector that acceptability of services to users and low-cost service delivery are not incompatible objectives. A new face for private providers in developing countries: what implications for public health? Africa Comparative study Delivery of health care Primary health care Private sector Public sector Quality of health care South Africa 292--297 81 2003 4 2003 geltman_private-sector_2005 article American Journal of Public Health {US} law and regulations stipulate a process for the health screening of refugees. The responsibility of caring for refugees resettled in the United States rests, in part, with public health or welfare departments. Massachusetts has met its screening responsibilities through the innovative creation of a network of private preferred providers. We explore the Massachusetts model of public--private collaboration within the context of federal refugee health priorities and current state fiscal restraints affecting public health programs, and demonstrate the model's accomplishments. A {Private-Sector} Preferred Provider Network Model for Public Health Screening of Newly Resettled Refugees Monitoring Provider network model Public health screening Public-private partnerships Refugees 196--199 95 2005 2 2005 zhang_social_2006 article Health Policy In 2002, China announced a new funding strategy that would reestablish community-based health insurance {(CHI)} in rural areas, whereby the Chinese government will entice farmers' participation by providing each participant an annual subsidy of 10-20 Yuan {(US\$???1.25-2.50).} However, there is no evidence demonstrating how many farmers would be willing-to-join {(WTJ)} such newly developed government subsidized voluntary-based {CHI} scheme and what factors influence farmers' willingness-to-join. In this study, we examine the probability of farmers' willingness-to-join such {CHI} under the different scenarios of government subsidy and individual contribution, and also explore factors that influence farmers' willingness-to-join with the emphasis on social capital. The study is based on data collected from a 2002 household survey conducted in Fengsan Township, located in China's Guizhou Province. Logistic regression is used in the analysis. The findings from this study show that even with the government subsidy to the premium, the probability of {WTJ} the new voluntary-based {CHI} only reach 50\%. The results also indicate that community level social capital, as measured by reciprocity index, and individual level social capital, as measured by trust index, are significantly and positively associated with the probability of farmers' {WTJ} newly developed government subsidized {CHI.} Policy recommendations have been made based on those findings. Social capital and farmer's willingness-to-join a newly established community-based health insurance in rural China Community-based health insurance Micro health insurance Rating:1 Rural China Willingness-to-join (WTJ) 233--242 April 76 2006 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4GNKR3V-1/1/750518c50a48747ee2694d49115f6a33 2006-04 haddad_quality_1995 article Soc. Sci. Med. Quality, coast and utilization of health services in developing countries. A longitudinal study in Zaire Developing countries Health Services Zaire 743--753 40 1995 6 1995 sahni_cancer_???? article Health Administrator Cancer Epidemiology Cancer Epidemiology 14--15 {XVII} 1 _bibliographic_???? misc Bibliographic microinsurance database Microfinance http://www.microhealthinsurance-india.org/cgi-bin/recherche?r=0 http://www.microhealthinsurance-india.org/cgi-bin/recherche?r=0 defilippis_myth_2001 article Housing Policy Debate The Myth of Social Capital in Community Development Community participation Social capital 12 2001 4 2001 kiwanuka-mukiibi_good_2005 techreport The Good Practice Model: community participation in Luweero district, Uganda Africa Case study Community participation Uganda Bethesda, {MD} 2005 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2005 honohan_measuring_2005 book Measuring Microfinance Access: Building on Existing Cross-country Data Cross-country data Microfinance 2005 The World Bank 2005 norberg_life_2002 misc Since the pioneering days of Black, Merton and Scholes financial mathematics has developed rapidly into a flourishing area of science. Its impacts on insurance are great by any calculation: applications are virtually countless and even the basic paradigms are being rethought. This talk focuses on life insurance and shows how the mathematics of finance and of insurance dovetail into a consistent model-based approach to measurement and management of combined insurance risk and finance risk. Life insurance mathematics 2002 Financial mathematics Research method 2002 http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~cemapre/ime2002/main_page/papers/RagnarNorberg.pdf 2002 berman_decade_2000 article Boston {MA:} Harvard School of Public Health, Data for Decision Making Project A Decade of Health Sector Reform in Developing Countries: What Have We Learned Health sector reform 2000 2000 danis_insurance_2002 article Journal of General Internal Medicine Insurance benefit preferences of the low-income uninsured Low-income insurance 125--133 17 2002 2 2002 dror_role_2006 inbook The value proposition of reinsurance; Involvement of commercial insurers and reinsurers in microinsurance; What part of this value proposition can insurers and reinsurers deliver? Recommendations The role of insurers and reinsurers in supporting insurance for the poor Microinsurance other stakeholders Geneva / Munich 524--544 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 morduch_microinsurance:next_2002 techreport Microinsurance: The Next Revolution? Microinsurance Revolution New York 2002 New York University, Oxford University Press 2002 van_de_ven_health-adjusted_2004 article Health Affairs {Health-Adjusted} Premium Subsidies In The Netherlands GL Netherlands Premium subsidies Risk adjustment Risk equalization 45 23 2004 3 2004 de_koning_part_1996 book Participatory Research in Health: Issues and Experiences Part {IV:} Participatory Research methods: First steps in a Participatory Process Participatory research London 1996 Zen Books Ltd. 1996 dror_social_2007 article Microfinance Insights This article examines the linkages between social capital and microinsurance using evidences obtained from a 2005 household survey conducted across several locations in India. The current body of literature suggests that micro health insurance schemes are in fact able to mobilize social capital for the purpose of encouraging voluntary affiliation of resource-poor persons operating within the space of the informal economy. Despite a dearth of field-evidence measuring social capital in relation to microinsurance units {(MIUs),} it appears that the cohesiveness of such units is made possible through a combination of internal community trust, social networks, and punitive measures related to information flows. To evaluate these linkages in further depth, the preferences of respondents to borrow and seek advice from formal versus informal sources, levels of trust towards community members versus outsiders, and the factors influencing respondents' decision to affiliate voluntarily to a scheme or not were examined. The findings conclude that observed preferences are highly context and location specific. It also found that overall, respondents cite the quality of healthcare as the primary reason for participating in an {MIU,} with the level of trust present at the time of enrollment, and level of financial protection provided ranking secondary reason depending on location. Social Capital and Microinsurance - Insights from Field Evidence in India India Microinsurance Social capital 22--24 December Vol. 5 2007 2007-12 carrin_introduction_1999 article Soc Sci Med Introduction to special issue on the economics of health insurance in low and middle-income countries Low-income insurance Middle income insurance 859--64 48 1999 7 1999 tschoetschel_gtz_2005 techreport {GTZ} {HIV/AIDS} Practice Collection - Mainstreaming {HIV/AIDS} in the Vocational Training Sector in Botswana Africa Botswana HIV/AIDS 2005 Deutsche Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit {(GTZ)} {GmbH} 2005 ciss_progressivity_2007 article Health Policy This paper applies concentration curves and indices, that have been previously used to analyze progressivity in health care finance and horizontal equity in health care delivery in developed countries, to a 1998-1999 household survey about health care expenditures and utilization carried out in four francophone West African capitals {(Abidjan,} Bamako, Conakry and Dakar). The paper also uses statistical inference for testing stochastic dominance relationship between curves, a technique already applied in the literature about equity in taxation, as the criterion for making rigorous inequality comparisons. In all four capitals, the results strongly suggest a regressive pattern of payments for health care, with lower income groups bearing an higher burden of health expenditures as a proportion of their income than do the higher income segments of the population. As soon as dominance between concentrations curves is statistically tested, results appear less conclusive, notably for the groups of population affected by severe morbidity, on the issue of horizontal inequity in health care delivery, which requires that persons with similar medical need be treated equally. Some recommendations are made for the use of equity measurements in access to care for future evaluations of the impact of health care reforms in Africa. Progressivity and horizontal equity in health care finance and delivery: What about Africa? Africa Progressivity Stochastic dominance 51--68 80 2007 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4JMM5JC-1/1/86f105fd292c0c230157316ffa423e1b 2007 robinson_microfinance_2001 book 1. printing The microfinance revolution Microfinance Washington, {DC} 0-8213-4524-9 2001 World Bank [u.a.] 2001 bhat_characteristics_1999 article Characteristics of private medical practice in India: a provider perspective India Primary health care 26--37 March 1999 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/1/26 1999-03 world_bank_decomposingredistributive_???? techreport Decomposing the Redistributive Effect of Health Care Payments Quantitative research Research method 17 Technical Note labonte_social_2004 article Health Promotion International - Oxford University Press Social inclusion/exclusion: dancing the dialectic Social exclusion Universal coverage 115--121 19 2004 1 2004 world_bank_governance:_???? misc Governance: Poor People's Scorecards Governance http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/reports/crying/cry10.pdf http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/reports/crying/cry10.pdf hsiao_social_2007 book {WBI} {DEVELOPMENT} {STUDIES} William Hsiao and Paul Shaw Social Health Insurance for Developing Nations Developing countries Micro health insurance Washington, {D.C.} 2007 http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/phcf/publications/Hsiao.Shaw.2007.SHI.developing.countries.1.2.pdf The World Bank 2007 _transaction_???? unpublished Transaction formats for the health insurance sector Health insurance Transaction formats deshpande_3.4_???? inbook Indien ist gepr\"{a}gt durch gro\sse regionale {Gegens\"{a}tze:Die} Bev\"{o}lkerungsstruktur ist heterogen; verschiedene Religionen sowie 325 verschiedene Sprachen mit unz\"{a}hligen Dialekten sind verbreitet. Mit einer Armutsbev\"{o}lkerung von 350 Millionen Menschen - bei einer Gesamtbev\"{o}lkerung von mittlerweile \"{u}ber 1 Milliarde Menschen - geh\"{o}rt das Land zu den \"{a}rmsten Staaten der Welt. Rund 315 Millionen Personen sind erwerbst\"{a}tig,davon arbeiten jedoch nur 26 Millionen im formellen {Sektor.Somit} erhalten nur etwa 8\% der Erwerbsbev\"{o}lkerung regelm\"{a}\ssige Lohnzahlungen, haben arbeitsrechtlichen Schutz und gesetzlichen Anspruch auf soziale Sicherung. Mehr als 90\% sind im informellen Sektor besch\"{a}ftigt. Sie arbeiten entweder als Selbstst\"{a}ndige oder als Lohnarbeiter, meistens als Tagel\"{o}hner mit unregelm\"{a}\ssigen Einkommen, und haben keinerlei Anspruch auf soziale Sicherung. Dennoch hat der informelle Sektor einen hohen arbeitsmarktpolitischen Stellenwert und tr\"{a}gt bis zu 60\% zum indischen Bruttosozialprodukt bei. 3.4 Indien - Private Dienstleister als St\"{u}tze des Gesundheitssystems Health care system India Private health care Private health insurance Bonn 89--100 Gesundheitswesen {GTZ} - Projekt Krankenversicherung brown_prospects_2000 techreport Prospects and Perils of Microfinance: Four Questions {MFI's} Should Ask Before Developing a Microinsurance Product From microfinance to microinsurance 2000 {USAID} 2000 klimm_das_1994 book Wissenschaftliche L\"{a}nderkunden Das s\"{u}dliche Afrika - {II.} Namibia - Botswana Africa Botswana Namibia South Africa 39 1994 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1994 stich_poverty_???? misc Most empirical studies on poverty consider the extent of poverty either for the entire society or for separate groups like elderly people. However these papers do not show what the situation looks like for persons of a certain age. In this paper poverty measures depending on age are derived using the joint density of income and age. The density is nonparametrically estimated by weighted Gaussian kernel density estimation. Applying the conditional density of income to several poverty measures provides an insight into the extent of poverty over the life cycle. Furthermore convidence bands for the poverty age proviles were computed. Poverty and life cycle efects. A nonparametric analysis for Germany Germany Life cycle Poverty preliminary version international_labour_organization_health_2000 book This compendium provides key information on 130 health micro-insurance systems {(HIMS)} from 26 countries and 3 continents. Its main aim is to serve as a facilitating tool for interested parties who would like to initiate contact with {HIMS} operators and developers. {ILO/STEP} Working papers, Special Studies International Labour Organization Health micro-insurance: A Compendium Case study Micro health insurance Geneva, Switzerland 92-2-112267-0 September 2000 2000-09 dixon_facingchallenges_2004 incollection The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Joseph Figueras and Martin {McKee} and Jennifer Cain and Suszy Lessof Facing the challenges of health care financing Health care financing Health care system Health sector reform Scherfigsvej, {DK} 2004 Health systems in transition: learning from experience. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Copenhagen. World Health Organization World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2004 ecssd_microfinance_team_microfinance_2004 techreport Microfinance and the Poor in Central Asia - Challenges and Opportunities Asia Microfinance 2004 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 2004 ottersen_distribution_2008 article Health Policy Background Maximising health as the guiding principle for resource allocation in health has been challenged by concerns about the distribution of health outcomes. There are few empirical studies that consider these potentially divergent objectives in settings of extreme resource scarcity. The aim of this study is to help fill this knowledge gap by exploring distributional preferences among health planners in {Tanzania.Methods} A deliberative group method was employed. Participants were health planners at district and regional level, selected by strategic sampling. The health planners alternated between group discussion and individual tasks. Respondents ranked health programmes with different target groups, and selected and ranked the reasons they thought should be given most importance in priority {setting.Results} A majority consistently assigned higher rankings to programmes where the initial life expectancy of the target group was lower. A high proportion of respondents considered "affect those with least life expectancy" to be the most important reason in priority {setting.Conclusions} Distribution of health outcomes, in terms of life-years, matters. Specifically, the lower the initial life expectancy of the target group, the more important the programme is considered. Such preferences are compatible, within the sphere of health, with what ethicists call "prioritarianism". Distribution matters: Equity considerations among health planners in Tanzania Africa Health care rationing Tanzania 218--227 February 85 2008 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4PKX5HV-1/1/24f6eccba56b37ff5b2a34608aa1638c 2008-02 world_health_organization_who_world_2007 book At a time when the world faces many new and recurring threats, the ambitious aim of this year's World Health Report is to show how collective international public health action can build a safer future for humanity. This is the overall goal of global public health security. For the purposes of this report, global public health security is defined as the activities required, both proactive and reactive, to minimize vulnerability to acute public health events that endanger the collective health of populations living across geographical regions and international boundaries. As the events illustrated in this report show, global health security, or the lack of it, may also have an impact on economic or political stability, trade, tourism, access to goods and services and, if they occur repeatedly, on demographic stability. It embraces a wide range of complex and daunting issues, from the international stage to the individual household, including the health consequences of poverty, wars and conflicts, climate change, natural catastrophes and man-made disasters. All of these are areas of continuing {WHO} work and will be the topics of forthcoming publications. The 2008 World Health Report, for example, will be concerned with individual health security, concentrating on the role of primary health care and humanitarian action in providing access to the essential prerequisites for health. This report, however, focuses on specific issues that threaten the collective health of people internationally: infectious disease epidemics, pandemics and other acute health events as defined by the revised International Health Regulations, known as {IHR} (2005), which came into force in June of this year. The purpose of these Regulations is to prevent the spread of disease across international borders. They are a vital legislative instrument of global public health security, providing the necessary global framework to prevent, detect, assess and, if necessary, provide a coordinated response to events that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern. Meeting the requirements in the revised {IHR} (2005) is a challenge that requires time, commitment and the willingness to change. The Regulations are broader and more demanding than those they replace, with a much greater emphasis on the responsibility of all countries to have in place effective systems for detection and control of public health risks -- and to accomplish this by 2012. A strategic plan has been developed by {WHO} to guide countries in the implementation of the obligations in the Regulations and to help them overcome the inherent challenges. The world health report 2007 - A safer future: global public health security in the 21st century World health report 2007 http://www.who.int/whr/2007/en/index.html 2007 mosley_microfinance_2004 article Journal of International Development We examine a range of six African microfinance institutions with a view to assessing and if possible enhancing their poverty impact. The impact of microfinance loans is variable between institutions, with a tendency in particular for savings services to be taken up by people well below the poverty line, especially in South Africa and {Kenya.However,} many benefits to the poor from microfinance programmes, in Africa at least, are likely to come via an indirect route, via lsquowider impactsrsquo or lsquospin-offsrsquo, rather than by through direct impacts on borrowers. We examine, here, three of these indirect {routes:We} examine, in a non-rigorous way, the magnitude of these lsquowider impactsrsquo, and in a concluding section examine how they may be developed and expanded by means of institutional and policy initiatives. Copyright 2004 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd. Microfinance, labour markets and poverty in Africa: a study of six institutions Africa Labour market Microfinance Poverty 467--500 16 2004 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1090 2004 kutzin_descriptive_2001 article Health Care Systems: Major Themes in Health and Social Welfare Health financing policies are marked by confusion between policy tools and policy objectives, especially in low and middle income countries. This paper attempts to address this problem by providing a conceptual framework that is driven by the normative objective of enhancing the "insurance function" (access to needed care without financial impoverishment) of health care systems. The framework is proposed as a tool for descriptive analysis of the key functions, policies, and interactions within an existing health care system, and equally as a tool to assist the identification and preliminary assessment of policy options. The aim is to help to clarify the policy levers that are available to enhance the insurance function for the population as efficiently as possible, given the "starting point" of a country's existing institutional and organizational arrangements. Analysis of health care financing systems using this framework highlights the interactions of various policies and the need for a coherent package of coordinated reforms, rather than a focus on particular organizational forms of "health insurance". The content of each main health care system function (revenue collection, pooling of funds, purchasing of services, provision of services) and the market structure with which the implementation of each is organized are found to be particularly important, as are policies with respect to the benefit package and user fees. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. A descriptive framework for country-level analysis of health care financing arrangements Analysis of health care financing Benefit package Beveridge system Bismarckian system Developing countries Health care financing Health care system Insurance Market structure Pooling Purchasing Regulation and information 171--204 56 2001 2001 salkever_regulation_2000 incollection With the spread of cost-based hospital payment systems in the United States in the 1960s, and the implementation of the Medicare and Medicaid programs in 1966, rapidly rising hospital costs imposed unexpected pressures on Federal and state budgets and generated a demand for regulatory interventions. Large numbers of states responded with regulatory controls on hospital investment and a significant minority of states enacted hospital price regulation (rate-setting) laws. As strong hospital sector inflation continued into the 1970s, Federal efforts to regulate prices (through the Economic Stabilization Program) and to encourage additional state regulation were also enacted. This chapter reviews the economic research on the impact of these regulatory interventions, focusing on econometric studies in particular. Several conclusions emerge from this review. First, studies of adoption of regulation show that pressure on state budgets and pro-regulation political views were more influential than "provider capture" or "rentseeking" factors. Second, cost-containment impacts of state rate-setting programs varied over time, with changes in the national health care economy and major Federal policy thrusts. Third, there is little evidence that investment controls reduced the rate of cost growth though inconsistent reports of constraining effects on numbers of beds and diffusion of some specialized services did appear. Fourth, econometric studies of the Medicare Prospective Payment System {(PPS)} supported the presumption that {PPS} would constrain the growth in cost per case, but concomitant increases in case-mix intensity and declines in admissions raised questions about (1) the extent to which {PPS} truly induced efficiency gains and (2) the adequacy of our analytic models of hospital behavior. Fifth, as cost-based payment was replaced by prospective payment in Medicare, Medicaid and the private sector, and as managed care encouraged price competition, the evidence of regulatory cost savings dwindled and rate regulation virtually disappeared. While investment regulation is still widespread, its role and effect in the new hospital marketplace is still unclear. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Regulation of Prices and Investement in Hospitals in the {U.S.} Certificate of need Demand for regulation Economic stabilization program Investment regulation Prospective payment Rate regulation Rate setting Amsterdam (a.o.) 1488--1535 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 van_bastelaer_social_2000 techreport Does Social Capital faciliate the Poor's Access to Credit? - A Review of the Microeconomic Literature - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 8 Credit accessibility Microeconomic literature review Poverty Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 2000 nugroho_building_2001 book Building Community Health: A Practical Handbook for Practitioners. 2001 http://www.healthdevelopment.org/pdfs/Building%20Community%20Health.pdf Health Development International 2001 heijink_cost_???? article Health Policy Objectives To assess international comparability of general cost of illness {(COI)} studies and to examine the extent to which {COI} estimates differ and {why.Methods} Five general {COI} studies were examined. {COI} estimates were classified by health provider using the system of health accounts {(SHA).} Provider groups fully included in all studies and matching {SHA} estimates were selected to create a common data set. In order to explain cost differences descriptive analyses were carried out on a number of {determinants.Results} In general similar {COI} patterns emerged for these countries, despite their health care system differences. In addition to these similarities, certain significant disease-specific differences were found. Comparisons of nursing and residential care expenditure by disease showed major variation. Epidemiological explanations of differences were hardly found, whereas demographic differences were influential. Significant treatment variation appeared from hospital {data.Conclusions} A systematic analysis of {COI} data from different countries may assist in comparing health expenditure internationally. All cost data dimensions shed greater light on the effects of health care system differences within various aspects of health care. Still, the study's objectives can only be reached by a further improvement of the {SHA,} by international use of the {SHA} in {COI} studies and by a standardized methodology. Cost of illness: An international comparison: Australia, Canada, France, Germany and The Netherlands Cost of illness International comparison In Press, Corrected Proof http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4S8TW0B-1/1/0fe0c929aee95938c781232150557b11 wang_community-based_2005 inbook Community-based health insurance in poor rural China: the distribution of net benefits China Community-based health insurance Net benefits Rural sector 366--374 20 2005 Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 2005 meessen_iatrogenic_2003 article Tropical Medicine and International Health Iatrogenic poverty Asia Catastrophic health care expenditure Health insurance Iatrogenesis Poverty Social assistance Transition 581--584 8 2003 7 2003 gupta_health-seeking_???? unpublished Health-seeking behavior in urban Delhi: an exploratory study Delhi Health seeking behaviour India Urban area baeza_erweiterung_2007 article Internationale Revue f\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit {"Mit} dem Begriff {'Versicherung'} bezeichnen unterschiedliche Menschen unterschiedliche Dinge: ein Instrument, das Individuen Schutz vor Risiken bietet, oder einen versicherungsmathematischen Mechanismus. Im ersten Fall wird Versicherung in Bezug auf ihre Ziele de finiert, im zweiten mit Blick auf einen Mechanismus, mit d em dieses Ziel erreicht werden konnte. Selbst dort, wo Institutionen keine Versicherung im zweiten Sinne sind, konnen sie insofern immer noch als Versicherung betrachtet werden, als sie Schutz vor Risiken bieten." Erweiterung des Risikopools in der Gesundheitsversorgung von Entwicklungslandern: Probleme beim \"{U}bergang zur Steuerfinanzierung 95--114 April 60 2007 2-3 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1726.2007.00013.x 2007-04 leftley_technical_2005 techreport Technical Assistance for the Promotion of Microinsurance - The Experience of Opportunity International Microinsurance Oppurtunity International 2005 11 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study No. 11{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Case Study {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 fischbacher_are_???? article We study the importance of conditional cooperation in a one-shot public goods game by using a variant of the strategy-method. We find that a third of the subjects can be classified as free riders, whereas 50\% are conditional cooperators. Are people conditionally cooperative? Evidence from a public goods experiment Cooperative behaviour Public goods 397--404 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V84-42VV88K-J-8&_cdi=5860&_user=2875156&_orig=na&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2001&_sk=999289996&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkzk&md5=d568c794b6a952034b9994dc5c72459b&ie=/sdarticle.pdf ogawa_scaling_2003 article Health Policy and Planning Interest in community health insurance has grown rapidly in many developing countries, usually as a result of the weak capacity of governments to raise sufficient tax revenues and then to secure an adequate share for health care. There are many pitfalls, however, and only under specific conditions do community health insurance schemes appear to succeed in effectively improving access to care and enhancing financial protection against health care costs. In this paper, we focus on the initial experience with community health insurance in 19th century Japan, called {"Jyorei".} Whereas Jyorei began in 1835 in one village in Fukuoka Prefecture, it gradually expanded and the basic ideas came under government stewardship. It was scaled up as the core model of the National Citizen's Health Insurance Fund, one of the pillars of the Japanese social health insurance system. Several Jyorei success points are relevant today for developing countries wishing to support community health insurance. One of the key characteristics was social cohesion and the acceptance of equity goals with transfers between the rich and the poor Scaling up community health insurance: Japan's experience with the 19th century Jyorei scheme Community-based health insurance Health and poverty Inclusion Japan National health insurance Social health insurance 270--278 18 2003 3 2003 berndt_medical_2000 incollection We review in considerable detail the conceptual and measurement issues that underlie construction of medical care price indexes in the {US,} focusing in particular on the medical care consumer price indexes {(MCPIs)} and medical-related producer price indexes {(MPPIs).} We outline salient features of the medical care marketplace, including the impacts of insurance, moral hazard, principal-agent relationships, technological progress and organizational changes. Since observed data are unlikely to correspond with efficient outcomes, we discuss implications of the failure of transactions data in this market to reveal reliable marginal valuations, and the consequent need to augment traditional transactions data with information based on cost-effectiveness and outcomes studies. We describe procedures currently used by the {US} Bureau of Labor Statistics in constructing {MCPIs} and {MPPIs,} including recent revisions, and then consider alternative notions of medical care output pricing that involve the price or cost of an episode of treatment, rather than prices of fixed bundles of inputs. We outline features of a proposed new experimental price index - a medical care expenditure price index - that is more suitable for evaluation and analyses of medical care cost changes, than are the current {MCPIs} and {MPPIs.} We discuss the ways in which medical care transactions enter national economic accounts, including inter-industry flows and national health accounts, as well as aggregate economy implications of possible mismeasurement of prices in the medical sector. We conclude by suggesting future research and measurement issues that are most likely to be fruitful. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Medical Care Prices and Output Episode MCPIs MPPIs Outcomes Price indexes Amsterdam (a.o.) 120--180 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 ramadhani_extending_2003 inproceedings Extending social security coverage - Social security coverage through micro-insurance schemes in Tanzania Africa Microinsurance Social security Tanzania Banjul, the Gambia 2003 International Social Security Association 2003 costello_managinghealth_2009 article The article discusses the management of the health effects of climate change. The authors explain that inputs from all sectors of government and civil society, collaboration between academic disciplines, and new ways of international cooperation will be needed. The importance of reducing poverty and health inequities is discussed. The greenhouse effect, anthropogenic climate change, and global warming are examined. Six ways that link climate change to health are examined: changing patterns of disease and mortality, extreme events, food, water, shelter, and population and migration. Challenges associated with the generation and dissemination of information are discussed. The technological challenge to address the negative health consequences of climate change in poor countries is examined. CLIMATIC changes Developing countries DISEASE incidence ENVIRONMENTAL health GLOBAL warming Government policy Health HEALTH disparities POPULATION WATER-supply 00995355 1693--1733 9676 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=39887722&site=ehost-live Lancet Managing the health effects of climate change. {(Cover} story) 373 May 2009 Article 2009-05 nambiar_planning_2007 article The major challenge for health care planners lies in integrating health promotion and disease prevention on the one hand and treatment of acute illness and chronic care on the other. This has to be done at all levels of the health system with the aim of delivering quality services equitably and efficiently to the whole population. This is a particular problem as many governments spend less than {US} \$10 per person per year on health. Acute sector healthcare, including anaesthesia, is often deficient under these circumstances. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} HEALTH education Malawi MEDICAL care -- United States MEDICAL sciences PREVENTIVE health services United States 00032409 5--10 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=27091290&site=ehost-live Anaesthesia Planning health care in developing countries. 62 December 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 27091290; Nambiar, B. 1 Lewycka, S. 1 Mwansambo, C. 2 Costello, A. 1; Email Address: a.costello@ich.ucl.ac.uk; Affiliation: 1: Centre for International Health and Development, Institute of Child Health, University College London {(UCL),} 30 Guilford St, {WC1N} {1EH,} {UK} 2: Department of Paediatrics, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; Source Info: Dec2007 Supplement 1, Vol. 62, p5; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} care -- United States; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} sciences; Subject Term: {PREVENTIVE} health services; Subject Term: {HEALTH} education; Subject Term: {UNITED} States; Number of Pages: 6p; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Anaesthesia is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05290.x 2007-12 chaloupka_economics_2000 incollection While the tobacco industry ranks among the most substantial and successful of economic enterprises, tobacco consumption is associated with more deaths than any other product. Economic analysis of the markets for tobacco products, particularly cigarettes, has contributed considerable insight to debates about the importance of the industry and the appropriate roles of public policy in grappling with the health consequences of tobacco. Certainly the most significant example of this phenomenon has been the rapidly expanding and increasingly sophisticated body of research on the effects of price increases on cigarette consumption. Because excise tax comprises an important component of price, the resultant literature has played a prominent role in legislative debates about using taxation as a principal tool to discourage smoking. In addition to informing legislative debates, this literature has contributed both theory and empirical evidence to the growing interest in modeling the demand for addictive products. This chapter examines this body of research in detail, as well as a variety of equity and efficiency concerns accompanying debates about cigarette taxation. Coverage also includes economic analysis of the role of other tobacco control policies, such as restrictions on advertising, of special interest due to their prominence in debates about tobacco control. The chapter concludes with consideration of research addressing the validity of the tobacco industry's argument that its contributions to employment, tax revenues, and trade balances are vital to the economic health of states and nations. This argument is one of the industry's principal weapons in its battle against policy measures intended to reduce tobacco product consumption. Anthony J. Culyer The Economics of Smoking Addiction Advertising Cigarettes Counter-advertising Economic contribution Externalities Price Public health care Public policy Smoking Smoking restrictions Social costs Taxation Tobacco Tobacco agriculture Amsterdam (a.o.) 1536--1627 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 owen_state_2004 article Medical Benefits State {High-Risk} Pools - A Weighty Health Care Burden GL High risk pools 2004 2004 dolan_measurement_2000 incollection An important consideration when establishing priorities in health care is the likely effect that alternative allocations will have on the health-related quality of life {(HRQoL)} of the relevant population. This chapter considers some of the important issues surrounding the description and valuation of {HRQoL.} It discusses six main questions that need to be addressed when measuring {HRQoL:} What is to be valued?; How is it to be described?; How is it to be valued?; Who is to value it?; How are values for all health states to be generated?; and How are valuations to be aggregated? Since it is difficult to answer many of these questions on theoretical grounds alone, the chapter considers whether the existing empirical evidence can provide more definitive answers. Many important yet unresolved issues emerge and directions for future research are suggested. It is argued that this research agenda should have the gathering and analysis of qualitative data at its forefront Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse The Measurement of Health-related Quality of Life Cost-utility analysis Health Health-related quality-of-life Health state valuation Healthy-years equivalents Quality-adjusted life-years Utility measurement Amsterdam (a.o.) 1721--1760 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 van_de_ven_universal_2008 article Health Aff Policy analysts consider the Netherlands health system a possible model for the United States. Since 2006 all Dutch citizens have to buy standardized individual health insurance coverage from a private insurer. Consumers have an annual choice among insurers, and insurers can selectively contract or integrate with health care providers. Subsidies make health insurance affordable for everyone. A Risk Equalization Fund compensates insurers for enrollees with predictably high medical expenses. The reform is a work in progress. So far the emphasis has been on the health insurance market. The challenge is now to successfully reform the market for the provision of health care. Universal Mandatory Health Insurance In The Netherlands: A Model For The United States? GL Mandatory health insurance system Netherlands Risk adjustment Social health insurance United States 771--781 May 27 2008 3 http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/3/771 2008-05 baeza_erweiterung_2007-1 article Internationale Revue fur Soziale Sicherheit Erweiterung des Risikopools in der Gesundheitsversorgung von Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern: Probleme beim \"{U}bergang zur Steuerfinanzierung 95--114 60 2007 2-3 2007 oecd_centre_for_co-operation_with_non-members_glossary_1999 book This glossary aims at providing simple and easily comprehensible explanations of the main regulatory and supervisory insurance terms used in most {OECD} countries. Readers will also find helpful illustrations of important, related policy and technical issues. The publication is intended as a practical tool for government insurance officials, academic and business communities as well as journalists worldwide. It is hoped that it will contribute to mutual understanding and policy dialogue, two key objectives of {OECD's} co-operation with {non-Member} economies. It is one of the many significant initiatives undertaken by the {OECD} Insurance Committee, under the aegis of the Centre for Co-operation with {Non-Member} countries {(CCNM).} Readers will find specific references to individual {OECD} countries and cross references to the {OECD} Insurance Guidelines for Economies in Transition and related {OECD} publications (see the annex and bibliography). The glossary complements the publication Insurance Regulation and Supervision in {OECD} Countries (1999) which contains an extensive analysis of regulatory and supervisory systems in {OECD} countries. The {OECD} Insurance and Private Pensions Unit prepared this glossary, based on contributions from Professor Harold D. Skipper, Jr. {(Georgia} State University) and Professor Guy Simonet {(Institut} libre des finances et des assurances). Mr. Hidekatsu Sekiguchi {(Insurance} and Private Pensions Unit) edited and compiled the glossary with the editorial assistance of Mr. Edward Smiley. It also benefited from the expertise of the Task Force of the Insurance Committee on Insurance Regulation. The {OECD} Internet Site, www.oecd.org contains more information on {OECD} insurance activities. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of the Insurance Committee or the Member countries. It is published on the responsibility of the {Secretary-General} of the {OECD.} {OECD} {CENTRE} {FOR} {CO-OPERATION} {WITH} {NON-MEMBERS} Glossary of insurance policy terms Glossary Insurance policy Paris, France 1999 1999 narayan_what_2000 inproceedings The seminar was the eighteenth in a series sponsored by the World Bank's {HNP/Poverty} Thematic Group. The approximately forty participants included representatives from five of the Bank's six geographic regions; from the Bank's {HNP} anchor unit; and from the {U.S.} Agency for International Development. Dave Gwatkin, {HNP/Poverty} Thematic Group Coordinator, served as moderator. The speaker was Deepa Narayan. She reported on findings related to {HNP} emerging from a Bank-initiated project, entitled {"Consultations} with the Poor", that she is leading. The consultations had been undertaken in order to provide background information about poverty from the perspective of those who are poor, for use in preparing the Bank's poverty-oriented 2000/01 World Development Report. The consultation project was in two parts. The first was a review of over 75 participatory studies undertaken in the mid to late 1990s, covering some 40,000 people in 41 countries. The second was a series of new studies executed in 1999. These new studies, each with a similar design, took place in 23 countries and included interviews with around 20,000 poor men and women. The studies were qualitative in nature and relied primarily on small group discussions and individual interviews. What Do the Poor Have to Say about Health, Nutrition, and Population? Community participation Health and poverty India India 2000 {Health/Nutrition/Population} and Poverty seminar report 2000 ministry_of_health_ghana_independent_2008 misc Independent Review - Health Sector Programme of Work 2007, Draft Report Ghana NHIS April 2008 2008-04 zhang_dynamic_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine This article examines the changes of adverse selection over time during a 3-year subsidized, voluntary-based Community Health Insurance {(CHI)} scheme in rural China. The data came from a 4-year longitudinal social experimental study (2002-2006) on the {CHI} in Fengsan Township, Guizhou Province of China. A panel of 8198 observations (average of 2730 individuals) was analyzed using random effect logit model. We found that the effect of health status on the enrollment choice of the {CHI} scheme was significant. People with chronic condition history, with fair health, and with poor health were more likely to enroll in the scheme than those without chronic condition and with good health status. In addition, we found that almost all of the interaction terms of the health status variables and {CHI} wave variable were not significant, which indicates that the effects of adverse selection have not significantly changed over time. Furthermore, people with medium income and high income were more likely to enroll in the scheme compared to those with low income. This shows that adverse selection persisted in the subsequent enrollments of the {CHI} scheme, even with the government subsidy to the premium. However, adverse selection did not become more or less severe over time and worked through to a steady state. In addition, inequity of enrollment still exists under the current premium subsidy policy. Based on the findings, relevant policy implications are put forward to further improve the {CHI} scheme. Dynamic process of adverse selection: Evidence from a subsidized community-based health insurance in rural China Community-based health insurance Rural China 1173--1182 October 67 2008 7 2008-10 poortinga_social_2006-1 article Social Science \& Medicine Social capital has become one of the most popular topics in public health research in recent years. However, even after a decade of conceptual and empirical work on this subject, there is still considerable disagreement about whether bonding social capital is a collective resource that benefits communities or societies, or whether its health benefits are associated with people, their personal networks and support. Using data from the 2000 and 2002 Health Survey for England this study found that, in line with earlier research, personal levels of social support contribute to a better self-reported health status. The study also suggests that social capital is additionally important for people's health. In both datasets the aggregate social trust variable was significantly related to self-rated health before and after controlling for differences in socio-demographics and/or individual levels of social support. The results were corroborated in the second dataset with an alternative indicator of social capital. These results show that bonding social capital collectively contributes to people's self-rated health over and above the beneficial effects of personal social networks and support. Social relations or social capital? Individual and community health effects of bonding social capital Health survey for England Multilevel modelling Self-rated health UK 255--270 July 63 2006 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4J2VYFR-2/1/fc2489a1f1fda3d661ad4bed364c71d0 2006-07 statistics_social_2001 techreport Social Capital - A Review of the Literature Literature review Social capital 2001 Social Analysis and Reporting Division 2001 peabody_health_1995 article Health policy Health for all in the Republic of Korea: one country's experience with implementing universal health care Delivery of health care Health care costs Health for all Health policy Health sector reform Insurance Korea Social values Universal health care 29--42 31 1995 1 1995 ripperger_konomik_1998 book \"{O}konomik des Vertrauens - Analyse eines Organisationsprinzips Economics of trust Trust T\"{u}bingen 1998 {JCB} Mohr 1998 bender_institutionelle_2006 book Bochumer Schriften zur entwicklungsforschung und Entwicklungspolitik Institutionelle Reformen f\"{u}r dezentrale Entwicklung: Die Rolle gemeinschaftsbasierter Organisationen am Beispiel kooperativer Versicherungsarrangements 54 2006 Verlag f\"{u}r Entwicklungspolitik Saarbr\"{u}cken 2006 luft_improving_???? article Public Finance and Management Improving health care by linking risk adjustment and condition-specific quality measurement Condition-specific quality GL Health care sector HIV/AIDS Risk adjustment Risk equalization United States 488--504 2 4 mubyazi_local_2007 article {Ethno-Med.} Local Primary Health Care Committees and {Community-Based} Health Workers in Mkuranga District, Tanzania: Does the Public Recognise and Appreciate Them? Africa Community-based health insurance Primary health care Tanzania 27--35 1 2007 1 2007 sobel_interdependent_2005 article Interdependent Preferences and Reciprocity Reciprocity Solidarity 392--436 2005 http://econ.ucsd.edu/~jsobel/Papers/IPRdraft.pdf 2005 bennett_sustainable_???? misc Sustainable Banking With The Poor Banking with the poor deaton_data_2005 article The World Bank Research Observer What happened to poverty in India in the 1990s has been fiercely debated, politically and statistically. The Indian debate has run parallel to, and is itself a large part of, the wider debate about globalization and poverty in the 1990s. The economic reforms of the early 1990s were followed by rates of economic growth that were high by Indian historical standards. The effects on poverty remain controversial, and the official numbers published by the Government of India, showing a reduction of poverty from 36 percent of the population in 1993--94 to 26 percent of the population in 1999--00, have been challenged both for showing too little and too much poverty reduction. The various claims have often been frankly political, but there are also many important statistical issues, and the Indian debate, of which this paper is a review, provides an excellent example of how politics and statistics interact in an important, largely domestic debate. Although there is no full consensus on what happened to Indian poverty in the 1990s, there is good evidence that the official estimates of poverty reduction are too optimistic, particularly for rural India. This overoptimism was amplified by statistical uncertainty that created space for some commentators to argue that poverty had been virtually eliminated in India in the wake of the economic reforms. Although this paper is concerned with the measurement of poverty in India, all of the issues-discrepancies between surveys and national accounts, the effects of questionnaire design, reporting periods, survey non-response, repairing imperfect data, the choice of poverty lines, and the interplay between statistics and politics-have wide resonance elsewhere. Data and Dogma: The Great Indian Poverty Debate India Measurement Poverty 177--199 20 2005 2 http://wbro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/20/2/177 2005 national_statistical_office_malawi_malawi_2005 misc This final report presents the major findings of the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey {(MDHS)} carried out from October 2004 to January 2005. It is the third of its kind to be conducted in Malawi; the first was in 1992 and the second was in 2000. The 2004 {MDHS} included for the first time testing of blood samples to provide national rates for anaemia and {HIV.} It collected information on fertility levels, nuptiality, fertility preferences, knowledge and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of mothers and children, childhood illnesses and mortality, use of maternal and child health services, malaria, maternal mortality, and {HIV/AIDS-related} knowledge and behaviours. {(D\"{U}I-Hff)} Malawi demographic and health survey 2004 Malawi 2005 http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/FR-175-MW04.pdf 2005 fiedler_ministry_2002 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press Ministry of Health user fees, equity and decentralisation: lessons from Honduras Health care financing 362--377 17 2002 4 2002 van_beusekom_possibility_2006 book Possibility or {Utopia--Consumer} Choice in Health Care: A Literature Review Consumers' preferences Health care 2006 {RAND} Technical Report {TR-150BF.} Santa Monica 2004. www. rand. {org/publications/TR/TR105} 2006 tikare_organizing_2001 techreport Organizing Participatory Processes in the {PRSP} Community participation PRSP 2001 2001 jakubowski_health_1998 techreport Health Care Systems in the {EU:} A Comparative Study Europe Health care system Luxembourg 1998 Working Paper European Parliament 1998 usaid_contribution_2001 techreport Contribution of Mutual Health Organizations to Financing, Delivery, and Access to Health Care Ghana Case Study Africa Ghana Ghana CHI Micro health insurance 2001 2001 edoh_community-based_2002 article Afr. J. Health Sci. A Community-based feasibility study of National Health Insurance scheme in Ghana Africa Community-based health insurance Ghana Ghana CHI Micro health insurance NHIS 41--50 9 2002 2002 frank_economics_2000 incollection Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Economics and Mental Health Adverse selection Carve-out Demand and reimbursement for medical services Economics and menthal health Equity and health Health economics Health habits Insurance Mental health Moral hazard Risk adjustment Amsterdam (a.o.) 893--956 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_lessons_2005 techreport Lessons Learnt the Hard Way Case study Microinsurance Mutual insurance 2005 6 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 afrane_impact_2002 article Journal of Microfinance Impact Assessment of Microfinance Interventions in Ghana and South Africa Africa Ghana Microfinance South Africa 37--58 4 2002 1 2002 peabody_health_1995-1 article Health Policy Health for all in the Republik of Korea: one country's experience with implementing universal health care Health sector reform Korea 29--42 31 1995 1995 dercon_in_2000 article Journal of Political Economy Much of the literature on consumption smoothing and on risk sharing has focused on the ability of the household as a unit to protect its consumption. Little is known about the ability of individual members of the household to keep consumption smooth over time or relative to other members of the household. We use data on adult nutrition in Ethiopia to investigate whether individuals are able to smooth their consumption over time and within the {household.We} find that poorer households are not able to do so. Furthermore, poor southern households do not engage in complete risk sharing; women in these households bear the brunt of adverse shocks. This result implies that the collective model of household organization, which imposes Pareto efficiency on allocations, is rejected for these households. Finally, we obtain estimates of the relative Pareto weights in household allocation. We find that a wife's relative position is better if customary laws on settlements at divorce are favorable or if she comes from a relatively wealthy background and that poor southern women have lower Pareto weights in allocation. In Sickness and in Health: Risk Sharing within Households in Rural Ethiopia Africa Ethiopia Risk management Risk sharing 688--727 108 2000 4 2000 misra_pro-poor_2003 techreport {Pro-Poor} Health {Reforms-Why,} What and How Health sector reform Geneva 2003 Second Consultation on Macroeconomics and Health {WHO} 2003 criel_district-based_1998-2 book Studies in health services oragnisation \& policy District-based Health Insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa - Part I: From Theory to Practise Africa Community-based health insurance Sub-Saharan Africa Antwerpen 9 1998 {ITG} Press 1998 jones_applied_2007 book 2 Applied Econometrics for Health Economists: A Practical Guide 1846191718 June 2007 Radcliffe Publishing 2007-06 dong_inequality_2005 article Health Policy The purpose was to provide information for devising community-based health insurance {(CBI)} policies that reduce inequality in enrolment and further inequality in access to health services. A two-stage cluster sampling was used in the household survey. Inequalities in willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} for {CBI} are examined by expenditure quintile using data collected from a household survey. Interviews were conducted with 2414 individuals, 705 of whom were household heads. A bidding game method was used to elicit {WTP.} Individuals and households were assigned to 6-month expenditure quintiles. We found that mean and median individual {WTP} for {CBI} was significantly higher for higher spending quintiles, as was mean and median household {WTP.} The curves of cumulative percentage of individual and household {WTP} shifted rightwards for higher quintiles, implying that at any given premium the lower the quintile the lower the uptake of {CBI.} The Gini coefficient for individual {WTP} and household {WTP} was 0.15 and 0.08, respectively, and for individual 6-month expenditure and household 6-month expenditure is 0.68 and 0.63, respectively. The results imply that the premium needs to be adjusted for income; otherwise, a lower proportion of poor people will enrol in {CBI} and without exemptions or subsidies the poor will have less access to health services than the rich. Thus, exemptions and subsidies for the poor for enrolling in {CBI} are an important issue for decision-makers with an objective of improving equity of health and helping the poor to break out of the cycle of poverty. Since the distribution of {WTP} by household is less unequal than the distribution of {WTP} by individuals, the household might be a better unit of enrolment in terms of equity than the individual. Inequality in willingness-to-pay for community-based health insurance Africa Burkina Faso Contingent valuation Rating:1 West Africa Willingness to pay 149--156 May 72 2005 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4D2FRFW-1/1/e27a954e824321ef4d862678b9eb7a1c 2005-05 guth_fairness_2003 article Fairness is a strong concern as shown by dictator and ultimatum experiments. Efficiency, measured by the sum of individual payoffs, is a potentially competing concern in games, such as the prisoners' dilemma. In our experiment, the participants can increase efficiency by giving gifts. In the one-sided treatment, this is only possible for one of the two partners. The two-sided treatment allows for mutual gift giving. In both cases, decisions can be conditioned on whether there is or there is not an efficiency gain by gift giving. Our results indicate that efficiency concerns are dominated by fairness concerns that are less stringent in mutual exchanges than in one-sided gift relationships. Fairness versus efficiency: An experimental study of (mutual) gift giving Efficiency Fairness Mutual gift giving Solidarity 465--475 April 2003 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8F-45D16XH-6/2/ed7dbd397f7f2c2c1f4a11fddb1e1e64 2003-04 meessen_formal_2002 article International Social Security Review Formal pooling of health risks in {sub-Saharan} Africa: Reflections on the obstacles encountered Africa Health insurance Sub-Saharan Africa 71--93 55 2002 2 2002 laurinkari_verschiedene_1990 inbook Verschiedene Formen der Partizipation Cooperatives Germany Participation M\"{u}nchen, Wien, Oldenbourg 460--473 1990 Genossenschaftswesen - Hand- und Lehrbuch 1990 mcmillen_adapting_2004 article Social Science \& Medicine While it is true that healers selectively adopt and/or refashion aspects of biomedicine, the influence is not unidirectional with information flowing exclusively from hospitals into the workplaces of healers. This article examines healers in Tanga, Tanzania to explore the reciprocal relations between practitioners of indigenous medicine and biomedicine. An abbreviated ethnography of one healer in coastal Tanzania is used to illustrate some of the relevant influences and possible adaptations of contemporary healers. His experiences illuminate how multiple factors, especially sociocultural changes, biomedicine, {AIDS,} and related research(ers) can influence healers' adaptations. In his case, biomedical health workers from a non-profit {HIV} organization call upon him not only to act as a liaison between their services and the community, but more importantly, to provide treatment for opportunistic infections and counseling for patients and to participate in biomedical and scientific projects. Reflecting on his experiences as a healer who has negotiated a position that straddles the world of biomedicine and the world of healers facilitates examination of important issues affecting healers today, including their relationship to biomedical health workers, bioprospectors, governments, non-profit organizations, and professional organizations of healers. Although the healer featured in this article is a pioneer in his own town, there are other examples in Africa where healers and biomedical practitioners are interacting. Therefore, he may represent a trend in healer adaptation. The adapting healer: pioneering through shifting epidemiological and sociocultural landscapes Adaptation Africa Biomedicine Healers Rating:1 Tanzania 889--902 September 59 2004 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4BHV75V-5/1/d116d973d16f7b56ae63a8f63b7e9822 2004-09 van_bastelaer_trust_2006 article World Development Summary This paper identifies factors associated with high repayment performance by collectively liable groups of seed borrowers in Southern Zambia. The results suggest that some factors facilitating collective action within seed groups, such as their size, are associated with a higher repayment performance. In addition, community-based cognitive social capital, proxied here by generalized trust, is shown to be strongly associated with repayment performance. This suggests that attitudes and values shared by community members create an environment in which seed borrowers honor their engagements, although church participation and fear of witchcraft can weaken mutual monitoring of loan use and peer pressure for repayment. Trust in Lending: Social Capital and Joint Liability Seed Loans in Southern Zambia Collective liability Group lending Social capital Trust 1788--1807 October 34 2006 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4KPFKVJ-1/2/424a8af32f2af14bbc20944b08bd82cf 2006-10 streefland_public_2005 article Health Policy Taking as point of departure the need for a strong public health care sector in developing countries the article firstly outlines how in {sub-Saharan} Africa enhanced scarcity has characterized the content and quality of health care in the public sector. This has eroded the trust among the public in the government as provider of health care and guardian of public health. Secondly, it describes how workers in the public health domain have dealt with the implications of scarcity by etching out a "puvate" zone in health care provision and how these informal activities need to be interpreted as "muddling through". It also points out what are reactions of clients to a decline in public health care provision. Thirdly, it discusses the changing relation between the state as provider of health care and private sector health care provision at a time of emerging public-private partnerships. The article emphasizes the need for strong health services at basic health centre level. It is at that level that the state has to address problems of scarcity and regain public trust. It also is at that level where major long-term health policies like the imminent large-scale delivery of antiretrovirals (3by5) have to be accomplished. Public health care under pressure in {sub-Saharan} Africa Africa Public-private mix Quality of health care Scarcity Sub-Saharan Africa 375--382 March 71 2005 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4D491G5-1/1/331216f520c12b4d5bf50511c400a736 2005-03 newbrander_private_1997 book Private health sector growth in Asia: issues and implications Asia Primary health care Manila 1997 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Asian Development Bank 1997 lynne_curran_case_2005 techreport {CASE} {STUDY} {ON} {PROFITABILITY} {OF} {MICROFINANCE} {IN} {COMMERCIAL} {BANKS} - {HATTON} {NATIONAL} {BANK} Case study Hatton National Bank Microfinance Profitability of microfinance 2005 {USAID,} Development Alternatives Inc. 2005 levine_micro_2007 misc The world's rural poor have the highest risks of ill health and the lowest rate of health insurance. The result is that injuries and illnesses - and the resulting loss of income and health care expenditures - often push households into poverty and lead them to sell productive assets. These problems are especially pressing for workers in the agricultural sector, as illness or injury often directly reduces income. Lower income, in turn, frequently reduces agricultural assets, which can reduce future farm productivity. Thus, micro-health insurance is a promising product to help the rural poor, as it has the ability to stabilize incomes and prevent the sale of assets. This proposal is for a randomized controlled trial of the {GRET/SKY} micro-health insurance program in rural Cambodia. {AFD} is sponsoring {GRET} and cosponsoring the proposed evaluation. This evaluation will provide the first rigorous evidence on the effectiveness of micro-health insurance on the ability of the rural poor to protect their economic well-being and livelihoods while maintaining access to quality health care. As importantly, this evaluation will help understand whether people with high average medical costs are heavy purchasers of health insurance. This information is crucial in designing financially sustainable insurance products. Results of the evaluation will be relevant to micro-health insurers, donors, and policymakers both in Cambodia and globally. Micro Health Insurance in Rural Cambodia: An evaluation of the impact on the stabilization of incomes and enhancement of agricultural productivity and asset accumulation {(Proposal)} Cambodia Micro health insurance 2007 http://www.basis.wisc.edu/documents/Cambodia_proposal.pdf 2007 roth_tata-aig_2005 techreport {TATA-AIG} Life Insurance Company Ltd., India Case study India Life insurance Microinsurance 2005 14 Case Study {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 baeza_extending_2002 book Discussion Paper Extending Social Protection in Health Through Community Based Health Organizations. Evidence and Challenges Community-based health insurance Social protection Geneva 2002 International Labour Organization {(ILO)} 2002 preker_health_2002 techreport Health Care Financing for Rural and {Low-Income} Populations: The Role of Communities in Resource Mobilization and Risk Sharing Health care financing Low-income sector Resource mobilization Risk sharing Role of community Rural sector Washnigton, {D.C.} 2002 The Worldbank 2002 ensor_developing_1999 article Social Science \& Medicine Developing health insurance in transitional Asia Asia Development of health insurance Health sector reform Transitional Asia 871--879 48 1999 1999 reschke_methoden_2005 article Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik Methoden der Morbidit\"{a}tsadjustierung GL Risk adjustment 10--19 2005 1-2 2005 fairbank_sources_2003 techreport Sources of Financial Instability of Community-based Health Insurance Schemes: How Could Social Reinsurance Help? Community-based health insurance Financial instability Social reinsurance Bethesda, Maryland 2003 Partners for Health Reformplus, Abt Associates 2003 grootaert_social_2001 techreport Does Social Capital help the Poor? - A synthesis of Findings from the Local Level Institutions Studies in Burkina Faso and Indonesia - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 10 Africa Asia Burkina Faso Indonesia Poverty Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2001 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 2001 ahuja_arepoor_2003 article Community based micro insurance has aroused much interest and hope in meeting health care challenges facing the poor. In this paper we explore how institutional rigidities such as credit constraint impinge on demand for health insurance and how insurance could potentially prevent poor households from falling into poverty trap. In this setting, we argue that the appropriate public intervention in generating demand for insurance is not to subsidise premium but to remove these rigidities (easing credit constraint in the present context). Thus from insurance perspective as well, our analysis highlights the importance of having appropriate savings and borrowing instruments for the poor. Are the poor too poor to demand health insurance? Health insurance 2003 2003 catherine_chanfreau_costing_2005 techreport Costing {HIV/AIDS} Services for Community Health Fund Members and Non-members in Hanang District, Tanzania Africa Community health fund HIV/AIDS Tanzania May 2005 {TE} 062 Technical Report {MD:} The Partners for Health Reformplus Project, Abt Associates Inc. 2005-05 dercon_insurance_2004 techreport Uninsured risk has substantial welfare costs, not just in the short run, but also in terms of perpetuating poverty. This paper discusses the scope for extending insurance to the poor in {LAC} countries. It is argued that insurance provision to the poor could play an important role in a comprehensive system of protection against risk, including other ex-ante measures such as promoting credit and savings as insurance, as well as a credible overall ex-post safety net. Insurance provision is best promoted via a partner-agent model, in which a local finance institution with close links to relatively poor communities teams up with an established insurer to deliver low cost, tailored products, and possible products include life, health, property and weather insurance. An essential role of the government would be to promote insurance provision to the poor by a relevant regulatory framework favouring {MFIs} within a partner-agent setup, and to provide overall credibility to the overall system of social protection. The paper also argues for the involvement of local indigenous risk-sharing and finance institutions as intermediaries to maximise the ability to reach the poor and the overall welfare benefits. Insurance for the Poor? Insurance and poverty 2004 125 2004 culyer_handbook_2000 book Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Handbook of Health Economics Equity and health GL Health economics Health habits Insurance markets Law and regulation Managed care Medical care market Amsterdam (a.o.) Part 2 2000 Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 hendricks_designing_2003 article Journal of Microfinance Designing Microfinance from an {Exit-Strategy} Perspective Microfinance 77--88 5 2003 1 2003 seibel_poverty_2000 article Cologne, Germany: University of Cologne This paper offers suggestions for making poverty reduction sustainable in the rural scenario. It also presents examples of unsustainable project interventions that have turned into sustainable institutions. The author offers the following suggestions for sustainable poverty reduction: It requires well-designed, long term development measures and a prudentially regulated institutional framework; It must build on individual self-help and institutional self-reliance; The growth of outreach to the poor is contingent upon the dynamic growth of self-reliant institutions; It requires political will and adequate policies; Rural and microfinance have a crucial role to play in it; Only viable institutions can continually increase their outreach to the poor. Poverty Reduction and Rural Finance: From Unsustainable Programs to Sustainable Institutions with Growing Outreach to the Poor Microfinance Poverty reduction August 2000 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/29708 2000-08 ogunbekun_private_1999-1 article Private health care in Nigeria: walking the tightrope Africa Nigeria Private health care 174--181 June 1999 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/2/174 1999-06 ranson_review_2003 techreport A review of community-based health insurance schemes in india Community-based health insurance India London, {GB} 2003 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 2003 wang_adverse_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine This study examines adverse selection in a subsidized voluntary health insurance scheme, the Rural Mutual Health Care {(RMHC)} scheme, in a poor rural area of China. The study was made possible by a unique longitudinal data set: the total sample includes 3492 rural residents from 1020 households. Logistic regression was employed for the data analysis. The results show that although this subsidized scheme achieved a considerable high enrollment rate of 71\% of rural residents, adverse selection still exists. In general, individuals with worse health status are more likely to enroll in {RMHC} than individuals with better health status. Although the household is set as the enrollment unit for the {RMHC} for the purpose of reducing adverse selection, nearly 1/3 of enrolled households are actually only partially enrolled. Furthermore, we found that adverse selection mainly occurs in partially enrolled households. The non-enrolled individuals in partially enrolled households have the best health status, while the enrolled individuals in partially enrolled households have the worst health status. {Pre-RMHC,} medical expenditure for enrolled individuals in partially enrolled households was 206.6 yuan per capita per year, which is 1.7 times as much as the {pre-RMHC} medical expenditure for non-enrolled individuals in partially enrolled households. The study also reveals that the pre-enrolled medical expenditure per capita per year of enrolled individuals was 9.6\% higher than the pre-enrolled medical expenditure of all residents, including both enrolled and non-enrolled individuals. In conclusion, although the subsidized {RMHC} scheme reached a very high enrollment rate and the household is set as the enrollment unit for the purpose of reducing adverse selection, adverse selection still exists, especially within partially enrolled households. Voluntary {RMHC} will not be financially sustainable if the adverse selection is not fully taken into account. Adverse selection in a voluntary Rural Mutual Health Care health insurance scheme in China Adverse selection China Micro health insurance Rural 1236--1245 September 63 2006 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4JT3S8G-2/1/2326090fe331a57fa30eed699c490700 2006-09 robinson_group_2004 phdthesis Group reactions to risky prospectment members GL Group analysis Risk equalization University of Pittsburgh, Faculty of Arts and Sciences 2004 2004 rubin_determinants_1993 article Social science quarterly Determinants of household out-of-pocket health expenditures Health care expenditures 721--735 74 1993 4 1993 international_labour_organization_-_social_security_department_health_2005 techreport Health {Micro-Insurance} Schemes: Feasibility Study Guide - Volume 1: Procedure Feasibility study Manual Micro health insurance Geneva 2005 International Labour Organization - Social Security Department 2005 _who_????-1 unpublished Who benefits from health sector subsidies? - Benefit incidence analysis Benefits Health sector subsidies Incidence analysis Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity {Analysis-Technical} Note \#12 roy_alternative_2003 inproceedings Alternative Data Sources for Demographic and Health Statistics in India Alternative demographic and health statistics India Bombay, India 2003 2003 nagendranath_health_2002 inproceedings Health insurance in India - the emerging paradigm Health insurance India New Delhi 2002 2002 kumar_social_???? misc In an attempt to examine the extent of overlaps between social and economic duality this paper notes that not necessarily the low caste households, slum dwelling, employment in menial jobs and poverty overlap. In terms of literacy, occupation, income and food expenditure per consumer unit evidence that is drawn from slum households in Delhi, provides only a partial support to the view that along the lines of caste economic inequality is manifested. Econometric results pertaining to occupational choice model, income per worker and food expenditure per capita are not entirely in favour of the vulnerability of the low castes. Results from the probit model tend to suggest that the extent of rise in probability of falling into {BPL} households is more in the case of the {"General"} category of sample households relative to the rest. The reservation policy based on caste is, therefore, unlikely to address adequately the issues relating to low productivity employment and poverty. Social and Economic Dualism: Caste, Employment and Poverty in Delhi Slums India Poverty http://www.iegindia.org/dispap/dis81.pdf ahuja_micro-insurance_2003 article Economic and Political Weekly Having a clear idea of what choice to follow and, based on that, devising appropriate macro policies is extremely important to achieve the objective of extending the reach of insurance to the poor. Other steps include building capacity (creating information tools, setting up the knowledge base, imparting training to the {NGOs,} etc) at various levels. The kind of capacity to build depends very much on what particular policy is chosen, which calls for some capacity building at the government level to weigh different policy choices. {Micro-Insurance} for the Poor: Policy Choices Microinsurance Policy recommendations 5034--5036 38 2003 November 29 2003 molyneux_role_2007 article There is growing concern that health policies and programmes may be contributing to disparities in health and wealth between and within households in low-income settings. However, there is disagreement concerning which combination of health and non-health sector interventions might best protect the poor. Potentially promising interventions include those that build on the social resources that have been found to be particularly critical for the poor in preventing and coping with illness costs. In this paper we present data on the role of one form of social resource--community-based organizations {(CBOs)--in} household ability to pay for health care on the Kenyan coast. Data were gathered from a rural and an urban setting using individual interviews (n = 24), focus group discussions (n = 18 in each setting) and cross-sectional surveys (n = 294 rural and n = 576 urban households). We describe the complex hierarchy of {CBOs} operating at the strategic, intermediate and local level in both settings, and comment on the potential of working through these organizations to reach and protect the poor. We highlight the challenges around several interventions that are of particular international interest at present: community-based health insurance schemes; micro-finance initiatives; and the removal of primary care user fees. We argue the importance of identifying and building upon organizations with a strong trust base in efforts to assist households to meet treatment costs, and emphasize the necessity of reducing the costs of services themselves for the poorest households. Community-based development Community networks Cross-Sectional Studies Financial support Financing Personal Focus Groups Health status disparities Interviews as topic Rural population Urban population 02681080 381--92 6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18006525?ordinalpos=5&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Health policy and planning The role of community-based organizations in household ability to pay for health care in Kilifi District, Kenya 22 November 2007 {PMID:} 18006525 2007-11 guenther_estimating_2009 article World Development Summary Households in developing countries are frequently hit by severe idiosyncratic and covariate shocks leading to high consumption volatility. A household's currently observed poverty status might therefore not be a good indicator of the household's general vulnerability to poverty. In the recent years, there has been an emerging literature on the concept and empirical analysis of vulnerability. But because of strong data requirements for vulnerability analysis and limited availability of panel and shock data for developing countries, static poverty analysis still dominates empirical vulnerability studies. In this paper, we propose a simple method to empirically assess the impact of idiosyncratic and covariate shocks on households' vulnerability, which can be applied in a wide context as it relies on more commonly available cross-sectional or short panel data. We empirically illustrate our approach for Madagascar. We show that covariate shocks have a relatively higher impact on rural households, whereas idiosyncratic shocks have a relatively higher impact on urban households' vulnerability. Estimating Vulnerability to Idiosyncratic and Covariate Shocks Idiosyncratic and covariate shocks Madagascar Vulnerability {0305-750X} In Press, Corrected Proof 2009 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4VP1754-1/2/3869e03a869aca466a51a7caf5934154 2009 gericke_intervention_2005 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Intervention complexity: a conceptual framework to inform priority-setting in health Delivery of health care Developing countries HIV/AIDS Priority-setting in health Social marketing Tuberculosis 285--293 83 2005 4 2005 garber_advances_2000 incollection Recent work has clarified the welfare implications of the application of cost-effectiveness analysis to the allocation of health care. Although cost-effectiveness analysis shares many similarities with cost-benefit analysis, it did not develop as an outgrowth of neoclassical welfare economics. Consequently, even though the welfare implications of public decisionmaking based on cost-benefit analysis have long been understood, until recently the conditions under which decisions made on the basis of cost-effectiveness criteria lead to potential Pareto improvement had received little attention. This chapter describes the welfare economic foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis and how such foundations can be applied to resolve controversies in the application of the technique. It also discusses procedures for applying the technique, the circumstances under which decision rules based on cost-effectiveness analysis have desirable welfare economic properties, the appropriate perspective for the analysis, and issues in measuring outcomes. Even when standard welfare economic assumptions are not fully accurate descriptions of the markets and conditions in which health care is delivered, cost-effectiveness analysis can be a useful guide to allocation decisions. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Advances in {CE} Analysis Compensation principle cost-benefit Cost-effectiveness Quality-adjusted life years sensitivity analysis von Neumann-Morgenstern utility Welfare economics Amsterdam (a.o.) 182--221 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 newhouse_reimbursing_1996 article Journal of Economic Literature Reimbursing health plans and health providers: Efficiency in production versus selection. Cost effectiveness Health Planning Industrial efficiency MEDICAL policy PUBLIC health Unit pricing 00220515 1236 34 1996 3 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 9610113171; Newhouse, Joseph P. 1; Affiliations: 1: Harvard University.; Issue Info: Sep96, Vol. 34 Issue 3, p1236; Thesaurus Term: {COST} effectiveness; Thesaurus Term: {INDUSTRIAL} efficiency; Thesaurus Term: {UNIT} pricing; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} policy; Subject Term: {HEALTH} planning; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} health; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 923120 Administration of Public Health Programs; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; Number of Pages: 28p; Illustrations: 4 charts, 1 diagram, 1 graph; Document Type: Article; Full Text Word Count: 15495{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}The} article focuses on reimbursing health plans and health providers with emphasis on efficiency in production versus selection. This paper argues that widespread health insurance creates another important tradeoff, less well recognized in the literature, between efficiency in production and selection. By efficiency in production the authors mean least cost treatment of a patient\'s medical problem, holding quality constant. Thus efficiency includes the quantity of services used to treat the problem, as well as the unit price of those services. By selection, the authors mean actions of economic agents on either side of the market to exploit unpriced risk heterogeneity and break pooling arrangements, with the result that some consumers may not obtain the insurance they desire. Section {II} describes changes in the structures of the health insurance and medical care industries and how those changes have affected the tradeoff between efficiency in production and selection. Section {III} delineates a theory of selection based on the traditional {Rothschild-Stiglitz} model. {\textless}/p{\textgreater} http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=9610113171&site=ehost-live 1996 subramanian_are_2009 article Social Science \& Medicine Self-reported measures of poor health and morbidities from developing countries tend to be viewed with considerable skepticism. Examination of the social gradient in self-reported health and morbidity measures provides a useful test of the validity of self-reports of poor health and morbidities. The prevailing view, in part influenced by Amartya Sen, is that socially disadvantaged individuals will fail to perceive and report the presence of illness or health-deficits because an individual's assessment of their health is directly contingent on their social experience. In this study, we tested whether the association between self-reported poor health/morbidities and socioeconomic status {(SES)} in India follows the expected direction or not. Cross-sectional logistic regression analyses were carried out on a nationally representative population-based sample from the 1998 to 1999 Indian National Family Health Survey {(INFHS);} and 1995-1996 and 2004 Indian National Sample Survey {(INSS).} Four binary outcomes were analyzed: any self-reported morbidity; self-reported sickness in the last 15 days; self-reported sickness in the past year; and poor self-rated health. In separate adjusted models, individuals with no education reported higher levels of any self-reported, self-reported sickness in the last 15 days, self-reported sickness in the last year, and poor self-rated health compared to those with most education. Contrary to the prevailing thesis, we find that the use of self-rated ill-health has face validity as assessed via its relationship to {SES.} A less dismissive and pessimistic view of health data obtained through self-reports seems warranted. Are self-reports of health and morbidities in developing countries misleading? Evidence from India Morbidity Socioeconomic Status (SES) Subjective health Validity 0277-9536 260--265 68 2009 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBF-4TY8GG1-6/2/63929a1a0e424c696c7c122195b66215 2009 beck_auswirkungen_2007 article Schriften des {CSS-Instituts} f\"{u}r empirische Gesundheits\"{o}konomie Auswirkungen eines Hochrisikopools auf die Risikoselektion im Schweizer {Krankenversicherungs-Wettbewerb:} Eine empirische Kl\"{a}rung GL High risk pools Risk selection Switzerland April 2007 2007-04 cullen_interrelations_2001 article Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. Canberra Extensive research has been conducted within the last decade on the links between social capital and social and economic growth and development. The resulting evidence has shown that social capital matters in, among others, economic development, the effectiveness of political systems, and community development. Stemming from these endeavors, research on the interrelations between social capital and health has also been conducted, revealing correlations between social capital and health outcomes. Still, many questions remain unanswered on the interrelations of social capital with health. Definitive definitions and means to measure social capital are still somewhat elusive, and there is still the need to identify which collective, ecological characteristics of communities and societies affect population health status. It is also unclear if the relations between these two variables are multidirectional, and of causality or correlation {(Lochner,} Kawachi, and Kennedy 1999). In terms of mental health, little work has been done to specifically explore how it may interface independently with social capital, although this body of work is growing. Findings from extant research will have important ramifications on the content and structure of further research, on policy formation (macro social policies and their consequent effects on health determinants), and on the implementation of health and mental health services (improving the means, efficacy, and targeting of service delivery). In an attempt to synthesize existing work examining the interrelations of social capital with health and mental health, this paper discusses extant research and pulls together consequent primary hypotheses, methodologies and indicators for measurement, and limitations for study. The Interrelations of Social Capital with Health and Mental Health Health Mental health Social capital 2001 2001 jacquier_social_2006 inbook What is social security? What is social protection? What is microinsurance? Potential and limitation of microinsurance as a social protection mechanism; How can microinsurance be used to extend social protection? The social protection perspective on microinsurance Microinsurance Social protection Geneva / Munich 45--64 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/1ADE0604-6297-4D14-B8B9-AE122900108C/0/Part1Principlesandpractices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 asante_equity_2006 article Health Policy Debate over the equitable allocation of financial resources in the health sector has focused overwhelmingly on allocation from national to regional levels. More equitable allocation of such resources within regions has been virtually ignored, creating a vacuum in knowledge regarding how resources are allocated intra-regionally and their potential influence on promoting health equity. In this paper, we report an empirical study examining progress towards equity in intra-regional resource allocation in the Ashanti and Northern regions of Ghana. Relative deprivation across the 31 districts of the two regions was measured as a proxy of health needs. The result was used to develop an equity-adjusted share index {(EAS)} applied as a yardstick against which progress towards equity was assessed. The study found a significant correlation between districts' share of donor pooled funds {(DPF)} and the {EAS} in the Northern region for three of the 4 years investigated. In Ashanti region, a worsening trend in relation to equity in {DPF} allocation was discovered. The proportion of variance in the share of {DPF} that could be explained by the {EAS} reduced incrementally from 56\% in 1999 to less than 1\% in 2002. The study highlights the need for more emphasis on intra-regional equity in resource allocation in Ghana. Equity in resource allocation for health: A comparative study of the Ashanti and Northern Regions of Ghana Africa Ashanti Decision-making Deprivation Ghana Resource allocation 135--148 October 78 2006 2-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4JYKP5K-1/1/e1f04fbfdf289f8ab6fc5bca6d015737 2006-10 walt_community_1989 inproceedings Community health workers in national programmes: the case of the family welfare educators of Botswana Africa Botswana Community health workers London 49--55 1989 83 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1989 devadasan_community_2004-1 article Economic and Political Weekly Community health insurance: increasing access to hospital care Community-based health insurance Hospital care Increasing access 3189--3194 39 2004 28 2004 gwatkin_free_2003 unpublished Free Government Health Services: Are They the Best Way to Reach the Poor? Free government health services Health care financing Resource allocation and purchasing Social security Targeting Universal coverage 2003 2003 msuya_impacts_2004 techreport Impacts of Community Health Insurance Schemes on health care provision Rural Tanzania Africa Case study Community-based health insurance Health care provision Mutual insurance Rural sector Tanzania Bonn 2004 82 Discussion Papers on Development Policy {ZEF} - {ZEntrum} f\"{u}r Entwicklungsforschung 2004 atim_survey_2001-1 techreport A Survey of Health Financing Schemes in Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Ghana CHI Health care financing Micro health insurance Mutual insurance Bethesda, {MD} 2001 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2001 phrplus_21_2004-1 article 21 questions on {CBHF:} an overview of community-based health financing Community-based health financing Community-based health insurance 2004 2004 gilson_trust_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine Health systems are inherently relational and so many of the most critical challenges for health systems are relationship and behaviour problems. Yet the disciplinary perspectives that underlie traditional health policy analysis offer only limited and partial insights into human behaviour and relationships. The health sector, therefore, has much to learn from the wider literature on behaviour and the factors that influence it. A central feature of recent debates, particularly, but not only, in relation to social capital, is trust and its role in facilitating collective action, that is co-operation among people to achieve common goals. The particular significance of trust is that it offers an alternative approach to the economic individualism that has driven public policy analysis in recent decades. This paper considers what the debates on trust have to offer health policy analysis by exploring the meaning, bases and outcomes of trust, and its relevance to health systems. It, first, presents a synthesis of theoretical perspectives on the notion of trust. Second, it argues both that trust underpins the co-operation within health systems that is necessary to health production, and that a trust-based health system can make an important contribution to building value in society. Finally, five conclusions are drawn for an approach to health policy analysis that takes trust seriously. Trust and the development of health care as a social institution Health care Trust 1453--1468 April 56 2003 7 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-45XYYCJ-4/1/8928515312d3afb5e78154dd18803e82 2003-04 scherer_pharmaceutical_2000 incollection This Handbook chapter surveys the extensive body of research on the economics of the pharmaceutical industry (with peripheral attention paid also to regulated medical devices). Pharmaceuticals is one of the world's most research-intensive industries, generating a continuing steam of new products that save lives and raise the quality of life. The discovery of new drugs has evolved over time from a decidedly empirical process to one based to a considerable degree upon fundamental scientific knowledge. Rich linkages have emerged between profit-seeking manufacturers and basic research performers such as universities and national laboratories. The safety and efficacy of new pharmaceutical products are stringently regulated in most industrialized nations, adding to clinical testing costs. Because of high expenditures on research, development, and clinical testing and because new products, once proven, might be imitated easily, patent protection is unusually important. The extension of patent protection to third-world nations under Uruguay Round Treaty mandates has precipitated vigorous policy debates. Patents, first-mover advantages, and the lack of good substitutes for significant new drugs often give rise to substantial monopoly power, against which many national governments have counterpoised a diverse panoply of price control mechanisms. When patents expire, however, generic substitutes often introduce vigorous price competition. The extent to which generics capture market share from the branded original drugs depends upon government regulatory policies, the reimbursement strategies of health care insurers, and the organization of health care provider institutions. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse The Pharmaceutical Industry Demand and reimbursement for medical services Medical care market Pharmaceutical industry Amsterdam (a.o.) 1297--1336 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 policy_research_initiative_government_of_canada_measurement_2005 techreport Following a series of studies on social capital, the Policy Research Initiative has concluded that the concept is a valuable public policy tool, as it provides a new and ultimately fruitful perspective for examining how public policies and programs can draw on social ties as a potentially vital ingredient for achieving their objectives {(PRI,} 2005a). According to the {PRI,} a concrete application of this concept involves a more systematic consideration of relational dynamics and networks of co-operation that exist at various levels and in a variety of spheres shaped by public policy. But how do we begin? An empirical understanding of the different manifestations of social capital and its methods of functioning is not always easy to achieve. Over the last few years, many government organizations have devoted greater effort to measuring the social capital of populations and generating data that attempt to capture its major dimensions. Various avenues have been explored, from case studies to the development of major trend indicators (for instance, social and civic participation rates) based on survey data. For the most part, however, these efforts have focused on social capital as a dependent variable, that is, a phenomenon requiring explanation. The {PRI} was interested in exploring an alternative route by addressing social capital in terms of its role -- or contribution -- in attaining certain socio-economic or health-related results, matters of interest to public policy. In other words, it was more interested in the concept as an independent variable used to explain other social phenomena. Based on a social capital perspective that focuses on the strategic role of social networks that provide access to resources and support, the challenge of measuring social capital therefore involves substantially different variables than those currently of interest to much of the research community in the field of social capital. Consequently, the properties related to networks of relationships between individuals and groups, as well as those that document how they operate in specific circumstances, constitute the basis of the proposals put forward in this reference document on the measurement of social capital for public policy research, development and evaluation. This document comprises four parts: ??? Part 1 provides an overview of the measurement of social capital in the public sector, by distinguishing the various avenues pursued by different national and international statistical agencies based on three major approaches: micro, macro, and meso. The discussion ends with an exploration of the value of the meso approach, whereby social networks constitute the fundamental mediating structures of social capital between individuals, groups, and society. ??? Part 2 proposes a useful operational framework for public policy that corresponds with this approach. This model distinguishes between measurable variables that deal with manifestations of social capital and those that deal with how social capital operate. Drawing on the conceptual field and research tools for analyzing social networks, the document proposes a series of social capital indicators and a set of measurement tools that make a distinction between the structure of networks (the properties of networks, members, and relationships) and their dynamic (conditions for creation and mobilization). ??? Part 3 looks at the advantages and limitations of various methodological strategies, both quantitative and qualitative, for examining social capital in the context of public policy, with an emphasis on potential applications in Canada. ??? Part 4 discusses the various ways in which social capital can be used as a public policy tool. Without going as far as to propose a research agenda devoted exclusively to social capital within the federal government, this document does recommend pursuing several investigative paths. These paths can be explored simultaneously at several stages in the development of policies and programs already underway, by adding complementary questions to existing or future surveys, by including certain aspects to be documented in case studies financed by government research bodies, or by integrating new performance indicators into program evaluations. Measurement of Social Capital - Reference Document for Public Policy Research, Development, and Evaluation Policy research Social capital September 2005 http://www.policyresearch.gc.ca/page.asp?pagenm=rp_sc_final2 2005-09 geneau_using_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Cataract is the leading cause of avoidable blindness in Africa. There are various documented barriers to the uptake of cataract surgery, cost being one of them. There is, however, little evidence regarding patients' willingness to pay {(WTP)} for cataract surgery in Africa and the best way to measure it. We conducted a grounded theory study in order to understand better cataract patients' {WTP} for surgery in Tanzania. A total of 47 cataract patients from three regions of Tanzania were interviewed. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The coding process involved identifying emerging themes and categories and their interconnection. Our study reveals that the main factors behind patients' {WTP} for cataract surgery are (1) the level of perceived need for sight and cataract surgery; (2) the decision-making processes at the family level and (3) the characteristics of local eye care programs. Our study shows that {WTP} concerns not only the patients but also their relatives. For most patients and families, the amount of \$20-\$30 is deemed reasonable for a sight-restoring procedure. It does not appear realistic for eye care program managers to charge the real cost of cataract surgery at present (about {US} \$70--in Kilimanjaro). However, eye care programs can influence {WTP} for cataract surgery by providing quality services and by offering adequate counseling about the procedure. The qualitative findings enriched the interpretation of a previously reported quantitative survey and yield implications for both researchers and decision-makers using or relying on {WTP} methodologies in developing countries. Using qualitative methods to understand the determinants of patients' willingness to pay for cataract surgery: A study in Tanzania Africa Cataract surgery Eye care services Tanzania 558--568 February 66 2008 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4BC2M9G-1/1/14d860f19d00589bedfa92ee7daec978 2008-02 musgrove_basic_2002 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Analysed in this paper are national health accounts estimates for 191 {WHO} Member States for 1997, using simple comparisons and linear regressions to describe spending on health and how it is financed. The data cover all sources - out-of-pocket spending, social insurance contributions, financing from government general revenues and voluntary and employment-related private insurance - classified according to their completeness and reliability. Total health spending rises from around 2-3\% of gross domestic product {(GDP)} at low incomes {({\textless}US\$} 1000 per capita) to typically 8-9\% at high incomes {({\textgreater}US\$} 7000). Surprisingly, there is as much relative variation in the share for poor countries as for rich ones, and even more relative variation in amounts in {US\$.} Poor countries and poor people that most need protection from financial catastrophe are the least protected by any form of prepayment or risk-sharing. At low incomes, out-of-pocket spending is high on average and varies from 20-80\% of the total; at high incomes that share drops sharply and the variation narrows. Absolute out-ofpocket expenditure nonetheless increases with income. Public financing increases faster, and as a share of {GDP,} and converges at high incomes. Health takes an increasing share of total public expenditure as income rises, from 5-6\% to around 10\%. This is arguably the opposite of the relation between total health needs and need for public spending, for any given combination of services. Within public spending, there is no convergence in the type of finance - general revenue versus social insurance. Private insurance is usually insignificant except in some rich countries Basic patterns in national health expenditure Financing organized Personal Health care expenditures Health care sector Health statistics Health trends Linear models 134--142 80 2002 2 2002 microfinance_information_exchange_mix_benchmarking_2006 book Benchmarking African Microfinance 2005 Africa Microfinance 2006 2006 yip_determinants_1998 article Health Policy and Planning Determinants of patient choice of medical provider: a case study in rural China China Choice of medical provider Determinants of patient choice Rural sector 311--322 13 1998 3 1998 leftley_provision_2006 inbook Why is technical assistance required? What does a {TA} provider do? Who provides microinsurance technical assistance? Conclusion: Providing quality technical assistance The provision of technical assistance Microinsurance other stakeholders Geneva / Munich 545--560 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 ebert_altruism_2000 article Review of Economic Design The paper examines the influence of altruism on voluntary transfers and government redistribution in a simple model: two jobs of different productivity are assigned by chance to two individuals. Ex ante the individuals are identical, ex post they have different incomes. The first part of the paper examines voluntary transfers determined ex post or agreed upon ex ante in the absence of altruism. In the second part, the influence of altruism is examined. Altruism is modelled as a pure public good: the minimum consumption (or income, since there is only one consumption good). Both individuals can contribute to its provision, one person by earning wage income, the other by voluntary transfers. The ex ante solutions generally lead to higher expected welfare but create several incentive problems. Only lump-sum transfers are considered. Altruism, redistribution and social insurance Altruism Social insurance 365--385 December 5 2000 4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100580000027 2000-12 record_economic_2006-1 article Globalization and Health An economic perspective on Malawi's medical "brain drain" Africa Malawi Medical health care 2 2006 12 2006 hanson_adverse_2005 article Economics of Governance Adverse selection in group insurance: The virtues of failing to represent voters Adverse selection Group insurance 139--157 6 2005 2 2005 onwujekwe_criterion_2004 article Social Science \& Medicine Contingent valuation question formats that will be used to elicit willingness to pay for goods and services need to be relevant to the area they will be used in order for responses to be valid. A novel contingent valuation question format called the "structured haggling technique" {(SH)} that resembles the bargaining system in Nigerian markets was designed and its criterion and content validity compared with those of the bidding game {(BG)} and binary-with-follow-up {(BWFU)} technique. This was achieved by determining the willingness to pay {(WTP)} for insecticide-treated nets {(ITNs)} in Southeast Nigeria. Content validity was determined through observation of actual trading of untreated nets together with interviews with sellers and consumers. Criterion validity was determined by comparing stated and actual {WTP.} Stated {WTP} was determined using a questionnaire administered to 810 household heads and actual {WTP} was determined by offering the nets for sale to all respondents one month later. The phi (correlation) coefficient was used to compare criterion validity across question formats. The phi coefficients were {SH} (0.60: 95\% {C.I.} 0.50-0.71), {BG} (0.42: 95\% {C.I.} 0.29-0.54) and the {BWFU} (0.32: 95\% {C.I.} 0.20-0.44), implying that the {BG} and {SH} had similar levels of criterion-validity while the {BWFU} was the least criterion-valid. However, the {SH} was the most content-valid. It is necessary to validate the findings in other areas where haggling is common. Future studies should establish the content validity of question formats in the contexts in which they will be used before administering questionnaires. Criterion and content validity of a novel structured haggling contingent valuation question format versus the bidding game and binary with follow-up format Haggling Insecticide-treated nets Nigeria Validity 525--537 February 58 2004 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-49BS7HD-G/1/08662f59f141685dff61c9532bf4f8a8 2004-02 hornbrook_chronic_1996 article {HSR:} Health Services Research Chronic Disease, Functional Health Status, and Demographics: A {Multi-Dimensional} Approach to Risk Adjustment Chronic disease GL Risk equalization 283--307 31 1996 3 1996 honohan_making_2007 book Making Finance Work for Africa Africa Microfinance 0821369091 February 2007 World Bank Publications 2007-02 edmondson_social_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine The idea of social capital is currently being discussed as a source of support for health, though it is often argued that the concept should not be used in an attempt to evolve neutral policy strategies but underlines the need for moral and political debate in health policy. This article, first, supports this argument by indicating the complex and culturally diverse nature of social capital. Its components react with their social contexts to produce a range of variants which differ from each other along several dimensions. Social solidarity and support involve different conventions in different places, with results which need appraisal before they can be supported. The article explores these issues by drawing on ethnographic material illustrating aspects of social relatedness in a variety of settings. Secondly, writers who treat social capital as invariably positive tend to associate it with conditions in the neo-liberal societies of late capitalism, even though they also see it as threatened there. Again examining social contexts, the article locates the reasons for this paradox in the cultures and structures of the societies concerned. Large-scale institutions in the West--including both those required to implement public health measures and those in which the majority of people work--are organised via neo-liberal processes which are not all conducive to the types of social relatedness which the social capital debate seeks to explore. In particular, significant aspects of social trust are difficult to support in neo-liberal organisations. The assumption that social capital can be promoted via social engineering which relies upon these very institutions is thus questionable. This, together with more positive aspects of the debate, draws attention to the need for further research on social relatedness if it is to be supported by public policy. Social capital: a strategy for enhancing health? Health promotion 1723--1733 November 57 2003 9 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4840KGC-C/1/bf742a27d84f31608be8ba646ed44766 2003-11 miller_emerging_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine Botswana has the second highest {HIV} prevalence rate and highest rate of orphanhood in the world. Although child mortality rates have doubled in 15 years, the extent to which health disparities are connected to orphan status remains unclear. We conducted an analysis of the 2000 Botswana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey to examine whether orphan-based health disparities exist. We measured health inequalities using anthropometric data among 2723 under-five year olds, nested in 1854 households, and 208 communities. We calculated multilevel logistic regression models to estimate the child, household, and regional determinants of growth failure. We found that orphaned children aged 0-4 are 49\% more likely to be underweight than nonorphans (p{\textless}0.05) controlling for household poverty and other factors; and orphans disproportionately live in the poorest households. Throughout {sub-Saharan} Africa {(SSA),} Botswana is a leader in responding to the {AIDS} epidemic, in particular as one of the first countries to offer universal antiretroviral treatment. However, orphan-based health disparities confirm that the orphan response is still insufficient. Better data are needed to fully understand the mechanisms that lead to these disparities, and the public sector needs an increased capacity to fully implement the policies and programs designed to meet the needs of orphans. Findings from this study have important implications for countries throughout {SSA,} and Southern Africa in particular, where the number of orphans has doubled to tripled over the past 15 years. Emerging health disparities in Botswana: Examining the situation of orphans during the {AIDS} epidemic Africa Botswana Child health Human rights Multilevel Orphans Policy 2476--2486 June 64 2007 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4NHD9C7-2/1/5b399beb700fc69f95171a0cab967e1c 2007-06 oyaya_health_2003 article Health Policy The paper examines health sector reforms in Kenya at the district level based on the Government of Kenya's Health Policy Framework of 1994. The authors present the context of and historical perspective to health sector reforms in Kenya and discuss the major reform policies including decentralization to the district level. The authors then review intended policy outcomes, investigating assumptions on which the implementation and effectiveness of the reform agenda at the local level are based. The authors argue that emphasis on outcomes rather than process have not supported sustainable reforms or achieved the government's goal of improving health and ensuring equity for the citizens of the country. Health sector reforms in Kenya: an examination of district level planning Health sector reform Kenya 113--127 April 64 2003 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4845YP1-1/1/0c9770ceeb102eb3ec4708101f822d59 2003-04 phelps_information_2000 incollection Incomplete information issues pervade health care markets, with market participants often having relatively little information, and their behavior exhibiting corresponding aberrations from classic market behavior. Consumers often have relatively little information about prices and quality offered in health care markets, leading to substantial dispersion in prices of apparently identical services. Equilibrium price dispersion increases as the demand elasticity for the product falls. Since health insurance lowers the elasticity of demand, price dispersions should occur more often (and with greater magnitude) in markets such as physician services with relatively complete insurance. Further, many insurance plans blunt incentives for search, compounding the problem. On the supply side, evidence shows that physicians behave as if they did not share the same information about the productivity of medical care. At the level of geographic regions, numerous studies show the rates at which various medical interventions are used on standardized populations differ hugely - often by an order of magnitude or more from high to low - and these differences in treatment rates do not converge through time as would occur in standard market learning models. Similarly, individual physicians within a given region also display differences in the propensity to use medical resources. Information from a major study of doctors' "styles" shows large and statistically significant differences in doctors' use of medical resources to treat their patients, even with strong measures of illness severity of the patients included in the models. Although requiring strong assumptions, one can estimate the welfare losses arising from incomplete information on the provider side of the market. Estimates of the upper bound of these welfare losses place the magnitude of loss in the same range on a per capita basis as the traditionally emphasized welfare losses associated with perverse incentives in health insurance. The importance of incomplete information leads to discussions of the economic and legal incentives for the production and dissemination of information. Legal incentives to produce such information for medical strategies (treatment protocols) are weak, particularly compared with the incentives in markets for specific products such as prescription drugs. The public good nature of such information and the government role in supporting its production and dissemination form the concluding parts of this chapter. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Information Diffusion and Best Practice Adoption Dissemination Doctor Incomplete information Insurance Patient production of information property rights search variations welfare Amsterdam (a.o.) 222--264 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 helms_access_2006 book Access for All: Building Inclusive Financial Systems Inclusive financial systems Microfinance 2006 World Bank Publications 2006 dzator_study_2004 article Health Policy Improved understanding of the factors that influence malaria care seeking behaviour is necessary in order to enhance the effectiveness of current malaria control strategies. This paper empirically examines the factors that affect household choice of malaria treatment options in Ghana. The treatment options considered were choice of a public provider of health care, a private provider, purchase of drugs from a drug store, or self-medication. The results indicate that treatment and time costs are significant factors affecting the choice of health care provider. Education and household size also play an important role in malaria care seeking behaviour. The demand for malaria care is inelastic with respect to costs, and the magnitudes of the elasticities suggest that malaria care is a necessity. The policy implications are addressed. A study of malaria care provider choice in Ghana Africa Ghana Health care provider choice Malaria Multinomial logit model 389--401 September 69 2004 3 2004-09 dowla_in_2006 article Journal of {Socio-Economics} In this paper we examine how a third-party - Grameen Bank in Bangladesh - created social capital that has been a boon to the explosive growth of Microfinance in Bangladesh and elsewhere. Using Putnam's definition, we show how Grameen Bank created social capital by forming horizontal and vertical networks, establishing new norms and fostering a new level of social trust to solve the collective action problems of poor people's access to capital. The fact that a Microfinance Institution {(MFI)} can create social capital has strong policy implications. Since social capital is a public good - non-excludable and non-rivalrous - the market will underprovide such good. This paper shows that Microfinance corrects another type of market failure--under provision of a public good, in addition to correcting the failure of the credit market. The social capital building aspects of an {MFI} need to be taken into account in the whole debate about the need for subsidy. In credit we trust: Building social capital by Grameen Bank in Bangladesh 102--122 February 35 2006 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W5H-4J2W0GM-1/1/b75b90735ff87a3b91f0a9f62734e14b 2006-02 russell_economic_2004 article The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Ill-health contributes to impoverishment, a process brought into sharper focus by the impact of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome {(HIV/AIDS)} epidemic. This paper reviews studies that have measured the economic costs and consequences of illness for households, focusing on malaria, tuberculosis {(TB),} and {HIV/AIDS.} It finds that in resource-poor settings illness imposed high and regressive cost burdens on patients and their families. Direct and indirect costs of illness for malaria were less than 10\% of the household income, but still significant when combined with the costs of other illnesses. The costs of {TB} and {HIV/AIDS} were catastrophic for households (more than 10\% of the income). Health service weaknesses in many countries, including low coverage, user charges, and poor quality of care, contributed to high costs. Poor households in developing countries with a member with {TB} or {HIV/AIDS} struggled to cope, highlighting the urgent need for a substantial increase in health sector investment to expand access to preventive and curative health services. Government and non-governmental interventions should also be broadened to encompass measures that reduce the substantial indirect costs associated with diseases such as malaria, {TB,} and {HIV/AIDS.} The economic burden of illness for households in developing countries: a review of studies focusing on malaria, tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Developing countries Economic burden of illness HIV/AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis 147--155 71 2004 {(Suppl.)} 2 2004 ponthieux_concept_2004 article 10th {ACN} Conference The concept of social capital : a critical review Social capital 2004 2004 kolehmainen-aitken_decentralizations_2004 article Human Resources for Health Designers and implementers of decentralization and other reform measures have focused much attention on financial and structural reform measures, but ignored their human resource implications. Concern is mounting about the impact that the reallocation of roles and responsibilities has had on the health workforce and its management, but the experiences and lessons of different countries have not been widely shared. This paper examines evidence from published literature on decentralization's impact on the demand side of the human resource equation, as well as the factors that have contributed to the impact. The elements that make such an impact analysis exceptionally complex are identified. They include the mode of decentralization that a country is implementing, the level of responsibility for the salary budget and pay determination, and the civil service status of transferred health workers. The main body of the paper is devoted to examining decentralization's impact on human resource issues from three different perspectives: that of local health managers, health workers themselves, and national health leaders. These three groups have different concerns in the human resource realm, and consequently, have been differently affected by decentralization processes. The paper concludes with recommendations regarding three key concerns that national authorities and international agencies should give prompt attention to. They are (1) defining the essential human resource policy, planning and management skills for national human resource managers who work in decentralized countries, and developing training programs to equip them with such skills; (2) supporting research that focuses on improving the knowledge base of how different modes of decentralization impact on staffing equity; and (3) identifying factors that most critically influence health worker motivation and performance under decentralization, and documenting the most cost-effective best practices to improve them. Notable experiences from South Africa, Ghana, Indonesia and Mexico are shared in an annex. Decentralization's impact on the health workforce: Perspectives of managers, workers and national leaders Decentralization and health Health workforce 2 2004 http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/2/1/5 2004 heikkil_social_2008 misc Social Capital and Financial Access: Evidence from Uganda Access to finance Microfinance Social capital Uganda October 2008 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}PRELIMINARY} {VERSION;} {PLEASE} {DO} {NOT} {CITE{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} http://www.hse.fi/NR/rdonlyres/FB782FE3-854C-4FE6-8923-45C07581ABA0/0/SocialCapital_FinancialAccess_Uganda.pdf 2008-10 qureshi_loss_2006 inbook A retrospective look at loss prevention; Converging interests; Pinpointing prevention; Practising prevention; Minimization: A stitch in time; Evaluating the return on investment in prevention Loss control Microinsurance operations Geneva / Munich 307--320 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 you_new_2008 article Health Policy The New Cooperative Medical Scheme {(NCMS)} is a heavily subsidized voluntary health insurance program established in 2003 to reduce the risk of catastrophic health spending for rural residents in China. In this review, we present the current collection of knowledge available regarding the performance of {NCMS} on the aspects of revenue collection, risk pooling, reimbursement rules and provider payment. The available evidence suggests that {NCMS} has substantially improved health care access and utilization among the participants; however, it appears to have no statistically significant effect on average household out-of-pocket health spending and catastrophic expenditure risk. As {NCMS} is rolled out to other counties, it must be careful to generalize the findings reported in the published papers and reports, because the early pilot counties were not randomly selected and there are a lot of local adaptations. In addition, we expect that {NCMS} could be an important opportunity to establish some trust-based institutions in the best interest of the participants to monitor provider quality and control cost inflation. Rigorous evaluations, based on richer and latest micro-level data, could considerably strengthen the evidence base for the performance and impact of {NCMS.} The new cooperative medical scheme in China New Cooperative Medical Scheme Risk pooling 0168-8510 In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4V936HH-1/2/b6c788a74c686d2e706cf54e4c5e98c7 2008 world_bank_outcomes_????-1 techreport Outcomes \#1: Child Survival Quantitative research Research method 1 Technical Note dercon_group-based_2006 article World Development Summary A funeral is a costly occasion. This paper studies indigenous insurance institutions developed to cope with the high costs of funerals, based on evidence from rural areas in Tanzania and Ethiopia. These institutions were found to be highly prevalent in the study areas. They are based on well-defined rules and regulations, often offering premium-based insurance for funeral expenses. Increasingly, they are also offering other forms of insurance and credit to cope with hardship. The paper argues that the characteristics and inclusiveness of these institutions make them potentially well placed as models to broaden insurance provision and other developmental activities in these communities. The history of these institutions is characterized by a resistance to attempts of political capture, and helps to understand their apparent opposition to engage more broadly with {NGOs} and government agencies. As a result, any attempt to expand their activities will have to be done cautiously. Group-based funeral insurance in Ethiopia and Tanzania Risk sharing 685--703 April 34 2006 4 2006-04 arun_micro-insurance_2008 techreport {Micro-Insurance} in the Context of Social Protection Ghana NHIS Social protection Social security Sri Lanka Manchester, United Kingdom 2008 55 {BWPI} Working Paper Brooks World Poverty Institute 2008 _annex_????-4 article Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool Annex {1C} - Household Questionnaire Household survey Questionnaire Research method _unraveling_???? techreport Unraveling causes {II:} The Oaxaca approach Applications of tools to health sector Inequalities in health Measurements of equity Oaxaca-type decompositions Regression model Technical Note 15 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis zhao_measuring_2001 article Health Services Research Measuring population health risks using inpatient diagnoses and outpatient pharmacy data Measurement Population health risk 180--193 36 2001 6 Part {II} 2001 loewenson_public_1998 techreport Participation of communities is widely argued to be an important factor in improving health outcomes and the performance of health systems. This paper uses a review of past experience of participation in Zimbabwe's health system to propose that participation be strengthened along two dimensions: Creating realistic expectations between communities and health services in their contributions towards health, and in the governance of health systems. Various examples are outlined of the relationship between social participation and control and health outcomes. The paper also outlines the features of and factors in building participation in governance of health systems. It argues for a wider inclusion of social groups from civil society, elected leadership and health systems in structures and processes that set and audit health policies and priorities. It discusses issues to be addressed in enhancing participation, including the information, processes, capacities and resources required. Finally, it reviews the proposals for and issues to be addressed in enhancing participation and accountability in Zimbabwe's health sector at district, referral hospital and national level. Public participation in health: making people matter Africa Community participation Health care system Health sector reform Public health care Zimbabwe Harare, Zimbabwe; Brighton, {GB} 1998 84 {IDS} Working Paper http://www.popline.org/docs/1591/187606.html Training and Research Support Centre {(TARSC)} Zimbabwe, Institute of Development Studies {(IDS)} {UK} 1998 institute_for_health_sector_development_private_2004 misc How can engagement with the private sector improve access to good quality, affordable and appropriate health services by the poor? This resource provides an overview of a range of approaches to strengthening the public-private sector interface, in order to scale up coverage with affordable and quality-assured health services and commodities. The resource is in five parts: 1) An overview of the current situation, with a summary assessment of a range of approaches to strengthening public-private sector engagement, and an outline of suggestions for governments and development partners. 2) The context for looking at this issue: What do people spend on private sector health care? What do we know about the health care seeking behaviour of the poor? What are the formal frameworks for public engagement with the private sector? Are governments prepared to make a significant shift of resources to the private sector? 3) A review of some of the main initiatives used to engage private sector service suppliers in improving the services they provide, and in increasing access to them by the poor: - Demand side: vouchers, insurance and micro-credit schemes. - Supply side: contracting, social franchising, social marketing, and working with unlicensed providers. - Recent experience with public-private partnerships for developing infrastructure. For each of these initiatives we describe the approach, review the evidence on its impact and consider its suitability for donor involvement. 4) Four case studies illustrating some of the mechanisms reviewed, and giving more details about some relatively successful and well studied examples: - The Nicaragua voucher scheme - The Greenstar franchise network, Pakistan - Social marketing for malaria prevention, Tanzania - Contracting in Cambodia Each case study contains a brief description of the project and its context, a detailed assessment of its impact and suitability for scaling up. 5) An extensive list of references and weblinks. Private Sector Participation in Health Private participation in health Private sector November 2004 http://www.hlspinstitute.org/files/project/15043/PSPhealth3.pdf 2004-11 kelkar_strategic_2005 book This manual has been written as a source book for gender interventions, an analysis of appropriate interventions giving various practical steps, rather than as a set of prescriptions. While the manual has been written specifically with the experience and requirements of {IFAD's} Asia and the Pacific Division in mind, it is our understanding that it is of relevance to other agencies involved in poverty reduction efforts in Asia. With some application to the specific situations of other regions, like Latin America and Africa, it could also be made relevant to poverty reduction projects in other parts of the developing world. Further, this manual is a living document, one to which additions and amendments can continue to be made as experience develops and refines or even changes various suggested interventions. Strategic Gender Interventions and Poverty Reduction: Principles and Practice Asia Gender bias Poverty 2005 Draft Version {IFAD-UNIFEM} Gender Mainstreaming Programme in Asia 2005 gnawali_effect_2009 article Health Policy Objective To quantify the impact of community-based health insurance {(CBI)} on utilization of health care services in rural Burkina {Faso.Methods} Propensity score matching was used to minimise the observed baseline differences in the characteristics of insured and uninsured groups such that the observed difference in healthcare utilisation could generally be attributed to the {CBI.Results} Compared with those who were not enrolled in the {CBI,} the overall increase in outpatient visits given illness in the insured group was about 40\% higher, while the differential effect on utilization of inpatient care between insured and non-insured groups was insignificant. Not only were the very poor less likely to enroll in {CBI,} but even once insured, they were less likely to utilize health services compared to their wealthier {counterparts.Conclusions} The overall effect of {CBI} on health care utilization is significant and positive but the benefit of {CBI} is not equally enjoyed by all socioeconomic groups. The policy implications are: (a) there is a need to subsidize the premium to favor the enrolment of the very poor; and (b) various measures need to be placed in order to maximize the population's capacity to enjoy the benefits of insurance once insured. The effect of community-based health insurance on the utilization of modern health care services: Evidence from Burkina Faso Health care services Propensity score 0168-8510 In Press, Corrected Proof 2009 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4V0VBSM-1/2/bc10cb8f488c709263b29fce762fd04e 2009 holzmann_social_2003 book Social protection is moving up on the development agenda. Dismissed as ineffective, expensive or even detrimental to development in developing countries for a long time, it is now increasingly understood that assisting individuals, households and communities in dealing with diverse risks is needed for accelerated poverty reduction, and sustained economic and social development. Conceptually, social protection is shifting towards social risk management to reduce the economic vulnerability of households with appropriate instruments and to help them smooth consumption patterns. For the poor countries, it is about moving away from unproductive coping strategies adopted by households (such as removing children from schools, delaying health care, selling livestock) that are buffeted by shocks (such as drought, cyclones, floods, conflict, terms of trade, policy reforms, health, unemployment, etc.). It seeks to replace these strategies with ex-ante planning and mechanisms to help households anticipate and insure against these shocks (through public works, weather-based insurance, water management, grain storage, microsavings, etc.). For all countries, it is about rethinking the design and implementation of traditional public interventions such as labor market, social insurance, and social assistance policies. The paper outlines the development aspect of social protection, presents the social risk management concept and its operationalization in risk and vulnerability assessments, explains the focus on vulnerable groups (such as children and the disabled), and briefly reviews traditional programs such as labor market interventions and pensions through the social risk management lens. Social Risk Management: The World Bank's Approach to Social Protection in a Globalizing World Risk management Social risk management Washington {D.C.} May 2003 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Publications/20220038/SRMWBApproachtoSP.pdf 2003-05 heltberg_addressing_2009 article Global Environmental Change This paper presents and applies a conceptual framework to address human vulnerability to climate change. Drawing upon social risk management and asset-based approaches, the conceptual framework provides a unifying lens to examine links between risks, adaptation, and vulnerability. The result is an integrated approach to increase the capacity of society to manage climate risks with a view to reduce the vulnerability of households and maintain or increase the opportunities for sustainable development. We identify [`]no-regrets' adaptation interventions, meaning actions that generate net social benefits under all future scenarios of climate change and impacts. We also make the case for greater support for community-based adaptation and social protection and propose a research agenda. Addressing human vulnerability to climate change: Toward a 'no-regrets' approach Adaptation Climate change Conceptual framework No-regrets Vulnerability 0959-3780 89--99 February 19 2009 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VFV-4VF0XSX-2/2/a11d24910624a9bc0e31ad8553f82827 2009-02 gemeinschaft_fr_technische_zusammenarbeit_gtz_social_2004 techreport Social Health Insurance - Systems of Solidarity - Experiences from German development cooperation Risk equalization Social health insurance Solidarity Eschborn 2004 {GTZ} 2004 usaid_health_communication_partnership_african_2007 article Communication Impact African Transformation Engenders {Self-Efficacy,} Improves Gender Norms, and Increases Community Participation Africa Community participation 23 2007 2007 reid_comparing_2008 article Health Policy The objective of this research was to compare the casemix systems used in the United Kingdom {(UK),} Australia and the United States of America {(USA)} to identify possible improvements in the design of the {UK} Healthcare Resource Groups. The data consisted of over 12 million inpatient and day case discharge records from 574 National Health Service acute hospitals in England for 2001-2002. These data were grouped into four casemix systems, namely Versions 3.1 and 3.5 of Healthcare Resource Groups, the United States-based All Patient Diagnosis Related Groups, and the Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups. The statistical performance of the groups was measured using the reduction in variance {(RIV)} statistic. The Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups produced the best {RIV} overall but this grouper had the advantage of more groups than the others. The comparison of the performance of the chapters within each grouper showed that each had some chapters with a better {RIV} than the other groupers. Comparing the performance of these groupers was successful in identifying changes to the Healthcare Resource Groups that improved its performance. Further revision of the Healthcare Resource Groups should be focused on the chapters with the best potential for improved performance. Comparing diagnosis-related group systems to identify design improvements GL Hospital records Information management International classification of diseases Risk adjustment 82--91 July 87 2008 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4RTTKKP-1/1/5cac57c650f44a4a3cbdb36658410685 2008-07 _measuring_????-2 techreport Measuring inequity in health service delivery Applications of tools to health sector Health service delivery Measuring inequity Standardization of a health care use distribution Technical Note 13 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis prabhu_public_2001 inproceedings Public Financing for Health Security in India: Issues and Trends Health care financing Health care system Health insurance India Public health care expenditures New Delhi, India 2001 Paper prepared for the National Consultation on Health Security 2001 perbarindo_perhimpunan_bank_perkreditan_rakyat_indonesia_bpr_2004 misc {BPR} {(Bank} Perkreditan Rakyat) - The Rural Banks MF Indonesia 2004 2004 hutubessy_generalized_2003 article Cost effectiveness and resource allocation Generalized cost-effectiveness analysis for national-level priority-setting in the health sector Generalized cost-effectiveness analysis Health care system Priority-setting in health 1 2003 http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/1/1/8 2003 swartz_government_???? article Health affairs {(Project} Hope) Fear of adverse selection drives carriers in nongroup insurance markets to compete in their use of selection mechanisms to screen out high-risk applicants. This contributes to economic inefficiency. Government could assume the role of reinsurer, by assuming responsibility for most of the costs of people who are in the highest 2-3 percent of the national spending distribution. This would spread the burden of costs of very-high-cost persons to the broad population base and could cause premiums to fall as carriers spend less on efforts to avoid adverse selection. Government as reinsurer for very-high-cost persons in nongroup health insurance markets Financing Government Government Programs Health care expenditures Health insurance Health status Humans Insurance selection bias Organizational efficiency Politics Social Justice United States 02782715 W380--2 Suppl Web Exclusives {PMID:} 12703597 asfaw_modelingimpact_2004 techreport Over the last two decades, many countries around the world have been enthusiastically embarking on the path of decentralization. Decentralization has been advocated as a powerful means to improve the provision of health care services and health outcomes in developing countries. However, due to a preconceived idea that decentralization will result in efficient allocation of public resources and lack of an analytical framework to systematically analyze its impact on health outcomes, very little empirical works have been done in this area. Scant attention has also been given to analyze factors enabling or constraining its outcomes. In this paper, we develop a theoretical model and use it to test empirically the impact of fiscal decentralization on rural infant mortality rates in India between 1990 and 1997. The random effect regression results show that fiscal decentralization plays a statistically significant role in reducing rural infant mortality rate in India and the results are robust to the way the decentralization variable is measured and to different model specifications. The results also show that the effectiveness of fiscal decentralization can be affected by other complementary factors such as the level of political decentralization. States who have good fiscal and political decentralization index are twice more effective in reducing infant mortality rates than states with high fiscal but low political decentralization index. Modeling the impact of fiscal decentralization on Health outcomes: empirical evidence from India Decentralization and health Health sector reform India Bonn 2004 87 {ZEF} - Zentrum f\"{u}r Entwicklungsforschung 2004 leist_brief_2004-1 techreport Brief Technical Report on Swasthyapurna Mutual Health Fund Case study India Micro health insurance Mutual insurance 2004 {GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit 2004 preker_health_2002-1 book A. Preker and {WHO} Commission on Macroeconomics and Health Health Care Financing for Rural and {Low-Income} Populations: The Role of Communities in Resource Mobilization and Risk Sharing Developing countries Health care financing Risk sharing Role of community 2002 The World Bank 2002 parkhurst_health_2005 article Health Policy It is widely understood that maternal health care relies on the entire health system. However, little empirical, country-specific, research has been done to trace out the ways in which health system elements can shape maternal health outcomes. This study seeks to redress this situation, by providing an example of how a health systems approach can benefit the understanding of maternal health services. A comparative analysis was conducted based on extensive case studies of maternal health and health systems in Bangladesh, Russia, South Africa, and Uganda. A number of cross-cutting health system characteristics affecting maternal health were identified by comparing these diverse settings. The most important common systems issues underlying maternal health care were found to be the human resource structures, the public-private mix of service provision, and the changes involved with health sector reforms. Specific country contexts can further determine many factors influencing maternal health outcomes and service performance. Systems issues were found to influence the access to and utilization of services, quality of care provided, and ultimately maternal health outcomes. This paper provides a first step in tracing out how such broad systems issues actually work to influence maternal health. Health systems factors influencing maternal health services: a four-country comparison Africa Asia Bangladesh Europe Maternal health Russia South Africa Uganda 127--138 August 73 2005 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4F1J8XB-1/1/cc6f8740dd21b07ca6a7c5636e9658cd 2005-08 gilson_equity_2000 article International Journal of Health Planning and Management The equity impacts of community financing activities in three african countries Africa Community financing Equity 291--317 15 2000 2000 bureau_international_du_travail_micro-assurance_2002 techreport Micro-assurance sant\'{e} - Guide d'introduction aux mutuelles de sant\'{e} en Afrique Africa Micro health insurance 2002 2002 connell_sub-saharan_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine Migration of skilled health workers from {sub-Saharan} African countries has significantly increased in this century, with most countries becoming sources of migrants. Despite the growing problem of health worker migration for the effective functioning of health care systems there is a remarkable paucity and incompleteness of data. Hence, it is difficult to determine the real extent of migration from, and within, Africa, and thus develop effective forecasting or remedial policies. This global overview and the most comprehensive data indicate that the key destinations remain the {USA} and the {UK,} and that major sources are South Africa and Nigeria, but in both contexts there is now greater diversity. Migrants move primarily for economic reasons, and increasingly choose health careers because they offer migration prospects. Migration has been at considerable economic cost, it has depleted workforces, diminished the effectiveness of health care delivery and reduced the morale of the remaining workforce. Countries have sought to implement national policies to manage migration, mitigate its harmful impacts and strengthen African health care systems. Recipient countries have been reluctant to establish effective ethical codes of recruitment practice, or other forms of compensation or technology transfer, hence migration is likely to increase further in the future, diminishing the possibility of achieving the United Nations millennium development goals and exacerbating existing inequalities in access to adequate health care. {Sub-Saharan} Africa: Beyond the health worker migration crisis? Africa Impacts Migration Policy Recruitment Sub-Saharan Africa 1876--1891 May 64 2007 9 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4N3H13X-1/1/61cfcdb81de9446baca9a670a507d42e 2007-05 mccord_claims_2006 inbook Claims notification; Settlement; Controls; Claims considerations in product design Claims processing Microinsurance operations Geneva / Munich 216--237 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 kathewera-banda_sexual_2005 techreport Sexual violence and women's vulnerability to {HIV} transmission in Malawi: a rights issue Africa HIV/AIDS Malawi Sexual violence Malden, {MA} 2005 {UNESCO} 2005 srinivasan_self-help_???? article Journal of Microfinance {Self-Help} Groups as Financial Institutions - Policy Implications Using a Financial Model Microfinance 1--14 5 1 morduch_betweenmarket_1999 inproceedings Between the Market and State: Can Informal Insurance Patch the Safety Net? Informal insurance Safety 1999 Harvard Institute for International Development 1999 davies_mental_???? article Journal of Economic Psychology In this paper we use a behavioural approach to studying household consumption behaviour in Malawi. In particular we are interested to know whether households use mental accounting when consuming different categories of good. It is useful for assessing the impact of remittances on household consumption behaviour. We use 1998 cross-sectional data to find the following key results: (i) mental accounting systems are in operation; (ii) remittance income exhibits a lower marginal propensity to consume than other income sources, (iii) remittances are widely used to fund education consumption, (iv) credit plays an important role in funding education and farming. Mental Accounting and Remittances: A Study of Rural Malawian Households Consumer Economics Economic development Household Behaviour Malawi Remittances 0167-4870 In Press, Accepted Manuscript 10.1016/j.joep.2009.03.003 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8H-4VWHVWF-1/2/e3e917c452b67df35c845cdef067bb00 buchner_needs_2003 article Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) The German risk adjustment mechanism is used only within the public system. It was introduced in two steps, 1994 and 1995. Because of the income-related contribution, which the insured pay directly to their sickness fund, income of the insured is equalized by the mechanism and causes the biggest part of the payments among the sickness funds. On the expenditure side age, gender, disability and entitlement for sickness allowances are used as risk adjusters. The mechanism is retrospective, calculating average costs for each of the 670 risk cells defined by the risk adjusters and using these "standardized expenditures" as a base for the payment a single sickness fund gets because of its risk structure. There do still exist incentives for risk selection. The experience shows that mostly the young and healthy are willing to change sickness funds motivated by lower contribution rates. This can be used and is used for self-selection. Another cause of risk selection is regional differences. The central suggestion of an expertise on behalf of the German Ministry of Health on experiences and improvement proposals is the change to a direct modeling of morbidity. Needs for further improvement: risk adjustment in the German health insurance system Actuarial analysis Disability evaluation Econometric models Germany GL Health expenditures Humans Insurance pools Insurance selection bias Managed competition Morbidity National health programs Risk adjustment 01688510 21--35 July 65 2003 1 {PMID:} 12818743 2003-07 dodoo_urban-rural_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine We compare the impact of socioeconomic deprivation on risky sexual outcomes in rural and urban Kenya. Quantitative data are drawn from the Demographic \& Health Surveys {(DHS)} and qualitative data from the Sexual Networking and Associated Reproductive and Social Health Concerns study. Using two separate indicators of deprivation we show that, although poverty is significantly associated with the examined sexual outcomes in all settings, the urban poor are significantly more likely than their rural counterparts to have an early sexual debut and a greater incidence of multiple sexual partnerships. The disadvantage of the urban poor is accentuated for married women; those in Nairobi's slums are at least three times as likely to have multiple sexual partners as their rural counterparts. The implications of these findings are discussed. Urban-rural differences in the socioeconomic {deprivation-Sexual} behavior link in Kenya Condom use Multiple partners Rural-urban differences Sexual outcomes 1019--1031 March 64 2007 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MCWB27-1/1/7c1f051ef934b272b09437a92f37c36e 2007-03 seibel_what_2004 article Cologne, Germany: University of Cologne This paper examines the question of what matters in rural and microfinance. It identifies client experience as one of the items that matter. The paper also discusses items that matter in the following areas: The origin, history and culture of rural and microfinance; The financial systems, institutions and operations; Donor policy and coordination. The paper concludes with the following recommendations: Sustainable development requires continual growth of the rural economy, access to all sections of the rural population and a conducive policy environment; Sustainable rural microfinance requires local initiatives and careful donor support for the development of institutions; Governments, along with donor assistance, should provide a sound legal, regulatory and policy framework; Donors can contribute to the development of rural financial systems in many ways; Self help groups in marginal areas have to be supported. What Matters in Rural and Microfinance Microfinance 2004 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/25572 2004 ensor_informal_2004 article Social Science \& Medicine There is considerable evidence that unofficial payments are deeply embedded in the markets for health care in transition countries. Numerous surveys indicate that these payments provide a significant but possibly distorting contribution to health care financing. Unofficial payments can be characterised into three groups: cost contributions, including supplies and salaries, misuse of market position and payments for additional services. There is evidence from across the region on the presence of payment in each category although it is often difficult to distinguish between payment types. Regulatory policy must address a number of issues. Imposing penalties may help to reduce some payments but if the system is simply unable to provide services, such sanctions will drive workers into the private sector. There appears to be some support for formalising payments in order to reduce unofficial charges although the impact must be monitored and the danger is that formal fees add to the burden of payment. Regulation might also attempt to increase the amount of competition, provide information on good performing facilities and develop the legal basis of patient rights. Ultimately, unless governments address the endemic nature of payments across all sectors, policy interventions are unlikely to be fully effective. Informal payments for health care in transition economies Corruption Informal payments Rent Seeking Unofficial Health Care Markets 237--246 58 2004 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4840KGC-9/1/bec025300fa9c2fb65edc299c497aac1 2004 manuamorn_scaling_2007 misc Scaling Up Microinsurance: The Case of Weather Insurance for Smallholders in India, Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 36 India Weather insurance 2007 2007 berner_left_2005 article Community Development Journal Left to their own devices? - Community self-help between alternative development and neo-liberalism Community development Self-help 17--29 40 2005 1 2005 makoka_donald_demand_2007 article University of Malawi, Economics Department Working Paper The Demand for Private Health Insurance in Malawi Malawi 02 (2007) 2007 2007 tremblay_mafucecto_2006 techreport {MAFUCECTO} - Togo Africa Case study Credit-life insurance Microfinance Microinsurance Togo 2006 25 Case Study {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2006 kolstad_information_1998 techreport There is considerable empirical and experimental evidence that there is a divergence between willingness-to-accept compensation to give up a good and willingness-to-pay to obtain a good. This divergence persists even when the good in question in small relative to income, a result in apparent conflict with standard economic theory. This paper develops a theoretical bidding model with costly information acquisition to explain this divergence. The model generates a gap between offers to sell and bids to buy consistent with the experimental results. We argue that the model does a better job of explaining empirical and experimental data than either of the two commonly invoked theoretical explanations: the endowment effect and the substitution effect. Information and the Divergence Between {Willingness-to-Accept} and {Willingness-to-Pay} Willingness to accept Willingness to pay 1998 30 Working Paper 1998 ranjula_bali_swain_self_2009 article World Development We evaluate the effect of Self Help Group participation on a long-term impact parameter, namely, asset creation. Indian Self Help Groups {(SHGs)} are unique in that they are mainly {NGO-formed} microfinance groups but later funded by commercial banks. The results reveal that longer membership in {SHGs} positively impacts asset creation, robust to various asset specifications. With longer participation in {SHGs,} members move away from pure agriculture as an income source toward other sources such as livestock income. Training by {NGOs} positively impacts asset creation but the type of {SHG} linkage per se has no effect. Does Self Help Group Participation Lead to Asset Creation? assets Selfhelp organisation 1159--1306 37 2009 7 doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.03.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VC6-4WHH778-1-1&_cdi=5946&_user=2875156&_orig=search&_coverDate=06%2F13%2F2009&_sk=999999999&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkzk&md5=d1f35086d66033ff1a3e4af1484b9ff8&ie=/sdarticle.pdf 2009 marchand_prior_2003 article {RAND} Journal of Economics Prior health expenditures and risk sharing with insurers competing on quality GL Health care expenditures Risk equalization 647--669 34 2003 4 2003 ravallion_should_2000 article Economic and Political Weekly If one replaces average consumption from India's National Sample Surveys with private consumption per capita from the National Accounts, while retaining the survey-based distributions, then one finds a faster rate of poverty reduction in the 1990s. However, the case made for this method of measuring poverty is questionable on many counts. There do appear to be problems in the poverty data for India in the 1990s, but this step is unlikely to solve them. Should Poverty Measures be Anchored to the National Accounts? India Measuring poverty 3245--52 34 2000 35/36 2000 _outcomes_????-1 techreport Outcomes \#3: Adult Health Constructing health distributions Demographic standardization Key outcomes and living standards Measuring adult health Measuring equity Technical Note 3 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis pantoja_exploringconcept_2000 techreport Exploring the Concept of Social Capital and its Relevance for Community-based Development: The Case of Coal Mining Areas in Orissa, India Community-based development Orissa Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank 2000 poku_political_2004 book Global Health The Political Economy of {AIDS} in Africa Africa HIV/AIDS Hants, {England/Burlington,} {USA} 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Ashgate 2004 carrin_community-based_2005 article Tropical Medicine and International Health We studied the potential of community-based health insurance {(CHI)} to contribute to the performance of health financing systems. The international empirical evidence is analysed on the basis of the three health financing subfunctions as outlined in the World Health Report 2000: revenue collection, pooling of resources and purchasing of services. The evidence indicates that achievements of {CHI} in each of these subfunctions so far have been modest, although many {CHI} schemes still are relatively young and would need more time to develop. We present an overview of the main factors influencing the performance of {CHI} on these financing subfunctions and discuss a set of proposals to increase {CHI} performance. The proposals pertain to the demand for and the supply of health care in the community; to the technical, managerial and institutional set-up of {CHI;} and to the rational use of subsidies. Community-based health insurance in developing countries: a study of its contribution to the performance of health financing systems. Community-based health insurance GL 799--811 10 2005 8 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01455.x 2005 mladovsky_conceptual_2006 techreport A Conceptual Framework for {Community-Based} Health Insurance in {Low-Income} Countries: Social Capital and Economic Development Community-based health insurance Economic development Low-income insurance Participation Social capital London 2006 2 Working Paper {LSE} Health - The London School of Economics and Political Science 2006 cutler_anatomy_2000 incollection This article describes the anatomy of health insurance. It begins by considering the optimal design of health insurance policies. Such policies must make tradeoffs appropriately between risk sharing on the one hand and agency problems such as moral hazard (the incentive of people to seek more care when they are insured) and supplier-induced demand (the incentive of physicians to provide more care when they are well reimbursed) on the other. Optimal coinsurance arrangements make patients pay for care up to the point where the marginal gains from less risk sharing are just offset by the marginal benefits from reduced provision of low valued care. Empirical evidence shows that both moral hazard and demand-inducement are quantitatively important. Coinsurance based on expenditure is a crude control mechanism. Moreover, it places no direct incentives on physicians, who are responsible for most expenditure decisions. To place such incentives on physicians is the goal of supply-side cost containment measures, such as utilization review and capitation. This goal motivates the surge in managed care in the United States, which unites the functions of insurance and provision, and allows for active management of the care that is delivered. The analysis then turns to the operation of health insurance markets. Economists generally favor choice in health insurance for the same reasons they favor choice in other markets: choice allows people to opt for the plan that is best for them and encourages plans to provide services efficiently. But choice in health insurance is a mixed blessing because of adverse selection - the tendency of the sick to choose more generous insurance than the healthy. When sick and healthy enroll in different plans, plans disproportionately composed of poor risks have to charge more than they would if they insured an average mix of people. The resulting high premiums create two adverse effects: they discourage those who are healthier but would prefer generous care from enrolling in those plans (because the premiums are so high), and they encourage plans to adopt measures that deter the sick from enrolling (to reduce their overall costs). The welfare losses from adverse selection are large in practice. Added to them are further losses from premiums that vary with observable health status. Because insurance is contracted for annually, people are denied a valuable form of intertemporal insurance - the right to buy health coverage at average rates in the future should they get sick today. As the ability to predict future health status increases, the lack of intertemporal insurance will become more problematic. The article concludes by relating health insurance to the central goal of medical care expenditures - better health. Studies to date are not clear on which approaches to health insurance promote health in the most cost-efficient manner. Resolving this question is the central policy concern in health economics. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse The anatomy of health insurance Adverse selection Agency problems HMOs Indemnity insurance Intertemporal insurance Managed care Moral hazard Pooling equilibrium Separating equilibrium Supplier-induced demand Amsterdam (a.o.) 563--643 Part 3 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 dachraoui_comparative_2004 article Journal of Risk and Uncertainty Comparative Mixed Risk Aversion: Definition and Application to {Self-Protection} and Willingness to Pay Risk aversion Self protection Willingness to pay 261--276 29 2004 3 2004 ifc_-_international_finance_corporation_business_2007 techreport The Business of Health in Africa - Partnering with the Private Sector to Improve People's Lives Africa Developing countries Health care markets Washington, {D.C.} 2007 http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/healthinafrica.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/IFC_HealthinAfrica_Final/$FILE/IFC_HealthinAfrica_Final.pdf Bank World\ 2007 menike_peoples_1993 article Development in Practice People's empowerment from the people's perspective Empowerment 0961-4524 176 3 1993 3 http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/096145249100077291 1993 wiedmaier-pfister_regulatory_2004 techreport Microinsurance regulation is increasingly recognized as important topic for the development of insurance services for the poor; however, the topic is still a slowly maturing field. The present document analyses why microinsurance regulation is important, and describes its limitations. Further, it defines key issues and proposes steps to speed up microinsurance regulation. The document draws mainly on written information.1 It is noteworthy that no single document was found which deals with microinsurance regulation exclusively. Therefore, but to a very limited extent, it also includes information from microfinance and (micro) insurance experts, practitioners, projects and companies. Regulatory Issues of Microinsurance Microinsurance Regulation 2004 Literature Review on Microinsurance Regulation, Draft {GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit 2004 ranson_to_2003 techreport This study synthesises data regarding the potential of community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} to benefit poorer groups, and the underlying aspects of scheme design, management and context that may influence impact. We present information regarding aspects of design and management that can be readily applied by other non-governmental organizations {(NGOs)} wishing to implement health insurance schemes. Data were collected through personal visits (of 2-4 days duration) to nine Indian {CBHI} schemes. A combination of qualitative and quantitative data were collected using pre-defined schedules. {CBHI} schemes in India are extremely diverse in terms of their design, size and context (including the size and nature of their target populations). While some of the schemes are run by {NGO} providers (which may or may not own the health care services themselves), there is an increasing trend towards collaboration with the {GIC.} We have little empirical information on the impact of existing {CBHI} schemes. The data that do exist suggest that the schemes: generally reach a fairly small percentage of their target populations and face difficulties in enrolling diverse member populations (and may face the problem of adverse selection). In the absence of special studies comparing the insured with the non-insured, it is not possible to tell whether the schemes have impacted on access to health care services. There seems to be considerable variation in terms of the extent to which the schemes protect the poor from the direct costs of inpatient care. Nonetheless, there remains hope that {CBHI} schemes will be able to contribute to health systems goals including increased access (particularly to inpatient care) at protection from the financial burden of health care seeking. This document offers a list of tentative recommendations as to how to (or how not to) design and implement a {CBHI} scheme so as to contribute towards these, and other, health systems goals. The list includes: - Nesting the scheme with a member-based organization, and if possible, one that includes small self-help or micro-finance groups; - Packaging health insurance with other insurance products (most notably life insurance); - Marketing the insurance, and processing claims, through local "agents"; - Making family, rather than individual, the unit of membership; - Designing an insurance package that is relatively simple (or that can be explained in a simple manner) - Putting an emphasis on after-sales-service, for example, by engaging in "active case finding", i.e. identifying people who have been hospitalized but who may not have submitted a claim; - Developing, from the time of scheme conceptualization, a simple {MIS} that will provide data necessary for making adjustments to the insurance package, and for monitoring quality of health care. How to (or how not to) design a community-based health insurance scheme: lessons learned from a review of Indian Schemes Community-based health insurance Design GL 2003 Report to the World Bank - draft version 2003 brnighausen_willingness_2007 article {BMC} Health Services Research Background: Most of the about 140 million informal sector workers in urban China do not have health insurance. A 1998 central government policy leaves it to the discretion of municipal governments to offer informal sector workers in cities voluntary participation in a social health insurance for formal sector workers, the so-called 'basic health insurance' {(BHI).} Methods: We used the contingent valuation method to assess the maximum willingness to pay {(WTP)} for {BHI} among informal sector workers, including unregistered rural-to-urban migrants, in Wuhan City, China. We selected respondents in a two-stage self-weighted cluster sampling scheme. Results: On average, informal sector workers were willing to pay substantial amounts for {BHI} (30 Renminbi {(RMB),} 95\% confidence interval {(CI)} 27-33) as well as substantial proportions of their incomes (4.6\%, 95\% {CI} 4.1-5.1\%). Average {WTP} increased significantly when any one of the copayments of the {BHI} was removed in the valuation: to 51 {RMB} (95\% {CI} 46-56) without reimbursement ceiling; to 43 {RMB} (95\% {CI} 37-49) without deductible; and to 47 {RMB} (95\% {CI} 40- 54) without coinsurance. {WTP} was higher than estimates of the cost of {BHI} based on past health expenditure or on premium contributions of formal sector workers. Predicted coverage with {BHI} declined steeply with the premium contribution at low contribution levels. When we applied equity weighting in the aggregation of individual {WTP} values in order to adjust for inequity in the distribution of income, mean {WTP} for {BHI} increased with inequality aversion over a plausible range of the aversion parameter. Holding other factors constant in multiple regression analysis, for a 1\% increase in income {WTP} for {BHI} with different copayments increased by 0.434-0.499\% (all p {\textless} 0.0001), and for a 1\% increase in past health care expenditure {WTP} increased by 0.076-0.148\% (all p {\textless} 0.0004). Being male, a migrant, or without permanent employment significantly decreased {WTP} for {BHI.} Education was not a significant determinant of {WTP} for {BHI.} Willingness to pay for social health insurance among informal sector workers in Wuhan, China: a contingent valuation study China Contingent valuation Informal sector Social health insurance Willingness to pay 114 7 2007 1 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/7/114 2007 world_health_organization_who_health_2006 techreport Health Action in Crises - Malawi Africa Health care system Malawi Malawi 2006 World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2006 van_damm_out-of-pocket_???? unpublished How out-of-pocket health expenditure can lead to poverty. Evidence from Cambodia. Cambodia Catastrophic health care expenditure Dengue Health care system Poverty Private providers for Trop Med Int Health moser_confronting_1996 book Confronting Crisis - A Summary of Households responses to Poverty and vulnerability in Four Poor Urban Communities CASE studies Housing Poverty Urban poor Urban population Vulnerability Washington {D.C.} 1996 1996 das_gupta_indias_2004 techreport India has relatively poor health outcomes, despite having a well-developed administrative system, good technical skills in many fields, and an extensive network of public health institutions for research, training, and diagnostics. This suggests that the health system may be mis-directing its efforts, or be poorly designed. To explore this, we use instruments developed to assess the performance of public health systems in the United States and Latin America based on the framework of the Essential Public Health Functions identified as the basic functions that an effective public health system must fulfill. This paper focuses on the federal level in India, using data obtained from senior health officials in the central government. The data indicate that the reported strengths of the system lie in having the capacity to carry out most of the public health functions. Its reported weaknesses lie in three broad areas. First, it has overlooked some fundamental public health functions such as public health regulations and their enforcement. Second, deep management flaws hinder effective use of resources, including inadequate focus on evaluation; on assessing quality of services; on dissemination and use of information; and on openness to learning and innovation. Resources could also be much better utilized with small changes, such as the use of incentives and challenge funds, and greater flexibility to reassign resources as priorities and needs change. Third, the central government functions too much in isolation and needs to work much more closely with other key actors, especially with sub-national governments, as well as with the private sector and with communities. We conclude that with some re-assessment of priorities and better management practices, health outcomes could be substantially improved. India's Public Health System: How Well Does it Function at the National Level? Health care system India Public health care Washington, {D.C.} 2004 3447 World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Bank World\ 2004 bundesministerium_fr_wirtschaftliche_zusammenarbeit_und_entwicklung_bmz_mit_2004 techreport Mit Mikrofinanzierung aus der Armut - der deutsche Beitrag zum internatioanlen Jahr des Kleinkredits Germany Microcredit Microfinance Poverty Bonn 2004 143 {BMZ} 2004 gennaro_health_2000 article {JOGNN} - Clinical Issues Health Promotion and Risk Reduction in Malawi, Africa, Village Women Africa Health promotion Malawi 224--230 30 2000 2 2000 reinhard_microinsurance_2006 inproceedings Microinsurance Conference 2006 - Making insurance work for Africa Africa Microinsurance Cape Town, South Africa 2006 2006 tabor_community-based_2005 techreport Of all the risks facing poor households, health risks pose the greatest threat to their lives and livelihoods. A health shock adds health expenditures to the burden of the poor precisely at the time when they can afford it the least. One of the ways that poor communities manage health risks, in combination with publicly financed health care services, are community-based health insurance schemes {(CBHIs).} These are small scale, voluntary health insurance programs, organized and managed in a participatory manner. They are designed to be simple and affordable, and to draw on resources of social solidarity and cohesion to overcome problems of small risk pools, moral hazard, fraud, exclusion and cost-escalation. Less than 10 percent of the informal sector population in the developing nations has health coverage from a {CBHI,} but the number of such schemes is growing rapidly. On average, {CBHIs} recover between a quarter to a half of health service costs. As a social protection device, they have been shown to be effective in reducing out-of-pocket payments of their members, and in improving access to health services. Many schemes do fail. Problems, such as weak management, poor quality government health services, and the limited resources that local population can mobilize to finance health care, can impede success. {CBHIs} should be regarded as a complement to, not as a substitute for, strong government involvement in health care financing and risk management related to the cost of illness. Government, and its development partners, can support the growth of {CBHIs} by ensuring that there is a satisfactory supply of appropriate health services, by subsidizing start-up costs and the premium costs of the poor, by assisting {CBHIs} build technical and managerial competence, by helping to foster development of {CBHI} networks, and by assisting {CBHIs} establish and strengthen links with formal financial institutions and health care providers to better manage covariate shocks and catastrophic health risks. {Community-Based} Health Insurance and Social Protection Policy - Social Protection Unit Health insurance Micro health insurance Microinsurance March 2005 0503 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/0503.pdf Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, The World Bank 2005-03 gumber_health_2002 techreport Health Insurance for informal sector - Case study of Gujarat Health insurance Informal sector 2002 90 Working Paper {INDIAN} {COUNCIL} {FOR} {RESEARCH} {ON} {INTERNATIONAL} {ECONOMIC} {RELATIONS} 2002 berg_can_2008 misc This paper analyzes the effect of natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions on the demand and approval of microfinance loans using data from Banco {ProCredit} Ecuador. We nd that high volcanic activity leads to a significantly higher demand for credit while, at the same time, the probability to receive a loan decreases. Yet, this result holds only for new credit applicants whereas returning clients are equally likely to be approved for loans after volcanic eruptions occurred. The findings suggest that microcredit can have an insurance function, yet only if the relationship with the bank has already been established. Can Microcredit Help to Cope with Aggregate Shocks? Evidence from Ecuador 2008 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1346565 2008 churchill_protectingpoor_2006 book This authoritative compendium brings together the latest thinking of leading academics, actuaries, and insurance and development professionals in the microinsurance {field.The} result is a practical, wide-ranging resource which provides the most thorough overview of the subject to date. The book allows readers to benefit from the valuable lessons learned from a project launched by the {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance analysing operations around the world. Essential reading for insurance professionals, practitioners and anyone involved with offering insurance to low-income persons, this volume covers the many aspects of microinsurance in detail including product design, marketing, premium collection and governance. It also discusses the various institutional arrangements available for delivery such as the community-based approach, insurance companies owned by networks of savings and credit cooperatives and microfinance {institutions.The} roles of key stakeholders are also explored and the book offers insightful strategies for achieving the right balance between coverage, costs and price. Craig Churchill Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium Microinsurance Micro insurance schemes Geneva / Munich 2006 http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 world_health_organization_who_world_2001 book The world health report 2001 - Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope Mental health World health report 2001 http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/index.html 2001 leftley_effective_???? techreport Effective {Micro-Insurance} Programs to Reduce Vulnerability Written by: Richard Leftley and Shadreck Mapfumo, Opportunity International Microinsurance Reducing vulnerability Opportunity International Network mitchell_measuring_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine A dominant perspective in social capital research emphasizes a "structural" dimension of social capital, consisting of network connections, and a "cognitive" dimension, consisting of attitudes toward trust. Correspondingly, membership in organizations (i.e., membership density) and general trust in people (i.e., social trust) are two indicators commonly used to relate structural and cognitive social capital, respectively, to a variety of health and other outcomes. This study analyzed relationships between membership density, social trust and a more comprehensive set of household-level social capital indicators as well as selected civic and health behaviors in the context of Nicaragua. The sample of respondents was drawn from 6 communities and interviews were conducted with 482 heads of households, resulting in data on 2882 individuals. Factor analyses suggest that membership density loaded strongly (loading=0.81) onto an "organizational participation" factor which contained a number of qualitative characteristics of involvement, including bridging social capital. Further, this structural dimension of social capital appears to be a construct consisting of more than just informal social networks. However, factor analyses suggest that distinctions between levels of trust are warranted in Nicaragua: social trust loaded weakly (loading=0.32) onto a factor characterized by institutional trust in a factor analysis of trust items, and well below 0.30 in a factor analysis of both structural and cognitive dimensions of social capital. A nuanced understanding of these household-level indicators of structural and cognitive social capital held implications for civic and health behaviors. While membership density and institutional trust were positively related to an index of political engagement, social trust was either not related or negatively associated (among urban respondents). Similarly, social trust was associated with over 50\% reduced odds of an additional childhood vaccinations whereas institutional trust was associated with increased odds {(OR=1.7)} of an additional vaccination. The findings highlight the complexity of social capital and the importance of exploring more comprehensive indicators. Measuring dimensions of social capital: Evidence from surveys in poor communities in Nicaragua Measuring Nicaragua Rating:1 50--63 64 2007 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4M1D0CH-2/1/8b66f3c999c12b99662de1f32c41c40f 2007 glinskaya_wage_2005 techreport Wage differentials between the public and private sectors in India India Public and private sector india Wage differentials Washnigton, {D.C.} 2005 3574 World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Wolrd Bank 2005 oecd_private_2001 techreport Private health insurance in {OECD} countries - {INSURANCE} {AND} {PRIVATE} {PENSIONS} OECD countries Private health insurance 2001 Book 1 - Part 2:4 {OECD} - Insurance Committee Secretariat 2001 flessa_costs_1998 article Health Policy and Planning The costs of hospital services: a case study of Evangelical Lutheran church hospitals in Tanzania Africa Case study Church health care Church hospitals Health service costs Tanzania 397--407 13 1998 4 1998 mersland_cost_2009 article World Development Summary We compare the ownership-cost of shareholders firms {(SHFs),} non-profit organizations {(NPOs),} and cooperatives {(COOPs)} involved in microfinance. A paradoxical situation motivates us: most providers, both historically and today, are {NPOs} or {COOPs,} while policy papers advocate {SHFs.} We lay out a theoretical framework to understand ownership-costs in microfinance organizations {(MFOs)} better. We propose that cost-variables related to market contracting favor {NPOs} and {COOPs,} whereas most cost-variables related to the practice of ownership favor {SHFs.} We conclude that what best serves the customers is the coexistence of ownership types and call for empirical research to test this theory. The Cost of Ownership in Microfinance Organizations Cooperatives Corporate governance Microfinance Non-profits Ownership Transformation {0305-750X} 469--478 February 37 2009 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4SY6YJF-4/2/c01aaff322f993071c3386b35ee96496 2009-02 bloom_pluralism_2001 techreport Pluralism and marketisation in the health sector: meeting health needs in contexts of social change in low and middle-income countries Health sector reform Low-income countries Marketisation in health sector Middle income countries Pluralism in health sector Social change and health Brighton, Sussex, England 2001 136 {IDS} Working Paper Institute of Development Studies 2001 mccord_microinsurance:case_2001-1 techreport Microinsurance: A case study of an example of the full service model of microinsurance provision - {Self-Employed} Women's Association {(SEWA)} Case study Charitable model India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Partner-agent-model SEWA Nairobi, Kenya 2001 {MicroSave-Africa} - Market-led solutions for financial services 2001 buchner_self-centered_2007 article This paper revisits the experiment on the solidarity game by Selten and Ockenfels {[Selten,} R., Ockenfels, A., 1998. An experimental solidarity game. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 34, 517-539]. We replicate the basic design and extend it to test the robustness of the `fixed total sacrifice' effect and the applied strategy method. Our results only partially confirm the validity of the fixed total sacrifice effect. In a treatment with constant group endowment rather than constant winner endowment, the predominance of `fixed total sacrifice' behavior is replaced by `fixed relative gift' behavior. We do not find correlations between actual gift behavior and measures of empathy-driven pro-social behavior used in social science. Self-centered and other-regarding behavior in the solidarity game Solidarity 293--303 February 2007 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8F-4HVDJ98-1/2/d7a7e48bd897893da3ec7a394e3362ab 2007-02 dorman_participation_???? phdthesis Participation - the new tyranny? - Book Review Community participation University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies luboyeski_microfinance_2004 techreport Microfinance Sector Assessment in the Republic of Malawi Malawi Microfinance Microfinance sector assessment 2004 {AMAP} Microfinance - Chemonics Consortium 2004 iisakka_social_2006 techreport Social Capital in Finland - Statistical Review Finland Social capital Helsinki 2006 Tilastokeskus ja kirjoittajat Statistikcentralen och f\"{o}rfattarna 2006 loong_best_2002 misc Best practices in insurance regulation Insurance Regulation Singapore July 2002 Keynote address 2002-07 tapay_regulation_1999 article Draft, Georgetown University, Institute for Health Care Research and Policy, Washington, {DC} Regulation of a Health Insurance System: Outline of Operational Principles Health insurance Regulation 1999 1999 alyanak_collaborating_2006 techreport Collaborating with Traditional Healers for {HIV} Prevention and Care in {sub-Saharan} Africa: suggestions for Programme Managers and Field Workers Africa Collaborating with traditional healers HIV/AIDS Sub-Saharan Africa Geneva, Switzerland 2006 {UNAIDS} - Joint United Nations Programm on {HIV/AIDS} 2006 maumbe_hidden_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine Balancing the numerous benefits that may accrue from pesticide use on cotton, farmers face health hazards. Pesticide-induced acute symptoms significantly increased the cost-of-illness in a survey of 280 smallholder cotton growers in two districts of Zimbabwe. Cotton growers lost a mean of Z\$180 in Sanyati and Z\$316 per year in Chipinge on pesticide-related direct and indirect acute health effects. These values are equivalent to 45\% and 83\% of annual household pesticide expenditures in the two districts. The time spent recuperating from illnesses attributed to pesticides averaged 2 days in Sanyati and 4 days in Chipinge during the 1998/1999 growing season. These pesticide health cost estimates represent lower bounds only; they omit chronic pesticide health effects as well as suffering and other non-monetary costs. Acute pesticide symptoms were determined in large part by pesticide use practices, notably the lack of protective clothing. Yet many smallholder farmers misunderstood pesticide health hazards, and so did little to protect themselves. Despite the use of simple color codes, 22\% of smallholder cotton growers in Sanyati and 58\% in Chipinge did not know how the four colored triangles communicated increasing degrees of pesticide toxicity. Better farmer education in exposure averting strategies is needed. Likewise, fuller accounting for hidden health costs in future would allow farmers to make more informed decisions about agricultural pest management. Hidden health costs of pesticide use in Zimbabwe's smallholder cotton growers Cost-of-illness Cotton Occupational health Pesticide SFB 1559--1571 November 57 2003 9 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-484SFN9-2/1/c423e956b62c7619f00c7a18dd9213b3 2003-11 atim_external_2000 techreport An External Evaluation of the Nkoranza Community Financing Health Insurance Scheme, Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Micro health insurance Nkoranza Scheme Provider model Maryland 2000 50 {PHRplus} - Partners for Health Reformplus 2000 almeyda_la_2005 techreport La Equidad Seguros - Colombia Case study Colombia Life insurance Microinsurance 2005 12 Case Study {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 glied_managed_2000 inbook By 1993, over 70\% of all Americans with health insurance were enrolled in some form of managed care plan. The term managed care encompasses a diverse array of institutional arrangements, which combine various sets of mechanisms, that, in turn, have changed over time. The chapter reviews these mechanisms, which, in addition to the methods employed by traditional insurance plans, include the selection and organization of providers, the choice of payment methods (including capitation and salary payment), and the monitoring of service utilization. Managed care has a long history. For an extended period, this form of organization was discouraged by a hostile regulatory environment. Since the early 1980s, however, managed care has grown dramatically. Neither theoretical nor empirical research has yet provided an explanation for this pattern of growth. The growth of managed care may be due to this organizational form's relative success in responding to underlying market failures in the health care system - asymmetric information about health risks, moral hazard, limited information on quality, and limited industry competitiveness. The chapter next explores managed care's response to each of these problems. The chapter then turns to empirical research on managed care. Managed care plans appear to attract a population that is somewhat lower cost than that enrolled in conventional insurance. This complicates analysis of the effect of managed care on utilization. Nonetheless, many studies suggest that managed care plans reduce the rate of health care utilization somewhat. Less evidence exists on their effect on overall health care costs and cost growth. Managed Care Adverse selection Capitation Competition Cost growth Cost-sharing Empirical research Fee-for-service Gatekeeper Growth of managed care History HMO - health maintenance organization Malpractice Medicaid Medicare Monitoring service utilization Moral hazard PPO - preferred provider organization Preventive services Quality information RAND health insurance experiment Risk adjustment Selective contracting (selection of providers) Technological innovation Total cost of health care UR - utilization review Utilization Amsterdam (a.o.) 707--753 Part 3 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 mckay_operationalising_2004 techreport {"Operationalising} Pro- Poor Growth" - A joint initiative of {AFD,} {BMZ} {(GTZ,} {KfW} Development Bank), {DFID,} and the World Bank - A Country Case Study on Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Pro-poor-growth 2004 {AFD,} {BMZ,} {GTZ,} {KfW} Development Bank, {DFID,} World Bank 2004 sderlund_potential_1997 article Health Policy and Planning The potential role of risk equalization mechanisms in health insurance: the case of south africa Africa GL Risk equalization South Africa 341--353 12 1997 4 1997 nyamukapa_extended_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine The extended family forms the basis for orphan care and education in {sub-Saharan} Africa. Initial absence followed by emergence of differentials in primary school enrolment between orphans and non-orphans have been attributed to the strength and subsequent {HIV/AIDS-induced} breakdown of extended family orphan care arrangements. Yet, few attempts have been made to describe how these arrangements are affected by {HIV/AIDS} or how they relate to observed patterns of childhood outcomes by sex and orphan status. We use a combination of quantitative and qualitative data to show that maternal orphans but not paternal or double orphans have lower primary school completion rates than non-orphans in rural Zimbabwe, and that these patterns reflect adaptations and gaps in extended family orphan care arrangements. Sustained high levels of primary school completion amongst paternal and double orphans--particularly for girls--result from increased residence in female-headed households and greater access to external resources. Low primary school completion amongst maternal orphans results from lack of support from fathers and stepmothers and ineligibility for welfare assistance due to residence in higher socio-economic status households. These effects are partially offset by increased assistance from maternal relatives. These findings indicate that programmes should assist maternal orphans and support women's efforts by reinforcing the roles of extended families and local communities, and by facilitating greater self-sufficiency. Extended family's and women's roles in safeguarding orphans' education in {AIDS-afflicted} rural Zimbabwe Africa Extended family HIV/AIDS Orphans Primary education and female-headed households Zimbabwe 2155--2167 May 60 2005 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4F14YNV-1/1/7ab505f393579af573bc29da64da04b4 2005-05 hermes_empirics_2007 article The Economic Journal Microfinance has received a lot of attention recently, both from policy makers as well as in academic circles. Two of the main topics that have been hotly debated are explaining joint liability group lending and its implications for reducing information asymmetries, and the trade-off between the financial sustainability and outreach of microfinance programmes. This Feature contains three novel empirical contributions providing new insights with respect to why and how joint liability group lending works. It also contains the first large-scale systematic analysis of the trade-off between financial performance and outreach of microfinance institutions. The empirics of microfinance: what do we know? Microfinance {F1--F10} 117 2007 517 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02013.x 2007 vieira_da_cunha_limits_1997 techreport The Limits and Merits of Participation Community participation Participation 1997 The World Bank - Office of the Senior Vice President and Chief Economist Development Economics 1997 economic_commission_for_latin_america_and_the_caribbean_[eclac]_social_???? inbook Social protection and health - chapter {III} Social protection on health 73--106 Social Protection and health systems ramm_der_???? techreport Der Risikostrukturausgleich in der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung in Deutschland Germany GL Public health insurance Risk adjustment Outcome - Unternehmensberatung {GmbH} muula_are_2006 article {BMC} Health Services Research {BACKGROUND:} The migration of health professionals from southern Africa to developed nations is negatively affecting the delivery of health care services in the source countries. Oftentimes however, it is the reasons for the out-migration that have been described in the literature. The work and domestic situations of those health professionals continuing to serve in their posts have not been adequately studied. {METHODS:} The present study utilized a qualitative data collection and analysis method. This was achieved through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with health professionals and administrators to determine the challenges they face and the coping systems they resort to and the perceptions towards those coping methods. {RESULTS:} Health professionals identified the following as some of the challenges there faced: inequitable and poor remuneration, overwhelming responsibilities with limited resources, lack of a stimulating work environment, inadequate supervision, poor access to continued professionals training, limited career progression, lack of transparent recruitment and discriminatory remuneration. When asked what kept them still working in Malawi when the pressures to emigrate were there, the following were some of the ways the health professionals mentioned as useful for earning extra income to support their families: working in rural areas where life was perceived to be cheaper, working closer to home village so as to run farms, stealing drugs from health facilities, having more than one job, running small to medium scale businesses. Health professionals would also minimize expenditure by missing meals and walking to work. {CONCLUSION:} Many health professionals in Malawi experience overly challenging environments. In order to survive some are involved in ethically and legally questionable activities such as receiving "gifts" from patients and pilfering drugs. The efforts by the Malawi government and the international community to retain health workers in Malawi are recognized. There is however need to evaluate of these human resources-retaining measures are having the desired effects. How are health professionals earning their living in Malawi? Africa Attitude of Health Personnel Career Choice Career Mobility Developing countries Emigration and Immigration Entrepreneurship Focus Groups Health Manpower Health Resources Humans Institutional Practice Malawi Motivation Private Practice Professional Practice Location Rural health services Social Problems Socioeconomic Factors Sub-Saharan Africa Theft 1472-6963 97 6 2006 {PMID:} 16899130 10.1186/1472-6963-6-97 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16899130 2006 makombe_national_2007 article Objective To assess the human resources impact of Malawi's rapidly growing antiretroviral therapy {(ART)} programme and balance this against the survival benefit of health-care workers who have accessed {ART} themselves. Methods We conducted a national cross-sectional survey of the human resource allocation in all public-sector health facilities providing {ART} in mid-2006. We also undertook a survival analysis of health-care workers who had accessed {ART} in public and private facilities by 30 June 2006, using data from the national {ART} monitoring and evaluation system. Findings By 30 June 2006, 59 581 patients had accessed {ART} from 95 public and 28 private facilities. The public sites provided {ART} services on 2.4 days per week on average, requiring 7\% of the clinician workforce, 3\% of the nursing workforce and 24\% of the ward clerk workforce available at the facilities. We identified 1024 health-care workers in the national {ART-patient} cohort (2\% of all {ART} patients). The probabilities for survival on {ART} at 6 months, 12 months and 18 months were 85\%, 81\% and 78\%, respectively. An estimated 250 health-care workers' lives were saved 12 months after {ART} initiation. Their combined work-time of more than 1000 staff-days per week was equivalent to the human resources required to provide {ART} at the national level. Conclusion A large number of {ART} patients in Malawi are managed by a small proportion of the health-care workforce. Many health-care workers have accessed {ART} with good treatment outcomes. Currently, staffing required for {ART} balances against health-care workers' lives saved through treatment, although this may change in the future. {(English)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} ANTIRETROVIRAL agents ANTIVIRAL agents COHORT analysis COMMUNITY health aides HEALTH facilities Malawi MEDICAL personnel PUBLIC health Public sector 00429686 851--857 11 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=27493178&site=ehost-live Bulletin of the World Health Organization A national survey of the impact of rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy on health-care workers in Malawi: effects on human resources and survival. 85 November 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 27493178; Makombe, Simon D. 1 Jahn, Andreas 2 Tweya, Hannock 2 Chuka, Stuart 3 Yu, Joseph {Kwong-Leung} 4 Mindy Hochgesang 5 {Aberle-Grasse,} John 5 Pasulani, Olesi 6 Schouten, Erik J. 1 Kamoto, Kelita 1 Harries, Anthony D. 1; Email Address: adharries@malawi.net; Affiliation: 1: {HIV} Unit, Ministry of Health, {PO} Box 30377, Lilongwe, Malawi 2: Lighthouse Trust, Lilongwe, Malawi 3: Malawi Business Coalition Against {AIDS,} Blantyre, Malawi 4: Taiwan Medical Mission, Mzuzu Central Hospital, Mzuzu, Malawi 5: {US} Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Global {AIDS} Programme, Malawi 6: Medecins sans Frontieres Belgium, Thyolo District Hospital, Malawi; Source Info: Nov2007, Vol. 85 Issue 11, p851; Subject Term: {ANTIRETROVIRAL} agents; Subject Term: {ANTIVIRAL} agents; Subject Term: {COMMUNITY} health aides; Subject Term: {HEALTH} facilities; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} health; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} personnel; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} sector; Subject Term: {COHORT} analysis; Subject Term: {MALAWI;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 621498 All Other Outpatient Care Centers; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; Number of Pages: 7p; Illustrations: 3 charts, 1 graph; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Bulletin of the World Health Organization is the property of World Health Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Objectif} Evaluer l\'impact en termes de ressources humaines du d\'{e}veloppement rapide du programme de traitement antir\'{e}troviral {(ART)} au Malawi et le confronter au b\'{e}n\'{e}fice li\'{e} \`{a} la survie des agents de sant\'{e} ayant eu acc\`{e}s pour eux-m\^{e}mes au traitement {ART.} M\'{e}thodes Nous avons men\'{e} une enqu\^{e}te transversale \`{e} l\'\'{e}chelle du Malawi sur la r\'{e}partition des ressources humaines dans tous les \'{e}tablissements m\'{e}dicaux publics d\'{e}livrant le traitement {ART} depuis mi-2006. Nous avons \'{e}galement effectu\'{e} une analyse du taux de survie des agents de sant\'{e} ayant, au 30 juin 2006, eu acc\`{e}s au traitement antir\'{e}troviral dans des \'{e}tablissements m\'{e}dicaux publics ou priv\'{e}s \`{a} partir des donn\'{e}es fournies par le syst\`{e}me national de surveillance et d\'\'{e}valuation des {ART.} R\'{e}sultats En juin 2006, 59 581 patients avaient eu acc\`{e}s au traitement {ART} dans le cadre d\'un \'{e}tablissement m\'{e}dical public (95 \'{e}tablissements) ou priv\'{e} (28 \'{e}tablissements). En moyenne, les \'{e}tablissements publics d\'{e}livraient ce traitement sur 2,4 jours par semaine et utilisaient pour ce faire 7 \% de leur personnel clinique, 3 \% de leur personnel infirmier et 24 \% de leur personnel administratif. Nous avons identifi\'{e} 1024 agents de sant\'{e} parmi la cohorte nationale de personnes ayant b\'{e}n\'{e}fici\'{e} d\'un traitement {ART} (soit 2 \% de l\'effectif total de cette cohorte). Les probabilit\'{e}s de survie sous {ART} \`{a} 6 mois, 12 mois et 18 mois \'{e}taient respectivement de 85, 81 et 78 \%. On estime \`{a} 250 le nombre d\'agents de sant\'{e} qui ont \'{e}t\'{e} maintenus en vie 12 mois apr\`{e}s le d\'{e}but de leur traitement. Au total, le temps de travail pr\'{e}serv\'{e} correspondant repr\'{e}sente plus de 1000 personnes-jours par semaine, soit l\'\'{e}quivalent des ressources n\'{e}cessaires pour d\'{e}livrer le traitement {ART} \`{a} l\'\'{e}chelle du pays. Conclusion Un grand nombre de patients sous {ART} ont \'{e}t\'{e} pris en charge au Malawi par une faible proportion du personnel m\'{e}dical. Nombre d\'agents de sant\'{e} ont eu acc\`{e}s au traitement antir\'{e}troviral avec de bons r\'{e}sultats th\'{e}rapeutiques. Actuellement, les besoins en personnel pour la d\'{e}livrance du traitement {ART} sont \'{e}quivalents aux ressources humaines pr\'{e}serv\'{e}es par le maintien en vie, gr\^{a}ce au traitement, des agents de sant\'{e} malades, cette situation pouvant n\'{e}anmoins \'{e}voluer dans l\'avenir. {(French)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Objetivo} Evaluar el impacto que ha tenido en los recursos humanos el programa de terapia antirretroviral {(TAR)} r\'{a}pidamente extendido en Malawi, contrastando ese dato con los beneficios logrados en lo relativo a la supervivencia de los trabajadores sanitarios que han accedido a la {TAR.} M\'{e}todos Realizamos una encuesta transversal nacional sobre la distribuci\'{o}n de los recursos humanos en todos los establecimientos de salud del sector p\'{u}blico que proporcionaban {TAR} a mediados de 2006. Llevamos a cabo tambi\'{e}n un an\'{a}lisis de supervivencia de los trabajadores sanitarios que hab\ufffd?{i}an tenido acceso a la {TAR} en centros p\'{u}blicos y privados hasta el 30 de junio de 2006, utilizando para ello datos del sistema nacional de vigilancia y evaluaci\'{o}n de la {TAR.} Resultados A 30 de junio de 2006, 59 581 pacientes hab\ufffd?{i}an accedido a la {TAR} en 95 centros p\'{u}blicos y 28 privados. Los centros p\'{u}blicos ofrec\ufffd?{i}an servicios de {TAR} 2,4 d\ufffd?{i}as a la semana por t\'{e}rmino medio y absorb\ufffd?{i}an un 7\% del personal m\'{e}dico, el 3\% del personal de enfermer\ufffd?{i}a, y un 24\% de los auxiliares administrativos de los establecimientos. Identificamos a 1024 trabajadores sanitarios de la cohorte nacional de pacientes tratados con {TAR} (2\% de todos los pacientes sometidos a {TAR).} Las probabilidades de supervivencia entre quienes recib\ufffd?{i}an {TAR} a los 6 meses, 12 meses y 18 meses eran de un 85\%, 81\% y 78\%, respectivamente. A los 12 meses de dar comienzo a la {TAR,} se estima que se hab\ufffd?{i}a salvado la vida a unos 250 trabajadores sanitarios. Su tiempo de trabajo combinado, m\'{a}s de 1000 d\ufffd?{i}as-persona por semana, equival\ufffd?{i}a a los recursos humanos requeridos para proporcionar la {TAR} a nivel nacional. Conclusi\'{o}n Un gran n\'{u}mero de pacientes sometidos a {TAR} en Malawi son tratados por una peque??a proporci\'{o}n de la fuerza laboral sanitaria. Muchos trabajadores sanitarios han accedido a la {TAR} con buenos resultados terap\'{e}uticos. Actualmente el personal requerido para administrar la {TAR} es similar al mantenido con vida gracias al tratamiento, pero esto podr\ufffd?{i}a cambiar en el futuro. {(Spanish)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {10.2471/BLT.07.041434} 2007-11 lemke_constraints_2005 misc Livelihood systems of poor rural households are often so fragile that a small misfortune can destabilize households for years. Strategies for coping with risk include informal mutual aid agreements and/or formal microinsurance schemes. In developing countries, insurance markets are usually {underdeveloped.Nevertheless,} if the development path is supported by strong structures and institutions, anonymous markets will, over time, replace informal insurance networks as they are more efficient. In Vietnam, livestock is an important household income source and has additional non-economic functions in the households. For a long time, rural financial institutions in Vietnam financed only a small array of agricultural investments, but these frequently included livestock purchase. The absence of off-farm investment possibilities further promotes investment in livestock production. Failure of an investment, especially when loan-funded, can leave a household in an extremely vulnerable position. Livestock death is considered to be a major factor contributing to poverty. Farmers using credit to purchase livestock face two risks at once: (1) loss of the livestock due tovdisease and subsequently (2) failure of investment. Farmers would like to reduce the uncertainty, but a broad-based livestock insurance scheme does not exist in Vietnam. There are only a few formal and semi-formal schemes with very limited outreach. Thus, access to formal insurance is almost non-existent, and farm households have to rely mainly on informal mutual aid schemes within their social networks to reduce their risks. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the discussion on the general feasibility of a livestock insurance scheme in Vietnam. In this context, the demand for and supply of livestock insurance schemes is discussed. Quantitative {(N=322)} and qualitative data collection took place between 2001 and 2004. The quantitative data comprise cross-sectional household-level data from three different districts in Northern Vietnam. Four different types of insurance providers were selected for analyzing the supply side: 1. Insurance tied to credit within a state-owned company; 2. Insurance tied to credit within a development project; 3. A state-owned insurance company (which collapsed); 4. A private insurance company. By selecting these different insurance providers, the range of livestock insurance types offered in Vietnam was covered. The main result is that provision of sustainable livestock insurance is hampered principally by unreliable data on livestock mortality and by premia that are set politically at a low evel. Constraints and potential of livestock insurance schemes: a case study from Vietnam Agricultural insurance Livestock insurance Microcredit Microinsurance Vietnam July 2005 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bibliotheksservice-Zentrum} {Baden-W\"{u}rttemberg,} Germany, Virtueller Medienserver [http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/oai20\_send.pl] {(Germany)} {ER{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} http://opus-ho.uni-stuttgart.de/hop/volltexte/2005/93 Universit\"{a}t Hohenheim / Fakult\"{a}t Agrarwissenschaften 2005-07 mubyazi_health_2000 techreport This report describes a study of health care financing mechanisms appropriate for the poor and vulnerable groups, performed by the Amani Medical Research Center, Tanzania, under a grant from the small applied research program of the Partnerships for Health Reform. The study was carried out in Korogwe District and used malaria, a relatively endemic public disease in the district, as a tracer disease. Data was collected through qualitative and quantitative techniques, adopting structured and semistructured interview approaches. Multistage sampling method was adopted for selecting study villages and health facilities. The study sampled households, exit patients, health personnel, central and local government officers, district health management team officers, traditional healers, shopkeepers, and religious leaders. More than 80 percent of the respondents perceived malaria as the major public disease, and some 70 percent said that modern health facilities are contacted for treatment. Nevertheless, selfmedication using modern and local medicines and traditional healers were also found to be an important source of care. More than 60 percent of the respondents reported their willingness to pay for health care at public and/or private facilities provided they are assured of good service, although they preferred different modes of payments. Cash payment was generally preferred to in-kind payment, both by the health care providers and the consumers. Women depended on farm crop sales as a source of money for medical care payments more than men (p-value {\textless} 0.05). Prepayment mechanisms were suggested as desirable for the poor who are not certain of a steady cash income. Waiver and exemption mechanisms seem to exist but the majority of the respondents had little knowledge of and faith in the way they were implemented, especially in the private sector. The study concluded that, although residents and officials in Korogwe district find payment for health care in public and private health facilities acceptable, many are concerned about how much they need to pay, why they should pay, and which means of payment they can use. To enhance community participation in payment for health care, efforts are needed to educate and sensitize the population regarding the cost-recovery programs that exist. In addition, a desirable definition of who is "poor" should be put in place, and local people involved in judging who is eligible for waivers. Health Financing Policy Reform in Tanzania: Payment Mechanisms for Poor and Vulnerable Groups in Korogwe District Africa Health care financing Health sector reform Korogwe district Payment mechanisms for the poor Tanzania Bethesda, {MD} 2000 13 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2000 smith_risk_2004 techreport Risk Pooling in Health Care Financing: The Implications for Health System Performance GL Health care financing Risk equalization Washington {D.C.} 2004 The World Bank 2004 hendryx_comparing_2001 article The Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research Comparing alternative risk-adjustment models GL Risk equalization 247--257 28 2001 3 2001 cgap_working_group_on_miroinsurance_worst_2005 book Good and Bad Practices in Microinsurance Worst Practices: Lessons Learnt the Hard Way Case study Microinsurance 2005 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/finance/download/worst.pdf 2005 dercon_income_2002 article World Bank Research Observer Poor rural and urban households in developing countries face substantial risks, which they handle with risk-management and risk-coping strategies, including self-insurance through savings and informal insurance mechanisms. Despite these mechanisms, however, vulnerability to poverty linked to risk remains high. This article reviews the literature on poor households' use of risk-management and risk-coping strategies. It identifies the constraints on their effectiveness and discusses policy options. It shows that risk and lumpiness limit the opportunities to use assets as insurance, that entry constraints limit the usefulness of income diversification, and that informal risk-sharing provides only limited protection, leaving some of the poor exposed to very severe negative shocks. Public safety nets are likely to be beneficial, but their impact is sometimes limited, and they may have negative externalities on households that are not covered. Collecting more information on households' vulnerability to poverty - through both quantitative and qualitative methods - could help inform policy. Income Risk, Coping Strategies, and Safety Nets 141--166 17 2002 2 2002 msuya_impacts_2004-1 techreport Impacts of Community Health Insurance Schemes on Health Care Provision in Rural Tanzania Africa Community participation Health insurance surveys Tanzania Bonn 2004 Zentrum f\"{u}r Entwicklungsforschung {(ZEF)} 2004 marzolf_indonesia_2002 techreport The Indonesia Private Health Sector: Opportunities for Reform: An Analysis of Obstacles and Constraints to Growth Indonesia Opportunities for reform Private health sector Washington, {DC} 2002 discussion paper Bank World\ 2002 tool_social_2005 techreport Social Capital as a Public Policy Tool - Project Report September Social capital 2005 Policy Research Initiative, Canada 2005 boutayeb_developing_2007 article International journal for equity in health {ABSTRACT:} It is now commonly admitted that the so-called (most) neglected tropical diseases have been given little attention. According to World Health Organization, neglected diseases are hidden diseases as they affect almost exclusively extremely poor populations living in remote areas beyond the reach of health service. The European Parliament recognised that, to our shame, Neglected Diseases have not received the attention they deserve from {EU} actions. In the Millennium Development Goals they were given very little attention and mentioned just as other disease. Investing in drugs for these diseases is thought to be not marketable or profitable. However, despite their low mortality, neglected diseases are causing severe and permanent disabilities and deformities affecting approximately 1 billion people in the world, yielding more than 20 millions of Disability Adjusted Life Years (56.6 million according to Lancet's revised estimates) and important socio-economic losses. Urgent pragmatic and efficient measures are needed both at international and national levels. Developing countries and neglected diseases: challenges and perspectives GL Tropical diseases 14759276 20 6 2007 {PMID:} 18036265 2007 churchhill_chapter_2006 inbook Craig Churchhill Chapter 4: Institutional Options Cooperatives Institutional options Microinsurance Participation M\"{u}nchen, Germany 335--468 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium International Labour Organization {(ILO)} 2006 laturtue_role_2006 inbook An analytical framework; Donor requirements to effectively support microinsurance; Types of donor support for microinsurance The role of donors Microinsurance other stakeholders Geneva / Munich 470--487 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 leighton_22_1995 techreport 22 policy questions about health care financing in Africa Africa Health care financing Health sector reform 1995 {USAID,} {HFS} 1995 gostin_aids-pandemic_2004 book Studies in Social Medicine The {Aids-Pandemic} - Complacency, Injustice, and Unfulfilled Expectations HIV/AIDS Chapel Hill and London 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} The University of North Carolina Press 2004 terry_community_2008 article Development in Practice Community sustainable-development indicators: a useful participatory technique or another dead end? Development indicators Participatory research 0961-4524 223 18 2008 2 http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/09614520801899044 2008 world_bank_measuring_????-2 techreport Measuring progressivity of health care payments Quantitative research Research method 16 Technical Note malaney_health_2000 techreport Health Sector Reform in Tamil Nadu: Understanding the Role of the Public Sector Health sector reform India Public sector Universal health care 2000 Center for International Development, Harvard University 2000 dong_comparison_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine The test-retest reliabilityof the bidding game and the take-it-or-leave-it {(TIOLI)} approaches to eliciting willingnessto- {pay(WTP)} are compared. A random sample of households in the Nouna area of Burkina Faso were interviewed twice with an interval of around 4-5 weeks. One thousand one hundred and eight individuals were asked their individual {WTP} for community-based health insurance. Three hundred and forty eight of these individuals were household heads who were in addition asked about their {WTP} for health insurance for the whole household. Median and the mean {WTP} were higher in the test than in the retest. Despite these differences both methods displayed moderate to good reliability(kappa values ranged from 0.467 to 0.621, Spearman correlations ranged from 0.653 to 0.701 and Pearson correlations ranged from 0.593 to 0.675). There was some evidence that the bidding game was more reliable than the {TIOLI} method. This studyis based on larger sample size than previous studies and also is one of the first studies of the reliabilityof {WTP} in a developing country A comparison of the reliability of the take-it-or-leave-it and the bidding game approaches to estimating willingness-to-pay in a rural population in West Africa Africa Burkina Faso Community-based insurance Contingent valuation Reliability Willingness to pay 2181--2189 56 2003 10 2003 the_world_bank_world_1996 techreport The World Bank Participation Sourcebook Community participation Washington, {D.C.} 1996 Environmentally Sustainable Development {(ESD),} The World Bank 1996 government_of_canada_social_2005 techreport Social Capital Social Capital as a Public Policy Tool - Project Report Policy research Social capital September 2005 http://www.policyresearch.gc.ca/page.asp?pagenm=rp_sc_final2 2005-09 van_de_ven_risk_2007 article Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) In this paper we analyse the developments concerning risk adjustment and risk selection in Belgium, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands and Switzerland in the period 2000-2006. Since 2000 two major trends can be observed. On the one hand the risk adjustment systems have been improved, for example, by adding relevant health-based risk adjusters. On the other hand in all five countries there is evidence of increasing risk selection, which increasingly becomes a problem, in particular in Germany and Switzerland. Some potential explanations are given for these seemingly contradictory observations. Since the mid-1990s citizens in these countries can regularly switch sickness fund, which should stimulate the sickness funds to improve efficiency in health care production and to respond to consumers' preferences. When looking at managed care there are some weak signals of increasing managed care activities by individual sickness funds in all countries (except Belgium). However, with imperfect risk adjustment, such as in Israel and Switzerland, insurers will integrate their managed care activities with their selection activities, which may have adverse effects for society, even if all insurers are equally successful in selection. The conclusion is that good risk adjustment is an essential pre-condition for reaping the benefits of a competitive health insurance market. Without good risk adjustment the disadvantages of a competitive insurance market may outweigh its advantages. Risk adjustment and risk selection in Europe: 6 years later Belgium Europe Germany GL Insurance selection bias Israel Managed care programs Managed competition National health programs Netherlands Risk adjustment Switzerland 01688510 162--79 October 83 2007 2-3 {PMID:} 17270311 2007-10 bar-on_poverty_1999 article International Journal of Social Welfare Poverty amid plenty: lessons from Botswana's social assistance scheme Africa Botswana Poverty Social assistance schmeme 97--110 8 1999 1999 magadi_comparative_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper uses Demographic and Health Surveys data from 21 countries in {sub-Saharan} Africa to examine the use of maternal health services by teenagers. A comparison of maternal health care between teenagers and older women, based on bivariate analysis shows little variation in maternal health care by age. However, after controlling for the effect of background factors such as parity, premarital births, educational attainment and urban/rural residence in a multivariate analysis, there is evidence that teenagers have poorer maternal health care than older women with similar background characteristics. The results from multilevel logistic models applied to pooled data across countries show that teenagers are generally more likely to receive inadequate antenatal care and have non-professional deliveries. An examination of country-level variations shows significant differences in the levels of maternal health care across countries. However, there is no evidence of significant variations across countries in the observed patterns of maternal health care by maternal age. This suggests that the observed patterns by maternal age are generalizable across the {sub-Saharan} Africa region. A comparative analysis of the use of maternal health services between teenagers and older mothers in {sub-Saharan} Africa: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys {(DHS)} Africa Antenatal care Delivery care Maternal health care Multilevel models Sub-Saharan Africa Teenagers 1311--1325 March 64 2007 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MK0J03-1/1/7e944b408ae8d51cc0c0fa56674e143a 2007-03 bitrn_waivers_2003 techreport In response to shortages in public budgets for government health services, many developing countries around the world have adopted formal or informal systems of user fees for health care. In most countries user fee proceeds seldom represent more than 15 percent of total costs in hospitals and health centers, but they tend to account for a significant share of the resources required to pay for non-personnel costs. The problem with user fees is that the lack of provisions to confer partial or full waivers to the poor often results in inequity in access to medical care. The dilemma, then, is how to make a much needed system of user fees compatible with the goal of preserving equitable access to services. Different countries have tried different approaches. Those which have carefully designed and implemented waiver systems (e.g., Thailand and Indonesia) have had much greater success in terms of benefits incidence than countries that have improvised such systems {(Ghana,} Kenya, Zimbabwe). Key to the success of a waiver system is its financing. Systems that compensate providers for the revenue forgone from granting exemptions {(Thailand,} Indonesia, and Cambodia) have been more successful than those who expect the provider to absorb the cost of exemptions {(Kenya).} Where waiver systems exist, performance will improve with the timeliness of the reimbursement. Other success factors include the widespread dissemination of information among potential beneficiaries about waiver availability and procedures; the awarding of financial support to poor patients for non-fee costs of care, such as food and transportation (as in Cambodia); and the existence of clear criteria for the granting of waivers, thereby reducing confusion and ambiguity among those responsible for managing the system and among potential recipients. Those facing the task of adopting a system of waivers face multiple design options. These include the following, among others: should exemptions be granted to whole groups or on the basis of individual targeting (the review finds that most systems are based on the latter)? Should waivers or exemptions be permanent or temporary? How frequently should eligibility be reassessed? Should waiver eligibility be determined ex-ante, in the household, or when individuals seek care in the facility? The review examines various approaches taken by countries, but assessing their relative practical merits is difficult, as the evidence is scattered and mixed. Waivers and Exemptions for Health Services in Developing Countries Africa Cambodia Chile Developing countries Effect of fees Financing of waivers and exemptions Ghana Indonesia Kenya Lessons and best practice NHIS Performance of protection mechanisms Thailand User fees for health services Waivers exemptions and design features Zimbabwe Washington, {D.C.} 2003 0308 Social Protection Discussion Paper Series The World Bank 2003 _concentration_???? techreport The Concentration Index Concentration index Generic tools Group data Income-related inequality Measuring equity Micro data Technical Note 7 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis de_allegri_understanding_2006 article Objective To identify factors associated with decision to enrol in a community health insurance {(CHI)} scheme. Methods We conducted a population-based case-control study among 15 communities offered insurance in 2004 in rural Burkina Faso. For inclusion in the study, we selected all 154 enrolled (cases) and a random sample of 393 non-enrolled (controls) households. We used unconditional logistic regression (applying {Huber-White} correction to account for clustering at the community level) to explore the association between enrolment status and a set of household head, household and community characteristics. Findings Multivariate analysis revealed that enrolment in {CHI} was associated with Bwaba ethnicity, higher education, higher socioeconomic status, a negative perception of the adequacy of traditional care, a higher proportion of children living within the household, greater distance from the health facility, and a lower level of socioeconomic inequality within the community, but not with household health status or previous household health service utilization. Conclusion Our study provides evidence that the decision to enrol in {CHI} is shaped by a combination of household head, household, and community factors. Policies aimed at enhancing enrolment ought to act at all three levels. On the basis of our findings, we discuss specific policy recommendations and highlight areas for further research. {(English)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Burkina Faso COMMUNITY health services COUNTY health services ETHNICITY HEALTH facilities Health insurance Health Planning MEDICAL policy SOCIAL status 00429686 {852--B} 11 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=27719422&site=ehost-live Bulletin of the World Health Organization Understanding enrolment in community health insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa: a population-based case-control study in rural Burkina Faso. 84 November 2006 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 27719422; de Allegri, Manuela 1; Email Address: manuela.de.allegri@urz.uni-heidelberg.de Kouyat\'{e}, Bocar 2 Becher, Heiko 1 Gbangou, Adjima 2 Pokhrel, Subhash 3 Sanon, Mamadou 2 Sauerborn, Rainer 1; Affiliation: 1: Department of Tropical Hygiene and Public Health, University of Heidelberg, {INF} 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany 2: Nouna Health Research Centre, Nouna, Burkina Faso 3: School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, London, England; Source Info: Nov2006, Vol. 84 Issue 11, p852; Subject Term: {COMMUNITY} health services; Subject Term: {HEALTH} insurance; Subject Term: {COUNTY} health services; Subject Term: {HEALTH} facilities; Subject Term: {SOCIAL} status; Subject Term: {ETHNICITY;} Subject Term: {MEDICAL} policy; Subject Term: {HEALTH} planning; Subject Term: {BURKINA} Faso; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 621498 All Other Outpatient Care Centers; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 623220 Residential Mental Health and Substance Abuse Facilities; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 624190 Other Individual and Family Services; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 923120 Administration of Public Health Programs; Number of Pages: 9p; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Objectif} Identifier les facteurs associ\'{e}s \`{a} la d\'{e}cision de s\'affilier \`{a} un r\'{e}gime d\'assurance-maladie communautaire r\'{e}cemment mis en place. M\'{e}thodes Nous avons men\'{e} une \'{e}tude cas-t\'{e}moin en population parmi 15 communaut\'{e}s du Burkina Faso auxquelles avait \'{e}t\'{e} propos\'{e}e en 2004 une assurance-maladie. Comme sujets de l\'\'{e}tude, nous avons s\'{e}lectionn\'{e} 154 individus parmi les membres de ces communaut\'{e}s s\'\'{e}tant affili\'{e}s au r\'{e}gime et un \'{e}chantillon al\'{e}atoire de 393 foyers ne s\'\'{e}tant pas affili\'{e}s (t\'{e}moins). Nous avons fait appel \`{a} une analyse par r\'{e}gression logistique non conditionnelle (en appliquant une correction de {Huber-White} destin\'{e}e \`{a} tenir compte de la possibilit\'{e} de grappage au niveau communautaire) pour \'{e}tudier l\'association entre le statut d\'affiliation et une s\'{e}rie de caract\'{e}ristiques relatives au chef de famille, au foyer et \`{a} la communaut\'{e}. R\'{e}sultats L\'analyse multivari\'{e}e fait appara??tre une association entre l\'affiliation \`{a} ce r\'{e}gime et l\'appartenance \`{a} l\'ethnie Bwaba, un niveau d\'\'{e}ducation ou un statut socio\'{e}conomique \'{e}lev\'{e}s, une perception n\'{e}gative de l\'efficacit\'{e} des soins de type traditionnel, une proportion importante des enfants vivant dans le foyer, l\'\'{e}loignement de l\'\'{e}tablissement de sant\'{e} et un faible niveau d\'in\'{e}galit\'{e} socio\'{e}conomique au sein de la communaut\'{e}, mais n\'indique aucun lien avec l\'\'{e}tat de sant\'{e} du foyer ou un recours ant\'{e}rieur de celui-ci \`{a} des services de sant\'{e}. Conclusion Notre \'{e}tude a apport\'{e} des preuves de l\'influence sur la d\'{e}cision d\'affiliation au r\'{e}gime d\'assurance-maladie communautaire d\'une combinaison de facteurs relatifs au chef de famille, au foyer et \`{a} la communaut\'{e}. Les strat\'{e}gies visant \`{a} augmenter le taux d\'affiliation doivent agir \`{a} l\'ensemble de ces trois niveaux. A la lumi\`{e}re de ces r\'{e}sultats, nous avons examin\'{e} certaines recommandations politiques et mis en \'{e}vidence des aspects \`{a} \'{e}tudier de mani\`{e}re plus approfondie. {(French)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} Article 2006-11 akazili_using_2008-1 article {BMC} International Health and Human Rights {BACKGROUND:Data} Envelopment Analysis {(DEA)} has been used to analyze the efficiency of the health sector in the developed world for sometime now. However, in developing economies and particularly in Africa only a few studies have applied {DEA} in measuring the efficiency of their health care {systems.METHODS:This} study uses the {DEA} method, to calculate the technical efficiency of 89 randomly sampled health centers in Ghana. The aim was to determine the degree of efficiency of health centers and recommend performance targets for the inefficient {facilities.RESULTS:The} findings showed that 65\% of health centers were technically inefficient and so were using resources that they did not actually {need.CONCLUSION:The} results broadly point to grave inefficiency in the health care delivery system of public health centers and that significant amounts of resources could be saved if measures were put in place to curb the waste. Using data envelopment analysis to measure the extent of technical efficiency of public health centres in Ghana Africa Ghana Health centres {1472-698X} 11 8 2008 1 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/8/11 2008 mubyazi_understanding_2003 techreport Understanding mechanisms for integrating community priorities in health planning, resource allocation and service delivery - Results of a literature review Health Planning Service delivery 2003 {EQUINET,} {IDRC} {(Canada)} 2003 ilo_mutuelles_2000 techreport Mutuelles de sant\'{e} en Afrique : Caract\'{e}ristiques et mise en place Africa Micro health insurance 2000 Organisation internationale du Travail 2000 mcintyre_what_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper presents the findings of a critical review of studies carried out in low- and middle-income countries {(LMICs)} focusing on the economic consequences for households of illness and health care use. These include household level impacts of direct costs (medical treatment and related financial costs), indirect costs (productive time losses resulting from illness) and subsequent household responses. It highlights that health care financing strategies that place considerable emphasis on out-of-pocket payments can impoverish households. There is growing evidence of households being pushed into poverty or forced into deeper poverty when faced with substantial medical expenses, particularly when combined with a loss of household income due to ill-health. Health sector reforms in {LMICs} since the late 1980s have particularly focused on promoting user fees for public sector health services and increasing the role of the private for-profit sector in health care provision. This has increasingly placed the burden of paying for health care on individuals experiencing poor health. This trend seems to continue even though some countries and international organisations are considering a shift away from their previous pro-user fee agenda. Research into alternative health care financing strategies and related mechanisms for coping with the direct and indirect costs of illness is urgently required to inform the development of appropriate social policies to improve access to essential health services and break the vicious cycle between illness and poverty. What are the economic consequences for households of illness and of paying for health care in low- and middle-income country contexts? Coping strategies Household impacts Illness costs 858--865 February 62 2006 4 2006-02 cohen_malawi:suitable_2002 article Reports the public health crisis faced among Malawians in southern Africa. Efforts of public officers to secure help in aiding the region in treating the {AIDS} epidemic; Purpose of forming the Global Fund in January 2002; Information on health programs of World Health Organization for health care in the region. AIDS (Disease) Malawi PUBLIC health PUBLIC officers 00368075 927 5583 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=7351102&site=ehost-live Science Malawi: A Suitable Case for Treatment. 297 2002 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 7351102; Cohen, Jon; Source Info: 8/9/2002, Vol. 297 Issue 5583, p927; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} health; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} officers; Subject Term: {AIDS} {(Disease);} Subject Term: {MALAWI;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; Number of Pages: 2p; Illustrations: 1 chart, 1 graph, 1 color; Document Type: Article; Full Text Word Count: 1386{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Article 2002 ruger_changing_2005 article American Journal of Public Health The Changing Role of the {WORLD} {BANK} in Global Health Global health Health actors Role of the world bank 60--70 95 2005 1 2005 brown_providing_1999 techreport Providing Insurance to {Low-Income} Households: Part I: Primer on Insurance Principles and Products Insurance and poverty Low-income insurance Primer on Insurance Principles and Products Bethesda, Maryland 1999 {USAID,} Development Alternatives Inc. 1999 world_bank_scaling-upcommunity-driven_2004 techreport This note is part of a series that examines factors that facilitate the scaling up of Community Driven Development {(CDD)} programs. The note describes the factors that enabled and constrained the scaling up of a community based {HIV/AIDS} intervention in Malawi - Scaling-up {HIV/AIDS} Interventions Through Expanded Partnerships {(STEPs).} The {STEPs} initiative assists local {HIV/AIDS} committees with community mobilization and capacity building so that communities become empowered to act collectively to address their own problems. Scaling-up a {Community-Driven} {HIV/AIDS} Program in Malawi 4 October 2004 96 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/07/20/000012009_20050720132125/Rendered/PDF/330080rev.pdf 2004-10 chinsinga_social_2007 misc The Social Protection Policy in Malawi: Processes, Politics and Challenges Malawi August 2007 2007-08 baltussen_priority_2006 article Health Policy Background Public spending on health care in many developing countries falls short to provide a comprehensive set of essential health services, which indicates the need to target and prioritize resources. However, governments often attempt to provide free services to the whole population, and often spend resources on low-impact services. This results in an inequitable and inefficient use of {resources.Methods} This paper presents a rational approach to targeting and prioritization of public spending, with an application to Ghana. First, interventions were tested against the economic justification for public funding, to define to whom spending should be targeted. Second, resulting interventions were prioritized on the basis of medical and non-medical {criteria.Results} The step-wise approach led to a rank ordering of interventions with a specification whether public spending should be targeted at the whole population or the poor only. Disease control priorities are prevention of mother-to-child {HIV/AIDS} transmission and oral rehydration therapy to treat diarrhea in childhood, and public funding of these interventions is warranted for the whole population. Case-management of pneumonia in childhood is also a priority but public funding should be targeted at the poor only. Low priorities for public funding are certain interventions to control blood pressure, tobacco and alcohol abuse, be it for the whole population or the poor {only.Conclusion} Governments should not try to provide everything for everybody. This may help health systems to move towards a more equitable and efficient use of resources. Priority setting of public spending in developing countries: Do not try to do everything for everybody Economic analysis Public finance 149--156 October 78 2006 2-3 2006-10 grootaert_local_1999-1 techreport The Local Level Institutions Study: Social Capital and Development Outcomes in Burkina Faso - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 7 Africa Burkina Faso Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 ramsay_medical_1998 techreport Medical Savings Accounts: Universal, Accessible, Portable, Comprehensive Health Care for Canadians Adverse effects Canada Health insurance Health sector reform Medical saving accounts Traditional forms of cost sharing Canada 1998 Bulletin Fraser Institute 1998 essex_aids_1994 inbook {AIDS} in Africa Africa HIV/AIDS New York 1994 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Raven Press 1994 ainsworth_measuringimpact_1992 techreport This paper describes the development and content of a household questionnaire designed to measure the economic impact of adult morbidity and mortality in an African country. The questionnaire is the main data collection instrument of the research project on {"The} Economic Impact of Fatal Adult Illness due to {AIDS} and Other Causes in {Sub-Saharan} Africa", conducted by a research team from the World Bank and the University of Dar es Salaam. The main objectives of the project are: (1) to measure the impact of fatal adult illness on individuals, households and communities; and (2) to estimate the costs and effects of alternative policies to assist the survivors. The household questionnaire was adapted from the questionnaire of the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Survey {(LSMS)} to measure the well-being and coping behaviors of individuals and households in response to fatal illness among adults. Key innovations in the household questionnaire include: adaptation for a longitudinal research design, including "inter-wave" consistency checks; an expanded set of questions on acute and chronic illness and their costs; a module on the mortality ofhousehold members and relatives; a consumption module that allows for seasonality; and collection of more data at the individuall evel, to facilitate analysis of intra-householdd distribution of resources. Measuring the Impact of Fatal Adult Illness in {Sub-Saharan} Africa; An Annotated Household Questionnaire. Africa Catastrophic health care expenditure Questionnaire Sub-Saharan Africa 1992 World Bank - Living Standards Measurement 1992 loewenson_participation_2000 techreport Participation and accountability in health systems: The missing factor in equity? Health care system Participation Zimbabwe 2000 Training and Research Support Centre 2000 gre_criteria_2004 techreport Criteria and procedures for determining benefit packages in health care - A comparative perspective Benefit package Health care 1--14 2004 Elyevier, Health Policy, Science Direct 2004 yesudian_policy_2001 techreport Policy Research in India: the Case of regulating Private Health Providers India Policy research Regulating private health providers 2001 5 The Alliance for Health Policy and System Research 2001 _multivariate_???? techreport Multivariate analysis of health data: Non-linear estimators Binary dependent variables Count dependent variables Generic tools Limited dependent variables Measuring equity Technical Note 11 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis baeza_beyond_2006 book Beyond survival - protecting households from health shocks in Latin America Catastrophic health care expenditure Health care costs Health insurance Latin America South America Palo Alto, Calif. [u.a.] 0-8213-6571-1 2006 Stanford Economics and Finance [u.a.] 2006 asfaw_mutual_2002 article Center for Development Research {(ZEF),} Bonn: {ZEF} Mutual Health Insurance {(MHI)} - A Viable Solution to Increase Access to Health Care? An Ethiopian Case Study Africa Ethiopia Mutual health insurance 2002 2002 wipf_product_2006 inbook Market research; Eligibility; Terms and payment options; Benefits; Risk management and claims controls Product design and insurance risk management Microinsurance Microinsurance operations Product design Geneva / Munich 146--173 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 louis_dit_guerin_association_2006 article {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study Association {d'Entraide} des Femmes Benin Africa Benin Case study Mutual insurance Selfhelp organisation Women February 22 2006 http://www.ilo.int/public/english/employment/finance/download/cstudy22.pdf 2006-02 hudon_norms_2008-1 article International Journal of Social Economics Purpose - The paper aims to study the role of norms and values in the microfinance sector. Design/methodology/approach - The paper provides a combination of narrative with argument and analysis. Findings - A classification of the sector is proposed, mapping the institutions along two axes: the profit motive (profit vs not-for-profit) and the decision-making style (centralized vs un-centralized). Some microfinance institutions base their interactions on rigid norms or rules; while others are based on values. It is argued that the private sector will tend to produce the operating rules of the microfinance system while the not-for-profit institutions that are using an inclusive decision-making process are more likely to influence the ethical norms in the sector. Nevertheless, this classification is not static as recent events in {South-India} shows that norms, such as the interest rates, can be politically and emotionally invested to the point that they are about to become values in the sector. Originality/value - The conclusions drawn help in understanding the interactions between the various actions in microfinance. Exploiting the full range of the possibilities of those different structures may be valuable for a fully successful development in India. Norms and values of the various microfinance institutions Financial analysis Financial institutions Value analysis 35 -- 48 35 2008 1/2 2008 coate_reciprocity_1993 article Journal of Development Economies Reciprocity without Commitment: Characterization and Performance of Informal Insurance Arrangements Informal insurance 1--24 40 1993 1993 waters_pricing_2004 techreport This paper reviews methodologies and international experience related to costing and pricing health services. Several factors affect the determination of the prices purchasers pay for health services. These include: the method of provider payment; the availability of information on costs, volumes, outcomes, and patient and provider characteristics; methods used to calculate providers' costs; and characteristics of purchasers and providers- including the regulatory environment, provider autonomy, negotiating power, and the degree of competition. The paper focuses on methods for setting levels of payment under different provider payment mechanisms. Line item and global budgets remain the most common reimbursement methods in developing countries. However, many of these countries are implementing mixed payment systems that have greater information demands. The principal payment types used in high-income countries - capitation, payments per case or diagnosis, and fee-for-service - are reviewed here, and implications for low- and middle-income countries discussed. To minimize incentives for under- or overutilization, prices that purchasers pay for health care services should be related to the unit costs of services. However, establishing the true unit cost of health services is complicated, and detailed data needed to correctly allocate indirect costs to the units of services are not generally available in developing countries. The organizational characteristics of health care providers and their relationships with purchasers strongly influence the way prices for health services are determined. Pertinent characteristics include provider autonomy, provider negotiating power, and the degree of competition. The principal constraint on the development of provider payments systems in developing countries is the limited availability of information on costs, volumes, and patient characteristics. However, international experiences reveal a variety of options for setting prices for health care purchasers in developing countries that are reforming their payment systems. Pricing health services for purchasers - a review of methods and experiences Health care financing Health sector reform Pricing Provider payment Resource allocation and purchasing Washington, {D.C.} 2004 Bank World\ 2004 smith_planning_2009 article European Journal of Operational Research In this research, we consider the planning of community health schemes by non-governmental or faith-based organisations in rural areas of developing countries, from both top-down and ground level viewpoints. We conclude that both types of planning approach are valid and necessary for sustainability of such developments. With top-down planning in mind, we describe our hierarchical models especially designed for location of community health facilities, with objectives pertaining to both efficiency and equity of provision. As an additional case study, we present modelling of the location of a maximal number of self-sustainable primary healthcare workers in a rural region of India. Planning sustainable community health schemes in rural areas of developing countries Location OR in developing countries OR in health 0377-2217 768--777 March 193 2009 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VCT-4PYGVW2-K/2/da5d2e12b46a44c150dbe5542adb3f63 2009-03 zweifel_private_2004-1 misc Private Voluntary Health Insurance in Developing Countries. Chapter 3: Market Outcomes, Regulation, and Recommendations for Policy. Report submitted to the World Bank. Background paper presented at Wharton impact conference on voluntary health insurance in developing countries, March 15-16 2005, University of Pennsylvania, {USA.} Private voluntary health insurance August 2004 http://hc.wharton.upenn.edu/impactconference/pauly.zweife_030905.pdf 2004-08 morduch_betweenstate_2002 article The World Bank Research Observer Between the State and the Market: Can Informal Insurance Patch the Safety Net? Informal insurance Safety 187--207 14 2002 2 2002 glazer_optimal_2000 article The American Economic Review Optimal Risk Adjustment in Markets with Adverse Selection: An Application to Managed Care Adverse selection GL Risk adjustment Risk equalization 1055--1071 90 2000 4 2000 roth_retailers_2006 inbook Why retailers? Which retailers? Microinsurance {istribution/Product} combinations for retailers Retailers as microinsurance distribution channels Micro health insurance - Institutional Options Geneva / Munich 439--449 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 microsave_comparative_2000 misc A comparative analysis of member-based microfinance institutions in East and West Africa Africa Cooperatives East Africa Microfinance West Africa 2000 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/files/2816_02816.pdf 2000 romero_mrquez_performance_2006 techreport Performance Indicators for Microinsurance Practitioners Indicators Microinsurance Luxembourg 2006 Workshop Report, Luxembourg, 16 - 17 October 2006 {ADA,} {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance, {BRS} 2006 colletta_nexus_2000 techreport The Nexus between Violent Conflict, Social Capital and Social Cohesion: Case Studies from Cambodia and Rwanda Africa Asia Cambodia Case study Rwanda Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank 2000 ranson_reduction_2002 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization {OBJECTIVE:} To assess the Self Employed Women's Association's Medical Insurance Fund in Gujarat in terms of insurance coverage according to income groups, protection of claimants from costs of hospitalization, time between discharge and reimbursement, and frequency of use. {METHODS:} One thousand nine hundred and thirty claims submitted over six years were analysed. {FINDINGS:} Two hundred and fifteen (11\%) of 1927 claims were rejected. The mean household income of claimants was significantly lower than that of the general population. The percentage of households below the poverty line was similar for claimants and the general population. One thousand seven hundred and twelve (1712) claims were reimbursed: 805 (47\%) fully and 907 (53\%) at a mean reimbursement rate of 55.6\%. Reimbursement more than halved the percentage of catastrophic hospitalizations ({\textgreater}10\% of annual household income) and hospitalizations resulting in impoverishment. The average time between discharge and reimbursement was four months. The frequency of submission of claims was low (18.0/1000 members per year: 22-37\% of the estimated frequency of hospitalization). {CONCLUSIONS:} The findings have implications for community-based health insurance schemes in India and elsewhere. Such schemes can protect poor households against the uncertain risk of medical expenses. They can be implemented in areas where institutional capacity is too weak to organize nationwide risk-pooling. Such schemes can cover poor people, including people and households below the poverty line. A trade off exists between maintaining the scheme's financial viability and protecting members against catastrophic expenditures. To facilitate reimbursement, administration, particularly processing of claims, should happen near claimants. Fine-tuning the design of a scheme is an ongoing process - a system of monitoring and evaluation is vital. Reduction of catastrophic health care expenditures by a community-based health insurance scheme in Gujarat, India: current experiences and challenges Adult Catastrophic illness Family characteristics Females Health care expenditures Health Services Research Hospitalization Humans Insurance pools Middle Aged Patient Discharge Reimbursement Mechanisms WHO Working women WORLD health 0042-9686 613--21 80 2002 8 {PMID:} 12219151 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12219151 2002 monheit_health_2004 techreport Health Insurance Enrollment Decisions: Understanding the Role of Preferences for Coverage Coverage Health insurance enrollment decisions Michigan 2004 31 {ERIU} Working Paper Economic Research Initiative on the Uninsured 2004 world_bank_concentration_????-1 techreport Concentration Curves Quantitative research Research method 6 Technical Note wilkinson_social_1998 book Richard Wilkinson and Michael Marmot Social determinants of health: the solid facts Europe Health behaviour Health cities Health promotion Public health care Social environment Social support Socio-economic factors Copenhagen 1998 {WHO} 1998 ensor_review_2004 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press Review article - Overcoming barriers to health service access: influencing the demand side Community participation 69--79 19 2004 2 2004 preker_make_2000 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization A central theme of recent health care reforms has been a redefinition of the roles of the state and private providers. With a view to helping governments to arrive at more rational "make or buy" decisions on health care goods and services, we propose a conceptual framework in which a combination of institutional economics and organizational theory is used to examine the core production activities in the health sector. Empirical evidence from actual production modalities is also taken into consideration. We conclude that most inputs for the health sector, with the exception of human resources and knowledge, can be efficiently produced by and bought from the private sector. In the health services of low-income countries most dispersed production forms, e.g. ambulatory care, are already provided by the private sector (non-profit and for-profit). These valuable resources are often ignored by the public sector. The problems of measurability and contestability associated with expensive, complex and concentrated production forms such as hospital care require a stronger regulatory environment and skilled contracting mechanisms before governments can rely on obtaining these services from the private sector. Subsidiary activities within the production process can often be unbundled and outsourced. {"Make} or buy" decisions in the production of health care goods and services: new insights from institutional economics and organizational theory Institutional economics Organizational theory Production of health care goods and services 779--790 78 2000 6 2000 de_allegri_understanding_2006-1 article Health Policy This paper presents a qualitative investigation of consumers' preferences regarding the single elements of a community-based health insurance {(CBI)} scheme recently implemented in a rural region in west Africa. The aim is to provide adequate policy-guidance to decision makers in low and middle income countries by producing an in-depth understanding of how consumers' preferences may affect decision to participate in such schemes. Although it has long been suggested that feeble levels of participation may very well be an expression of consumers' dissatisfaction with scheme design, little systematic efforts have so far been channelled towards supporting such argument with empirical evidence. Consumers' preferences were explored through means of 32 individual interviews with household heads. Analysis used the method of constant comparison and was conducted by two independent researchers. Data from 10 focus group discussions provided an additional valuable source of triangulation. Findings suggest that decision to enrol is closely linked to whether the single elements of the scheme match consumers' needs and expectations. In particular, consumers justified decision to join or not to join the insurance scheme in relation to their preference for the unit of enrolment, the premium level and the payment modalities, the benefit package, the health service provider network and the {CBI} managerial structure. The discussion of the findings focuses on how understanding consumers' preferences and incorporating them in the design of a {CBI} scheme may result in increased participation rates, ensuring that poor populations gain better access to health services and enjoy greater protection against the cost of illness. Understanding consumers' preferences and decision to enrol in community-based health insurance in rural West Africa Africa Community-based health insurance Rating:1 West Africa 58--71 March 76 2006 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4GBWJ5X-3/1/bceb9a95228fe13d1e3536673c2b3915 2006-03 world_health_organization_who_community_2004 inbook Community Participation: Advocacy and Action Community participation World health report 42--56 2004 The World Health Report 2004 2004 awortwi_riddle_1999 book The Riddle of Community Development: Factors Influencing Organisation, Participation and Self-management in 29 African and Latin American Communities 1999 Institute of Social Studies 1999 gwatkin_overcominginverse_2001 unpublished Overcoming the Inverse Care Law - Designing Health Programs to Serve Disadvantaged Population Groups in Developing Countries Design of health care programs Equity and health Inverse case law Universal coverage 2001 Initial Discussion Draft 2001 world_bank_data_???? techreport Data for health equity analysis - Requirements, sources, and issues in analysis Quantitative research Research method 20 Technical Note blome-drees_leistungen_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird untersucht, welche Beitr\"{a}ge Genossenschaftsverb\"{a}nde f\"{u}r die Identifikation, Analyse und Handhabung von Unternehmungsrisiken angeschlossener Prim\"{a}rgenossenschaften leisten k\"{o}nnen. Leistungen der Genossenschaftsverb\"{a}nde f\"{u}r das Risikomanagement von Prim\"{a}rgenossenschaften 81--92 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 aheto_rural_2005 article Health Policy The paper compares rural perspectives in Thailand and Ghana on the level of condom acceptance in sexual relations, willingness to test oneself for {HIV} before and in marriage and sources of information on {HIV/AIDS.} We also compared the policy approaches to combating {HIV/AIDS} in both countries. The results indicates that in the villages studied in Thailand, all single men and the majority of the single women were in favour of using condoms in sexual relations. This group also showed a positive attitude to {HIV/AIDS} test before and in marriage. However, married men in rural Thailand disapproved of the use of condoms with their wives but married women in the sample population were open to the possibility of using condoms. Both married men and women were strongly against {HIV/AIDS} test in marriage. In contrast to Thailand, most single men in the communities studied in Ghana showed a disapproval to the use of condoms in sexual relations. However, they condoned {HIV} test before marriage. Married men and women in rural Ghana were against the use of condoms in sexual relations as well as {HIV/AIDS} test in marriage. In order to mitigate mother-to-child transmission, the Thais applied anti-retroviral drug care for {HIV} positive pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. In Ghana on the other hand, pregnant women were subject to {HIV} test and counselling. The mode of information acquisition on {HIV/AIDS} in both countries were through the media, campaigns and village volunteers. Finally, we observed that fighting poverty is a sine qua non for the success of any {HIV/AIDS} eradication programme. Rural perspectives on {HIV/AIDS} prevention: a comparative study of Thailand and Ghana Africa Asia Ghana HIV/AIDS Prevention Thailand 25--40 April 72 2005 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4D58G1P-1/2/779529390bde2ec7c35810e0812a7556 2005-04 luginaah_challenges_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine The paper reports the findings of a qualitative study using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews about the challenges faced by widows as they confront the direct and indirect impacts of {HIV/AIDS} in Nyanza, Kenya. Two focus groups were conducted with widows from two community-based organizations. This was followed by in-depth interviews with four members and two leaders from each of the community-based organizations. The contents were analysed using grounded theory. The findings reveal several challenges encountered by widows in their struggles with the direct and indirect impacts of {HIV/AIDS.} Widows who know or do not know their {HIV} status are conscious about the possibility of contracting or transmitting the virus. Wife inheritance (a Luo custom), emerged as an outstanding issue for the widows in the context of {HIV/AIDS} transmission. The widows employ various strategies to resist being inherited. Widows in the current epidemic navigate issues of sexuality in various ways, such as insisting their partners use condoms or permanently abstaining from sexual intercourse. Challenges of a pandemic: {HIV/AIDS-related} problems affecting Kenyan widows Widows Wife inheritance 1219--1228 March 60 2005 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4D48X7T-7/1/db35d0aded3ffc22dc79def1197b37a8 2005-03 ekman_catastrophic_2007 article Health Policy Objectives The purpose of the study is to quantitatively analyze the role of health insurance in the determinants of catastrophic health payments in a low-income country {setting.Methods} The study uses the most recent publicly available household level data from Zambia collected in 1998 containing detailed information on health care utilization and spending and on other key individual, household, and community factors. An econometric model is estimated by means of multivariate {regression.Results} The main results are counterintuitive in that health insurance is not found to provide financial protection against the risk of catastrophic payments; indeed, insurance is found to increase this {risk.Conclusions} Reasons for the findings are discussed using additional available information focusing on the amount of care per illness episode and the type of care provided. The key conclusion is that the true impact of health insurance is an empirical issue depending on several key context factors, including quality assurance and service provision oversight. Catastrophic health payments and health insurance: Some counterintuitive evidence from one low-income country Catastrophic health care expenditure Developing countries Econometrics Rating:1 Zambia 304--313 October 83 2007 2-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4NBR3KH-2/1/59fc3965481e6f4b23865b25a703bb8c 2007-10 bell_long-run_2003 techreport The Long-run Economic Costs of {AIDS:} Theory and an Application to South Africa Africa HIV/AIDS Long-run economic costs South Africa 2003 Bank World\ 2003 keser_conditional_2000 article We compare a partners condition, where the same small group of subjects plays a repeated public good game, to a strangers condition, where subjects play this game in changing group formations. From the first period onward, subjects in the partners condition contribute significantly more to the public good than subjects in the strangers condition. Strangers' contributions show continual decay, while partners' contributions fluctuate on a high level prior to decreasing in the final periods. We interpret subjects' behaviour in terms of conditional cooperation which is characterized by both future-oriented and reactive behaviour. Conditional Cooperation and Voluntary Contributions to Public Goods Cooperations External assistance health sector Health Public goods 23--39 2000 2000 churchhill_microinsurance:_2006 inbook Institutional arrangements; The type of insurance Microinsurance: Opportunities and pitfalls for microfinance institutions Micro health insurance - Institutional Options Geneva / Munich 452--467 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 mccord_premium_2006 inbook Modes of premium collection; Collection frequency and timing; Client considerations; Premium collection controls Premium collection: Minimizing transaction costs and maximizing customer service Microinsurance operations Geneva / Munich 197--215 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 minister_of_health_canada_health_2006 article Strengthening the Policy - Research connection Health Policy Bulletin: Social Capital and Health: Maximizing the Benefits Canada Health Social capital 12 2006 2006 su_assessment_2007 article Health Policy Indirect costs or productive labour time lost are the largest share of household economic burden of illness. However, the estimate of household indirect cost can vary depending on the valuation methods used. We therefore estimated household indirect cost in a subsistence farming society in Burkina Faso based on daily production value. These results were validated by using willingness-to-pay method and current wage rate. Among the three methods, the value of a day lost for adults assessed by willingness-to-pay method was considerably higher than other methods. There were no significant differences in indirect costs estimated by daily production value and wage rate. There were significantly higher indirect costs for households which were of higher economic status when daily production value was used. It might raise a question of equity. The willingness-to-pay method can capture the various aspects of indirect cost such as differences among age groups and gender, important individual characteristics and seasons. Thus, it is an appropriate approach for rural subsistence farmer communities. Estimation of indirect cost by wage rate can also be used as a rapid estimation of indirect cost in a rural area in developing countries as an alternative for daily production value. Assessment of indirect cost-of-illness in a subsistence farming society by using different valuation methods Burkina Faso Household cost-of-illness Indirect cost Rating:1 Willingness to pay 353--362 October 83 2007 2-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4NBRYD0-1/1/be53196c2668d1003dea0c49a3ece93e 2007-10 helleringer_social_2005 article Population Studies Social networks, perceptions of risk, and changing attitudes towards {HIV/AIDS:} New evidence from a longitudinal study using fixed-effects analysis HIV/AIDS Perception of risk Social networks 265--282 59 2005 3 2005 gonzalez-block_health_2004 article Health Research Policy and Systems Background: Health policy and systems research {(HPSR)} is an international public good with potential to orient investments and performance at national level. Identifying research trends and priorities at international level is therefore important. This paper offers a conceptual framework and defines the {HPSR} portfolio as a set of research projects under implementation. The research portfolio is influenced by factors external to the research system as well as internal to it. These last include the capacity of research institutions, the momentum of research programs, funding opportunities and the influence of stakeholder priorities and public opinion. These dimensions can vary in their degree of coordination, leading to a complementary or a fragmented research portfolio. Objective: The main objective is to identify the themes currently being pursued in the research portfolio and agendas within developing countries and to quantify their frequency in an effort to identify current research topics and their underlying influences. Methods: {HPSR} topics being pursued by developing country producer institutions and their perceived priorities were identified through a survey between 2000 and 2002. The response to a call for letters of intent issued by the Alliance in 2000 for a broad range of topics was also analyzed. The institutions that were the universe of this study consisted of the 176 institutional partners of the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research producing research in low and middle income countries outside Europe. {HPSR} topics as well as the beneficiaries or issues and the health problems addressed were content analyzed. Topics were classified into 19 categories and their frequency analyzed across groups of countries with similar per capita income. Agendas were identified by analyzing the source of funding and of project initiation for projects under implementation. Results: The highest ranking topic at the aggregate level is {"Sector} analysis", followed by {"Disease} burden" and {"Management} and organization". Categories at the bottom of this ranking are {"Equity",} {"Policy} process", {"Economic} policy and health" and {"Information} systems". {"Disease} burden" is more often funded than other topics for which there is more demand or perceived priority. Analysis suggests few although important differences across priorities, demand for funding and actual project funding. The donors' agenda coincides most with the ranking of research topics overall. Health policy and systems research agendas in developing countries Developing countries Health care system Health policy Research agendas 2 2004 6 http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content/2/1/6 2004 drechsler_private_2005-1 techreport Private Health Insurance in Low-and Middle-income Countries: Scope, Limitations, and Policy Responses Low-income countries Middle income countries Private health insurance {Issy-les-Moulineaux} 2005 draft version {OECD} Development Centre 2005 mansyur_social_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine There has been growing interest in the relationship between the social environment and health. Among the concepts that have emerged over the past decade to examine this relationship are socio-economic inequality and social capital. Using data from the World Values Survey and the World Bank, we tested the hypothesis that self-rated health is affected by social capital and income inequality cross-nationally. The merit of our approach was that we used multilevel methods in a larger and more diverse sample of countries than used previously. Our results indicated that, for a large number of diverse countries, commonly used measures of social capital and income inequality had strong compositional effects on self-rated health, but inconsistent contextual effects, depending on the countries included. Cross-level interactions suggested that contextual measures can moderate the effect of compositional measures on self-rated health. Sensitivity tests indicated that effects varied in different subsets of countries. Future research should examine country-specific characteristics, such as differences in cultural values or norms, which may influence the relationships between social capital, income inequality, and health. Social capital, income inequality, and self-rated health in 45 countries Compositional vs. contextual effects Cross-national Multi-level modelling Self-rated health 43--56 66 2008 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4R11KC3-1/1/f4f38bc630b2165b05589a15b0a25c24 2008 armbruster_zwischen_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen In vielen Entwicklungs- und Transforma??tionsl\"{a}ndern wird immer noch, insbesondere hinsichtlich der genossenschaftlich organisierten Finanzinstitutionen, die Frage gestellt, ob und in welcher Weise diese reguliert und einer Aufsicht unterstellt werden sollen. Dies stellt eine zentrale Frage dar, die auch im Zusammenhang mit dem starken Aufkommen von Mikrofinanzbanken diskutiert wird und zu der verschiedene Standpunkte vertreten werden. Sollen alle, auch ganz kleine Institutionen, die sich im Finanzsektor bewegen, der Bankenaufsicht unterstellt werden? Sollen ihre Gr\"{o}\sse und/oder die Aktivit\"{a}ten (z. B. Entgegennahme von Spareinlagen) Kriterien f\"{u}r die Unterstellung unter die Bankenaufsicht sein? Dieser Beitrag basiert auf den Erfahrungen aus der Praxis der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit seit \"{u}ber 30 Jahren. Zwischen \"{U}ber- und Unterregulierung: Reduzierung von Risiken f\"{u}r Mitglieder durch ma\ssvolle Rahmenbedingungen 93--103 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 andreoni_building_2006 article Experiments have shown that people have a natural taste for cooperation. This paper takes a first step in understanding how formal and informal institutions might be designed to utilize these private tastes to facilitate more efficient economic interactions. We examine a twice-played prisoners' dilemma in which the total of the stakes in the two periods is fixed, but the distribution of these stakes can be varied across periods. We verify experimentally that it is best to "start small," reserving most of the stakes for the second period. Building rational cooperation Cooperations 117--154 March 2006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJ3-4F7Y93X-1/2/61f2551a522c03264a73e894f031ceea 2006-03 radermacher_karuna_2005 techreport Karuna Trust, Karnataka India Case study India Karnataka Micro health insurance Microinsurance Partner-agent-model 2005 19 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 beck_risk_2003 article Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) In Switzerland the new law on Health Insurance, effective since 1996, introduced pro competitive changes in the market of sickness funds. The legislator expected high mobility between sickness funds of both healthy and sick insured as open enrolment was introduced with the new law. That is why the risk adjustment scheme, that was already introduced 1993, was limited until 2005. However, consumer mobility remained low and risk selection strategies are still profitable, since risk-adjustment is based only on demographic variables. This paper describes risk adjustment, consumer mobility, risk selection activities of sickness funds and the impact of imperfect risk adjustment on the development of {HMO} and {PPO} models. The paper concludes with a description of the current political and scientific discussion in Switzerland. Risk adjustment in Switzerland Cost Control GL Health care reform Health expenditures Humans Insurance selection bias Managed competition Risk adjustment Switzerland 01688510 63--74 July 65 2003 1 {PMID:} 12818746 2003-07 narayan_ensuringhealthy_???? techreport Ensuring a healthy future Health care system Health sector reform India Hyderabad, India {LOK} {SATTA} sein_regional_2004 techreport Regional Overview of Social Health Insurance in {South-East} Asia Social health insurance South East Asia New Delhi 2004 World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2004 hsiao_unmet_2001 techreport Unmet health needs of two billion: is community financing a solution? Community financing Developing countries Health needs Participation Washnigton, {D.C.} 2001 The World Bank 2001 francois_trust_2005 article Journal of the European Economic Association Trust, social capital and economic development Social capital Trust 51--94 1 2005 3 2005 morris_value_2006 article Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship The Value of Networks in Enterprise Development: Case studies in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia Eastern Europe Networks in enterprise development South East Asia 345--356 11 2006 4 2006 organisation_for_economic_co-operation_and_development_oecd_insurance_1999 book Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development {(OECD)} Insurance Regulation and Supervision in Asia Insurance Regulation Supervision 9264171584 1999 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {OECD} Online Bookshop 1999 turner_ii_framework_???? article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Global environmental change and sustainability science increasingly recognize the need to address the consequences of changes taking place in the structure and function of the biosphere. These changes raise questions such as: Who and what are vulnerable to the multiple environmental changes underway, and where? Research demonstrates that vulnerability is registered not by exposure to hazards (perturbations and stresses) alone but also resides in the sensitivity and resilience of the system experiencing such hazards. This recognition requires revisions and enlargements in the basic design of vulnerability assessments, including the capacity to treat coupled human - environment systems and those linkages within and without the systems that affect their vulnerability. A vulnerability framework for the assessment of coupled human - environment systems is presented. A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science Environment Hazards Vulnerability Vulnerability analysis http://www.pnas.org/content/100/14/8074.full.pdf garand_performance_2006 inbook Marketing and distribution; Financial management and viability; Efficiency and client value; Investment management Performance indicators and benchmarking Microinsurance operations Geneva / Munich 321--333 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 wiesmann_emerging_2000 article afrika spectrum The Emerging Movement of Community Based Health Insurance in {Sub-Saharan} Africa: Experiences and Lessons Learned Africa Community-based health insurance 35 2000 2 2000 holst_good_???? unpublished Good and Bad Practices in publicly run health insurance schemes in Latin America - Comparative Analysis Based on four {InfoSure-Case} Studies Case study Latin America Public health insurance jans_sozialkapitalkonzepte_2003 phdthesis Sozialkapitalkonzepte und ihre Brauchbarkeit in der Personal- und Organisationsforschung Social capital Universit\"{a}t {Duisburg-Essen,} Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften 2003 Diskussionsbeitr\"{a}ge aus dem Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften Universit\"{a}t {Duisburg-Essen} - Nr. 128 2003 jtting_health_2003-1 techreport Health Insurance for the Poor? Determinants of Participation in Community-based Health Insurance Schemes in rural Senegal Africa Case study Community-based health insurance Community participation Globalisation Senegal 2003 204 Working Paper {OECD} Development Centre 2003 seeley_methods_1995 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press Methods used to study household coping strategies in rural South West Uganda Africa Household coping strategies Uganda 79--88 10 1995 1 1995 ito_microfinance_2003 article Development in Practice The role of organising and disseminating knowledge as a global public good has become a major preoccupation of international development organisations. One area in which they are particularly active is support for microfinance programmes in developing countries. More recently, the microfinance 'best practices' deposited in, and disseminated by, these international organisations have been associated with social capital. This paper examines the ways in which the notion of social capital is employed to explain the success of microfinance programmes. It argues that various types of social interactions that are generated around successful microfinance operations are randomly called 'social capital'. This means that the presence of social capital does not tell us much about what sort of microfinance programmes, in terms of design and implementation, should be regarded as good practice. Microfinance and social capital: does social capital help create good practice? Microfinance Social capital 0961-4524 322 13 2003 4 2003 world_health_organization_who_country_2006 misc Country Health System Fact Sheet 2006 - Malawi Africa Health Health care system Malawi 2006 World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2006 falola_political_1992 techreport The Political economy of health in Africa - Africa Series Number 60 Africa Health care system Athens, Ohio 1992 University Center for International Studies 1992 _concentration_????-1 techreport Concentration Curves Concentration curves Generic tools Measuring equity Micro data Technical Note 6 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis thomas_actor_2004 article Health reform is inherently political. Sound technical analysis is never enough to guarantee the adoption of policy. Financing reforms aimed at promoting equity are especially likely to challenge vested interests and produce opposition. This article reviews the Health Insurance policy development in South Africa between 1994 and 1999. Despite more than 10 years of debate, analysis and design, no set of social health insurance {(SHI)} proposals had, by 1999, secured adequate support to become the basis for an implementation plan. In contrast, proposals to re-regulate the health insurance industry were speedily developed and implemented at the end of this period. The processes of actor engagement and management, set against policy goals and design details, were central to this experience. Adopting a grounded approach to analysis of primary interview data and a range of documentary material, this paper explores the dynamics between reform drivers engaged in directing policy change and a range of other actors. It describes the processes by which actors were drawn into health insurance policy development, the details of their engagement with each other, and it identifies where deliberate strategies of actor management were attempted and the results for the reform process. The primary drivers of this process were the Minister of Health and the unit responsible for health financing and economics in the national Department of Health Directorate of Health Financing and Economics, with support from members of the South African academic community. These actors worked within and through a series of four ad hoc policy advisory committees which were the main fora for health insurance policy development and the regulation of private health insurance. The different experiences in each committee are reviewed and contrasted through the lens of actor management. Differences between these drivers and opposition from other actors ultimately derailed efforts to establish adequate support for any form of {SHI,} even as regulatory proposals received sufficient support to be enacted in legislation. Drawing on this South African experience together with a simple analytical framework, the authors highlight five potential strategies by which reform drivers of any policy process could create alliances of support sufficient to overcome potential opposition to proposed policy changes. As little is currently known on how to manage the process of engaging actors in reform processes, these findings provide a foundation for further analysis of this issue. Actor management in the development of health financing reform: health insurance in South Africa, 1994-1999 Africa Health financing reform South Africa 279--291 September 2004 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/5/279 2004-09 shukla_pricing_2002 techreport Pricing policy and user fees in power, health and education sectors in the state of Tamilnadu Health sector reform Tamilnadu 2002 Center for International Development, Harvard University 2002 fraser_microfinance_2002 techreport Microfinance and {HIV/AIDS:} tools for making institutional changes in response to {HIV/AIDS} - A Companion Guide to Microfinance and {HIV/AIDS:} Defining Options for Strategic and Operational Change Training Course HIV/AIDS Institutional options Microfinance 2002 {USAID,} Development Alternatives {(DAI)} 2002 sekhri_regulation_2005 techreport Regulation Private health insurance to Serve the Public Interest - Policy Issues for Developing Countries Developing countries Private health insurance Geneva, Switzerland 2005 World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2005 slater_trainers_2001 techreport Trainer's Guide to the Policy Toolkit for Strengthening Health Sector Reform Health sector reform Trainers guide 2001 The Latin America and Caribbean Regional Health Sector Reform Initiative 2001 rajkotia_ghana_2007 techreport The Ghana Health Insurance Act Ghana Health insurance NHIS NHIS law 2007 {USAID} 2007 mathers_countingdead_2005 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Counting the dead and what they died from: an assessment of the global status of cause of death data Death data GL 171--177 83 2005 3 2005 rifkin_ten_2001 article Afri. Health Sci. Ten Best Readings on Community Participation and Health Community participation 43--47 1 2001 1 2001 habbani_household_2006 article Health Policy In this paper, we analyse the extent of willingness to pay for good quality public health services in relation to the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of respondents. The analysis was carried out by way of a household survey conducted in Khartoum, Sudan in 2001. We studied willingness to pay by means of a contingent valuation method. A logistic regression model was used for the statistical analysis. The results show that the overall percentage of people who are willing to pay for good quality public health services is either 80\% or 75\% depending on whether respondents already pay for these services (group 1) or not (group 2). They show that although the two groups are willing to pay for good quality public health services, the demographic characteristics that affect the willingness to pay differ between the two groups. The results of the logistic regression analysis for each group are remarkably similar. We conclude that if the quality of services is improved, reasonable fees could be set. This supports the continuity of the policy to recover costs because virtually the majority of the households would be willing to pay reasonable fees. Household health-seeking behaviour in Khartoum, Sudan: The willingness to pay for public health services if these services are of good quality Africa Good quality LRM Public health services Sudan 140--158 75 2006 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4GG2HK0-1/1/dae5ae60c24eb2d62a58d89a24bb58b8 2006 sync_consult_limited_impact_2006 techreport Impact Study - Innovation for increasing the security of unserved and needy clients (insurance) - {ANIDASO} microinsurance product Africa Case study Ghana Microinsurance Mutual insurance Ghana 2006 {CARE} international 2006 ministry_of_health_malawi_2001 misc {MALAWI} {NATIONAL} {HEALTH} {ACCOUNTS} {(NHA)-} A Broader Perspective of the Malawian Health Sector Malawi August 2001 2001-08 downs_achieving_2007 article Health Policy Biomedical interventions promise achievement of health-related Millennium Development Goals provided social-, capacity- and knowledge-based constraints to scaling up and reaching marginalized people at risk, are addressed, and balance between prevention and treatment is struck. We argue for a new approach: multi-stakeholder capacity building and learning for empowerment: {MuSCLE.} {MuSCLE} is used as a way to frame three systemic weaknesses in traditional health science and policy approaches: (1) a lack of engagement with people at risk to build a collective understanding of the contexts of health problems, including social drivers; (2) a lack of multi-criteria evaluation of alternative interventions; (3) a lack of attention paid to integrated capacity building. The {MuSCLE} framework responds in three ways: (1) participatory assessment of the ecological, socio-cultural, economic and political contexts of health, identifying priorities using risk and vulnerability science, and modeling drivers; (2) selection among intervention alternatives that makes ecological, socio-cultural, economic and political tradeoffs transparent; (3) integrated capacity building for sustainable and adaptive interventions. Literature and field lessons support the argument, and guidelines are set down. A {MuSCLE} approach argues for a transformation in health science and policy in order to achieve Millennium Development Goals for health. Achieving Millennium Development Goals for health: Building understanding, trust and capacity to respond Capacity building 144--161 October 83 2007 2-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4NCK24M-1/1/3ae5c582991e6fe64330c7a8ca2ff1cf 2007-10 daly_social_2008 article Theory and Society Social exclusion and social capital are widely used concepts with multiple and ambiguous definitions. Their meanings and indicators partially overlap, and thus they are sometimes used interchangeably to refer to the inter-relations of economy and society. Both ideas could benefit from further specification and differentiation. The causes of social exclusion and the consequences of social capital have received the fullest elaboration, to the relative neglect of the outcomes of social exclusion and the genesis of social capital. This article identifies the similarities and differences between social exclusion and social capital. We compare the intellectual histories and theoretical orientations of each term, their empirical manifestations and their place in public policy. The article then moves on to elucidate further each set of ideas. A central argument is that the conflation of these notions partly emerges from a shared theoretical tradition, but also from insufficient theorizing of the processes in which each phenomenon is implicated. A number of suggestions are made for sharpening their explanatory focus, in particular better differentiating between cause and consequence, contextualizing social relations and social networks, and subjecting the policy 'solutions' that follow from each perspective to critical scrutiny. Placing the two in dialogue is beneficial for the further development of each. Springer Science + Business Media {B.V.} Social exclusion and social capital: A comparison and critique Social capital Social exclusion 537--566 2008 37 2008 kenkel_prevention_2000 incollection Prevention ranges from medical decisions such as vaccinations and clinical preventive services delivered during periodic health examinations to private health lifestyle decisions such as regular exercise and non-smoking. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of economic issues that cut across a variety of prevention decisions. After discussing what prevention means, the chapter reviews some basic theoretical insights about prevention from human capital models and insurance models. Consumer or household behavior receives most of the attention, partly because there is not an identifiable industry that produces prevention viewed broadly. The chapter next explores market failures that might lead to too little prevention from a societal perspective: ex ante moral hazard from health insurance, externalities from vaccinations, lack of consumer information, and the public good aspects of prevention-related research and development. Health economics provides some conceptual and empirical arguments for policies to encourage prevention. However, the economic perspective often remains quite different from the perspective of many public health professionals who are strong advocates of prevention. With that distinction in mind, the chapter then turns to policy-relevant questions of whether prevention can reduce total medical expenditures, and the effectiveness of policy interventions to encourage prevention. The chapter concludes with some reflections on what economics has offered and can offer to prevention research. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Prevention Cost-effectiveness Externalities Health habits Information Insurance Moral hazard Amsterdam (a.o.) 1674--1720 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 anie_mutual_2001 techreport Mutual health organizations {(MHOs),} community-based health financing schemes, are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative financing mechanism in {sub-Saharan} Africa. One concern about these organizations is how they monitor quality of care provided. The survey reported on here was carried out in nine {MHOs} in Ghana in 2001 by the Partners for Health Reformplus project as part of a three-country study that looks at {MHO} conceptions of quality of care and how quality is built into {MHO--provider} agreements. This Ghana study found that several of the schemes studied are so young that they have not yet begun to administer benefits and thus had no historical data to report; but even those in full operation lacked record-keeping capacity. Five of the nine schemes operate without contracts, i.e., without record-keeping and monitoring requirements; in some cases, groups feel that quality monitoring and improvement is the responsibility of the central Ministry of Health. Nevertheless, the study found that many {MHO} managers are concerned about the issue of quality of care. There is need to help them implement steps to ensure a certain minimum standard of care. Mutual Health Organisations: A Quality Information Survey in Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Micro health insurance Mutual insurance Bethesda, Maryland 2001 Working Paper {PHRplus} - Partners for Health Reformplus Project, Abt. Associates Inc. 2001 rsner_genossenschaften_2000 incollection Michael Kirk and Jost Kramer and Rolf Steding Genossenschaften im volkswirtschaftlichen Entwicklungsprozess Cooperatives Development M\"{u}nster 431--450 2000 Genossenschaften und Kooperation in einer sich wandelnden Welt - Festschrift f\"{u}r Prof. Dr. {Hans-H.} M\"{u}nkner zum 65. Geburtstag 2000 purohit_private_2001 article In the recent past the impact of structural adjustment in the Indian health care sector has been felt in the reduction in central grants to States for public health and disease control programmes. This falling share of central grants has had a more pronounced impact on the poorer states, which have found it more difficult to raise local resources to compensate for this loss of revenue. With the continued pace of reforms, the likelihood of increasing State expenditure on the health care sector is limited in the future. As a result, a number of notable trends are appearing in the Indian health care sector. These include an increasing investment by non-resident Indians {(NRIs)} in the hospital industry, leading to a spurt in corporatization in the States of their original domicile and an increasing participation by multinational companies in diagnostics aiming to capture the potential of the Indian health insurance market. The policy responses to these private initiatives are reflected in measures comprising strategies to attract private sector participation and management inputs into primary health care centres {(PHCs),} privatization or semi-privatization of public health facilities such as non-clinical services in public hospitals, innovating ways to finance public health facilities through non-budgetary measures, and tax incentives by the State governments to encourage private sector investment in the health sector. Bearing in mind the vital importance of such market forces and policy responses in shaping the future health care scenario in India, this paper examines in detail both of these aspects and their implications for the Indian health care sector. The analysis indicates that despite the promising newly emerging atmosphere, there are limits to market forces; appropriate refinement in the role of government should be attempted to avoid undesirable consequences of rising costs, increasing inequity and consumer exploitation. This may require opening the health insurance market to multinational companies, the proper channelling of tax incentives to set up medical institutions in backward areas, and reinforcing appropriate regulatory mechanisms. Private initiatives and policy options: recent health system experience in India Health care system India 87--97 March 2001 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/1/87 2001-03 the_scottish_parliament_european_2001 techreport This Note provides a comparison among some European countries on how each provides for health care. It considers the financial structure of health care systems in respect of sources of income (public, voluntary, private and out-of-pocket) and expenditure (inpatient, outpatient, pharmaceutical and public investment. Countries being considered are the United Kingdom, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and Spain. These have been chosen to provide a range of countries in Western Europe which are comparable to the United Kingdom and on which there are recent available data. This Note is intended to provide background information for the health debate on 20th September 2001. European Health Care Financing \& Expenditure Europe Health care expenditures Health care financing Health care system 2001 {RN} 01/88 Research Note 2001 chankova_impact_2008 article Health Policy Plan. Mutual health organizations {(MHOs)} are voluntary membership organizations providing health insurance services to their members. {MHOs} aim to increase access to health care by reducing out-of-pocket payments faced by households. We used multiple regression analysis of household survey data from Ghana, Mali and Senegal to investigate the determinants of enrolment in {MHOs,} and the impact of {MHO} membership on use of health care services and on out-of-pocket health care expenditures for outpatient care and hospitalization. We found strong evidence that households headed by women are more likely to enrol in {MHOs} than households headed by men. Education of the household head is positively associated with {MHO} enrolment. The evidence on the association between household economic status and {MHO} enrolment indicates that individuals from the richest quintiles are more likely to be enrolled than anyone else. We did not find evidence that individuals from the poorest quintiles tend to be excluded from {MHOs.} {MHO} members are more likely to seek formal health care in Ghana and Mali, although this result was not confirmed in Senegal. While our evidence on whether {MHO} membership is associated with higher probability of hospitalization is inconclusive, we find that {MHO} membership offers protection against the potentially catastrophic expenditures related to hospitalization. However, {MHO} membership does not appear to have a significant effect on out-of-pocket expenditures for curative outpatient care. Impact of mutual health organizations: evidence from West Africa Africa Community-based health insurance Ghana Ghana CHI Mali Micro health insurance Mutual health organisations NHIS Senegal 264--276 July 23 2008 4 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/4/264 2008-07 marwell_critical_1993 book The Critical Mass in Collective Action - A Micro Social Theory Collective behaviour Microsociology Social action Cambridge, {USA} 1993 Cambridge University Press 1993 mensen_afrika_1996 book Akademie V\"{o}lker und Kulturen St. Augustin Afrika zwischen Tradition und Moderne Africa Traditional arrangements Vortragsreihe 1995/96 1996 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Band 19 Steyler Verlag 1996 ledgerwood_microfinance_1999 book Microfinance Handbook: An Institutional and Financial Perspective Microfinance 1999 World Bank Publications 1999 hattori_cohabitation_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine The current study investigates the extent to which sexual exclusivity--the restriction of one's sexual engagements to a single partner--prevails across various marital status, union type, and co-residence categories among Nairobi's poorest residents, slum dwellers. This question is central to the spread of {HIV} in the increasingly urban and poor, high prevalence countries of {sub-Saharan} Africa, where transmission is primarily via heterosexual sex. In many circles, sexual exclusivity is considered a prominent feature of the marriage institution. Yet, marriage and cohabitation are often not easily distinguishable in {sub-Saharan} Africa, meaning that the frequent use, as a proxy, of the "in union" category, which includes married as well as cohabiting persons can, at best, be considered tenuous. Using the 2000 Nairobi {Cross-Sectional} Slum Survey {(NCSS),} this paper confirms that marriage is associated with higher reports of sexual exclusivity even in settings where poverty provokes risky behavior. The finding, here, is of lower risk of {HIV} infection for married respondents, with a smaller effect observed among non-married cohabiters. Converse to the implied benefits of marriage, though, women with co-wives are more likely to report multiple partners. The implications of these findings are discussed. Cohabitation, marriage, and 'sexual monogamy' in Nairobi's slums Africa Cohabitation Marriage Sexual exclusivity Sub-Saharan Africa Urban poverty 1067--1078 March 64 2007 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MD9KF0-3/1/178e395f6573673c1c5c538beadfa007 2007-03 lafourcade_overview_2005 article {MIX} Market This paper discusses the progress made by microfinance institutions {(MFIs)} in Africa. It presents the following general characteristics of the {MFIs} in Africa: Are a broad range of diverse and geographically dispersed institutions that offer financial services to low-income clients; Serve the broad financial needs of their clients; Offer savings as a core financial service; Report lower levels of profitability; Have high productivity and portfolio quality. However, they face the following challenges: High operating and financial costs; Low revenues; Low efficiency in terms of costs per borrower; Lack of technological innovations, product innovations and ongoing efforts to strengthen capacity. Overview of the Outreach and Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions in Africa Africa Microfinance April 2005 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/26947 2005-04 world_bank_unraveling_???? techreport Unraveling causes {II:} The Oaxaca approach Quantitative research Research method 15 Technical Note scheil-adlung_social_2005 inproceedings Social health insurance Social security and {HIV/AIDS} HIV/AIDS Social health insurance Social security Lusaka, Zambia 2005 2005 jongenelen_trusting_2008 phdthesis What are the factors explaining differences in levels of institutional trust of microfinance clients from an {NGO} and {NBFC?} Trusting goodwill or profit? - A comparison between the institutional trust of microfinance clients from a {Non-Governmental} Organisation and a {Non-Bank} Financial Company. Radboud University Nijmegen July 2008 Master thesis http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.30421/47.pdf 2008-07 siddiqi_framework_2008 article Health Policy Governance is thought to be a key determinant of economic growth, social advancement and overall development, as well as for the attainment of the {MDGs} in low- and middle-income countries. Governance of the health system is the least well-understood aspect of health systems. A framework for assessing health system governance {(HSG)} at national and sub-national levels is presented, which has been applied in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean. In developing the {HSG} framework key issues considered included the role of the state vs. the market; role of the ministries of health vs. other state ministries; role of actors in governance; static vs. dynamic health systems; and health reform vs. human rights-based approach to health. Four existing frameworks were considered: World Health Organization's {(WHO)} domains of stewardship; Pan American Health Organization's {(PAHO)} essential public health functions; World Bank's six basic aspects of governance; and United Nations Development Programme {(UNDP)} principles of good governance. The proposed {HSG} assessment framework includes the following 10 principles--strategic vision, participation and consensus orientation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, equity and inclusiveness, effectiveness and efficiency, accountability, intelligence and information, and ethics. The framework permits [`]diagnoses of the ills' in {HSG} at the policy and operational levels and points to interventions for its improvement. In the case of Pakistan, where the framework was applied, a positive aspect was the growing participation and consensus orientation among stakeholders, while weaknesses were identified in relation to strategic vision, accountability, transparency, effectiveness and efficiency and rule of law. In using the {HSG} framework it needs to be recognized that the principles are value driven and not normative and are to be seen in the social and political context; and the framework relies on a qualitative approach and does not follow a scoring or ranking system. It does not directly address aid effectiveness but provides insight on the ability to utilize external resources and has the ability to include the effect of global health governance on national {HSG} as the subject itself gets better crystallized. The improved performance of the ministries of health and state health departments is at the heart of this framework. The framework helps raise the level of awareness among policymakers of the importance of {HSG.} The road to good governance in health is long and uneven. Assessing {HSG} is only the first step; the challenge that remains is to carry out effective governance in vastly different institutional contexts. Framework for assessing governance of the health system in developing countries: Gateway to good governance Assessment framework 0168-8510 In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4TKXD41-1/2/e386dfa15de64a39ccbeb8d90bafde87 2008 preker_effectiveness_2002 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization How to finance and provide health care for the more than 1.3 billion rural poor and informal sector workers in low- and middle-income countries is one of the greatest challenges facing the international development community. This article presents the main findings from an extensive survey of the literature of community financing arrangements, and selected experiences from the Asia and Africa regions. Most community financing schemes have evolved in the context of severe economic constraints, political instability, and lack of good governance. Micro-level household data analysis indicates that community financing improves access by rural and informal sector workers to needed heath care and provides them with some financial protection against the cost of illness. Macro-level cross-country analysis gives empirical support to the hypothesis that risk-sharing in health financing matters in terms of its impact on both the level and distribution of health, financial fairness and responsiveness indicators. The background research done for this article points to five key policies available to governments to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of existing community financing schemes. This includes: (a) increased and well-targeted subsidies to pay for the premiums of low-income populations; (b) insurance to protect against expenditure fluctuations and re-insurance to enlarge the effective size of small risk pools; (c) effective prevention and case management techniques to limit expenditure fluctuations; (d) technical support to strengthen the management capacity of local schemes; and (e) establishment and strengthening of links with the formal financing and provider networks. Effectiveness of community health financing in meeting the cost of illness Community health financing Costs Subsidies 143--150 80 2002 2 2002 devadasan_planning_2006 techreport Planning and Implementing Health Insurance Programmes in India - An Operational Guide Health insurance India Bangalore, India 2006 Institute of Public Health - In collaboration with the {WHO} India Country Office 2006 mahapatra_cause_2000 unpublished Cause of death reporting systems in India: a performance analysis. Causes of death reporting systems Health care system India 2000 2000 hope_paying_2003 article The Lancet Paying in potatoes: community-based health insurance for the rural and informal sector Community-based health insurance Informal sector Rural sector 827--829 362 2003 9386 2003 swidler_syncretism_2006 article International Affairs Syncretism and subversion in {AIDS} governance: how locals cope with global demands HIV/AIDS 269--284 82 2006 2 2006 pellini_social_2005 techreport Social Capital and Village Governance: Experiences with Village Networks - A Discussion Paper Social capital Village networks 2005 {GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit 2005 wright_necessity_1999 techreport Necessity as the Mother of Invention: How poor people protect themselves against risk Africa Poverty Risk protection Uganda Kampala, Uganda 1999 {MicroSave-Africa} - An Initiative of {Austria/CGAP/DFID/UNDP} 1999 holtgrave_social_2003 article Sex Transm Infect Social Capital, Poverty, and Income Inequality as predictors of gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia, and {AIDS} case rates in the united States HIV/AIDS Income Inequality Poverty Sexual-transmitted diseases Social capital United States 62--64 79 2003 2003 greenwald_health_2000 misc {LookSmart} Health Care Financing Review: Medicare {Risk-Adjusted} Capitation Payments: From Research to Implementation GL Health care financing Implementation Risk adjustment 2000 2000 cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_regulating_2008 book Regulating Transformational Branchless Banking: Mobile Phones and Other Technology to Increase Access to Finance Access to finance branchless banking 2008 2008 luginaah_mandatory_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper examines efforts by some churches in Ghana to reduce the spread of {HIV/AIDS.} The analysis is based on focus group discussions with two groups of men and two groups of women, along with in-depth interviews with 13 pastors and marriage counsellors in the churches studied. In response to government and public criticisms about human rights violations, churches that previously imposed mandatory {HIV} testing on members planning to marry now have voluntary testing programmes. However, the results suggest that what the churches refer to as voluntary testing may not be truly voluntary. Cultural values and traditional practices, including traditional courtship and marriage rites (which are performed before church weddings), not only clash with considerations about pre-marital {HIV} testing but also complicate the contentious issue of confidentiality of information on {HIV} testing. Associated with these complexities and issues of confidentiality is a reluctance among participants, particularly those from northern Ghana, to test for {HIV.} The results reveal how broader social impacts of {HIV} testing for those planning to marry may extend beyond individuals or couples in different cultural contexts. The findings also support the general view that there are no perfect or easy solutions to combating the {HIV/AIDS} pandemic. Practical solutions and programs for Ghana cannot be neutral to cultural values and need to be tailored for particular (ethnic) populations. From mandatory to voluntary testing: Balancing human rights, religious and cultural values, and {HIV/AIDS} prevention in Ghana Africa Counselling and testing Ghana HIV/AIDS Human rights Marriage Religion 1689--1700 October 61 2005 8 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4G7GFVH-2/1/29b89b18059742fcd357016e6ab04fb0 2005-10 vellakkal_towardscomprehensive_???? book Towards a Comprehensive Social health Insurance Scheme for the State of Kerala: Issues and Possibilities Health sector reform India Social health insurance thomas_mesh_2007-1 article Health policy This article addresses some of the complexities in the interactions both within the public health system and between that and civil society. It examines what needs to be done to improve the capacity of health systems, primarily through building relevant infrastructure (what is called {MESH} -- management, economic, social and human -- infrastructure) where this is lacking. This lack is most likely to occur in poorer communities and health districts. The problem of absorption and appropriate use of funds in disadvantaged areas has been highlighted as a critical bottleneck to the achievement of the millennium development goals {(MDGs).} {MESH} is defined as infrastructure which is built to improve the capacity of communities and other entities to implement health service programs efficiently. We employ this concept to determine how best to invest in health in poor areas so that they can better use any additional resources they receive. The article reviews some initial explorations of the relevance of {MESH} building strategies in South Africa. The research shows the usefulness of the {MESH} approach which requires inter alia a more developmental approach that goes beyond the vertical silos of much influential prioritization literature over the last two decades. In practice it is clear that {MESH} will vary from location to location which reflects the fact that investing in successful health strategies must take into account the voices of the local people with respect to what they want from their health services. The {MESH} approach: Strengthening public health systems for the {MDGs} Health systems MESH approach Millenium development goals 180--185 83 2007 2-3 2007 government_of_malawi_-_ministry_of_health_malawi_2007 techreport Malawi National health accounts {(NHA)} 2002-2004 with sub-accounts for {HIV} and {AIDS,} reproductive and child health Africa HIV/AIDS Malawi National health accounts Bethesda, Maryland 2007 Abt Associates Inc. 2007 cohen_making_2004 techreport Making Microinsurance Work for Clients Microinsurance 2004 3 {MicroInsurance} Centre Briefing Note Micro Insurance Center 2004 deaton_poverty_2002 article Economic and Political Weekly This paper presents a new set of integrated poverty and inequality estimates for India and Indian states for 1987-88, 1993-94 and 1999-2000. The poverty estimates are broadly consistent with independent evidence on percapita expenditure, state domestic product and real agricultural wages. They show that poverty decline in the 1990s proceeded more or less in line with earlier trends. Regional disparities increased in the 1990s, with the southern and western regions doing much better than the northern and eastern regions. Economic inequality also increased within states, especially within urban areas, and between urban and rural areas. We briefly examine other development indicators, relating for instance to health and education. Most indicators have continued to improve in the nineties, but social progress has followed very diverse patterns, ranging from accelerated progress in some fields to slowdown and even regression in others. We find no support for sweeping claims that the nineties have been a period of "unprecedented improvement" or "widespread impoverishment". Poverty and Inequality in India: A Reexamination India Inequality Poverty 3729--3748 September 2002 Special Articles http://www.cdedse.org/pdf/work107.pdf 2002-09 ranson_towards_???? unpublished Towards developing a "how to" guide on implementing and administering a community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} scheme: proposal for a detailed survey of Indian schemes Community-based health insurance Guide India sapelli_risk_???? techreport Risk Segmentation, Moral Hazard and Equity in a Mandatory Health Insurance System Equity Mandatory health insurance system Moral hazard Risk segmentation Chile Department of Economics Pontificia Universidad Cat\'{o}lica de Chile gilson_equity_2000-1 article International Journal of Health Planning and Management The equity impacts of community financing activities in three african countries Africa Community financing Equity Participation 291--317 15 2000 2000 reid_understanding_2000 techreport Understanding Social Capital: Agricultural Extension in Mali: Trust and Social Cohesion - Field Research conducted by Mamadou Camara, Cheick Kamat\'{e}, Catherine Reid and Maimouna Sow Sangar\'{e} - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 22 Africa Agriculture Mali Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 2000 gsnger_soziale_1993 techreport Soziale Sicherungssysteme f\"{u}r arme Bev\"{o}lkerungsgruppen Poor countries Social protection Social security Berlin 1993 Deutsches Institut f\"{u}r Entwicklungspolitik 1993 burritt_k._expanding_2005 misc How to build an inclusive financial sector in Malawi? This report assesses the achievements and challenges for microfinance delivery in Malawi, with particular attention to agricultural and rural markets. It: * Identifies key elements that influence the development of Malawi????\^{a}???\^{a}???s financial system; * Provides recommendations for investors, donors, government and private sector entities to support the development of an inclusive financial system; * Defines basic microfinance concepts. The report discusses: * Microfinance institutions {(MFIs)} as commercially viable institutions that are an integral part of the financial system; * The growing demand for microfinance. The report also presents the following features of the financial sector in Malawi: * High interest rates and an uncertain future are major impediments to economic growth; * The absence of broad-based market solutions has resulted in donor and government-affiliated projects; * Significant disincentives exist for companies that invest in research and development {(R\&D).} The paper proposes the ????\^{a}??????frontier of finance????\^{a}?????? approach to understand the demand for and supply of financial services. The approach focuses on: * The dynamic aspect of markets; * Developing an inclusive financial system by strengthening current players; * Extensive operational and financial restructuring; * The idea of a new, scalable financial institution that can effectively serve rural markets. The paper also discuses the following microfinance issues: * Achievements and challenges; * Technical support; * Emergence of new companies; * Transparency in reporting; * Establishment of common performance benchmarks. The paper lists legal and regulatory environment issues. It concludes by listing key recommendations for the development of an inclusive financial system in Malawi. Expanding Access to Financial Services in Malawi Malawi October 2005 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.26302 2005-10 fonteneau_community-based_2006 inbook What is a community-based model? Why was/is this approach implemented in West Africa? What is the target group of the community-based model? Do {MHOs} function (well) and make a significant impact? What are the origins of the problems? What is the added value of this model? The community-based model: Mutual health organizations in Africa Africa Micro health insurance - Institutional Options Mutual health insurance Geneva / Munich 378--400 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 carroll_risk_2001 book 3rd edition Risk Management Handbook for Health Care Organizations Health care exposures Monitoring and evaluating Providers and managed care Risk financing Risk management and health care Risk management treatments and techniques San Francisco 2001 {Jossey-Bass} 2001 dixon_health_2002 book Anna Dixon and Elias Mossialos Health care systems in eight countries: trends and challenges Australia European countries Health care system New Zealand London, {UK} 2002 The London School of Economics \& Political Science 2002 hamida_empowering_2000 inproceedings Empowering Women Through {Micro-Credit:} A Case Study from Tunisia Empowerment Women Cairo, Egypt 2000 2000 geuting_entwicklungshilfe_2004 phdthesis Entwicklungshilfe und Entwicklung: globale statistische Analyse unter besonderer Ber\"{u}cksichtigung des Human Development Index und die L\"{a}nderbeispiele Botswana und Namibia Botswana Development Development cooperation HDI Namibia {Ruhr-Universit\"{a}t} Bochum 2004 Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Sozialwissenschaft der {Ruhr-Universit\"{a}t} Bochum 2004 ruster_franchising_???? techreport Franchising in Health - Emerging Models, Experiences, and Challenges in Primary Care Franchising in health Models experiences challenges Primary health care Washington, {D.C.} 263 The Worldbank Group - Private Sector and Infrastructure Network wagstaff_overall_2002 techreport This paper outlines a framework for comparing empirically overall health inequality and socioeconomic health inequality. The framework, which is developed for both individual-level data and grouped data, is illustrated using data on malnutrition amongst Vietnamese children and on health utility amongst Canadian adults. In both cases, socioeconomic inequalities account for around 25\% of overall inequality Overall versus socioeconomic health inequality: a measurement framework and two empirical illustrations Health inequality Socioeconomic health Socioeconomic inequality in health differentials Washington, {D.C.} 2002 The World Bank 2002 rienstra_health_2002 article the courier {ACP-EU} - meeting point Health is a key to development ACP countries Developing countries Health and development Health and poverty 2--5 2002 2002 kalk_paying_2005 article Tropical Medicine and International Health Paying for health in two Rwandan provinces: financial flows and flaws. Africa Financial flows and flaws Health financing Health payments Rwanda 872--878 10 2005 9 2005 akazili_perception_2002 misc The perception and demand for mutual health insurance in the {Kassena-Nankana} district of Northern Ghana, the {Ghanaian-Dutch} Collaboration for Health Research and Development, Projekt Nr.: {2002/GD/17.} Ghana Ghana CHI Mutual health organisations 2002 2002 brown_cautionary_2000 techreport A Cautionary Note for Microfinance Institutions and Donors Considering Developing Microinsurance Products Microfinance institutions Microinsurance Bethesda, Maryland 2000 {USAID,} Development Alternatives Inc. 2000 _multivariate_????-1 techreport Multivariate analysis of health data: General issues Causal analysis Descriptive analysis Generic tools Measuring equity Quantitative techniques for health equity analysis Sample design and area effects Technical Note 10 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis the_hlsp_institute_health_2006 misc Contents Improving aid effectiveness (page 1) Financing proposals (page 2) Africa (page 3) Health, {HIV} and {AIDS} (page 4) Reaching the Millennium Development Goals (page 7) Health and development: global update July 2006 Health and development July 2006 http://www.hlspinstitute.org/files/project/75203/Health_Development_July07.pdf 2006-07 kent_ranson_making_2006-1 article Social Science \& Medicine How best to provide effective protection for the poorest against the financial risks of ill health remains an unanswered policy question. Community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} schemes, by pooling risks and resources, can in principal offer protection against the risk of medical expenses, and make accessible health care services that would otherwise be unaffordable. The purpose of this paper is to measure the distributional impact of a large {CBHI} scheme in Gujarat, India, which reimburses hospitalization costs, and to identify barriers to optimal distributional impact. The study found that the Vimo Self-employed Women's Association {(SEWA)} scheme is inclusive of the poorest, with 32\% of rural members, and 40\% of urban members, drawn from households below the 30th percentile of socio-economic status. Submission of claims for inpatient care is equitable in Ahmedabad City, but inequitable in rural areas. The financially better off in rural areas are significantly more likely to submit claims than are the poorest, and men are significantly more likely to submit claims than women. Members living in areas that have better access to health care submit more claims than those living in remote areas. A variety of factors prevent the poorest in rural and remote areas from accessing inpatient care or from submitting a claim. The study concludes that even a well-intentioned scheme may have an undesirable distributional impact, particularly if: (1) the scheme does not address the major barriers to accessing (inpatient) health care; and (2) the process of seeking reimbursement under the scheme is burdensome for the poor. Design and implementation of an equitable scheme must involve: a careful assessment of barriers to health care seeking; interventions to address the main barriers; and reimbursement requiring minimum paperwork and at the time/place of service utilization. Making health insurance work for the poor: Learning from the {Self-Employed} Women's Association's {(SEWA)} community-based health insurance scheme in India Community-based health insurance Equity Gender India Inpatient care 707--720 2006 62 2006 calogero_validity_1999 article Drawing data from four different integrated household surveys in rural areas of Mali, Malawi, and two national surveys in C??te {d'Ivoire,} this paper tests the validity of proxy measures of household wealth and income that can be readily implemented in health surveys in rural Africa. The assumptions underlying the choice of wealth proxy are described, and correlations with the true value are assessed in two different settings. The expenditure proxy is developed and then tested for replicability in two independent data sets representing the same population. The study found that in both Mali and Malawi, the wealth proxy correlated highly (r \$ 0.74) with the more complex monetary value method. For rural areas of C??te {d'Ivoire,} it was possible to generate a list of just 10 expenditure items, the values of which, when summed, correlated highly with expenditures on all items combined (r = 0.74, development data set; r = 0.72, validation data set). Total household expenditure is an accepted alternative measure of household wealth and income in developing country settings. This paper thus shows that it can be feasible to approximate both household wealth and expenditures in rural African settings without dramatically lengthening questionnaires whose primary focus is on health. Validity Of Rapid Estimates Of Household Wealth And Income For Health Surveys In Rural Africa 1999 10.1.1.58.3485 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.58.3485 1999 _decomposingredistributive_???? techreport Decomposing the Redistributive Effect of Health Care Payments Applications of tools to health sector Measuring equity Redistributive effects of health care programs Vietnam Technical Note 17 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis prudhon_scn_2006 article Food and Nutrition Bulletin, United Nations University {SCN} Nutrition Policy Paper No. 21 - {WHO,} {UNICEF,} and {SCN} Informal Consultation on {Community-Based} Management of Severe Malnutrition in Children Children Community-based health care Malnutrition 27 2006 3 2006 jerry_r._skees_pre-feasibility_2009 misc Developing a market for index-based insurance products This pre-feasibility analysis presents the basic conditions necessary to support development of a market for index-based insurance products that may allow either farmers or lenders to transfer highly correlated drought risk. Malian farmers and microfinance lenders are exposed to the risk of extreme drought. When lenders lend to many farmers, the correlated losses from drought create significant default risk. {MFIs} that serve agriculture face a problem with donors reluctant to increase their exposure to this non-diversifiable risk. A market to transfer drought risk could improve lenders' access to capital. Weather insurance would encourage greater use of capital and technology to provide a safety net for the poor. The key preconditions to developing a weather insurance market include an assessment of: * Legal and regulatory environment; * Users' acceptance of the concept; * Quality of weather infrastructure; * Correlation of weather events across space; * Potential for developing a weather index that matches crop yields. Developing rainfall-based weather index insurance for Mali will be quite challenging. Any rainfall index insurance will need to be a complex product potentially reflecting compounding variables like length of time with little or no rainfall and intensity of rainfall. {Pre-Feasibility} Analysis: {Index-Based} Weather Risk Transfer in Mali February 2009 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34537/04.pdf {USAID} 2009-02 qureshi_governance_2006 inbook Governance in microinsurance; Board composition and expertise; The foundation stone; Microinsurance governance in practice Governance Microinsurance operations Geneva / Munich 288--306 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 jaffey_measurement_1990 article Review of Income and Wealth The measurement of capital through a fixed asset accounting simulation model {(FAASM)} Asset index FAASM Measuring capital 95--110 36 1990 1 1990 hammer_prices_2003 article The World Bank Economic Review Prices and Protocols in Public Health Care Public health care 409--432 11 2003 3 2003 bureau_international_du_travail_genve_guide_2003 techreport Guide de Gestion des mutuelles de Sant\'{e} en Afrique Africa Guide Micro health insurance Gen\`{e}ve 2003 Bureau international du Travail 2003 mccoy_double_2008 article Human Resources for Health Two crises dominate the health sectors of {sub-Saharan} African countries: those of human resources and of {HIV.} Nevertheless, there is considerable variation in the extent to which these two phenomena affect {sub-Saharan} countries, with a few facing extreme levels of both: Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, the Central African Republic and Malawi. This paper reviews the continent-wide situation with respect to this double burden before considering the case of Malawi in more detail. In Malawi, there has been significant concurrent investment in both an Emergency Human Resource Programme and an antiretroviral therapy programme which was treating 60,000 people by the end of 2006. Both areas of synergy and conflict have arisen, as the two programmes have been implemented. These highlight important issues for programme planners and managers to address and emphasize that planning for the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy while simultaneously strengthening health systems and the human resource situation requires prioritization among compelling cases for support, and time (not just resources). {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} The double burden of human resource and {HIV} crises: a case study of Malawi. CASE studies HEALTH care industry Health promotion HIV infections Malawi PERSONNEL management 14784491 1--13 6 2008 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 35703335; {McCoy,} David 1; Email Address: d.mccoy@ucl.ac.uk {McPake,} Barbara 2; Email Address: {BMcPake@qmu.ac.uk} Mwapasa, Victor 3; Email Address: vmwapasa@medcol.mw; Affiliation: 1: Centre for International Health and Development, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, {WC1N} {1EH,} {UK} 2: Institute for International Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, {EH12} {8TS,} {UK} 3: Division of Community Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi; Source Info: 2008, Vol. 6, Special section p1; Subject Term: {CASE} studies; Subject Term: {PERSONNEL} management; Subject Term: {HIV} infections; Subject Term: {HEALTH} promotion; Subject Term: {HEALTH} care industry; Subject Term: {MALAWI;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 541612 Human Resources Consulting Services; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 923130 Administration of Human Resource Programs (except Education, Public Health, and Veterans\' Affairs Programs); {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 446199 All Other Health and Personal Care Stores; Number of Pages: 13p; Illustrations: 4 charts, 3 graphs, 1 map; Document Type: Case Study{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} {{{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Human Resources for Health is the property of {BioMed} Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1186/1478-4491-6-16 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=35703335&site=ehost-live 2008 jakab_community_2001 techreport Community Involvement in Health Care Financing - A survey of the Literature on the Impacts, Strengths, and Weaknesses Community participation Health care financing Washington, {DC} 2001 Worldbank 2001 guiso_role_2000 techreport The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development - Working Paper 7563 Financial development Social capital Cambridge, {MA} 2000 National Bureau of Economic Research 2000 chinsinga_clash_2005 article Social Policy and Administration The Clash of Voices: Community-based Targeting of Safety-net Interventions in Malawi Africa Community targeting Food security Malawi Safety nets Starter pack 284--301 39 2005 3 2005 rifkin_community_1990 book Community participation in maternal and child health/family planning programmes: an analysis based on case study materials Community participation Community participation in health Geneva, Switzerland 1990 World Health Organization 1990 gtz_ilo_who_extending_2007 book {"Many} countries, along with their development partners, have worked on different national or regional models of sustainable health care financing. The International Conference on Social Health Insurance in Developing Countries, held in Berlin 5-7 December 2005, provided a forum in which the experiences from different countries and regions could be shared and discussed. The organisers of the Berlin Conference decided to collect and preserve the many valuable contributions which emerged and to make them available to a broader group of scientists, politicians and decision-makers. This book comprises a revised version of most of the presentations made in Berlin as well as background information on social protection in health." Extending Social Protection in Health: Developing Countries' Experiences, Lessons Learnt and Recommendations Ghana NHIS Social protection 2007 2007 international_labour_office_social_2007 techreport Social Health Protection - An {ILO} strategy towards universal access to health care Access to health care Social health protection Geneva, Switzerland 2007 Discussion Paper 19 http://www.issa.int/aiss/content/download/46548/869424/file/healthpolicy.pdf Social Security Department International Labour Organization 2007 international_labour_office_insurance_2005 techreport Insurance products provided by insurance companies to the disadvantaged groups in India Disadvantaged groups India Insurance companies Insurance products Geneva 2005 working paper {ILO} - Global Campaign on Social Security and Coverage for All 2005 carrin_impact_2001 techreport A simple econometric analysis is undertaken concerning the impact of the degree of risk sharing in countries' health financing organization on the goals of the health system, as defined in the World Health Report 2000, i.e., the level of health and its distribution across the population, the level of responsiveness and its distribution across the population, and fair financing. The degree of risk sharing varies according to whether countries have a universal coverage system, financed via social health insurance or general taxation, or systems with less well-developed coverage including variants of social health insurance and/or general taxation benefiting specific population groups. We undertook a classification of countries according to the degree of risk sharing, based primarily on the health care financing legislation of the World Health Organization's 191 member states and on its data base of Health System Profiles. The results obtained give empirical support to the hypothesis that the degree of risk sharing in health financing organizations impacts positively on health system attainment, as measured by the five goals indicators. The effects found prove to be quite robust, after introducing the {GINI} index among the set of explanatory variables in the models for the distributional measures. The impact of the degree of risk-sharing in health financing on health system attainment Health care financing Health care system Risk sharing Geneva, Switzerland 2001 3 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1095698140167/Carrin-TheImpactOf-whole.pdf The World Bank 2001 ferreiro_health_???? unpublished Health Insurance for the Poor in India - Would its Implementation Affect the Poor? Health insurance Poverty binswanger_willingness_2003 article The Lancet Willingness to pay for {AIDS} treatment: myths and realities 1152--1153 October 362 2003 9390 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T1B-49NV339-10/1/fd0c1a8dde3a72e82ff94eec467e0113 2003-10 atim_technical_1998 techreport Technical Report No. 18 - Contribution of Mutual Health Organizations to Financing, Delivery, and Access to Health Care - Synthesis of Research in Nine West and Central African Countries Accessibility Africa Case study Community participation Micro health insurance Mutual insurance West Africa Bethesda, {MD} 1998 Partnerships for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates Inc. 1998 van_vliet_statistical_2000 article The Journal of Risk and Insurance A Statistical Analysis of Mandatory Pooling across Health Insurers GL Mandatory health insurance system Risk equalization Statistical analysis 197--217 67 2000 2 2000 gwatkin_reducing_2002 techreport Reducing health inequalities in developing countries Developing countries Equity and health Health sector reform Washington, {D.C.} 2002 forthcoming in the Oxford Textbook of Public Health, fourth edition, 2002 Bank World\ 2002 gaynor_antitrust_2000 incollection In this chapter we review issues relating to antitrust and competition in health care markets. The chapter begins with a brief review of antitrust legislation. We then discuss whether and how health care is different from other industries in ways that might affect the optimality of competition. The chapter then focuses on the main areas in which antitrust has been applied to health care: hospital mergers, monopsony, and foreclosure. In each of these sections we review the relevant antitrust cases, discuss the issues that have arisen in those cases, and then review the relevant economics literature and suggest some new methods for analyzing these issues. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Antitrust and Competition in Health Care Markets Antitrust Competition Health care markets Amsterdam (a.o.) 1405--1487 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 dong_comparison_2003-1 article Social Science \& Medicine The test-retest reliabilityof the bidding game and the take-it-or-leave-it {(TIOLI)} approaches to eliciting {willingnessto-pay(WTP)} are compared. A random sample of households in the Nouna area of Burkina Faso were interviewed twice with an interval of around 4-5 weeks. One thousand one hundred and eight individuals were asked their individual {WTP} for community-based health insurance. Three hundred and forty eight of these individuals were household heads who were in addition asked about their {WTP} for health insurance for the whole household. Median and the mean {WTP} were higher in the test than in the retest. Despite these differences both methods displayed moderate to good reliability(kappa values ranged from 0.467 to 0.621, Spearman correlations ranged from 0.653 to 0.701 and Pearson correlations ranged from 0.593 to 0.675). There was some evidence that the bidding game was more reliable than the {TIOLI} method. This studyis based on larger sample size than previous studies and also is one of the first studies of the reliabilityof {WTP} in a developing country. A comparison of the reliabilityof the take-it-or-leave-it and the bidding game approaches to estimating willingness-to-payin a rural population in West Africa Africa Burkina Faso Community-based health insurance Willingness to pay 2181--2189 2003 56 2003 natu_linking_2008 article Centre for Micro Finance {(CMF/IFMR)} This paper advocates the combining of financial inclusion and social security schemes, with the underlying assumption that financial inclusion driven by banks will yield substandard outcomes if the clients have no reliable income streams. The paper describes a social security scheme called the National Rural Employment Guarantee Program {(NREGP)} in India that provides a regular and steady income to the poor, although for a limited period of time in a year. The authors argue that a drive towards financial inclusion will be more relevant to clients if it is tied to schemes such as {NREGP} that ensure a reliable stream of income. The paper: Examines a model currently being pilot-tested in Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh, India, where a technology provider {(FINO)} has tried to facilitate financial inclusion over the channel and reach created by {NREGP;} Explains the ways that this model can be put into practice: through {NREGP} partnerships with local {MFIs,} {NGOs} and Post Offices {(POs)} that act as a "business correspondent" for the local bank; Illustrates how technology can facilitate efficient and effective financial inclusion, through the Karimnagar pilot study, where the State Government, with the help of the technology provider, has used smart cards, biometrics, and hand-held devices to digitize the disbursement of {NREGP} wages. The paper concludes by examining the outcomes of the project. Linking Financial Inclusion with Social Security Schemes Inclusion Social security 2008 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/46756 2008 saha_reducing_2008 article Development in Practice Reducing poverty in {sub-Saharan} Africa: the need for participatory governance Poverty reduction Sub-Saharan Africa 0961-4524 267 18 2008 2 http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/09614520801899192 2008 enarsson_muscco_2005 techreport {MUSCCO} - Malawi Union of Savings and Credit Cooperations Africa Malawi MUSCCO Saving- and credit association 2005 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 mtonya_systemwide_2006 techreport Systemwide Effects of the Global Fund in Malawi: Final Report Africa External assistance health sector Global fund Malawi Bethesda, Maryland 2006 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for health Reformplus), {USAID,} Abt Associates Inc. 2006 conteh_methods_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine The private sector is an important supplier of public health products {(PHPs)} in developing countries. Although there are concerns about the quality and affordability of these products, private providers also offer possibilities for expanding access to key commodities. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for understanding the public health implications of private sales of {PHPs.} It reviews methods for studying these sales, together with their advantages and shortcomings. Ten methods are identified which can be used for studying the behaviour of providers and consumers. The effects of seasonal variation are discussed, together with the challenges of creating a sampling frame and studying illicit behaviour. We conclude that relatively little is known about the sales of {PHPs,} that more is known about contraceptives and drugs than about the newer products, and that the demand side of the market has been studied in greater depth than the behaviour of suppliers. The existing toolbox is biased towards formal providers, and thus, probably towards understanding the provision of {PHPs} to those who are better off. Methods for studying the supply of {PHPs} in outlets used by poor people is a priority area for further methodological development. Methods for studying private sector supply of public health products in developing countries: a conceptual framework and review Developing countries Markets Provider behaviour Public health products 1147--1161 October 57 2003 7 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBF-47TNMVP-8/1/202a905e8b34010254faebc27b0a7c9e 2003-10 mccord_microinsurance_2000-2 techreport Microinsurance in Uganda: A case study of an example of the partner-agent model of microinsurance provision Africa Case study Micro health insurance Microinsurance Partner-agent-model Uganda Nairobi, Kenya 2000 {MicroSave-Africa} - Market-led solutions for financial services 2000 zere_equity_2007-1 article {BMC} Public Health {BACKGROUND:} Growing scientific evidence points to the pervasiveness of inequities in health and health care and the persistence of the inverse care law, that is the availability of good quality healthcare seems to be inversely related to the need for it in developing countries. Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals is likely to be compromised if inequities in health/healthcare are not properly addressed. {OBJECTIVE:} This study attempts to assess trends in inequities in selected indicators of health status and health service utilization in Malawi using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of 1992, 2000 and 2004. {METHODS:} Data from Demographic and Health Surveys of 1992, 2000 and 2004 are analysed for inequities in health/healthcare using quintile ratios and concentration curves/indices. {RESULTS:} Overall, the findings indicate that in most of the selected indicators there are pro-rich inequities and that they have been widening during the period under consideration. Furthermore, vertical inequities are observed in the use of interventions (treatment of diarrhoea, {ARI} among under-five children), in that the non-poor who experience less burden from these diseases receive more of the treatment/interventions, whereas the poor who have a greater proportion of the disease burden use less of the interventions. It is also observed that the publicly provided services for some of the selected interventions (e.g. child delivery) benefit the non-poor more than the poor. {CONCLUSION:} The widening trend in inequities, in particular healthcare utilization for proven cost-effective interventions is likely to jeopardize the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and other national and regional targets. To counteract the inequities it is recommended that coverage in poor communities be increased through appropriate targeting mechanisms and effective service delivery strategies. There is also a need for studies to identify which service delivery mechanisms are effective in the Malawian context. Equity in health and healthcare in Malawi: analysis of trends Adolescent Adult Child Preschool Female Health care reform Health Planning Health Services Health Services Accessibility Health Status Indicators Humans Infant Newborn Malawi Male Practice Guidelines as Topic Primary health care Social Justice Socioeconomic Factors Vulnerable Populations 1471-2458 78 7 2007 {PMID:} 17504530 10.1186/1471-2458-7-78 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504530 2007 sathymala_public_2003 unpublished Public Health Care System: Threats and Options Public health care systems Threats and options 2003 concept paper, draft 2003 sderlund_health_2000 article Health Policy and Planning This paper reports an empirical investigation into the pattern of private health insurance coverage in South Africa before and after deregulation of the health insurance industry. More specifically, we sought to measure trends in risk-pooling over the period 1985-95, and to assess the impact of risk pooling on the costs of health insurance cover over this period. South African mutual health insurers {(Medical} Schemes) have existed for over 100 years, and have been regulated under a specific Act since 1967. Up until 1989, health insurers were required by law to community rate their premiums, and were not allowed to exclude high-risk enrolees from cover. In 1989 these regulations were removed, effectively allowing health insurers to risk-rate the cover which they provided, and exclude medically uninsurables'. Data were obtained from the office of the health insurance regulator (the Registrar of Medical Schemes) for the period 1985-95, and consisted of the statutory returns from all registered medical schemes for each year during the study period. Multiple regression methods were used to assess the determinants of changes in the risk pools of insurers, and their costs. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal models were estimated. Unadjusted data suggest changes in risk-pooling since the deregulation period after 1985. Health insurers with open enrolment had worse than average risk profiles in the 1980s, but this reversed by the early 1990s, leaving them with significantly better risk profiles by 1995. Worsening risk profiles were associated with decreasing fund size, higher loss-ratios and past premium increases. Most models showed that risk rating of premiums was consistently associated with higher premiums, after adjustment for risk, quality, scale and other environmental differences between insurers. Likely explanations include the additional costs required for marketing and underwriting risk-rated policies, insufficient incentives to use cost-control techniques, and higher levels of moral hazard associated with diminished risk-pooling. Current re-regulation of risk-pooling within medical schemes may thus improve both equity and efficiency of private health care cover. Health insurance in South Africa: an empirical analysis of trends in risk-pooling and efficiency following deregulation Africa GL Risk equalization South Africa 378--385 15 2000 4 2000 silvers_workshop_2002-1 techreport Workshop Summary: {PHRplus} {Community-Based} Health Financing Coordination Meeting - Information Sharing, Key Findings, {Knowledge-Building} Needs Health sector reform Bethesda, {MD} 2002 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2002 holloh_profi_2001 article Bank Indonesia - German Technical Cooperation {(GTZ)} Project: Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, March {ProFI} Microfinance Institutions Study Indonesia Microfinance Microfinance institutions 2001 2001 barr_microfinance_2005 article Michigan, {US:} University of Michigan In this paper, the author presents a case with focus on microfinance as a crucial strategy for financial development that ultimately leads to reduction in poverty levels. The paper is structured as follows: Financial development and poverty alleviation: The author cites examples and studies to establish the link between financial development and poverty alleviation through the medium of economic growth. The basics of microfinance. Financial development by focusing on microfinance: The article describes the reasons why microfinance could be an effective tool for financial development to reduce poverty. The author presents the following reasons why microfinance can contribute effectively to financial development: Financially sustainable institutions can contribute to poverty alleviation on a large scale and aid in market deepening; hence, in financial development. In countries with bad governance environment, microfinance may prove to be an effective and useful strategy over other strategies. Microfinance can help in maturing of financial markets by indirectly developing the banking sector. Microfinance could contribute in creating an atmosphere conducive to building and implementing domestic economic reforms in a country. The paper concludes with the restatement of the case for microfinance being used for financial development. The author also points out to the need for further research in each area explored to present a stronger case. Microfinance and Financial Development April 2005 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/35724 2005-04 kenjiro_illness_2005 article Development and Change In rural Cambodia, illness has caused more serious economic damage to rural households than crop failure. This article explores the reasons for this using data on the strategies adopted by households in two Cambodian villages to cope with these different types of shock. The data show that Cambodian households can cope with crop failure by earning additional income. However, to cope with illness, which entails lump-sum treatment costs, they have to borrow money or sell their assets, because households cannot acquire the necessary funds in a short period just by earning additional income. Combined with the harsh conditions of credit markets (high interest rates, strict debt collection and credit rationing), and weak risk-sharing among households, this results in illness causing a large number of land sales in the surveyed villages. Why Illness Causes More Serious Economic Damage than Crop Failure in Rural Cambodia Asia Cambodia 759--783 36 2005 4 2005 sintonen_economics_2000 incollection The purpose of this chapter is to review dental economics in three major areas: (i) demand for and utilisation of dental care, (ii) productivity, technical efficiency and economies of scale in dental care production, and finally (iii) economic evaluation of dental care procedures and programmes. As a background to the review, we consider what makes dental care different from other health care, describe briefly dental care systems in a number of countries and present data on inputs and outcomes in terms of dental health. Within each major area, we review developments in conceptual and theoretical thinking, consider developments in the measurement of key variables and methods, and present some major results. We also draw lessons to be learnt concerning the state of the art in terms of theory, methodology and results, and outline directions for future research. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Economics and Dental Services Cleanings Demand Dental care Examinations Extractions Fillings Medical care market Prevention Utilisation Amsterdam (a.o.) 1250--1296 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 standing_understandingdemand_2004 techreport Understanding the Demand Side in Service Delivery: Definitions, Frameworks and Tools from the Health Sector Demand side Development Service delivery Willingness to pay London, {GB} 2004 {DFID} Health Systems Resource Centre 2004 mahal_will_2003 article The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Theory Will Private Health Insurance Make the Distribution of Public Health Subsidies More Equal? The Case of India India Private health insurance 131--160 28 2003 2003 appleton_impact_???? article Journal of African Economics The Impact of Public Services on Health Care and Illness: A Treatment Effects Model with Sample Selectivity Public health care Public services 1--33 7 1 manje_demand_2002 article {ILO} {InFocus} Programme on Boosting Employment through Small Enterprise Development Working Paper The Demand for Risk-managing Financial Services in Low-income Communities: Evidence from Zambia Demand for riskmanaging financial services Low-income population Zambia 31 2002 2002 nyambedha_ethical_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper is based on the experiences drawn from a long-term social science research programme on the impact of the {AIDS} pandemic on orphanhood in western Kenya. It discusses the ethical dilemma of maintaining a delicate balance between research ethics, the expectations of the study population and negotiating the community's vested interests in a health related research project in a low-income society. I argue that informed consent and the intended benefits of the study to the participants continue to be major challenges facing the justification of social research with people affected by or living with {AIDS} in low-income societies. The paper underscores the importance of community feedback sessions as a way of enhancing chances of acceptability of research efforts and obtaining informed consent. It further shows how community feedback sessions contribute to local knowledge of the problem being studied, creating opportunities for advocacy. This discussion adds to the existing ethical debate on the wider contexts within which research on vulnerable people affected by {AIDS} is conducted by arguing that research practice is inseparable from epistemological concerns of knowledge production. I suggest that ethnographers should enhance efforts to innovatively design action research projects to serve the twin purposes of data collection and deal with ethical challenges that are experienced when doing long-term research on vulnerable groups. Ethical dilemmas of social science research on {AIDS} and orphanhood in Western Kenya Ethnography Informed consent Orphanhood Research ethics Social science research In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4S7S1BW-2/1/01c9194b96de2b89f1a2012ab58fada9 2008 roy_equity_2007 article Health Policy Background The lack of formal health insurance and inadequate social safety nets cause families in most low-income countries to finance health spending through out-of-pocket {(OOP)} payments, leaving poor families unable to insure their consumption during periods of major {illnesses.Objective} To examine how well the Indian healthcare system protects households of differing living standards against the financial consequences of unanticipated health {shocks.Data} The data are drawn from the 52nd round of National Sample Survey, a nationally representative socioeconomic and health survey conducted in 1995-1996. The sample comprises 24,379 (3.84\%) households where a member was hospitalized during the 1-year reference {period.Methods} We estimate, using ordinary least squares, the relationship between household consumption (proxy for ability to pay) and {OOP} payments for hospitalization. We also estimate the relationship between consumption and {OOP} share in {consumption.Results} Our results indicate that both utilization (payments) and the consequent financial burden (payment share) increases with increasing ability to pay {(ATP).} While this relationship is retained across the different subgroups (e.g., gender, social code, region, etc.), comparisons across groups indicate horizontal inequities including differences in both degrees of progressivity and the redistributive {effect.Conclusion} The finding that {OOP} payments do not decline with {ATP} could be an indication of: (1) the lack of insurance which implies that the better-off must pay from {OOP} to secure quality health care and (2) the absence of risk-pooling or prepayments mechanisms which poses financial impediments to the consumption of health care by the poor. Equity in out-of-pocket payments for hospital care: Evidence from India Equity Hospital care India Out-of-pocket payments 297--307 February 80 2007 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4JW7WKR-1/1/0f99d139c1ced2b22f7f331aa5be5fa6 2007-02 van_de_walle_public_1995 techreport Public Spending and the Poor: What We Know, what We Need to Know Benefit measurement Benefits Poverty Public spending and poverty 1995 World Bank, Policy Research Department, Public Economics Division 1995 manaf_reconstruction_2005 misc Reconstruction and Development of the Micro finance System in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam {(NAD)} - {ASSESSMENT} {OF} {PEOPLES} {CREDIT} {BANKS} {(BPR} / {BPRS)} {IN} {NANGGROE} {ACEH} {DARUSALAM} Aceh Indonesia Microfinance Microfinance system Post-conflict Post-disaster 2005 2005 noble_healthy_2001 unpublished Healthy Wealthy and Wise: An Introduction to Microfinance based Group Health Schemes. Group health schemes Microfinance Kampala, Uganda 2001 2001 schramm_social_2004 techreport Social Health Insurance - Systems of Solidarity - Experiences from German development cooperation Social health insurance Solidarity Eschborn, Germany 2004 Gemeinschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit 2004 lumer_rationaler_2000 book Rationaler Altruismus: Eine prudentielle Theorie der Rationalit\"{a}t und des Altruismus Altruism 2000 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Universit\"{a}tsverlag Rasch 2000 african_union_health_2006 inproceedings 1. It is now well-known that Africa, with 10 percent of the world's population, accounts for 25 percent of the global disease burden and 60 percent of the people living with {HIV/AIDS,} as well as the highest disease burden for {TB} and malaria in the world. Yet Africa accounts for less than 1 percent of global health spending and contains only 2 percent of the global health workforce. With low levels of per capita income, mixed or limited growth prospects, and low domestic revenue mobilization potential in many countries, the continent faces very tough health financing challenges. It has been rightly observed that, "in this region, increasing the level of health expenditures and improving their efficiency is literally a life and death situation." 2. The evidence reviewed in this paper shows, however, that by almost any measure, most low income African countries are spending very small amounts on health, whether this is in terms of overall per capita spending, share of {GDP} devoted to health, percentage of public spending allocated to health or Government spending on health per capita. On the other hand, private spending, and especially out of pocket {(OOP)} spending, is extremely high in many of these countries {(OOP} spending constitutes up to 80\% of all private spending and 50\% of overall spending), a major factor further impoverishing vulnerable households. Increasing public spending on health is essential in those countries in order to reduce high levels of impoverishing {OOP} expenditure, but also and above all, to achieve the international targets for achieving various health sector goals. 3. The Abuja Declaration of 2001 set a target for all African countries of 15\% of public spending for health. However, the analysis shows that many countries are still far short of this goal (two-thirds of countries are spending below 10\%). The analysis also shows that while it is important to encourage {AU} member states to devote more to the health sector through targets such as the Abuja one, it may be even more important to focus in the medium to longer term on attaining the levels of spending that would enable the countries to meet other international targets such as the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health {(CMH)} and Millennium Development Goals {(MDGs),} which are more linked to obtaining reasonable health outcomes than the Abuja target. The {CMH} target of \$34 per capita spending is based on what is needed to buy an essential package of health services, while the health {MDG} targets directly seek some desirable health outcomes. Indeed, estimates of what difference the Abuja targets would make to achieve such priority goals, based on 2002 data, show that, even if they met the Abuja target, more than half of all {AU} members would not have made much progress towards attaining the {CMH} and {MDG} targets. 4. All estimates of what is required to attain the {CMH} and {MDG} targets show however that the financing gap between currently available funds from all sources and what is needed is huge and well beyond what many of the countries can mobilize under any realistic scenario. The estimates of what is needed range from {US\$20} to {US\$70} billion per annum until 2015 (against \$10 billion total health aid in 2003). Thus the levels of spending required to attain the {CMH} and {MDG} targets would require even higher levels of external assistance for many of the low-income countries involved. 5. While the international health financing context for responding to the challenges posed by these targets, and especially for {HIV/AIDS,} {TB} and malaria, has considerably improved in recent years, the efforts still fall well short of the needs. Official development assistance increased by nearly fourfold between 1990 and 2003, and is the main source of external finance in {Sub-Saharan} Africa, accounting for more than 55 percent of total external flows in 2003. Much of this increase is due to the entry of Global Health Partnerships {(GHPs)} and new private foundations onto the international funding scene. These new global institutions have also helped greatly to raise awareness of the issues around {HIV/AIDS,} {TB} and malaria. 6. But the advent of new {GHPs} and increased bi- and other multilateral assistance for specific health interventions has also met with some criticism for accentuating certain problems associated with the international aid architecture: unpredictability and volatility of donor funding; proliferation of disease- and intervention-specific programs, which are often not integrated into any particular country's ongoing programs; large numbers of new actors and donors; other macro-economic distortions, and lack of accountability of donors for the absence of results and progress. These problems reduce the impact of donor funding in achieving economic growth and health improvements. Indeed, it is also relevant to ask whether the {GHP} model of funding new interventions for a specific period of time and then moving onto new areas, while leaving behind each time the recurrent costs of the new programmes for states, is a viable one for many countries. The evidence seems to be that the recurrent costs of {GHP} investments (human resources required to deliver new programmes, new treatment centres, costs of vaccines and life-saving drugs, etc) are not sustainable for many low-income countries. 7. Proposals for mitigating the impact of the above problems include: making future aid flows more certain and less subject to annual donor budget allocations; harmonization and alignment; and leadership of the development process and coordination of all funding including donor aid by country authorities in line with country-led priority-setting. Governments of recipient countries may also be able to act to mitigate volatility by prudent public expenditure management. 8. Providing fiscal space will also allow countries to allocate resources to their top priorities in a sustainable manner. Perhaps the most realistic instruments/methods for increasing the fiscal space available to African countries to increase spending on health priorities include: increasing tax levels, reallocating from lower to higher priority areas (and making other efficiency improvements), attracting more donor funding (but with regard to sustainable levels), borrowing (for countries where debt levels are not too high already), even more debt relief directed towards the health sector, policies and institutions to attract and make optimal use of workers' remittances and foreign direct investment, and introducing innovative health financing mechanisms such as well designed and publicly supported community health insurance schemes and social health insurance if the conditions are right. It is of some concern that there is no reliable information on the resource requirements for other important health priorities for achieving the {MDG} targets such as child mortality and maternal health, as well as water and sanitation. It seems that the increased international attention on and funding for the diseases that are the main focus of the {GFATM} and some other {GHPs} has not led to similar specific interest in other vital health goals such as these. 9. Finally, to return to the main theme, the next Abuja Summit should be urged to work with their partners to secure a commitment to the {CMH} target of at least \$34 per capita spending by all countries (and from all sources) if real progress is to be made towards achieving the {MDG} targets by 2015. This should go with a real commitment to utilise increased resources more efficiently while providing more effective country leadership of the development process. Health Financing in Africa Africa African Union Health financing HIV/AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis May 2006 http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/conferences/past/2006/may/summit/doc/en/SP_PRC_ATM5_Financial_factors.pdf 2006-05 adams_jr._determinants_2009 article World Development Summary What causes developing countries to receive different levels of international remittances? This paper addresses this question by using new data on such variables as the skill composition of migrants, poverty, and interest and exchange rates to examine the determinants of remittances. The paper finds that the skill composition of migrants does matter in remittance determination. Countries which export a larger share of high-skilled (educated) migrants receive less per capita remittances than countries which export a larger proportion of low-skilled migrants. It also finds that the level of poverty in a labor-sending country does not have a positive impact on the level of remittances received. The Determinants of International Remittances in Developing Countries International remittances Poverty Remittances Skill composition of migrants {0305-750X} 93--103 37 2009 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4SWP267-8/2/484df2c66243f0c50d34fda9cac285f9 2009 asante_nhis_2008 misc Does the {NHIS} cover the poor? Ghana NHIS NHIS and poverty NHIS coverage NHIS implementation {http://www.moh-ghana.org/moh/docs/NHIS\%20issue/NHIS\%20pro-poor\%20research.pdf} 2008 http://www.moh-ghana.org/moh/docs/NHIS%20issue/NHIS%20pro-poor%20research.pdf 2008 _getting_2000 techreport Getting Value for Money and Equity from the Private Sector Health sector reform Private sector London, {UK} 2000 Institute for Health Sector Development 2000 state_health_access_data_assistance_center_shadac_university_of_minnesota_school_of_public_health_surveying_2001 misc Why Surveying {"Willingness} to Pay" is Difficult Measurement Willingness to pay {http://www.sph.umn.edu/img/assets/18528/SurveyWillingnessToPay.pdf} March 2001 http://www.sph.umn.edu/img/assets/18528/SurveyWillingnessToPay.pdf 2001-03 aiga_reasons_2006 article Health Policy The reasons for participation in continuing professional education {(CPE)} programs among health workers importantly determine the level of {post-CPE} application in daily servicing practice and finally the quality of health services. To categorize and distinguish type of reasons in an evidence-based manner, background factors associated with reasons were identified through conducting a census targeting the health workers in three regions of Ghana {(N=6696).} The total number of subjects where health workers found {CPE} needs produced significantly positive odds ratios {(OR{\textgreater}1)} with three reasons ([`]to maintain and improve professional knowledge and skills', [`]to interact and exchange views with colleagues', and [`]to obtain a higher job status') of four employed for this study. That implies that health workers with those reasons have more quantities of {CPE} needs. Conversely, the total number of subjects where health workers found {CPE} needs produced significantly negative odds ratio with [`]to gain relief from routine' indicating it is an extrinsic reason. Therefore, whether [`]to gain relief from routine' is chosen as a reason for participation could be criterion of differentiating between the types of reason. Reasons for participation in and needs for continuing professional education among health workers in Ghana Africa Continuing professional education Ghana Health workers Human resources development 290--303 August 77 2006 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4H0S156-1/1/fec2fb5a6fbc2c2edae597277e126b7c 2006-08 van_den_berg_economic_2005 article Health Economics We provide a new test of the feasibility of using contingent valuation to value informal care. We start with a theoretical model of informal caregiving and derive that willingness to pay depends positively on wealth and negatively on own health, whereas the effect of other's health is sign-ambiguous. These predictions are tested in two new data sets on patients' and caregivers' willingness to pay {(WTP)} and willingness to accept {(WTA)} for informal care. The data are generally consistent with the theoretical predictions: wealth generally has a positive impact and own health a negative impact. Other's health has a mixed effect. We find only small differences between {WTP} and {WTA.} Our findings suggest that contingent valuation may be a useful technique to value informal care in economic evaluations of health care. The economic value of informal care: a studyof informal caregivers' and patients' willingness to pay and willingness to accept for informalcare Contingent valuation Informal care Willingness to accept Willingness to pay 363--376 14 2005 2005 gugerty_impact_2002 inbook The impact of development assistance on social capital: evidence from Kenya Development Kenya Social capital 213--233 2002 The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment 2002 gupta_external_2002 techreport External Assistance to the Health Sector and its Contributions: Problems and Prognosis External assistance health sector India New Delhi 2002 88 Working Paper {INDIAN} {COUNCIL} {FOR} {RESEARCH} {ON} {INTERNATIONAL} {ECONOMIC} {RELATIONS} 2002 _poverty_???? techreport Poverty impact of health care payments Applications of tools to health sector Defining poverty line Measuring equity Poverty impact Technical Note 19 Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis singleton_microfinance_2006 article London, {UK:} Globalisation Institute Research Ltd This paper presents an overview of microfinance, its evolution and the future trends. It examines the difficulties of implementing the Bangladeshi model of microfinance in Africa, and looks at how people are working to 'fit' microfinance into the African context. The paper further examines successful microfinance experiments across the world. These include case studies on: Concern Worldwide -- Bangladesh; Jamii Bora Trust -- Nairobi, Kenya; Swayam Krishi Sangham {(SKS)} -- Hyderabad, India; {ACORD} -- Ethiopia; Trust Bank - Uganda and the Philippines; {PlaNet} Finance supported post-tsunami reconstruction through microfinance in Tamil Nadu, India. It asserts that village banks are particularly suited to African circumstances and resonate well with African culture. The paper also provides brief snapshot of the innovations that are currently occurring the microfinance industry worldwide. These include: Microleasing; Warehouse receipts; Microinsurance. It concludes that: By helping people to help themselves, microfinance has had a significant effect in promoting enterprise and reducing poverty. However, despite its growing reputation, microfinance still operates on far too small a scale; it must be expanded, especially in Africa. But policymakers should be wary of simply throwing money at microfinance or of thinking that what works in one place (for example, in Asia) can easily be transplanted somewhere else (like Africa). Microfinance Harnessing Enterprise to Fight Poverty Microfinance 2006 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/36673 2006 kamdjoug_assessment_2007 article Computational Economics Abstract This article formulates a methodology that describes the decision making process in which a group of actors (in this case, microfinance experts) become involved in actions. The actions, Microfinance Institutions {(MFIs)} being selected for refinancing, are described using several conflictual, ordinal criteria. This methodology is constructed in three consecutive steps: the first involves obtaining decision strategies from interactive input received from experts, the second compiles and merges individual decision strategies so as to create a common decision base and the third involves using this common decision base to construct a decision-making aid destined to help experts with the decision-making process. This methodology was tested with five microfinance experts in Cameroon. Assessment of actions in a multi-actor and multicriteria framework: application to the refunding of microfinance institutions Analytical framework Microfinance Multi-actor Refinancing 213--227 March 29 2007 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10614-006-9079-6 2007-03 van_barneveld_mandatory_1998 article Social science \& medicine (1982) Risk-adjusted capitation payments {(RACPs)} to competing health insurers are an essential element of market-oriented health care reforms in many countries. {RACPs} based on demographic variables only are insufficient, because they leave ample room for cream skimming. However, the implementation of improved {RACPs} does not appear to be straightforward. A solution might be to supplement imperfect {RACPs} with a form of mandatory pooling that reduces the incentives for cream skimming. In a previous paper it was concluded that high-risk pooling {(HRP),} is a promising supplement to {RACPs.} The purpose of this paper is to compare {HRP} with two other main variants of mandatory pooling. These variants are called excess-of-loss {(EOL)} and proportional pooling {(PP).} Each variant includes ex post compensations to insurers for some members which depend to various degrees on actually incurred costs. Therefore, these pooling variants reduce the incentives for cream skimming which are inherent in imperfect {RACPs,} but they also reduce the incentives for efficiency and cost containment. As a rough measure of the latter incentives we use the percentage of total costs for which an insurer is at risk. This paper analyzes which of the three main pooling variants yields the greatest reduction of incentives for cream skimming given such a percentage. The results show that {HRP} is the most effective of the three pooling variants. Mandatory pooling as a supplement to risk-adjusted capitation payments in a competitive health insurance market GL Health care reform Health care sector Health Services Research Humans Insurance pools Insurance selection bias National health programs Risk adjustment 02779536 223--32 July 47 1998 2 {PMID:} 9720641 1998-07 Colletta, Nat J. Colletta Nat J. Colletta Kozel, V. Kozel V. Kozel Jaffey, Michael Jaffey Michael Jaffey Kachika, Tinyade Kachika Tinyade Kachika Swinton, Scott M. Swinton Scott M. Swinton Lindenthal, Roland Lindenthal Roland Lindenthal Yaw, Deborah Yaw Deborah Yaw Gertler, Paul ; Levine Gertler Paul ; Levine Gertler J\"{u}tting, J. J\"{u}tting J. J\"{u}tting Fortney, John Fortney John Fortney Falola, Toyin Falola Toyin Falola Christie, Daniel J. Christie Daniel J. Christie Graeve, Diana De Graeve Diana De Graeve {Maticka-Tyndale}, Eleanor {Maticka-Tyndale} Eleanor {Maticka-Tyndale} Gruskin, Sofia Gruskin Sofia Gruskin Manoharan, S. Manoharan S. Manoharan Thompson, Joyce Thompson Joyce Thompson Liber, Dominic Liber Dominic Liber Oppong, Joseph Oppong Joseph Oppong Aliber, M. Aliber M. Aliber Bliss, Frank Bliss Frank Bliss Pathmanathan, Indra Pathmanathan Indra Pathmanathan Vargas, Veronica Vargas Veronica Vargas Campbell, T. Campbell T. Campbell Storkebaum, Werner Storkebaum Werner Storkebaum Sapelli, Claudio Sapelli Claudio Sapelli Bloom, G. Bloom G. Bloom Greeff, Minrie Greeff Minrie Greeff Kubo, K. Kubo K. Kubo Ho, Maria T. Ho Maria T. Ho Ltd, Global Learning Services Pty Ltd Global Learning Services Pty Ltd Tschoetschel, Ulla; Erber Tschoetschel Ulla; Erber Tschoetschel Harpham, Trudy Harpham Trudy Harpham Beck, Konstantin Beck Konstantin Beck Schulz, Oliver Schulz Oliver Schulz Promotion, Committee for the Promotion Committee for the Promotion Burritt, K. Burritt Burritt, K. Sen, Priti Dave Sen Priti Dave Sen Durlauf, {S.N.} Durlauf {S.N.} Durlauf Langenbrunner, Jack Langenbrunner Jack Langenbrunner R\"{o}sner, Hans J\"{u}rgen R\"{o}sner Hans J\"{u}rgen R\"{o}sner Nandraj, Sunil Nandraj Sunil Nandraj Pepper, Katy Pepper Katy Pepper Marchand, Maurice Marchand Maurice Marchand Lamers, L M Lamers L M Lamers Rademacher, Ralf Rademacher Ralf Rademacher Salmen, Lawrence Salmen Lawrence Salmen Holding, Micro Insurance Agency Holding Micro Insurance Agency Holding Hargreaves, James R. Hargreaves James R. Hargreaves Devadasan, N. Devadasan N. Devadasan Sintonen, Harri Sintonen Harri Sintonen {BRS} {BRS} {BRS} Ven, Wynand {P.M.M.} van de Ven Wynand {P.M.M.} van de Ven Steiner, S. Steiner S. Steiner Schrader, Wilhelm F. Schrader Wilhelm F. Schrader Goudge, Jane Goudge Jane Goudge Malcomson, James M. Malcomson James M. Malcomson Tenikue, Michel Tenikue Michel Tenikue Mersland, Roy Mersland Roy Mersland Aubert, Cecile Aubert Cecile Aubert Dror, D. M. Dror D. M. Dror {LeMay-Boucher}, Philippe {LeMay-Boucher} Philippe {LeMay-Boucher} Holle, Rolf Holle Rolf Holle Ssengooba, Freddie Ssengooba Freddie Ssengooba Garber, Alan M. Garber Alan M. Garber Squire, S. Bertel Squire S. Bertel Squire Giedion, Ursula B. Giedion Ursula B. Giedion Kremer, M. Kremer M. Kremer Pollet, I. Pollet I. Pollet Miranda, Bernardo Miranda Bernardo Miranda Christiaensen, Luc J. M Christiaensen Luc J. M Christiaensen Poortinga, Wouter Poortinga Wouter Poortinga Cutler, David Cutler David Cutler Adjei, Sam Adjei Sam Adjei Eggleston, Karen Eggleston Karen Eggleston Sakyi, Dr E. Kojo Sakyi Dr E. Kojo Sakyi {AnhDuc}, Ha {AnhDuc} Ha {AnhDuc} Khurana, G. Khurana G. Khurana Dlamini, Priscilla S. Dlamini Priscilla S. Dlamini Heijink, Richard Heijink Richard Heijink Reitmeir, Peter Reitmeir Peter Reitmeir Luft, H. S. Luft H. S. Luft Chiumya, Chiara Chiumya Chiara Chiumya Over, M. Over M. Over Kuchler, Felix Kuchler Felix Kuchler Garand, Denis Garand Denis Garand Smith, Peter C. Smith Peter C. Smith {deGraft-Johnson}, Joseph {deGraft-Johnson} Joseph {deGraft-Johnson} Godfroid, P. Godfroid P. Godfroid Morduch, Jonathan Morduch Jonathan Morduch Dave, H. R. Dave H. R. Dave Haque, Trina Haque Trina Haque Binswanger, Hans P Binswanger Hans P Binswanger Gaydos, Laura Gaydos Laura Gaydos Kirigia, Joses Kirigia Joses Kirigia Mensah, Ayayi Omar Mensah Ayayi Omar Mensah Anto, Francis Anto Francis Anto {LeBan}, Karen {LeBan} Karen {LeBan} Braun, Joachim von Braun Joachim von Braun Stich, Andreas Stich Andreas Stich Berlowitz, Dan R. Berlowitz Dan R. Berlowitz J\"{o}nsson, Bengt J\"{o}nsson Bengt J\"{o}nsson Churchhill, Craig Churchhill Craig Churchhill Roth, J. Roth J. Roth {McGrath}, N. {McGrath} N. {McGrath} Kaluwa Kaluwa Kaluwa {Narh-Bana}, {S.A.} {Narh-Bana} {S.A.} {Narh-Bana} Cook, Philip J. Cook Philip J. Cook Ghosh, Jayati Ghosh Jayati Ghosh Chuma, Jane Chuma Jane Chuma Chaudhuri, Anoshua Chaudhuri Anoshua Chaudhuri Maestad, Ottar Maestad Ottar Maestad Ngonzi, Ancent Ngonzi Ancent Ngonzi {ILO-Step-Programme} {ILO-Step-Programme} {ILO-Step-Programme} M\"{u}ller, Verena M\"{u}ller Verena M\"{u}ller Vliet, {R.C.J.A.} van Vliet {R.C.J.A.} van Vliet Damm, Wim Van Damm Wim Van Damm Axelson, Henrik Axelson Henrik Axelson {USAID} {USAID} {USAID} Bydawell, Moya Bydawell Moya Bydawell Andreoni, J. Andreoni J. Andreoni Tangcharoensathien, Viroj Tangcharoensathien Viroj Tangcharoensathien {Wiedmaier-Pfister}, Martina {Wiedmaier-Pfister} Martina {Wiedmaier-Pfister} Grant, Ken Grant Ken Grant Clougherty, T. Clougherty T. Clougherty Harvey, Corinne Harvey Corinne Harvey Flessa, Steffen Flessa Steffen Flessa Pflug, G. Pflug G. Pflug Creese, Andrew Creese Andrew Creese Shewry, S. Shewry S. Shewry Engstr\"{o}m, Karin Engstr\"{o}m Karin Engstr\"{o}m Zurn, Pascal Zurn Pascal Zurn Portes, Alejandro Portes Alejandro Portes Basu, P. Basu P. Basu Carlo, Gustavo Carlo Gustavo Carlo Gr\"{u}b, Andreas Gr\"{u}b Andreas Gr\"{u}b Fatas, Enrique Fatas Enrique Fatas Couffinhal, Agnes Couffinhal Agnes Couffinhal Holly, Alberto Holly Alberto Holly Lorgen, Christy Cannon Lorgen Christy Cannon Lorgen Osterkamp, R. Osterkamp R. Osterkamp R\"{u}ckversicherungsgesellschaft, Swiss Re - Schweizerische R\"{u}ckversicherungsgesellschaft Swiss Re - Schweizerische R\"{u}ckversicherungsgesellschaft Fraser, Frances Fraser Frances Fraser Lwihula, G. Lwihula G. Lwihula Ullrich, C. G. Ullrich C. G. Ullrich Franke, Sandra Franke Sandra Franke Kilpatrick, Sue Kilpatrick Sue Kilpatrick Ahuja, R. Ahuja R. Ahuja Witter, Sophie N. Witter Sophie N. Witter Swidler, Ann Swidler Ann Swidler Krummacher, Andr\'{e} Krummacher Andr\'{e} Krummacher Kyeremeh, George Kyeremeh George Kyeremeh Luboyeski, Victor Luboyeski Victor Luboyeski Chanfreau, Catherine Chanfreau Catherine Chanfreau Swain, Ranjula Bali Swain Ranjula Bali Swain Fischbacher, Urs Fischbacher Urs Fischbacher Kemenade, Solange van Kemenade Solange van Kemenade Mwenda, Kenneth Kaoma Mwenda Kenneth Kaoma Mwenda Hinote, Brian P. Hinote Brian P. Hinote Floyd, S. Floyd S. Floyd Leemput, Luc Van Leemput Luc Van Leemput Smith, P C Smith P C Smith Morgan, Lynn M. Morgan Lynn M. Morgan Cochran, Jennifer Cochran Jennifer Cochran Chalkley, Martin Chalkley Martin Chalkley Prins, Hendrik Prins Hendrik Prins Allen, Adriana Allen Adriana Allen Phetlhu, Ren\'{e} Deliwe Phetlhu Ren\'{e} Deliwe Phetlhu Kimball, Richard Kimball Richard Kimball Montenegro, F. Montenegro F. Montenegro Nagendranath, Abhijit Nagendranath Abhijit Nagendranath Sahni, A. Sahni A. Sahni Zabojnik, Jan Zabojnik Jan Zabojnik {Leon-Ledesma}, Miguel {Leon-Ledesma} Miguel {Leon-Ledesma} Greiner, Ben Greiner Ben Greiner Behrman, Jere Behrman Jere Behrman Owen, Mindy Owen Mindy Owen Kyanamina, Sindele Simasiku Kyanamina Sindele Simasiku Kyanamina Bester, H. Bester H. Bester Lund, Francie Lund Francie Lund Weron, Rafael Weron Rafael Weron Hougaard, C. Hougaard C. Hougaard Roth, James Roth James Roth {McCord}, M. {McCord} M. {McCord} Ito, S. Ito S. Ito Fontaine, Philippe Fontaine Philippe Fontaine Grossmann, Michael Grossmann Michael Grossmann Gumber, Anil Gumber Anil Gumber H\"{a}rdle, Wolfgang H\"{a}rdle Wolfgang H\"{a}rdle international, Plan international Plan international Develtere, Patrick Develtere Patrick Develtere Kiwara, Angwara D Kiwara Angwara D Kiwara Zwi, Anthony Barry Zwi Anthony Barry Zwi Rao, K. Sujatha Rao K. Sujatha Rao Liu, Mingwei Liu Mingwei Liu Ravallion, M. Ravallion M. Ravallion Bhavsar, Ami Bhavsar Ami Bhavsar Sarol, Jesus N. Sarol Jesus N. Sarol Brehm, John Brehm John Brehm Alam, Moneer Alam Moneer Alam B\"{a}rnighausen, Till B\"{a}rnighausen Till B\"{a}rnighausen Swartz, K Swartz K Swartz Fournier, Pierre Fournier Pierre Fournier Ost, Alexander Ost Alexander Ost Klimm, Ernst Klimm Ernst Klimm Kumaranayake, Lilani Kumaranayake Lilani Kumaranayake Kirigia, Joses M. Kirigia Joses M. Kirigia Coricelli, Giorgio Coricelli Giorgio Coricelli Edgerton, Robert B. Edgerton Robert B. Edgerton {McMillen}, Heather {McMillen} Heather {McMillen} Sahn, David E.; Stifel Sahn David E.; Stifel Sahn {Arhin-Tenkorang}, Dyna {Arhin-Tenkorang} Dyna {Arhin-Tenkorang} {Puig-Junoy}, J. {Puig-Junoy} J. {Puig-Junoy} Clark, Cullen Clark Cullen Clark Dawes, Andrew Dawes Andrew Dawes Schultz, Jennifer Schultz Jennifer Schultz Marchal, Bruno Marchal Bruno Marchal Uhaa, Iyorlumun Uhaa Iyorlumun Uhaa Evans, David B. Evans David B. Evans Goodman, Catherine A. Goodman Catherine A. Goodman Hounton, Sennen Hounton Sennen Hounton {Sherburne-Benz}, Lynne {Sherburne-Benz} Lynne {Sherburne-Benz} Foreit, James R. Foreit James R. Foreit Lokshin, Michael Lokshin Michael Lokshin Duclos, J. Y. Duclos J. Y. Duclos Waelkens, M. P. Waelkens M. P. Waelkens Jones, Andrew M. Jones Andrew M. Jones Meessen, Bruno Meessen Bruno Meessen Mushi, Adiel K. Mushi Adiel K. Mushi Finkelstein, Amy Finkelstein Amy Finkelstein Zmora, Irit Zmora Irit Zmora Samuelson, Larry Samuelson Larry Samuelson Chuka, Stuart Chuka Stuart Chuka {Meze-Hausken}, Elisabeth {Meze-Hausken} Elisabeth {Meze-Hausken} Bossert, T. J. Bossert T. J. Bossert America, Economic Commission for Latin America Economic Commission for Latin America Diop, Francois Path\'{e} Diop Francois Path\'{e} Diop Smith, Peter J. Smith Peter J. Smith Morris, S. S. Morris S. S. Morris {Scheil-Adlung}, Xenia {Scheil-Adlung} Xenia {Scheil-Adlung} Ven, Wynand P M M van de Ven Wynand P M M van de Ven Schrader, Jan Schrader Jan Schrader Msuya, John M.; J\"{u}tting Msuya John M.; J\"{u}tting Msuya Bolle, Friedel Bolle Friedel Bolle Murawski, Matthew M. Murawski Matthew M. Murawski Mladovsky, Philipa Mladovsky Philipa Mladovsky Churches, World Council of Churches World Council of Churches Simtowe, Franklin Peter Simtowe Franklin Peter Simtowe Consultants, Kadale Consultants Kadale Consultants Teerawattananon, Yot Teerawattananon Yot Teerawattananon Randolph, Tom Randolph Tom Randolph Olawoye, Janice Olawoye Janice Olawoye Hasan, Mohammed Emrul Hasan Mohammed Emrul Hasan Barrett, Louise Barrett Louise Barrett Wang, Hong Wang Hong Wang Costello, A. Costello A. Costello Sinha, T. Sinha T. Sinha Andersen, Helle Max Andersen Helle Max Andersen Molyneux, Catherine Molyneux Catherine Molyneux Culter, David M. Culter David M. Culter Kawabata, Kei Kawabata Kei Kawabata Burger, Ronelle Burger Ronelle Burger Oliveira, Jose Antonio Puppim de Oliveira Jose Antonio Puppim de Oliveira Abramson, Wendy B. Abramson Wendy B. Abramson Swartz, Katherine Swartz Katherine Swartz Musango, Laurent Musango Laurent Musango Okello, Francis Okello Francis Okello Gbesemete, Kwame Prosper Gbesemete Kwame Prosper Gbesemete Happich, Michael Happich Michael Happich Grootaert, C. Grootaert C. Grootaert Bhavsar, A. Bhavsar A. Bhavsar Hsiao, William Hsiao William Hsiao Murray, Christopher {J.L.} Murray Christopher {J.L.} Murray Hsiao, Willian Hsiao Willian Hsiao Macagba, R. Macagba R. Macagba Takyi, Baffour K. Takyi Baffour K. Takyi Honohan, Patrick Honohan Patrick Honohan Krebs, Uwe Krebs Uwe Krebs Ezeh, Alex C. Ezeh Alex C. Ezeh Mubyazi, {G.M.} Mubyazi {G.M.} Mubyazi Gs\"{a}nger, Hans Gs\"{a}nger Hans Gs\"{a}nger Ross, David Ross David Ross Jutting, Johannes P. Jutting Johannes P. Jutting Fund, {IMF} International Monetary Fund {IMF} International Monetary Fund Baeza, Cristian C. Baeza Cristian C. Baeza Leist, Hannes Leist Hannes Leist Health, Government of Malawi - Ministry of Health Government of Malawi - Ministry of Health Levitt, L. Levitt L. Levitt Jr., Richard H. Adams Jr. Richard H. Adams Jr. Dodoo, F. {Nii-Amoo} Dodoo F. {Nii-Amoo} Dodoo Fischer, Isabel Fischer Isabel Fischer Mtonya, Brian Mtonya Brian Mtonya Banks, D. Banks D. Banks Barnett, Tony Barnett Tony Barnett Kutzin, Joseph Kutzin Joseph Kutzin Hammitt, James K. Hammitt James K. Hammitt Ahmed, Nabil Ahmed Nabil Ahmed Bhuiya, Abbas Bhuiya Abbas Bhuiya Robinson, Debbie Rene Robinson Debbie Rene Robinson Bellamy, Richard Bellamy Richard Bellamy Ramey, J. Ramey J. Ramey Oxfam Oxfam Oxfam Moore, Jeffrey C. Moore Jeffrey C. Moore Kulkarni, Veena Kulkarni Veena Kulkarni Kwaak, Anke van der Kwaak Anke van der Kwaak Kurokawa, G. Kurokawa G. Kurokawa Zohir, Sajjad Zohir Sajjad Zohir Colletta, N. J. Colletta N. J. Colletta Njunwa, {K.J.} Njunwa {K.J.} Njunwa Scott, Anthony Scott Anthony Scott Danis, Marion Danis Marion Danis Jans, Manuel Jans Manuel Jans Gardiol, L. Gardiol L. Gardiol Kamdjoug, Jean Kamdjoug Jean Kamdjoug Purohit, Brijesh C Purohit Brijesh C Purohit Craig, Neil Craig Neil Craig {Al-Bagdadi}, Hayder {Al-Bagdadi} Hayder {Al-Bagdadi} Dachraoui, K. Dachraoui K. Dachraoui Kurian, A. Kurian A. Kurian Saha, Jean Claude Saha Jean Claude Saha Microsave Microsave Microsave Damme, Wim Van Damme Wim Van Damme {WHO} {WHO} {WHO} Lewallen, Susan Lewallen Susan Lewallen Heggenhougen, Kris Heggenhougen Kris Heggenhougen Islam, Syed Khairul Islam Syed Khairul Islam Closon, {Marie-Christine} Closon {Marie-Christine} Closon Schrey\"{o}gg, Jonas Schrey\"{o}gg Jonas Schrey\"{o}gg Schuller, Tom Schuller Tom Schuller Aikins, Moises Aikins Moises Aikins Grant, Rachel Grant Rachel Grant Borzecki, Ann M. Borzecki Ann M. Borzecki Kapalamula, J Kapalamula J Kapalamula Wasserman, Jason A. Wasserman Jason A. Wasserman Kershbaumer, Rose Kershbaumer Rose Kershbaumer Tikare, S. Tikare S. Tikare {Osei-Akoto}, Isaac {Osei-Akoto} Isaac {Osei-Akoto} Edejer, Tessa {Tan-Torres} Edejer Tessa {Tan-Torres} Edejer Vliet, Ren\'{e} {C.J.A.} van Vliet Ren\'{e} {C.J.A.} van Vliet Travis, Phyllida Travis Phyllida Travis Stone, Wendy Stone Wendy Stone Hanson, K. Hanson K. Hanson Amin, {MO} Amin {MO} Amin Killian, Richard Killian Richard Killian Devadasan, Dr. N. Devadasan Dr. N. Devadasan Sato, Motohiro Sato Motohiro Sato Schmidt, K. M. Schmidt K. M. Schmidt {DeFilippis}, James {DeFilippis} James {DeFilippis} Prinzo, Zita Weise Prinzo Zita Weise Prinzo Ven, W P van de Ven W P van de Ven {Schmitt-Diabat\'{e}}, Val\'{e}rie {Schmitt-Diabat\'{e}} Val\'{e}rie {Schmitt-Diabat\'{e}} Hsi, Natasha Hsi Natasha Hsi Steinberg, David Mark Steinberg David Mark Steinberg Sekhri, Neelam Sekhri Neelam Sekhri {(BMZ)}, Bundesministerium f\"{u}r wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung {(BMZ)} Bundesministerium f\"{u}r wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung {(BMZ)} Dror, David M. Dror David M. Dror Gauld, Robin Gauld Robin Gauld Eisenhauer, Joseph G. Eisenhauer Joseph G. Eisenhauer Hotchkiss, David R. Hotchkiss David R. Hotchkiss Achary, Akash Achary Akash Achary Gwatkin, Davdison R. Gwatkin Davdison R. Gwatkin Ponthieux, Sophie Ponthieux Sophie Ponthieux Triplett, Jack E. Triplett Jack E. Triplett Ito, Sanae Ito Sanae Ito Sobel, J. Sobel J. Sobel Doyen, Gerlinde Doyen Gerlinde Doyen Rogal, Deborah L. Rogal Deborah L. Rogal Babu, Sumesh K- Babu Sumesh K- Babu Dudley, Adams Dudley Adams Dudley Winden, F. van Winden F. van Winden Seiler, Eberhard Seiler Eberhard Seiler Chernichovsky, D. Chernichovsky D. Chernichovsky Welniak, Edward J. Welniak Edward J. Welniak Ottersen, Trygve Ottersen Trygve Ottersen Isern, Jennifer Isern Jennifer Isern Shahrouri, T. A. Shahrouri T. A. Shahrouri Mapfumo, Shadreck {(CRMG} Consultant) Mapfumo Shadreck {(CRMG} Consultant) Mapfumo Nathan, D. Nathan D. Nathan Zeramdini, Riadh Zeramdini Riadh Zeramdini Bonneux, Luc Bonneux Luc Bonneux Nugroho, G. Nugroho G. Nugroho Kumar, Naveen Kumar Naveen Kumar Hagemejer, Krzysztof Hagemejer Krzysztof Hagemejer Chimangeni, S. Chimangeni S. Chimangeni Thekaekara, M. Thekaekara M. Thekaekara Marion, Martin Marion Martin Marion Henry, C. Henry C. Henry Cohen, M. Cohen M. Cohen Wir\'{e}n, Kjell Wir\'{e}n Kjell Wir\'{e}n Narain, S. Narain S. Narain Fine, P. E. M. Fine P. E. M. Fine Badasu, Delali Margaret Badasu Delali Margaret Badasu Kleef, R C van Kleef R C van Kleef {Kiwanuka-Mukiibi}, P. {Kiwanuka-Mukiibi} P. {Kiwanuka-Mukiibi} Styn, Mindi A. Styn Mindi A. Styn Dodd, Rebecca Dodd Rebecca Dodd Masud, Tayyeb I. Masud Tayyeb I. Masud Elkins, David Elkins David Elkins Sathymala, C. Sathymala C. Sathymala Isern, J. Isern J. Isern Massaga, {J.J.} Massaga {J.J.} Massaga Klasen, Stephan Klasen Stephan Klasen Ulasi, Chijioke I. Ulasi Chijioke I. Ulasi {(ILO)}, International Labour Organization {(ILO)} International Labour Organization {(ILO)} Basher, Md. Abul Basher Md. Abul Basher Gilles, Willem Gilles Willem Gilles Carrin, G. Carrin G. Carrin {II}, {B.L.} Turner {II} {B.L.} Turner {II} Moeti, Matshidiso Moeti Matshidiso Moeti Bridges, John Bridges John Bridges G\"{o}pffarth, Dirk G\"{o}pffarth Dirk G\"{o}pffarth {d'Almeida}, Selassi {d'Almeida} Selassi {d'Almeida} Catrinescu, Natalia Catrinescu Natalia Catrinescu Inc., {SPSS} Inc. {SPSS} Inc. Fielding, Katherine Fielding Katherine Fielding {MeTA} {MeTA} {MeTA} Mansyur, Carol Mansyur Carol Mansyur Steel, William F. Steel William F. Steel Gonzalez, A. Gonzalez A. Gonzalez Pronyk, Paul M. Pronyk Paul M. Pronyk Maumbe, Blessing M. Maumbe Blessing M. Maumbe Bloom, G Bloom G Bloom Acharya, Akash Acharya Akash Acharya Laurinkari, Juhani Laurinkari Juhani Laurinkari Sky, David Sky David Sky Devadasan, Dr. {N.;Divakar} Devadasan Dr. {N.;Divakar} Devadasan Pellini, Arnaldo Pellini Arnaldo Pellini George, Melvill O. George Melvill O. George Miroinsurance, {CGAP} Working Group on Miroinsurance {CGAP} Working Group on Miroinsurance Sissouma, Issa Sissouma Issa Sissouma Nayar, K. R. Nayar K. R. Nayar Hickey, Elaine C. Hickey Elaine C. Hickey Hauck, Katharina Hauck Katharina Hauck Vassall, Anna Vassall Anna Vassall Prabhu, K. Seeta Prabhu K. Seeta Prabhu Guiso, Luigi; Sapienza Guiso Luigi; Sapienza Guiso Iezzoni, L. I. Iezzoni L. I. Iezzoni Yu, Joseph {Kwong-Leung} Yu Joseph {Kwong-Leung} Yu Travail, Bureau international du Travail Bureau international du Travail Frew, Emma J. Frew Emma J. Frew Hermes, Niels Hermes Niels Hermes Zephyr, A. M. Zephyr A. M. Zephyr Matson, P. A. Matson P. A. Matson Binnendijk, Erika Binnendijk Erika Binnendijk Mwangi, P. Mwangi P. Mwangi Rifkin, Susan B. Rifkin Susan B. Rifkin Braun, Johann von Braun Johann von Braun Hoff, Karla Hoff Karla Hoff Dr\`{e}ze, J. Dr\`{e}ze J. Dr\`{e}ze Cohen, Jon Cohen Jon Cohen Edmondson, Ricca Edmondson Ricca Edmondson Sachs, Jeffrey D. Sachs Jeffrey D. Sachs Gross, Revital Gross Revital Gross Mahapatra, Prasanta Mahapatra Prasanta Mahapatra Sinha, Tara Sinha Tara Sinha Kett, Maria Kett Maria Kett Cookson, Richard Cookson Richard Cookson Selten, Reinhard Selten Reinhard Selten Shenglan, T Shenglan T Shenglan Mazzucato, Valentina Mazzucato Valentina Mazzucato {McMahon}, Anne {McMahon} Anne {McMahon} Koning, Korrie De Koning Korrie De Koning M\"{u}nkner, {Hans-H.} M\"{u}nkner {Hans-H.} M\"{u}nkner Dorros, G. Dorros G. Dorros Ferreiro, Alejandro Ferreiro Alejandro Ferreiro Chatterjee, Arup Chatterjee Arup Chatterjee Kliemt, Hartmut Kliemt Hartmut Kliemt Morison, Linda A. Morison Linda A. Morison Arhin, Dyna Arhin Dyna Arhin Gen\`{e}ve, Bureau international du Travail Gen\`{e}ve Bureau international du Travail Gen\`{e}ve Molitor, Nina Molitor Nina Molitor Donaldson, Cam Donaldson Cam Donaldson List, John A. List John A. List Schneider, {Karl-G\"{u}nther} Schneider {Karl-G\"{u}nther} Schneider Cullen, M. L. Cullen M. L. Cullen Compernolle, Phil Compernolle Phil Compernolle Criel, B. Criel B. Criel Mitole, Zunzo Mitole Zunzo Mitole Martin, Kathryn E. Martin Kathryn E. Martin Kolo, Jerry Kolo Jerry Kolo Zhang, Licheng Zhang Licheng Zhang Mechler, R. Mechler R. Mechler Larson, Heidi Jane Larson Heidi Jane Larson Armbruster, Paul Armbruster Paul Armbruster Habbani, Khalid Habbani Khalid Habbani Gbangou, Adjima Gbangou Adjima Gbangou Napier, David Napier David Napier Ensor, Tim Ensor Tim Ensor Gruber, Jonathan Gruber Jonathan Gruber Putnam, Robert Putnam Robert Putnam Department, Social Development Department Social Development Department Natu, A. Natu A. Natu {HIV/AIDS}, Network of Maharashtra by People Living With {HIV/AIDS} Network of Maharashtra by People Living With {HIV/AIDS} Squire, Stephen Bertel Squire Stephen Bertel Squire Assaf, Susan Assaf Susan Assaf Kim, Julia C. Kim Julia C. Kim Goold, Susan Dorr Goold Susan Dorr Goold Ogawa, Sumiko Ogawa Sumiko Ogawa Selinger, Evan Selinger Evan Selinger Kainyu, Lenity H. Kainyu Lenity H. Kainyu Khandker, R. K. Khandker R. K. Khandker Anum, Adote Anum Adote Anum {Oliveira-Cruz}, Valeria {Oliveira-Cruz} Valeria {Oliveira-Cruz} Chambers, Robert Chambers Robert Chambers Hornbrook, Mark C. Hornbrook Mark C. Hornbrook Kahssay, Haile Kahssay Haile Kahssay Smith, A. Smith A. Smith Ledgerwood, J. Ledgerwood J. Ledgerwood Mohiddin, Abdu Mohiddin Abdu Mohiddin Seibel, Hans Dieter Seibel Hans Dieter Seibel Dercon, Stefan; Krishnan Dercon Stefan; Krishnan Dercon Deville, Leo Deville Leo Deville Pulsipher, Alexander Pulsipher Alexander Pulsipher Khatib, Oussama Khatib Oussama Khatib Cairns, John Cairns John Cairns Luginaah, Isaac N. Luginaah Isaac N. Luginaah Smith, Kirsten P. Smith Kirsten P. Smith Clair, Jeffrey Michael Clair Jeffrey Michael Clair Cripps, Gilbert Cripps Gilbert Cripps Anie, Sylvia J. Anie Sylvia J. Anie Allegri, Manuela De Allegri Manuela De Allegri Harikrish, V. Harikrish V. Harikrish Hendryx, M. S. Hendryx M. S. Hendryx Ullrich, Carsten G. Ullrich Carsten G. Ullrich Ash, A. S. Ash A. S. Ash Malherbe, Stephan; Bester Malherbe Stephan; Bester Malherbe Hanvoravongchai, Piya Hanvoravongchai Piya Hanvoravongchai Thekaekara, S. Thekaekara S. Thekaekara Guenther, Isabel Guenther Isabel Guenther Peters, Pauline Peters Pauline Peters Dror, David Dror David Dror {II}, B. L. Turner {II} B. L. Turner {II} Gersbach, Hans Gersbach Hans Gersbach {OECD} {OECD} {OECD} Gerdtham, {Ulf-G.} Gerdtham {Ulf-G.} Gerdtham Gommans, Caroline Gommans Caroline Gommans Mundial, B. Mundial B. Mundial Frick, Kevin D. Frick Kevin D. Frick Buchmueller, Tom Buchmueller Tom Buchmueller Maeda, A Maeda A Maeda Davern, Michael Davern Michael Davern Mwansambo, C. Mwansambo C. Mwansambo Kalyalya, Denny Kalyalya Denny Kalyalya Curran, Lynne Curran Lynne Curran Lewycka, S. Lewycka S. Lewycka Kelkar, G. Kel