callback({ "items" : [ { "journal" : "sigma", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3a462c09fa481594f22161ac4622249e", "date" : "2005", "author" : "R\\\"{u}ckversicherungsgesellschaft, Swiss Re - Schweizerische", "volume" : "4", "keywords" : [ "GL", "High risk groups", "Reinsurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Innovationen zur Versicherung unversicherbarer Risiken", "key" : "swiss_re_-_schweizerische_rckversicherungsgesellschaft_innovationen_2005" }, { "journal" : "World Bank Policy Research Working Paper", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:10c53085e2319e76c7d945167ad47be6", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Gallardo, Joselito", "Ouattara, Korotoumou", "Randhawa, Bikki", "Steel, William F." ], "volume" : "3585", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Benin", "Ghana", "Microfinance", "Regulation", "Tanzania" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Comparative Review of Microfinance Regulatory Framework Issues in Benin, Ghana, and Tanzania", "key" : "gallardo_comparative_2005" }, { "journal" : "The International Journal of Health Planning and Management", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:79baa0b2d448ec1a038892a77451c284", "pages" : "259--285", "date" : "2008", "number" : "3", "author" : "Sakyi, Dr E. Kojo", "keywords" : [ "Content analysis", "Ghana", "Health sector reform", "NHIS" ], "volume" : "23", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Ghana has undertaken many public service management reforms in the past two decades. But the implementation of the reforms has been constrained by many factors. This paper undertakes a retrospective study of research works on the challenges to the implementation of reforms in the public health sector. It points out that most of the studies identified: (1) centralised, weak and fragmented management system; (2) poor implementation strategy; (3) lack of motivation; (4) weak institutional framework; (5) lack of financial and human resources and (6) staff attitude and behaviour as the major causes of ineffective reform implementation. The analysis further revealed that quite a number of crucial factors obstructing reform implementation which are particularly internal to the health system have either not been thoroughly studied or overlooked. The analysis identified lack of leadership; weak communication and consultation; lack of stakeholder participation, corruption and unethical professional behaviour as some of the missing variables in the literature. The study, therefore, indicated that there are gaps in the literature that needed to be filled through rigorous reform evaluation based on empirical research particularly at district, sub-district and community levels. It further suggested that future research should be concerned with the effects of both systems and structures and behavioural factors on reform implementation. Copyright ??? 2008 John Wiley \\& Sons, Ltd.", "label" : "A retrospective content analysis of studies on factors constraining the implementation of health sector reform in Ghana", "key" : "sakyi_retrospective_2008" }, { "journal" : "The Journal of Risk and Insurance", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b9d8c381ee09ea11b06123aff72b1371", "pages" : "173--196", "date" : "2000", "number" : "2", "author" : "Eggleston, Karen", "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "67", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Risk selection and optimal health insurance-provider payment systems", "key" : "eggleston_risk_2000" }, { "url" : "http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/1795", "journal" : "{AEF} University of Cologne", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0268f3099cb3be54e7203f2dc5b6a481", "date" : "1997-06", "author" : "Seibel, H.", "keywords" : [ "Downscaling", "Linking", "Microfinance", "Upgrading" ], "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1997", "abstract" : "In the transition process from financial repression to a prudentially deregulated financial system, an increasing number of developing countries are becoming concerned about access of the rural and urban masses to microfinance. Only viable institutions with sound practices, which mobilize their own resources and cover their costs from the margin, can respond to the increasing demand for microsavings, microcredit and microinsurance services on a sustainable {basisThree} major approaches contribute to the development of a system of microfinance:reform of the policy environmentinstitutional transformationinstrumental innovation In this framework there is a wide variety of institutions that have to undergo major adjustments to play their role effectively as financial intermediaries for the microeconomy: commercial and development banks; formal local banks and semiformal financial institutions under private, cooperative, community or local government ownership; credit {NGOs;} and informal financial institutions. Contingent upon the policy environment, the institutional infrastructure, and the degree of market integration, there are four major strategies of institutional transformation:institutional adaptation, or downgrading, of formal financial institutions institutional enhancement, or upgrading, of non formal financial institutionslinking formal and non formal financial institutionsin the absence of a sufficient number of adaptable formal and non formal institutions, infrastructural innovation: establishing new microfinance institutions In each case, sound financial practices appropriate to the institution and its market are essential. There is no single best approach that can be simply replicated without regard to the unique situation of a country or region.", "label" : "Upgrading, Downgrading, Linking, Innovating: Microfinance Development Strategies: A Systems Perspective", "key" : "seibel_upgrading_1997" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/1ADE0604-6297-4D14-B8B9-AE122900108C/0/Part1Principlesandpractices.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:3d0d2670c29e51c20cf4b55c2eb5880d", "pages" : "12--24", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Churchhill, Craig", "keywords" : "Microinsurance", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "- Defining microinsurance - The two faces of microinsurance - What a difference three words make", "label" : "What is insurance for the poor?", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "churchhill_what_2006" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBV-4SVC5S0-1/2/863a96fccb5b3ee6fa5183f36dee3877", "journal" : "Journal of Development Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ba0004a07ed67d0160a3882a037e2b9f", "pages" : "282--291", "date" : "2009-03", "number" : "2", "author" : "Leonard, Kenneth L.", "keywords" : [ "Asymmetric information", "Imperfect agency", "Medical effort", "Shirking" ], "volume" : "88", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "Health is a pressing problem facing Africans today, yet health care systems in Africa are inadequate and under-funded. We show that pervasive imperfect agency means that they are also inefficient. Imperfect agency (due to unobservable medical effort) is a recognized market failure in health care, but its impact is difficult to measure. We take an indirect approach to estimation and infer the cost of unobservable effort from the behavior of utility-maximizing patients, specifically their willingness to incur measurable costs to avoid practitioners who shirk. We use a unique data set from rural Cameroun where patients choose between the government health system, church-operated (mission) health facilities and, importantly, traditional healers. Traditional healers provide health services on an outcome-contingent basis where patients pay only if they are cured. Both government and mission facilities, in contrast, are paid on a fee-for-service basis. Patients\' choices of practitioners, combined with quantitative information about patients\' illnesses, permit a structural estimation of the value of unobservable medical effort. The results allow investigation into the nature of agency, its costs, and the manner in which contracts reduce and patient behavior mitigates those costs. We estimate that in the absence of imperfect agency, utility from health care would increase by at least 160\\%. Even in the face of imperfect agency, the sophistication of patients in choosing between existing contracts for different illnesses increases utility by up to 20\\%.", "label" : "The cost of imperfect agency in health care: Evidence from rural Cameroun", "issn" : "0304-3878", "key" : "leonard_cost_2009" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:938fa43c13630489c0174c9a1b1b992c", "pages" : "645--706", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Gruber, Jonathan", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Labour market", "Wage determination" ], "volume" : "Part 3", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "A distinctive feature of the health insurance market in the {US} is the restriction of group insurance availability to the workplace. This has a number of important implications for the functioning of the labor market, through mobility from job-to-job or in and out of the labor force, wage determination, and hiring decisions. This paper reviews the large literature that has emerged in recent years to assess the impact of health insurance on the labor market. I begin with an overview of the institutional details relevant to assessing the interaction of health insurance and the labor market. I then present a theoretical overview of the effects of health insurance on mobility and wage/employment determination. I critically review the empirical literature on these topics, focusing in particular on the methodological issues that have been raised, and highlighting the unanswered questions which can be the focus of future work in this area.", "label" : "Health Insurance and the labour Market", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "gruber_health_2000" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c75361910d342683b41fe841956dcbf8", "pages" : "990--996", "date" : "2005", "number" : "24", "author" : [ "Olsen, Jan Abel", "Donaldson, Cam", "Shackley, Phil" ], "keywords" : [ "Health care", "Willingness to pay" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "The paper explores the merit of the willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} method as a way to elicit public preferences regarding health care priorities. The aim is to test the extent to which the implicit ranking inferred from the ordinal differences in {WTP-values} corresponds with respondents\' explicit ranking of the same programmes. This issue of convergent validity is explored by face-to-face interviewing of population samples in six European countries-in total 1240 respondents. The most consistent result is the inconsistency of {WTP} and explicit ranking in all six countries. The convergent validity of {WTP} is low, particularly among those who did not state different {WTP-values} on the three programmes being considered", "label" : "Implicit versus explicit ranking: On inferring ordinal preferences for health care programmes based on differences in willingness-to-pay", "key" : "olsen_implicit_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/nha/country/Malawi-NHA_2002_03-2004_05.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:d28dd56e5af6a55130447dfc5f4b6af0", "date" : "2007-02", "author" : "Ministry of Health, Malawi", "keywords" : "Malawi", "month" : "February", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Malawi National Health accounts - {(NHA)} 2002/2003-2004/2005 Summary Report {DRAFT}", "key" : "ministry_of_health_malawi_malawi_2007" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Risk and Uncertainty", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3c5a029eb07d80b2ed69267a51540b39", "pages" : "33--62", "date" : "1999", "number" : "8", "author" : [ "Hammitt, James K.", "Graham, John D." ], "keywords" : "Willingness to pay", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "abstract" : "Efficient investments in health protection require valid estimates of the public\'s willingness to forgo consumption for diminished probabilities of death, injury, and disease. Stated valuations of risk reduction are not valid measures of economic preference if the valuations are insensitive to probability variation. This article reviews the existing literature on {CV} studies of reductions in health risk and finds that most studies are poorly designed to assess the sensitivity of stated valuations to changes in risk magnitude. Replication of a recent study published in this journal by Johannesson et al. 1997 demonstrates how serious the problem of insensitivity can be, even for a study that reports plausible results. New empirical results are presented from telephone surveys designed to provide internal and external tests of how {WTP} responds to size of risk reduction. The effect of variations in instrument design on estimated sensitivity to magnitude is examined. Overall, estimated {WTP} for risk reduction is inadequately sensitive to the difference in probability, that is, the magnitude of the difference in {WTP} for different reductions in risk is typically smaller than suggested by standard economic theory. Additional research to improve methods for communicating changes in risk is needed, and future studies of stated {WTP} to reduce risk should include rigorous validity checks.", "label" : "Willingness to Pay for Health Protection: Inadequate Sensitivity to Probability?", "key" : "hammitt_willingness_1999" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4N3GNGP-2/1/2c0d88f734ddf17b00bc2d7bb0eed73d", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:5da15381f76cd4b1bf01d04c3e3d4027", "pages" : "94--104", "date" : "2007-09", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Madi, Banyana Cecilia", "Hussein, Julia", "Hounton, Sennen", "{D\'Ambruoso}, Lucia", "Achadi, Endang", "Arhinful, Daniel Kojo" ], "keywords" : [ "Participatory priority setting", "Programme evaluation", "Safe motherhood" ], "volume" : "83", "month" : "September", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "A participatory approach to priority setting in programme evaluation may help improve the allocation and more efficient use of scarce resources especially in low-income countries. Research agendas that are the result of collaboration between researchers, programme managers, policy makers and other stakeholders have the potential to ensure rigorous studies are conducted on matters of local priority, based on local, expert knowledge. This paper describes a process involving key stakeholders to elicit and prioritise evaluation needs for safe motherhood in three developing countries. A series of reiterative consultations with safe motherhood stakeholders from each country was conducted over a period of 36 months. In each country, the consultation process consisted of a series of participatory workshops; firstly, stakeholder\'s views on evaluation were elicited with parallel descriptive work on the contexts. Secondly, priorities for evaluation were identified from stakeholders; thirdly, the evaluation-priorities were refined; and finally, the evaluation research questions, reflecting the identified priorities, were agreed and finalised. Three evaluation-questions were identified in each country, and one selected, on which a full scale evaluation was undertaken. While there is a great deal written about the importance of transparent and participatory priority setting in evaluation; few examples of how such processes could be implemented exist, particularly for maternal health programmes. Our experience demonstrates that the investment in a participatory priority-setting effort is high but the process undertaken resulted in both globally and contextually-relevant priorities for evaluation. This experience provides useful lessons for public health practitioners committed to bridging the research-policy interface.", "label" : "Setting priorities for safe motherhood programme evaluation: A participatory process in three developing countries", "key" : "madi_setting_2007" }, { "url" : "http://inef.uni-due.de/page/documents/Report94.pdf", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Institut f\\\"{u}r Entwicklung und Frieden", "uri" : "urn:19ed17db90514f77f1c299774716b5fb", "pages" : "67 pp.", "date" : "2008", "number" : "94", "author" : [ "Bliss, Frank", "Neumann, Stefan" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Participation has become one of the most important buzzwords in the international development discourse since at least the middle of the 1990s. In the same way as older key terms such as gender and socio-cultural conditions of development, or new concepts such as good governance and ownership, the increasing claims for participation (of target groups, of beneficiaries, of stake-holders etc.) are usually accompanied by a critical assessment of previous development cooperation which needs to be improved by stronger, more comprehensive or target-oriented participation. However, this positive connotation of participation shared by almost all actors in the field is increasingly challenged through critical remarks forwarded by theoreticians and practitioners alike. In this article the authors provide a critical overview of the dimensions and meanings of \"participation\" for different actors and in different contexts, and they summarize and analyze the current controversy surrounding the concept and its implementation. One important finding is that in many development programmes (from the project level to sector-wide approaches) and Poverty Reduction Strategy processes, participation is seen and implemented in a functional and utilitarian way to achieve predefined objectives, and not as a tool for empowerment. The same holds for the actors from bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, including many Nongovernmental Organisations. From this review current challenges of participation and development are derived and discussed, including key issues such as legitimacy and representation of various groups of stakeholders, participation and decentralisation, participation and civil society, participation and the poor, and participation and conflict.", "label" : "Participation in International Development Discourse and Practice. {\'State} of the Art\' and Challenges", "address" : "Duisburg", "key" : "bliss_participation_2008" }, { "journal" : "J Epidemiol Community Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:7e4549141962213362a7ff8acf062141", "pages" : "381--387", "date" : "2006", "number" : "54", "author" : [ "Morris, Saul S.", "Carletto, Calogero", "Hoddinott, John", "Christiaensen, Luc J. M." ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health survey" ], "volume" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Validity of rapid estimates of household wealth and income for health surveys in rural Africa", "key" : "morris_validity_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{USAID}", "uri" : "urn:78845c1224ac62467f29a9e4b4c47b57", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Okello, Francis", "Feeley, Feeley" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Community-based health insurance", "Socio-economic characterisitics" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Socioeconomic Characteristics of Enrollees in Community Health Insurance Schemes in Africa", "address" : "Washnigton, {D.C.}", "key" : "okello_socioeconomic_2004" }, { "label" : "Multivariate analysis of health data: General issues", "key" : "worlbank_multivariate_????", "keywords" : [ "Multivariate analysis", "Quantitative research", "Research method" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technical Note" ], "author" : "Worlbank", "uri" : "urn:f6a431ef00255fd35976c14b6e48b38c", "number" : "10" }, { "journal" : "Journal of International Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:d98136df4982401c7c33a29cfd792109", "pages" : "403--421", "date" : "1995", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Banda, Ellias Ngalande", "Walt, Gill" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Malawi", "Primary health care" ], "volume" : "7", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1995", "label" : "{THE} {PRIVATE} {HEALTH} {SECTOR} {IN} {MALAWI:} {OPENING} {PANDORA\'S} {BOX?}", "key" : "banda_private_1995" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{PHRplus} - Partners for Health Reformplus Project, Abt. Associates Inc.", "uri" : "urn:143c24786655859793d959a03960076d", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Atim, Chris", "Grey, Steven", "Apoya, Patrick", "Anie, Sylvia", "Aikins, Moses" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Ghana", "Health financing schemes", "Micro health insurance" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "A Survey of Health Financing Schemes in Ghana", "address" : "Bethesda, Maryland", "key" : "atim_survey_2001" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4HYN4YB-2/1/a29e5b6f0ee2e17e3ff37d8309589f32", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2d353a58e599022e6002253f9cf47f2d", "pages" : "1--15", "date" : "2006-11", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Vassall, Anna", "Compernolle, Phil" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Cost", "HIV/AIDS", "Rating:2", "Resource requirements", "Scaling-up", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "volume" : "79", "month" : "November", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Considerable effort has been made to estimate the global resource requirements of scaling-up {HIV/AIDS} and tuberculosis {(TB)} interventions. There are currently several medium- and long-term global estimates available. Comprehensive country specific estimates are now urgently needed to ensure the successful scaling-up of these services. This paper reviews evidence on the global resource requirements of scaling-up {HIV/AIDS} and {TB} interventions. The purpose of this review is to summarise and critically appraise the methods used in the global estimates and to identify remaining knowledge gaps, particularly those relevant to country level estimation. This review found that the estimates of global resource requirements provide sound methodological guidance for countries on the basic steps to follow. However, there are still many areas that require further development or evidence. These include the following. Firstly, the methods used to assess the capacity to scale up {HIV/AIDS} and {TB} services need to be further refined. In particular countries need simple methods to assess human resource capacity. Secondly, investments need to be made to improve country level data on the costs and effectiveness of {HIV/AIDS} and {TB} services. In particular efforts should be focused on producing standardised unit costs for each intervention by country, which reflect the reality of domestic resource use. Thirdly, simple costing models, which appropriately integrate systems costs need to be developed for use at the country level. Finally, resources needs estimation needs to be embedded by countries in multi-sectoral expenditure planning processes. Countries and global agencies will continue to need estimates for different purposes at different times. Therefore attention should move away from specific estimates, to the longer term aim of building capacity at the country level, supported by global agencies. This will be of mutual benefit. Those making national resource estimates can learn from the experience of global estimation. Concurrently, global resource estimates can build on the evidence emerging from improved national resource estimates.", "label" : "Estimating the resource needs of scaling-up {HIV/AIDS} and tuberculosis interventions in {sub-Saharan} Africa: A systematic review for national policy makers and planners", "key" : "vassall_estimatingresource_2006" }, { "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f10946e7bc44598dfc54164863ba0520", "pages" : "247--263", "date" : "2007-02", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Adato, Michelle", "Lund, Francie", "Mhlongo, Phakama" ], "keywords" : [ "Longitudinal survey", "Mixed methods", "Participatory methods", "Poverty", "Qualitative methods", "Research methodology" ], "volume" : "35", "month" : "February", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "Summary This article presents the qualitative methodology used in a mixed methods longitudinal study of poverty dynamics in {KwaZulu-Natal} province in South Africa. The study opened up the definition of \"the household,\" and developed an innovative participatory method called \"household events mapping,\" using family trees, visual family histories, and detailed stories to trace and explain changes in household poverty status over time. These methods stimulated recall, uncovered meanings, ambiguities, and under-reporting in survey data, and led to more nuanced information about the dynamics of poverty. The article is reflexive on the research process, emphasizing the importance of giving back to research communities in longitudinal research.", "label" : "Methodological Innovations in Research on the Dynamics of Poverty: A Longitudinal Study in {KwaZulu-Natal,} South Africa", "key" : "adato_methodological_2007" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4H100B4-2/1/7d1cf94307affa4cc09d6260e63465ec", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2835953318b7732c326a0fe9fac88925", "pages" : "866--876", "date" : "2006-02", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Xu, Ke", "Evans, David B.", "Kadama, Patrick", "Nabyonga, Juliet", "Ogwal, Peter Ogwang", "Nabukhonzo, Pamela", "Aguilar, Ana Mylena" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Catastrophic health care expenditure", "Uganda", "Utilisation" ], "volume" : "62", "month" : "February", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "There is currently considerable discussion between governments, international agencies, bilateral donors and advocacy groups on whether user fees levied at government health facilities in poor countries should be abolished. It is claimed that this would lead to greater access for the poor and reduce the risks of catastrophic health expenditures if all other factors remained constant, though other factors rarely remain constant in practice. Accordingly, it is important to understand what has actually happened when user fees have been abolished, and why. All fees at first level government health facilities in Uganda were removed in March 2001. This study explores the impact on health service utilization and catastrophic health expenditures using data from National Household Surveys undertaken in 1997, 2000 and 2003. Utilization increased for the non-poor, but at a lower rate than it had in the period immediately before fees were abolished. Utilization among the poor increased much more rapidly after the abolition of fees than beforehand. Unexpectedly, the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure among the poor did not fall. The most likely explanation is that frequent unavailability of drugs at government facilities after 2001 forced patients to purchase from private pharmacies. Informal payments to health workers may also have increased to offset the lost revenue from fees. Countries thinking of removing user charges should first examine what types of activities and inputs at the facility level are funded from the revenue collected by fees, and then develop mechanisms to ensure that these activities can be sustained subsequently.", "label" : "Understanding the impact of eliminating user fees: Utilization and catastrophic health expenditures in Uganda", "key" : "xu_understandingimpact_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{USAID}", "uri" : "urn:4ddbcc5fd13b88cec582fb5d45bcc81e", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Snow, John", "keywords" : [ "Contracting health care", "Health care delivery", "Manual" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Contracting for Health Care Service Delivery - A Manual for Policy Makers", "key" : "snow_contracting_2004" }, { "url" : "http://microfinancegateway.org/files/31185_file_Malawi_final_as_revised_in_May_2007_.pdf", "journal" : "{ESSAYS} {ON} {REGULATION} {AND} {SUPERVISION}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:5b00dfa97bb9fd1e4a29f4c25b057da1", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Kalanda, {Aleksandr-Alain}", "volume" : "16", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Malawi", "Microfinance", "Regulation" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Development of Malawi\'s Microfinance Regulation and Supervision", "key" : "kalanda_development_2006" }, { "publisher" : "The World Bank", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:bf93570139ccd027b9e04fdfa7a6b031", "date" : "2002", "author" : [ "Peters, David H.", "Yazbeck, Abdo S.", "Rashmi, Sharma R.", "Ramana, {G.N.V.}", "Pritchett, Lant H.", "Wagstaff, Adam" ], "series" : "Human Development Network - Health, Nutrition, and Population Series", "keywords" : [ "Health and poverty", "Health sector", "Health system reform", "India" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Better health systems for India\'s poor - Findings, Analysis, and Options", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "peters_better_2002" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4PJ6BW1-1/1/5929b0d4540db8abea8d12d4048d438e", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ac74f998a2fe5fe512c92462b695ebb7", "pages" : "2383--2393", "date" : "2007-12", "number" : "11", "author" : "Poulin, Michelle", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Malawi", "Sexual behavior", "Transactional sex", "Youth" ], "volume" : "65", "month" : "December", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "In this paper, I argue two main points. First, in premarital, sexual partnerships in rural Malawi, the purpose of money exchange extends beyond the alleviation of female partners\' economic constraints, and, second, by clarifying this broader purpose, it becomes possible to recognize where women exert control over their own sexual selves. These findings come from field observations and a rich set of in-depth interviews {(N=54),} bolstered on occasion by survey data, conducted with young women and men, aged 15-24 years, in the Balaka district in the southern region of the country. This research demonstrates that, contrary to typical expectations, money and gift transfers in sexual partnerships are part and parcel of the courting practices of young Malawian women and men. Transfers are as much about the expression of love and commitment as they are about meeting the financial needs of women or the acquisition of sex for men. Using narrative information to shed light on the semiotics of the sex-money link, these findings from Malawi offer a new perspective that broadens usual interpretations of transactional sex, the understanding of which is critical in fighting {AIDS.}", "label" : "Sex, money, and premarital partnerships in southern Malawi", "key" : "poulin_sex_2007" }, { "publisher" : "Commission on macroeconomica and health of India", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:da5424cba1fbac2aedd27885edf1dae5", "pages" : "275--295", "author" : "Rao, K. Sujatha", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "India" ], "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Health insurance in india", "address" : "New Delhi", "key" : "rao_health_????" }, { "publisher" : "World Bank, South Asia Region, Finance and Private Sector Development Unit", "url" : "http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN024231.pdf", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:2397df89b283c0de42eedefc839567ad", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Basu, P.", "Srivastava, P." ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "This paper reviews the current level and pattern of access to finance for India\'s rural poor and examines some of the key microfinance approaches in India, taking a close look at the most dominant among these, the Self Help Group {(SHG)} Bank Linkage initiative. It empirically analyzes the success with which {SHG} Bank Linkage has been able to reach the poor, examines the reasons behind this, and the lessons learned. The analysis in the paper draws heavily on a recent rural access to finance survey of 6,000 households in India, undertaken by the authors. The main findings and implications of the paper are as follows: India\'s rural poor currently have very little access to finance from formal sources. Microfinance approaches have tried to fill the gap. Among these, the growth of {SHG} Bank Linkage has been particularly remarkable, but outreach remains modest in terms of the proportion of poor households served. The paper recommends that, if {SHG} Bank Linkage is to be scaled-up to offer mass access to finance for the rural poor, then much more attention will need to be paid towards: the promotion of high quality {SHGs} that are sustainable, clear targeting of clients, and ensuring that banks linked to {SHGs} price loans at cost-covering levels. At the same time, the paper argues that, in an economy as vast and varied as India\'s, there is scope for diverse microfinance approaches to coexist. Private sector microfinanciers need to acquire greater professionalism, and the government, too, can help by creating a flexible architecture for microfinance innovations, including through a more enabling policy, legal and regulatory framework. Finally, the paper argues that, while microfinance can, at minimum, serve as a quick way to deliver finance to the poor, the medium-term strategy to scale-up access to finance for the poor should be to \'graduate\' microfinance clients to formal financial institutions. The paper offers some suggestions on what it would take to reform these institutions with an eye to improving access for the poor.", "label" : "Scaling-up Microfinance for India\'s Rural Poor", "key" : "basu_scaling-up_2005" }, { "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:571c4ba11f6c763bb22902a38a81c1c2", "pages" : "273--288", "date" : "2003", "number" : "2", "author" : "J\\\"{u}tting, Johannes P.", "keywords" : [ "Access to health", "Africa", "Community-based health insurance", "Health insurance", "Poverty", "Risk sharing", "Senegal" ], "volume" : "32", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "Community-based health insurance is an emerging and promising concept, which addresses health care challenges faced in particular by the rural poor. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether rural Senegal members of a health insurance scheme are actually better-off than nonmembers. The results show that in poor environments, insurance programs can work: Members of les mutuelles de sant\\\'{e} (mutual health organizations) have a higher probability of using hospitalization services than nonmembers and pay substantially less when they need care. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that while the schemes achieved to attract poor people, the poorest of the poor remained excluded", "label" : "Do Community-based Health Insurance Schemes Improve Poor People\'s Access to Health Care? Evidence From Rural Senegal", "key" : "jtting_do_2003" }, { "journal" : "Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:efe54f46c9d04503cf8840e6df746abf", "pages" : "173--184", "date" : "2000-06", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Fortney, John", "Rost, Kathryn", "Warren, James" ], "volume" : "1", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "Objective: This research compared alternative measures of geographic access to health care providers using different levels of spatial aggregation (county, zipcode and street) and different methods of calculating the cost of space {(Euclidean} distance, road distance and travel time).", "label" : "Comparing Alternative Methods of Measuring Geographic Access to Health Services", "key" : "fortney_comparing_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\\\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit, microcredit innovations Department", "uri" : "urn:32a21108f958b5f4aba68201e56e4101", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Kanitkar, Ajit", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "India", "Karnataka", "Microinsurance", "Mutual insurance" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Learning from Micro Insurance for {SHGs} of Pragathi Gramin Bank Chitradurga Unit {(PGBCU)} in Karnataka", "address" : "India", "key" : "kanitkar_learningmicro_2005" }, { "publisher" : "{USAID}", "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:e0b92d135933e7cb499404c985cefab6", "date" : "1997-05", "author" : "{McEuen}, Mark", "keywords" : "Health care financing", "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1997", "label" : "Initiatives in Health Care Financing: Lessons Learned", "address" : "Harare, Zimbabwe", "key" : "mceuen_initiatives_1997" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:ea2ccbbef3f46aa1f9038d0a450701e0", "date" : "2003", "keywords" : [ "Manual", "Quantitative research", "Research method", "Statistics" ], "editor" : "{SPSS}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "{SPSS} Regression Models 12.0", "key" : "spss_spss_2003" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{ADB} - Asian Development Bank", "uri" : "urn:45bfc987f9c9d5cbfb7989bbcbd3cdba", "date" : "2007", "author" : "Fernando, Nimal A.", "keywords" : [ "Access to health", "Low-income households" ], "year" : "2007", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{Low-Income} Households\' Access to Financial Services - International Experience, Measures for Improvement, and the Future", "address" : "Philippines", "key" : "fernando_low-income_2007" }, { "journal" : "Health policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:7d7e7322933c449b453b156b63b2b567", "pages" : "75--98", "date" : "2003", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Ven, Wynand {P.M.M.} van de", "Beck, K.", "Buchner, F.", "Chernichovsky, D.", "Gardiol, L.", "Holly, A.", "Lamers, L. M.", "Schokkaert, E.", "Shmueli, A.", "Spycher, S." ], "keywords" : [ "Europe", "GL", "Insurance markets", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "65", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Risk adjustment and risk selection on the sickness fund insurance market in five European countries", "key" : "van_de_ven_risk_2003" }, { "publisher" : "{CREPA}", "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:c3c3bbdf61271812eba8bce4a30dfc1c", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Tandia, Cheick Tidiane", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Central Africa", "Community participation", "West Africa" ], "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Involvement / community participation in hygiene and water in Central and Western Africa", "address" : "Addis Ababa, Ethiopia", "key" : "tidiane_tandia_involvement_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{PHRplus} - Partners for Health Reformplus", "uri" : "urn:39b7f9050b38e922b0bb030a374fba17", "date" : "2002", "author" : [ "Hsi, Natasha", "Edmond, Janet", "Comfort, Alison" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Financing schemes", "HIV/AIDS" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Preliminary Review of {Community-Based} Health Financing Schemes and their Potencial for Adressing {HIV/AIDS} Needs in {Sub-Saharan} Africa", "address" : "Bethesda, Maryland", "key" : "hsi_preliminary_2002" }, { "publisher" : "Harper Buisiness", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:90dc45cd5b79218fdaa071c5ca8da90b", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Christensen, Clayton M.", "keywords" : "Innovations", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "The Innovater\'s Dilemma", "key" : "christensen_innovaters_2003" }, { "url" : "http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/2/150", "journal" : "Health Policy Plan.", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f6e8e7e8cf75c243dc8bdeb0c5e71c3f", "pages" : "150--160", "date" : "2008-03", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Agyepong, Irene Akua", "Adjei, Sam" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Ghana", "National health insurance", "NHIS", "Public health insurance", "Public health service", "Public social policy" ], "volume" : "23", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "The public social policy and programme decisions that are made in low-income countries have critical effects on human social and development outcomes. Unfortunately, it would appear that inadequate attention is paid to analysing, understanding and factoring into attempts to reshape or change policy, the complex historical, social, cultural, economic, political, organizational and institutional context; actor interests, experiences, positions and agendas; and policy development processes that influence policy and programme choices. Yet these can be just as critical as the availability of research or other evidence in influencing decision making on policies and their accompanying programmes and the resulting degree of success or failure in achieving the original objectives. Ghana, a low-income developing country in {sub-Saharan} Africa, embarked on a national policy process of replacing out-of-pocket fees at point of service use with national health insurance in 2001. This paper uses a case study approach to describe and reflect on the complex interactions of context with actors and processes including political power play; and the effects on agenda setting, decision making and policy and programme content. This case study supports observations from the literature that although availability of evidence is critical, major public social policy and programme content can be heavily influenced by factors other than the availability or non-availability of evidence to inform content decision making. In the low-income developing country context there can be imbalances of policy decision-making power related to strong and dominant political actors combined with weak civil society engagement, accountability systems and technical analyst power and position. Efforts at major reform need to consider and address these issues alongside efforts to provide evidence for content decision-making. Without an analysis and understanding of the politics of reform and how to work within it, researchers and other technical actors may find their information to support reform is not applied effectively. Similarly, without an appreciation of the need for critical technical analysis to support decision making rather than an indiscriminate use of political approaches, political actors may find that even with the best of intentions, desired policy objectives may not be attained.", "label" : "Public social policy development and implementation: a case study of the Ghana National Health Insurance scheme", "key" : "agyepong_public_2008" }, { "publisher" : "{WHO}", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:2961b5823fe575c095faa88d525919cd", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Wilkinson, Richard", "Marmot, Michael" ], "keywords" : "Social determinants of health", "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Soziale Determinanten von Gesundheit: Die Fakten. Zweite Ausgabe. Kopenhagen: Weltgesundheitsorganisation, 2004", "address" : "Denmark", "key" : "wilkinson_soziale_2004" }, { "url" : "http://wbro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/2/225", "journal" : "World Bank Res Obs", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0422e78ea71f5b7792b8907fdd3fe991", "pages" : "225--249", "date" : "2000-08", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Woolcock, Michael", "Narayan, Deepa" ], "keywords" : [ "Development theory", "Social capital" ], "volume" : "15", "month" : "August", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "In the 1990s the concept of social capital--defined here as the norms and networks that enable people to act collectively--enjoyed a remarkable rise to prominence across all the social science disciplines. The authors trace the evolution of social capital research as it pertains to economic development and identify four distinct approaches the research has taken: communitarian, networks, institutional, and synergy. The evidence suggests that of the four, the synergy view, with its emphasis on incorporating different levels and dimensions of social capital and its recognition of the positive and negative outcomes that social capital can generate, has the greatest empirical support and lends itself best to comprehensive and coherent policy prescriptions. The authors argue that a significant virtue of the idea of and discourse on social capital is that it helps to bridge orthodox divides among scholars, practitioners, and policymakers.", "label" : "Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy", "key" : "woolcock_social_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "International Labour Organization", "uri" : "urn:437eef9fbd4737e0ab7d9ce76b582b0a", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Organization, International Labour", "keywords" : [ "Guide", "Mutual health organisations" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Mutual Health Organizations and {Micro-Entrepreneurs\'} Associations - Guide", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "international_labour_organization_mutual_2001" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Case Study" ], "institution" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance", "uri" : "urn:601303a672345145287803ae3e70a78a", "date" : "2006", "number" : "21", "author" : [ "Enarsson, Sven", "Wir\\\'{e}n, Kjell" ], "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Credit-life insurance", "Life insurance", "Micro health insurance", "Microinsurance", "Mutual insurance", "Sri Lanka" ], "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{ALMAO} and {YASIRU} - Sri Lanka", "key" : "enarsson_almao_2006" }, { "journal" : "Social science \\& medicine (1982)", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c79db5a61a1183701d609c5c9f44f5e3", "pages" : "1547--54", "date" : "1998-11", "number" : "10", "author" : [ "Martin, S", "Rice, N", "Smith, P C" ], "keywords" : [ "Budgets", "Contract services", "Family practice", "GL", "Health care rationing", "Health care reform", "Health expenditures" ], "volume" : "47", "month" : "November", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "note" : "{PMID:} 9823050", "abstract" : "For most individuals, the use made of health care in a given year is determined principally by unpredictable random incidents. Of course, some individuals have a predictably higher predisposition to illness than others. However, the general consensus is that only a fraction of individual variability in health care costs can be predicted. The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of this inherent randomness for setting health care budgets for general practitioner purchasers of health care. The paper argues that variability in utilization in health care is very high: that no capitation formula can ever completely capture that variability, even for large populations: that the variability may give rise to certain dysfunctional consequences if not managed carefully; and that therefore careful attention should be given to the managerial arrangements associated with any devolution of health care budgets.", "label" : "Risk and the general practitioner budget holder", "issn" : "02779536", "key" : "martin_risk_1998" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Bank World\\", "uri" : "urn:495c897005f550b6dfddcda165832162", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Gumber, A.", "keywords" : [ "Community financing", "India" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Hedging the health of the poor: the case for community financing in India", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "gumber_hedginghealth_2001" }, { "journal" : "International Social Security Review", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:214713c6aed2496c2b847db092734aca", "pages" : "57--69", "date" : "2002", "number" : "2", "author" : "Carrin, G.", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Social health insurance" ], "volume" : "55", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Social health insurance in developing countries: A continuing challenge", "key" : "carrin_social_2002" }, { "url" : "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8324852", "journal" : "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3f84e257dc604b642b0b7acc87f7c6a4", "pages" : "329--339", "date" : "1993", "number" : "3-4", "author" : [ "Mills, A J", "Kapalamula, J", "Chisimbi, S" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Capital Expenditures", "Cost Control", "Costs and Cost Analysis", "Delivery of health care", "District hospital", "Health care rationing", "Health care system", "Health Resources", "Hospitals", "District", "Humans", "Malawi", "Salaries and Fringe Benefits" ], "volume" : "71", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1993", "note" : "{PMID:} 8324852", "abstract" : "Described in an analysis of the cost to the Ministry of Health of providing district health services in Malawi, with particular emphasis on the district hospital. District resource allocation patterns were assessed by carefully disaggregating district costs by level of care and hospital department. A strikingly low proportion of district recurrent costs was absorbed by salaries and wages (27-39\\%, depending on the district) and a surprisingly high proportion by medical supplies (24-37\\%). The most expensive cost centre in the hospital was the pharmacy. A total of 27-39\\% of total recurrent costs were spent outside the hospital and 61-73\\% on hospital services. The secondary care services absorbed 40-58\\% of district recurrent costs. Unit costs by hospital department varied considerably by district, with one hospital being consistently the most expensive and another the cheapest. A total of 3-10 new outpatients could be treated for the average cost of 1 inpatient-day, while 34-55 could be treated for the average cost of 1 inpatient. The efficiency of hospital operations, the scope for redistributing resources districtwide, and the costing methodology are discussed.", "label" : "The cost of the district hospital: a case study in Malawi", "issn" : "0042-9686", "key" : "mills_cost_1993" }, { "url" : "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1082986", "journal" : "Icfai Journal of Risk \\& Insurance", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2639d481c86c2d44a2156a5a286eea5f", "pages" : "50--59", "date" : "2008", "author" : [ "Biswas, Sourav", "Devi, Ratna" ], "keywords" : [ "Coverage", "Coverage ratio", "Growth ratio", "Liquidity ratio", "Micro health insurance" ], "volume" : "Vol. 5, No. 1", "comment" : "{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\\_id=1082986{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Although Micro Health Insurance {(MHI)} is meant for people who live below or just above the poverty line, those who cannot afford the traditional health insurance schemes, it is not giving the desired results. These schemes are not sustainable in the long run due to several limitations in the product design. To overrun this problem a feasibility study including the data collection and analysis phase, scheme design phase, and a phase to prepare for implementation of the scheme is required. Designing a client demand oriented product is a must for the successful implementation of the scheme, and stages such as client requirement analysis, prototype design, pricing, final product design, staff training and pilot test are to be considered. The performance of the scheme can be measured through a set of indicators - growth ratio, coverage ratio and liquidity ratio.", "label" : "Making Health Microinsurance Work", "key" : "biswas_making_2008" }, { "journal" : "Zeitschrift f\\\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0a451e48528f6a70fddb3621d986817d", "pages" : "71--80", "date" : "2008", "author" : "Seiler, Eberhard", "volume" : "Sonderheft 2008", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "In Entwicklungsl\\\"{a}ndern sind die nationalen Einrichtungen meist nicht in der Lage, nach Naturkatastrophen rechtzeitig und umfassend Hilfe leisten zu k\\\"{o}nnen. Insbesondere in den l\\\"{a}ndlichen Regionen m\\\"{u}ssen die Menschen die Folgen der Katastrophe h\\\"{a}ufig aus eigener Kraft bew\\\"{a}ltigen. In Nicaragua unterst\\\"{u}tzt die Welthungerhilfe ein Pilotvorhaben, dass auf die St\\\"{a}rkung lokaler Selbsthilfeorganisationen der Bev\\\"{o}lkerung sowie lokaler Institutionen zur verbesserten Pr\\\"{a}vention und Bew\\\"{a}ltigung von Naturkatastrophen abzielt.", "label" : "Beitr\\\"{a}ge von kooperativer Selbsthilfe zum Risikomanagement von Naturkatastrophen", "key" : "seiler_beitrge_2008" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Endbericht" ], "institution" : "Bundesministerium f\\\"{u}r Gesundheit und Soziale Sicherung", "uri" : "urn:b3fb390e6d08e57fdf551da39f0aaadf", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Reschke, Peter", "Sehlen, Stephanie", "Schiffhorst, Gudio", "Schrader, Wilhelm F." ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk equalization" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Klassifikationsmodelle f\\\"{u}r Versicherte im Risikostrukturausgleich - Untersuchungen zur Auswahl geeigneter Grupppenbildungen, Gewichtungsfaktoren und Klassifikationsmerkmale f\\\"{u}r einen direkt morbit\\\"{a}tsorientierten Risikostrukturausgleich in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung", "key" : "reschke_klassifikationsmodelle_2004" }, { "url" : "http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34172/14_How%20Does%20Credit%20Access%20Affect%20Children%27s%20Time%20Allocation.pdf", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Institute of Development Economics", "uri" : "urn:2f3ec08f0f06b87101658b82c8b8f8d0", "date" : "2009", "number" : "183", "author" : [ "Fuwa, N.", "Ito, S.", "Kubo, K.", "Kurosaki, T.", "Sawada, Y." ], "keywords" : [ "Child labor", "credit constraint", "Gender bias" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "Studying the negative effects of credit constraints on child education. This study uses household survey data from rural Andhra Pradesh, India, to show that credit market failure can be a significant factor preventing the poor from investing in child education. The survey records time allocation of all household members for various activities, such as time spent on schooling, remunerative work, household chores and leisure. It also contains information on access to credit. This allows distinctions to be made between credit-constrained and unconstrained households. Study results suggest that: * Credit constraints lead to substantial reallocation of time among children; * Magnitude of decrease in schooling due to credit constraints is about half the amount of increase in child labor; the other half is accounted for by reduction in leisure; * Children in credit-constrained households tend to increase time allocated for remunerative and domestic work; * Cost of increased child labor due to credit market failures amounts to time lost for schooling and leisure. The study shows that analyses of children\'s time allocation that focus exclusively on remunerative work and schooling, ignoring domestic work or leisure, can underestimate the effects of credit constraints.", "label" : "How Does Credit Access Affect Children\'s Time Allocation? Evidence from Rural India", "address" : "Chiba, Japan", "key" : "fuwa_credit_2009" }, { "url" : "http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/seminars/papers/wahab_mcpaper08.pdf", "pub-type" : [ "unpublished", "Paper Prepared for Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis {Mini???Conference,} Spring 2008" ], "uri" : "urn:f4c4625e7b86102c03a86e1b0ce88fb4", "date" : "2008", "author" : "Wahab, Hassan", "keywords" : [ "Ghana", "NHIS", "NHIS implementation", "NHIS law" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "label" : "Assessing the implementation of Ghana\'s {NHIS} law", "key" : "wahab_assessingimplementation_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{ICMIF}", "uri" : "urn:8bc5524c653fa630f5fc3d4e7c6ded51", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Patel, Sabir", "keywords" : [ "Cooperatives", "Insurance and poverty" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Insurance and Poverty Alleviation: The cooperative advantage", "address" : "Cheshire, {UK}", "key" : "patel_insurance_2002" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:79827f5e7bda247bd54b1bfe163e03d9", "date" : "2001", "keywords" : [ "Manual", "Quantitative research", "Research method", "Statistics" ], "editor" : "{SPSS}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "{SPSS} Categories 11.0", "key" : "spss_spss_2001" }, { "label" : "The Concentration Index", "key" : "world_bank_concentration_????", "keywords" : [ "Quantitative research", "Research method" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technical Note" ], "author" : "World\\, Bank", "uri" : "urn:df63afe871ddf173d9b4a7a1e4d84ee3", "number" : "7" }, { "journal" : "Economic and Political Weekly", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:195a55f9522f149c6c2c513f3122c8ef", "pages" : "207--17", "date" : "2000", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Ellis, Randall", "Alam, Moneer", "Gupta, Indrani" ], "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "India" ], "volume" : "35", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Health Insurance in India: Prognosis and Prospectus", "key" : "ellis_health_2000" }, { "url" : "http://www.ilo.org/public/english/universitas/download/publi/cbhostudy.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:84e2e801689a2c5b0a13cf027c7aa6b5", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Organization, International Labour", "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "Social protection on health" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Extending Social Protection in Health Through Community Based Health Organizations: Evidence and Challenges", "key" : "international_labour_organization_extending_2002" }, { "pub-type" : [ "unpublished", "Diskussionspapier 2/2006" ], "uri" : "urn:12730d50e80d59bb302673fb71f9ded9", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Vargas, Veronica", "Wasem, J\\\"{u}rgen" ], "keywords" : [ "Chile", "GL", "Risk equalization" ], "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Using selected diagnoses to improve the chilean capitation formula", "address" : "Greifswald", "key" : "vargas_using_2006" }, { "journal" : "Zeitschrift f\\\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:8949902dcfa8cfd6c3ebdd6740d4e902", "pages" : "58--70", "date" : "2008", "author" : "Radermacher, Ralf", "volume" : "Sonderheft 2008", "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Mikroversicherungen sind Risikomanagementangebote f\\\"{u}r Geringverdiener. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die komparativen Vorteile, die genossenschaftlichen Mikroversicherungen aufgrund der genossenschaftlichen Prinzipien erwachsen. Ebenso werden Beschr\\\"{a}nkungen aufgezeigt, die dieser Ansatz aufweist, und auf diese mit einem holistischen F\\\"{o}rderansatz geantwortet.", "label" : "Genossenschaftliche Mikroversicherungen als Mittel zur Bew\\\"{a}ltigung von Krankheitsrisiken in Entwicklungsl\\\"{a}ndern - Potential und F\\\"{o}rderansatz", "key" : "radermacher_genossenschaftliche_2008" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4KW5W5R-1/1/0459d52bbf6a39dfc37de3a4984fc5b1", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:6b47098909bfb060b2028e4b293a4d3e", "pages" : "12--27", "date" : "2007-06", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Dror, David Mark", "Radermacher, Ralf", "Koren, Ruth" ], "keywords" : [ "Bidding game", "Low-income population", "Rural population" ], "volume" : "82", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "This study, conducted in India in 2005, provides evidence on Willingness to pay {(WTP),} gathered through a unidirectional (descending) bidding game among 3024 households {(HH)} in seven locations where micro health insurance units are in operation. Insured persons reported slightly higher {WTP} values than uninsured. About two-thirds of the sample agreed to pay at least 1\\%; about half the sample was willing to pay at least 1.35\\%; 30\\% was willing to pay about 2.0\\% of annual {HH} income as health insurance premium. Nominal {WTP} correlates positively with income but relative {WTP} (expressed as percent of {HH} income) correlates negatively. The correlation between {WTP} and education is secondary to that of {WTP} with {HH} income. Household composition did not affect {WTP.} However, {HHs} that experienced a high-cost health event and male respondents reported slightly higher {WTP.} The observed nominal levels of {WTP} are higher than has been estimated hitherto.", "label" : "Willingness to pay for health insurance among rural and poor persons: Field evidence from seven micro health insurance units in India", "key" : "dror_willingness_2007" }, { "journal" : "Electronic Journal of Sociology", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:cd6a460a63f7e8553ed65abe6e127044", "date" : "2007", "author" : "Conrad, David", "volume" : "{ISSN:} 1198 3655", "keywords" : "Social capital", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Defining social capital", "key" : "conrad_defining_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{AGEH} - Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\\\"{u}r Entwicklungshilfe", "uri" : "urn:b5a094b7e74f71a3549ad9f78d09fe3f", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Kaara, John Kipo", "Marx, Stefan" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Community-based health insurance", "Damongo Scheme", "Ghana", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual insurance" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Health is Wealth - Health Insurance Scheme - Damongo - A {COMMUNITY} {BASED} {INITIATIVE} {FOR} {HEALTH} {FINANCING} - A Practical Manual", "address" : "K\\\"{o}ln", "key" : "kaara_health_2001" }, { "url" : "http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/4/1/24", "journal" : "Human Resources for Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1b4e63966f96f0092ed19e27cb84c3e5", "pages" : "24", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Mathauer, Inke", "Imhoff, Ingo" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health workers", "Human capital", "Human resource management tools", "Non-financial incentives" ], "volume" : "4", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Health worker motivation in Africa: the role of non-financial incentives and human resource management tools", "key" : "mathauer_health_2006" }, { "journal" : "International Journal for Epidemiology", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0da5c751486e649008f5891f2a437920", "pages" : "720--723", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Gwatkin, Davidson R.", "volume" : "30", "keywords" : [ "Access to health", "Equity and health", "Health care system", "Health sector reform" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "The need for equity-oriented health sector reforms", "key" : "gwatkin_need_2001" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4SWG0MJ-6/2/935f1c94c854c78083fb30e6e54f4994", "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a5f56c82c157f286604dcf199821140e", "pages" : "1766--1785", "date" : "2008-10", "number" : "10", "author" : [ "Barnett, Barry J.", "Barrett, Christopher B.", "Skees, Jerry R." ], "keywords" : [ "Poverty trap", "Risk management" ], "volume" : "36", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Summary A growing literature suggests that in low-income countries, households with few assets can be trapped in chronic poverty. This article reviews relevant threads of the poverty traps literature to motivate a description of the opportunities presented by innovative index-based risk transfer products. These products can be used to address some insurance and credit market failures that contribute to the persistence of poverty among households in low-income countries. Applications are considered at the micro, meso, and macro levels.", "label" : "Poverty Traps and {Index-Based} Risk Transfer Products", "issn" : "{0305-750X}", "key" : "barnett_poverty_2008" }, { "journal" : "Soc. Sci. Med.", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:aaf8d946e1841d0f24c939ce0eb0e369", "pages" : "931--940", "date" : "1988", "number" : "9", "author" : [ "Rifkin, Susan B.", "Muller, Frits", "Bichmann, Wolfgang" ], "keywords" : "Community participation", "volume" : "26", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1988", "label" : "Primary Health Care: on measuring Participation", "key" : "rifkin_primary_1988" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4GHRC84-2/1/66b28fae551cf3f1a153013e1caf6fdb", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:64b2555ae80c9ef04875faa853846a42", "pages" : "165--175", "date" : "2006", "number" : "1", "author" : "Carpiano, Richard M.", "keywords" : [ "Bourdieu", "Neighborhoods", "Social determinants", "Social epidemiology", "Theory" ], "volume" : "62", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Within the past several years, a considerable body of research on social capital has emerged in public health. Although offering the potential for new insights into how community factors impact health and well being, this research has received criticism for being undertheorized and methodologically flawed. In an effort to address some of these limitations, this paper applies Pierre Bourdieu\'s (1986) {[Bourdieu,} P. (1986). Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). New York: Greenwood] social capital theory to create a conceptual model of neighborhood socioeconomic processes, social capital (resources inhered within social networks), and health. After briefly reviewing the social capital conceptualizations of Bourdieu and Putnam, I attempt to integrate these authors\' theories to better understand how social capital might operate within neighborhoods or local areas. Next, I describe a conceptual model that incorporates this theoretical integration of social capital into a framework of neighborhood social processes as health determinants. Discussion focuses on the utility of this Bourdieu-based neighborhood social capital theory and model for examining several under-addressed issues of social capital in the neighborhood effects literature and generating specific, empirically testable hypotheses for future research.", "label" : "Toward a neighborhood resource-based theory of social capital for health: Can Bourdieu and sociology help?", "key" : "carpiano_towardneighborhood_2006" }, { "url" : "http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/51215", "journal" : "Social Science Research Network", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c3a848a108f8642d8b8f6fb744abf27f", "date" : "2008-04", "author" : [ "Dror, D.", "{Putten-Rademaker}, O.", "Koren, R." ], "month" : "April", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "There is currently no abstract available for this document.", "label" : "Cost of Illness: Evidence from a Study in Five {Resource-Poor} Locations in India", "key" : "dror_cost_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network", "uri" : "urn:608b773d8137e2af8f63cf29c7a497c1", "date" : "1999", "author" : "Rose, Richard", "keywords" : [ "Russia", "Social capital" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "What does Social Capital add to individual Welfare? An empirical Analysis of Russia, Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 15", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "rose_whatsocial_1999" }, { "journal" : "The International Journal of Health Planning and Management", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:6e2ea9a30ed93119bab999663fea75a3", "pages" : "23--45", "date" : "1995", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Barnum, Howard", "Kutzin, Joseph", "Saxenian, Helen" ], "keywords" : [ "Health sector reform", "Reimbursement" ], "volume" : "10", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1995", "abstract" : "The mode of payment creates powerful incentives affecting provider behavior and the efficiency, equity and quality outcomes of health finance reforms. This paper examines provider incentives as well as administrative costs, and institutional conditions for successful implementation associated with provider payment alternatives. The paper focus on payments by institutions (third parties) to providers. The alternatives considered are budget reforms, capitation, fee-for-service, and case-based reimbursement. We conclude that competition, whether through a regulated private sector or within a public system, has the potential to improve the performance of any payment method. All methods generate both adverse and beneficial incentives. Systems with mixed forms of provider payment can provide tradeoffs to offset the disadvantages of individual modes. Low income countries should avoid complex payment systems requiring higher levels of institutional development.", "label" : "Incentives and Provider Payment Methods", "key" : "barnum_incentives_1995" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b95fbae0a5d5f592d60647e4fcd355ba", "pages" : "311--339", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Ven, Wynand {P.M.M.} van de", "Vliet, Rene\' {C.J.A.} van", "Schut, Frederik T.", "Barneveld, Erik M. van" ], "volume" : "19", "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk equalization" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Access to coverage for high-risks in a competitive individual health insurance market: via premium rate restrictions or risk-adjusted premium subsidies?", "key" : "van_de_ven_access_2000" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:90373fae5faf43fc9c1cd7422faaba4c", "pages" : "45--53", "date" : "2004-07", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Dong, Hengjin", "Mugisha, Frederick", "Gbangou, Adjima", "Kouyate, Bocar", "Sauerborn, Rainer" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Burkina Faso", "Feasibility" ], "volume" : "69", "month" : "July", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "To ensure the acceptability of community-based insurance {(CBI)} by the community and its sustainability, a feasibility study of {CBI} was conducted in Burkina Faso, including preference for benefit package of {CBI,} costing of health services, costing of the benefit package and willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} for the package. Qualitative methods were used to collect information about preferences for the benefit package. Cost per unit health services, health demand obtained from household survey and physician-judged health needs were used to estimate the cost of the benefit package. The bidding game method was used to elicit household head\'s {WTP} for the package. We found that there were strong preferences for inclusion of high-cost health services such as operation, essential drugs and consultation fees in the benefit package. It is estimated that the cost of the package per capita was 1673 {CFA} (demand-based) and 9630 {CFA} (need-based), including 58\\% government subsidies ([euro]1=655 {CFA).} The average household head with eight household members agreed to pay from 7500 (median) to 9769 {CFA} (mean) to join the {CBI} for his/her household. The {WTP} results were influenced by household characteristics, such as location, household size and age composition. Under certain assumptions (household as the enrolment unit, median household head\'s {WTP} as premium for the average household, 50\\% enrolment rate), it would be feasible to run {CBI} in Nouna, Burkina Faso if enrolees\' health demand did not increase by more than 28\\% or if the underwriting of the initial losses was covered by extra funds.", "label" : "The feasibility of community-based health insurance in Burkina Faso", "key" : "dong_feasibility_2004" }, { "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:65836d8a0ce7d9963be960ef2f209bdf", "pages" : "606--617", "date" : "2008-08", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Schultz, Jennifer", "{O\'Brien}, A. Maureen", "Tadesse, Bedassa" ], "keywords" : [ "Individual social capital", "Self-rated health", "Social interaction", "Social trust" ], "volume" : "67", "month" : "August", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Using data from the 2006 Social Capital Community Survey in Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin, {USA,} we investigate associations between individual social capital measures (attitudes on trust, formal group involvement, informal socializing, organized group interaction, social support and volunteer activity) and self-rated health after controlling for individual and economic characteristics. In particular, we address issues of social capital as an endogenous determinant of self-reported health using instrumental variables probit estimation. After accounting for the endogeneity of these various measures of individual social capital, we find that individual social capital is a significant predictor of self-rated health.", "label" : "Social capital and self-rated health: Results from the {US} 2006 social capital survey of one community", "key" : "schultz_social_2008" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/whr/2003/en/index.html", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:cd162708bd895190dabcbdae5c985f04", "date" : "2003", "keywords" : "World health report", "editor" : "World Health Organization, {(WHO)}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "The world health report 2003 - shaping the future", "key" : "world_health_organization_who_world_2003" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:f2c9a5245177ff523699899d3adee287", "pages" : "583--602", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Botero, Felipe", "Churchill, Craig", "{McCord}, Michael J.", "Qureshi, Zahid" ], "keywords" : "Microinsurance", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Microinsurance customers of the future; Microinsurance providers of the future; The regulatory landscape; The environment for microinsurance; Embracing the future", "label" : "The future of microinsurance", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "botero_future_2006" }, { "url" : "http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content/2/1/3", "journal" : "Health Research Policy and Systems", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c04a7565972c43937c58580d1f064ead", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Amin, {MO}", "Khondoker, Farhana" ], "volume" : "2", "keywords" : [ "Childhood diarrhoea", "Contingent valuation", "Gender bias", "India", "Rural India", "Willingness to pay" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "We used contingent valuation technique to estimate the parental willingness to pay for an episode of diarrhoea among 324 children of both sexes aged between five and seven years in two rural villages of Chennai in India. The aim was to examine if there was any gender bias in the parental willingness to treat children for a diarrhoeal episode, and if so to what extent. The willingness to pay was specified as a hedonic function of the duration and severity of an episode, and of parents\' socioeconomic characteristics. The findings suggest that parents were willing to pay more to protect their male child compared to the female child suffering from a diarrhoeal episode. The median willingness to pay to avoid an episode for male and female children were calculated at Rs. 33.7 (approx. {US\\$} 0.72) and Rs. 25.2 (approx. {US\\$} 0.54) respectively -- a difference of around 34\\%. After adjusting for the greater duration and severity of the illness, it was found that the difference between the two medians increased to 51\\%.", "label" : "A contingent valuation study to estimate the parental willingness-to-pay for childhood diarrhoea and gender bias among rural households in India", "key" : "amin_contingent_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/whr/1995/en/index.html", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:14f6535e6e3c82d8e3595f609985caf6", "date" : "1995", "keywords" : "World health report", "editor" : "World Health Organization, {(WHO)}", "year" : "1995", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The world health report 1995 - bridging the gaps", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "world_health_organization_who_world_1995" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "uri" : "urn:c86cc3958f8fa68e98dd7eec9dd1aacc", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Armstrong, John", "Deeble, John", "Dror, David M.", "Rice, Nigel", "Thiede, Michael", "Ven, Wynand {P.M.M.} van de" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "GL", "Risk", "Risk adjustment", "South Africa" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Report to the South African Risk Equalization fund target group - The International Review Panel", "key" : "armstrong_report_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:14fb8857ecb6c002243398754ccd828c", "date" : "1999", "author" : "{(ILO)}, International Labour Organization", "keywords" : [ "Caribbean", "Latin America", "Microinsurance", "Social protection on health" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Synthesis of case studies of Microinsurance and other forms of extending social protection in health in latin america and the caribbean", "address" : "Mexico", "key" : "international_labour_organization_ilo_synthesis_1999" }, { "label" : "Health and Economic Consequences of Malnutrition", "key" : "rogers_health_????", "keywords" : [ "Consequences of malnutrition", "Health and economics" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "unpublished", "author" : "Rogers, Beatrice L.", "uri" : "urn:002f9aeeeac89e732c8c1901d7066cbe" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{LOK} {SATTA}", "uri" : "urn:3f7081a097ba8c2530b008eb48e2d931", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Narayan, Jayaprakash", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Charitable model", "India", "Micro health insurance", "Microinsurance", "Provider model" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Ensuring a healthy future: {NCMP} commitments - agenda for action", "address" : "Hyderabad, India", "key" : "narayan_ensuringhealthy_2003" }, { "url" : "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-005-0295-0", "journal" : "The European Journal of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ce65b77842a2a688238620762a42a3e5", "pages" : "223--232", "date" : "2005", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Polder, Johan", "Meerding, Willem", "Bonneux, Luc", "Maas, Paul" ], "volume" : "6", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "All Western health systems are in search of efficiency. Cost of illness {(COI)} studies can contribute to the efficiency debate by elucidating the relation between health expenditure and health status and population demography. Since the purpose of {COI} data being summarized in the {OECD} Health Data publications is to facilitate cross-national comparisons, it is important to assess the comparability. We compared {COI} data from six countries at macrolevel of total health expenditure and disaggregated the data from four countries to sectors such as hospitals, drugs, health professionals, and residential care. Although the distribution of health expenditure over major diseases showed similar patterns in all countries, overall comparability was bad. We conclude that the current scope of {COI} studies is bound to national levels because health care systems dominate the magnitude and distribution of health expenditure. Cross-national comparisons may be possible if data and methods are standardized, and {COI} estimates are made for a common comparable package.", "label" : "A cross-national perspective on cost of illness", "key" : "polder_cross-national_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-45PTSD9-2/1/508cb14cb5c98206c7902af4536a1c2b", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2ee7c7f2f6b47784273abfc062e29bdf", "pages" : "1221--1234", "date" : "2003-03", "number" : "6", "author" : "Takyi, Baffour K.", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Behavior changes", "Ghana", "HIV/AIDS", "Protective behavior", "Religion" ], "volume" : "56", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "Since the late 1970s when the first cases of {HIV/AIDS} were identified in Africa, there has been an upsurge of research on the epidemic. Although religious involvement may be germane to {AIDS} protective and risk behavior, few of these studies deal with religion and {AIDS.} This article contributes to the discourse on religion and health in Africa by analysing the interrelationship between religion and {AIDS} behavior in Ghana, a West African country at the early stages of the {AIDS} epidemic, and one where religious activities are more pronounced. We explore whether a woman\'s knowledge of {HIV/AIDS} is associated with her religious affiliation, and whether religious affiliation influences {AIDS} preventive (protective) attitudes. Findings from our analysis of Ghanaian data indicate that religious affiliation has a significant effect on knowledge of {AIDS.} However, we did not find religious affiliation to be associated with changes in specific protective behavior, particularly the use of condoms. The limitations and implications of the study are discussed, promising directions for further research on religion and {AIDS} protective and risk behaviors are also discussed, and the design and development of culturally sensitive programs to help in the ongoing {AIDS} prevention efforts in the region are proposed.", "label" : "Religion and women\'s health in Ghana: insights into {HIV/AIDs} preventive and protective behavior", "key" : "takyi_religion_2003" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:834af6049b6c08324dc9b22856d3b57f", "date" : "2003", "keywords" : [ "Manual", "Quantitative research", "Research method", "Statistics" ], "editor" : "{SPSS}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "{SPSS} Base 12.0 Benutzerhandbuch", "key" : "spss_spss_2003-1" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:3be181d7569aa0c36c14c6d428562a64", "date" : "2002", "keywords" : [ "Manual", "Quantitative research", "Research method", "Statistics" ], "editor" : "{SPSS}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "{SPSS} Tables 11.5", "key" : "spss_spss_2002" }, { "url" : "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=934347", "journal" : "{SSRN} {eLibrary}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:54f51916faa46f5d695074d172ca10c9", "date" : "2006-08", "author" : [ "Mizunoya, Suguru", "Behrendt, Christina", "Pal, Karuna", "Leger, Florian" ], "keywords" : [ "calculation", "low income", "model", "Nepal", "Poverty", "social cost", "social security financing", "Viet Nam" ], "month" : "August", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "ocial protection systems are a very powerful means of alleviating and preventing poverty and can help mitigate the adverse effects of chronic poverty. They provide protection against old-age and various life risks - disability, ill-health, unemployment, and occupational injury - through contributory social insurance mechanisms and social welfare programmes, including social cash transfer schemes for those who are particularly exposed to poverty risks. This report presents the calculation of the cost of basic social protection benefit packages, and their affordability in five Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Vietnam for the period 2006 to 2034. This study offers a first estimate on the feasibility of basic social protection in low-income countries in Asia with a view to achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "label" : "Costing of Basic Social Protection Benefits for Selected Asian Countries: First Results of a Modelling Exercise", "key" : "mizunoya_costing_2006" }, { "journal" : "Tropical Medicine and International Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ef3b93981c2e3e89b1570595eabab4cc", "pages" : "157--161", "date" : "2007", "number" : "2", "author" : "Ndiaye, Pascal; Soors", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Micro health insurance" ], "volume" : "12", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Editorial: A view from beneath: Community Health Insurance in Africa", "key" : "ndiaye_editorial:viewbeneath:_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Policy Research Institute - Canada", "uri" : "urn:bb19648b3e9016a02ee063dda43c517a", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Franke, Sandra", "keywords" : [ "Measuring social capital", "Social capital" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Measurement of Social Capital Reference Document for Public Policy Research, Development, and Evaluation", "key" : "franke_measurement_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.34331", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:0e290d6d484be02bf37c7268ee13b601", "date" : "2008-07", "author" : "{McGuinness,} E.", "keywords" : "Malawi", "month" : "July", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "label" : "Malawi\'s Financial Landscape: Where Does Opportunity International Bank of Malawi Fit?", "key" : "mcguinness_e._malawis_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:3f0827dc2d51ea67ce92eaac607e10f8", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Centre, {DFID} - Health Systems Resource", "keywords" : "Health insurance", "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{DFID} Health Insurance Workshop", "address" : "London", "key" : "centre_dfid_2002" }, { "url" : "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1021669", "journal" : "{SSRN} {eLibrary}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ca5ded4959d1b2df5d2bfb57de0d3603", "date" : "2002", "author" : [ "Vat\\\'{e}, Michel", "Dror, David M." ], "keywords" : [ "Insurability", "Insurance for the poor", "Micro health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "abstract" : "How can social reinsurance sustain community health financing when governments cannot fund universal coverage? The answer to this question is the overriding focus of this book. Appropriate insurance is one option {(Musgrove} 1999, p. 55), but what kind of insurance is appropriate? The realm of insurance is ever-changing. When new risks are identified-or as new forms of risk transfer are formulated for known risks-the question about the limits of insurability comes up again and again. In the ordinary framework of casualty and liability insurance, routine technical analyses usually suffice to determine whether or not a given risk is insurable. Such calculations are performed routinely before an insurer agrees to underwrite a risk or renew a {contract.But} here the focus of debate is intrinsically different from the casualty and liability context. It is rather unusual because it concerns health costs, low-income countries, and microinsurance. The basic question is: Can insurance play any role at all in covering microinsurers\' health risk and, if so, what is it? To answer this question, we draw on a set of basic concepts as well as modern problematic subjects from three parts of the literature: theory of insurance {(Briys} 1990; Ewald and Lorenzi 1998; Henriet and Rochet 1991; Outreville 1998), social protection and health care finance {(Charpentier} 2000; Cichon and others 1999), and health insurance in low-income countries {(Atim} 2000; Dror and Duru 2000; Fonteneau and Dror 2000; Gertler and Solon 2000; Meesen 2000). This chapter explores a method for establishing a coherent and simple-to-operate distinction between cost-generating health events that can be insured and those that {cannot.Health} risk, as used here, designates any situation in which the health status of an individual-or group of individuals-is exposed to possible deterioration. When this risk occurs, expenses are incurred either from treatment to improve the health status or from compensation for its deterioration. We analyze several examples to separate insurable from uninsurable health {events.Human} development is both a process and an end {(World} Bank 1993; {UNDP} 2000). This general affirmation also applies to the health risks of populations in low-income countries insofar as the related costs can both contribute to, and result from, such development. For this reason, health systems seek to improve the health of individuals (as measured by accepted indicators) and, at the same time, to adapt mechanisms to protect the overall development process. For example, insurance can provide protection against random poverty-generating events, but if similar results can be achieved by pooling resources, no matter how small, by alternative mechanisms (such as savings and prevention), they should not be ruled out. A combination of insurance and prevention can be just as effective in poor countries as it has been in rich countries. Finally, we are talking about microinsurance units, that is, community-funded health insurance schemes that are neither commercial nor national {(Dror} and Jacquier 1999). These microinsurers do not have access to the resources and financial techniques of commercial insurance and are not constrained by general policy considerations of governmental insurance. For these reasons-and no doubt more than with other types of insurance-the viability of microinsurance depends to a large extent on a coherent distinction between insurable and uninsurable risks.", "label" : "To Insure or Not to Insure? Reflections on the Limits of Insurability", "key" : "vat_to_2002" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank - Financial Sector Development Department", "uri" : "urn:e9ed89e620ca0af87ba3aff10dded3cb", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Gallardo, Joselito", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Asia", "Ghana", "Microfinance", "Philippines" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "A Framework for Regulating Microfinance Institutions {-The} Experience in Ghana and the Philippines", "key" : "gallardo_framework_2002" }, { "publisher" : "World Bank Publications", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:38eea6b4685934b07dea994e49be78e8", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Colletta, N. J.", "Cullen, M. L." ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Cambodia", "Conflict", "Guatemala", "Latin America", "Rwanda", "Social capital", "Somalia" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Violent Conflict and the Transformation of Social Capital: Lessons from Cambodia, Rwanda, Guatemala, and Somalia", "key" : "colletta_violent_2000" }, { "url" : "http://www.oit.org/public/english/protection/secsoc/downloads/policy/999sp1.pdf", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{ILO}", "uri" : "urn:13329fcb7262e2c65fd6c56ca0eae105", "date" : "2005", "author" : "{ILO}", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Health and poverty", "Health insurance", "NHIS", "Poverty", "Social protection" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Improving Social Protection for the Poor: Health Insurance in Ghana", "address" : "Geneva; London", "key" : "ilo_improving_2005" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Discussion Paper 122" ], "institution" : "International Food Policy Research Institute", "uri" : "urn:d14d3261184306edab9e90202aef44bb", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Morduch, Jonathan", "Sharma, Manohar" ], "keywords" : [ "Informal sector", "Public safety nets" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Strengthening public safety nets: Can the informal sector show the way?", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "morduch_strengthening_2001" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4SWG0MJ-5/2/2b27f58ab1e4bd37a479dac9f2bcc115", "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:8d6f2ca56625ae5a0d24e4778903e09c", "pages" : "81--92", "date" : "2009", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Catrinescu, Natalia", "{Leon-Ledesma}, Miguel", "Piracha, Matloob", "Quillin, Bryce" ], "keywords" : [ "Growth", "Growth regressions", "Institutions", "international migration", "Remittances" ], "volume" : "37", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "Summary There is considerable debate regarding the relative contribution of international migrants\' remittances to sustainable economic development. While officially recorded remittances to developing countries have increased over the last decade, research has not come to a consensus over whether remittances have a positive or negative impact on long-run growth. This paper argues that contradictory findings have emerged when looking at the remittances-growth link because of an omitted variable bias: specifically, remittances will be more likely to contribute to longer-term growth in countries with higher quality political and economic policies and institutions.", "label" : "Remittances, Institutions, and Economic Growth", "issn" : "{0305-750X}", "key" : "catrinescu_remittances_2009" }, { "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:09a17199528aa262df72ad687161d0e5", "pages" : "299ff", "date" : "1995", "author" : "Ruhm, David", "keywords" : [ "Risk assumption", "Valuation" ], "year" : "1995", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "It is a generally accepted principie of fmanacial theory that an assumption of risk entitles the assuming party to a higher expected return on investment. This is paralleled in propertylcasualty insurance by the concept of a risk/contingency loading, or underwtiting profit margin, which varies directly with the riskiness of the business written. A risky liability can be separated into two distinct components: a tixed liability, and a pure-risk element which is neither an asset nor a liability, but which negatively impacts net Worth. It is demonstrated that, under certain assumptions: 1) the dollar value of a given risky liability is inversely related to the net capitalization of the entity assuming or retaining it, and 2) the transfer of risk from a lowercapitalized entity to a higher-capitalized entity for an appropriate premium results in gain for both parties, allowing them to achieve higher rates of return than would otherwise be available. This implies that insurance offered at an appropriate premium creates net economic value for both parties, aside from the value created by the pooling\" of risks. A fair premium is defined to be the premium which equalizes the gains to both parties.", "label" : "The Valuation of a pure risk Element", "key" : "ruhm_valuation_1995" }, { "pub-type" : "phdthesis", "uri" : "urn:4e9ca4df5e2d421494e22f3fc7f5bb6c", "date" : "2005", "school" : "University of Groningen", "author" : "Mehrteab, Habteab Tekie", "keywords" : [ "Adverse selection", "Group lending", "Microcredit", "Moral hazard" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard in {Group-Based} Lending: Evidence from Eritrea", "key" : "habteab_tekie_mehrteab_adverse_2005" }, { "url" : "http://hc.wharton.upenn.edu/impactconference/pauly_%20paper_%20030905.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:0c1d7480927ada38c081272f3c171f40", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Pauly, Mark V.", "keywords" : [ "Demand", "Health insurance", "Micro health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "The Demand for Heath Insurance: Insights from Theory and Voluntary Markets in {Less-Developed} Countries. Background paper presented at Wharton impact conference on voluntary health insurance in developing countries, March 15--16 2005, University of Pennsylvania, {USA.}", "key" : "pauly_demand_2005" }, { "address" : "1999", "label" : "The Economics of Disability and Disability Policy", "key" : "haveman_economics_????", "keywords" : [ "Disability", "Incentives", "Labor force participation", "Rehabilitation", "Transfer policy" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "unpublished", "{PREPARED} {FOR} {HANDBOOK} {OF} {HEALTH} {ECONOMICS}" ], "author" : [ "Haveman, Robert", "Wolfe, Barbara" ], "uri" : "urn:8efccff82467024e66f0b61cd27303b8" }, { "journal" : "Jahrb\\\"{u}cher f\\\"{u}r National\\\"{o}konomie und Statistik", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:503ae90dde79e153b60c76f38120f51e", "date" : "2007", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "G\\\"{o}pffarth, Dirk", "Henke, {Klaus-Dirk}" ], "volume" : "227", "keywords" : [ "Germany", "GL", "Risk adjustment" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Finanzierungsreform und Risikostrukturausgleich -- Was bleibt vom Ausgleichsverfahren?", "key" : "gpffarth_finanzierungsreform_2007" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4C9YYHJ-1/1/f92b4e0f261deb3b534f8e608c59acb9", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ac074eeaa9224ffa12d33952f4cde063", "pages" : "2003--2012", "date" : "2004-11", "number" : "10", "author" : "Andersen, Helle Max", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Bureaucracy", "Differential treatment", "Ghana", "Hospitals", "Patient categories" ], "volume" : "59", "month" : "November", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "Differential treatment of patients by health workers in African medical institutions is acknowledged by patients, health workers and policy-makers alike to be an obstacle in the realization of government objectives of equity in health care. This qualitative study understands the production and legitimization of differential treatment from the perspective of health workers. On the basis of qualitative field material from a hospital in Northern Ghana the relation between socio-cultural, biomedical and bureaucratic aspects of hospital practice is explored through a focus on categorizations of patients. It is concluded that to blame the \"bad attitudes\" of health workers for differential treatment is not an adequate explanation. It is important to acknowledge that differential treatment can be understood as a form of agency, and is related to the conditions of hospital work and to the professional and social identities of health workers.", "label" : "{\"Villagers\":} Differential treatment in a Ghanaian hospital", "key" : "andersen_villagers:_2004" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3b2e789256541950111a86c07867574d", "pages" : "349--355", "date" : "2004", "number" : "6", "author" : "Schneider, P.", "keywords" : "Insurance and poverty", "volume" : "19", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Why should the poor insure? Theories of decision-making in the context of health insurance", "key" : "schneider_shouldpoor_2004" }, { "publisher" : "Haupt Verlag", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:100687a35f5b6c0f343a875fc3c233dd", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Beck, Konstantin", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Risk management" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Risiko Krankenversicherung - Risikomanagement in einem regulierten Krankenversicherungsmarkt", "address" : "Bern", "key" : "beck_risiko_2004" }, { "journal" : "International Journal of Health Planning and Management", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f280eda66669a689f1d143f89b6fc8aa", "pages" : "345--358", "date" : "1996", "author" : [ "Schmidt, Detlef H.", "Rifkin, Susan B." ], "volume" : "11", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "District health planners", "Measuring participation", "Tanzania" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1996", "label" : "Measuring Participation: Its use as a managerial tool for district health planners based on a case study in Tanzania", "key" : "schmidt_measuring_1996" }, { "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b6fea28a6c0e37206d398aa0e765ea0e", "pages" : "464--477", "date" : "1990", "author" : "Andreoni, J.", "keywords" : [ "Altruism", "Public goods" ], "year" : "1990", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "When people make donations to privately provided public goods, such as charity, there may be many factors influencing their decision other than altruism. Social pressure, guilt, sympathy, or simply a desire for a \"warm glow\" may all be important. This paper considers such impure altruism formally and develops a wide set of implications. In particular, this paper discusses the invariance proposition of public goods, solves for the sufficient conditions for neutrality to hold, examines the optimal tax treatment of charitable giving, and calibrates the model based on econometric studies in order to consider policy experiments. Impure altruism is shown to be more consistent with observed patterns of giving than the conventional pure altruism approach, and to have policy implications that may differ widely from those of the conventional models.", "label" : "Impure Altruism and Donations to Public Goods: A Theory of {Warm-Glow} Giving", "key" : "andreoni_impure_1990" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The Institute for Health Sector Development", "uri" : "urn:269e2bce91127269602a44bca6eb0c26", "author" : [ "Grant, Ken", "Grant, Rachel" ], "keywords" : [ "Health insurance and poverty", "Low-income countries", "Low-income insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "This short paper is not by an economist. It is by a public health doctor who has spent the last ten years working with development agencies and governments to strengthen public health systems in poor and middleincome countries. It is becoming increasingly obvious that while this still needs to be done, the focus of attention must shift to private expenditure and private providers. In most poor and middle income counties - even the most aid dependant -by far the biggest source of finance in the health sector is out of pocket expenditure and the poor in many of these countries spend disproportionately more than the rich as a \\% of household income on health care . This expenditure is primarily in the private sector or on unofficial user fees in the public sector. This expenditure does not protect the poor from the economic costs of catastrophic illness nor do they appear to get good value for treatment in the primary care setting. This paper is not a detailed synthesis of current knowledge but an overview for those who are not specialists in this area. It gives references to key publications, which have done that synthesis, and draws from them.", "label" : "Health insurance and the poor in low income countries.", "key" : "grant_health_????" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Bank World\\", "uri" : "urn:aaa579ed2aa8d5b3419fc475a1fa1cc5", "date" : "1999", "author" : [ "Claeson, Mariam", "Bos, Eduard", "Pathmanathan, Indra", "Network, Human Development" ], "keywords" : [ "Child mortality", "Health care system", "India" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Reducing Child Mortality in India: Keeping Up the Pace", "address" : "Washnigton, {D.C.}", "key" : "claeson_reducing_1999" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBF-4TY8GG1-2/2/004f7572b73f9d305a6d672ba76d78bc", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:65c4170b150327f5d0cb9842be7b9c1b", "pages" : "201--209", "date" : "2009", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Yip, Winnie", "Hsiao, William C." ], "keywords" : [ "Financial risk protection", "Medical impoverishment", "Rural China", "Simulation" ], "volume" : "68", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "In recent years, many lower to middle income countries have looked to insurance as a means to protect their populations from medical impoverishment. In 2003, the Chinese government initiated the New Cooperative Medical System {(NCMS),} a government-run voluntary insurance program for its rural population. The prevailing model of {NCMS} combines medical savings accounts with high-deductible catastrophic hospital insurance {(MSA/Catastrophic).} To assess the effectiveness of this approach in reducing medical impoverishment, we used household survey data from 2006 linked to claims records of health expenditures to simulate the effect of {MSA/Catastrophic} on reducing the share of individuals falling below the poverty line (headcount), and the amount by which household resources fall short of the poverty line (poverty gap) due to medical expenses. We compared the effects of {MSA/Catastrophic} to Rural Mutual Health Care {(RMHC),} an experimental model that provides first dollar coverage for primary care, hospital services and drugs with a similar premium but a lower ceiling. Our results show that {RMHC} is more effective at reducing medical impoverishment than {NCMS.} Under the internationally accepted poverty line of {US\\$1.08} per person per day, the {MSA/Catastrophic} models would reduce the poverty headcount by 3.5-3.9\\% and the average poverty gap by 11.8-16.4\\%, compared with reductions of 6.1-6.8\\% and 15-18.5\\% under the {RMHC} model. The primary reason for this is that {NCMS} does not address a major cause of medical impoverishment: expensive outpatient services for chronic conditions. As such, health policymakers need first to examine the disease profile and health expenditure pattern of a population before they can direct resources to where they will be most effective. As chronic diseases impose a growing share of the burden on the population in developing countries, it is not necessarily true that insurance coverage focusing on expensive hospital care alone is the most effective at providing financial risk protection.", "label" : "Non-evidence-based policy: How effective is China\'s new cooperative medical scheme in reducing medical impoverishment?", "issn" : "0277-9536", "key" : "yip_non-evidence-based_2009" }, { "publisher" : "Lewis Publishers Boca Raton", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:19a06af8783c966a48c0bcff0ab0dc43", "date" : "1997", "keywords" : [ "Cancer", "Epidemiology", "Risk analysis", "Risk assessment", "Risk communication", "Risk perception" ], "editor" : "Vlasta Molak", "year" : "1997", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Fundamentals of Risk Analysis and Risk Management", "address" : "New York", "key" : "molak_fundamentals_1997" }, { "url" : "http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/35725", "journal" : "Hamburg, Germany: Hamburg Institute of International Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c073357047e016a1fb123a47e5f080ad", "date" : "2004-04", "author" : "Khawari, A.", "keywords" : "Microfinance", "month" : "April", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "This paper attempts to understand the various microfinance initiatives globally, and its achievements so far, by reviewing existing literature. The author introduces the topic of microfinance by providing the contextual background. She discusses the following three objectives of microfinance with reference to the market and existing studies: Poverty alleviation; Women empowerment; Financial sustainability, outreach and impact: The triangle of microfinance. Through case studies, the paper discusses the pioneers in the microfinance sector - the Grameen bank, The Bank Rakyat of Indonesia and The Village Banks {(FINCA).} It also presents the various concepts that led to the development of microfinance as we know it now: Peer selection with group lending serving as the collateral; Peer monitoring using the group lending mechanism; Dynamic incentives in the form of incrementally larger loan sizes to groups with good repayment rates; Regular repayment schedules; Other collateral substitutes such as group funds used in cases of emergencies; Rotating Savings and Credit Associations {(ROSCAs)} and Accumulating Savings and Credit Associations {(ASCAs).} According to the author: The limitation of all existing literature in microfinance is the lack of empirical evidence of the impact of microfinance. Although empirical research is not an easy task, given the nature of the sector, it will help in improving existing programs and policies. Finally, the paper outlines the impact of microfinance so far. She concludes by stating the positive effects of microfinance on poverty alleviation and briefly outlines the future direction for the sector.", "label" : "Microfinance: Does it Hold its Promises? A Survey of Recent Literature", "key" : "khawari_microfinance:it_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "University of Cologne - Development Research Center", "uri" : "urn:6ae54adc53a5c14ca57a40826030fee1", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Seibel, H. D.", "Schmidt, P." ], "keywords" : [ "Agriculture bank", "Bank Rakhyat", "Indonesia", "Microfinance", "Rural financing" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "How an Agricultural Development Bank Revolutionized Rural Finance: The Case of Bank Rakyat Indonesia", "key" : "seibel_agricultural_2000" }, { "journal" : "Health Promotion International - Oxford University Press", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:090c9e4beb1340beed0ed0fba443a8a9", "date" : "2003", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Eyre, Rachel", "Gauld, Robin" ], "volume" : "18", "keywords" : [ "Community participation", "New Zealand" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Community participation in a rural community health trust: the case of Lawrence, New Zealand", "key" : "eyre_community_2003" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:eddcbb853cb1ad7297676462de44bc9e", "pages" : "424--438", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Leftley, Richard", "Roth, James" ], "keywords" : [ "Community-based insurance", "Microfinance institutions", "Micro health insurance - Institutional Options" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Risk-carrying alternatives; Administrative alternatives; Distribution alternatives", "label" : "Beyond {MFIs} and community-based models: Institutional alternatives", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "leftley_beyond_2006" }, { "publisher" : "The World Bank", "booktitle" : "Health Policy Research in South Asia - Building Capacity for Reform", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:9b8d90bf616dc931f5a43f4ac5fca94d", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Muraleedharan, {V.R.}", "Nandraj, Sunil" ], "keywords" : [ "India", "Primary health care" ], "editor" : "Abdo S. Yazbeck", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Private Health Care Sector in India - Policy Challenges and Options for partnership", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "muraleedharan_private_2003" }, { "journal" : "Tropical Medicine and International Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c4548b427343e74a6ff5853e5973d4cb", "pages" : "654--672", "date" : "1997-07", "number" : "7", "author" : [ "Criel, Bart", "Kegels, Guy" ], "keywords" : [ "Health insurance schemes", "Zaire" ], "volume" : "2", "month" : "July", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1997", "label" : "A health insurance scheme for hospital care in Bwamanda district, Zaire: lessons and questions after 10 years of functioning", "key" : "criel_health_1997" }, { "url" : "file:///X:/Bibliography-Edulink/Neu-und-unsortiert/Lisa-Neu-2008-01-22/Neue%20Literatur%20von%20Pandora/OOPS-Equitable-Financing/Shen_OOPS_between_Low_HIgher_Income_Populations.htm", "journal" : "Medical Care", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:11ce1736dd323903807b0d230d2e6530", "pages" : "200--209", "date" : "2006", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Shen, {Yu-Chu}", "{McFeeters}, Joshua" ], "keywords" : [ "High-income population", "Low-income population", "Risk" ], "volume" : "44", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "{Out-of-Pocket} Health Spending Between Low- and {Higher-Income} Populations: Who is at Risk of Having High Expenses and High Burdens?", "key" : "shen_out-of-pocket_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:2ef62879e6b137c3cbf87353219d10cd", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Beck, Konstantin", "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk adjustment", "Switzerland" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Reformstau beim Risikoausgleich? Internationale Erfahrungen und konkrete L\\\"{o}sungen f\\\"{u}r die Schweiz", "key" : "beck_reformstau_2004" }, { "publisher" : "Chapman \\& {Hall/CRC}", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:370ab8c793b7f8e833b0af48be24994b", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Melnikov, Alexander", "keywords" : [ "Research method", "Risk" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "This book deals with the notion of \"risk\" and is devoted to analysis of risks in nance and insurance. More precisely, we study risks associated with future repayments (contingent claims), where we understand risks as uncertainties that may result in nancial loss and affect the ability to make repayments. Our approach to this analysis is based on the development of a methodology for estimating the present value of the future payments given current nancial, insurance and other information. Using this approach, one can adequately de ne notions of price of a nancial contract, of premium for insurance policy and of reserve of an insurance company. Historically, nancial risks were subject to elementary mathematics of nance and they were treated separately from insurance risks, which were analyzed in actuarial science. The development of quantitative methods based on stochastic analysis is a key achievement of modern nancial mathematics. These methods can be naturally extended and applied in the area of actuarial mathematics, which leads to uni ed methods of risk analysis and management. The aim of this book is to give an accessible comprehensive introduction to the main ideas, methods and techniques that transform risk management into a quantitative science. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of our book, many important notions and facts from mathematics, nance and actuarial science are discussed in an appropriately simpli ed manner. Our goal is to present interconnections among these disciplines and to encourage our reader to further study of the subject. We indicate some initial directions in the Bibliographic remark. The book contains many worked examples and exercises. It represents the content of the lecture courses {\"Financial} Mathematics\", {\"Risk} Management\" and {\"Actuarial} Mathematics\" given by the author at Moscow State University and State University - Higher School of Economics {(Moscow,} Russia) in 1998-2001, and at University of Alberta {(Edmonton,} Canada) in 2002-2003.", "isbn" : "9781584884293", "label" : "Risk analysis in finance and insurance", "address" : "Boca Raton Fla.", "key" : "melnikov_risk_2003" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Partnerships for Health Reform {(PHR)}", "uri" : "urn:8940769848cb3c8e81135911a2638888", "date" : "1998", "author" : "Cripps, Gil; Kress", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health sector reform", "Malawi" ], "year" : "1998", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Technical Report No. 21: Health Reform Policy Issues in Malawi: A Rapid Assessment", "address" : "Bethesda, Maryland", "key" : "cripps_technical_1998" }, { "id" : "269967fb2dd005a141bdf8b72693b77a", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:269967fb2dd005a141bdf8b72693b77a", "pages" : "1547--1554", "date" : "1998", "number" : "10", "author" : [ "Martin, Stephen", "Rice, Nigel", "Smith, Peter C." ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk adjustment" ], "volume" : "47", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "abstract" : "For most individuals, the use made of health care in a given year is determined principally by unpredictable random incidents. Of course, some individuals have a predictably higher predisposi- tion to illness than others. However, the general consensus is that only a fraction of individual variabil- ity in health care costs can be predicted. The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of this inherent randomness for setting health care budgets for general practitioner purchasers of health care. The paper argues that variability in utilization in health care is very high; that no capitation formula can ever completely capture that variability, even for large populations; that the variability may give rise to certain dysfunctional consequences if not managed carefully; and that therefore careful attention should be given to the managerial arrangements associated with any devolution of health care budgets. \\# 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label" : "Risk and the general practitioner budget holder", "key" : "martin_risk_1998-1" }, { "publisher" : "World Bank Publications", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:05cde14b3a4ab473bd59a8d6d12769c2", "date" : "2008-10", "author" : "Holzmann, Robert", "keywords" : [ "Labour", "Social protection" ], "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "isbn" : "0821376489", "label" : "Social Protection \\& Labor at the World Bank, 2000-2008", "key" : "holzmann_social_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "unpublished", "uri" : "urn:5f1867e965a59ef4fbdc79371ff5e28d", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Gwatkin, Davidson R.", "keywords" : [ "Equity and health", "Health and poverty", "Health care system", "Health sector reform", "Targeting" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "The Current State of Knowledge About Targeting Health Programs to Reach the Poor", "key" : "gwatkin_current_2000" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Microfinance", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:5d984dba218cfcf877e1ec1332b9cfb9", "pages" : "49--74", "number" : "2", "author" : "Satish, P.", "volume" : "3", "keywords" : [ "India", "Microfinance" ], "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Institutional Alternatives for the Promotion of Microfinance - {Self-Help} Groups in India", "key" : "satish_institutional_????" }, { "publisher" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:40eb1dbe74e292e979473ba839cfc98e", "date" : "2009", "author" : [ "C\\\'{a}ceres, M.", "Zuluaga, S." ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "This document presents findings of a study that explored the role of regulation in microinsurance market development in Columbia. It illustrates that microinsurance can develop even in the absence of a dedicated regulatory regime, if the external circumstances are favorable and the regulator has a fairly open stance. Increasing competition due to financial liberalization forced banks and insurance companies to look for a new niche market in low income market segments. Further, the existence of a significant cooperative {MFI} sector facilitated the expansion of services in the low-income market. Characteristics of the Columbian microinsurance market include: * Lack of an official microinsurance definition; * Funeral entities providing unregulated insurance; * Demarcation rules that are favorable to market development; * Flexible market conduct regime; * Active government encouragement of low-income market activity. The study finds that while the absence of specific regulation has not hampered development, overall microinsurance penetration remains low. The creation of a microinsurance definition may serve to align policies and efforts for the development of the market and close regulatory gaps that do exist.", "label" : "Making Insurance Markets Work for the Poor: Microinsurance Policy, Regulation and Supervision - Colombia Case Study", "key" : "cceres_making_2009" }, { "url" : "http://hc.wharton.upenn.edu/impactconference/basset_paper_%20031005.pdf", "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:b6041e1cec5793656caf45868122e54c", "date" : "2005-03", "author" : "Bassett, Mark", "keywords" : [ "Health care financing", "Health care system", "Regulation", "Research method" ], "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Frameworks for analyzing health systems, health financing and the regulation of health insurance", "key" : "bassett_frameworks_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4BT7JDR-1/1/e6464f9d98189f57d4475dcd7730c743", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b916724047436efa21296163c8f851b0", "pages" : "375--388", "date" : "2004-09", "number" : "3", "author" : "Buor, Daniel", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ashanti Region", "Ghana", "Health Services", "Males", "Utilisation" ], "volume" : "69", "month" : "September", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "The survey seeks to structure a model for gender-based health services utilisation for the Ashanti Region of Ghana, and in addition, recommend intervention measures to ensure gender equity in the utilisation of health services. A sample size of 650 covered over 3108 houses, and the main research instruments were the questionnaire and formal interview. A multiple regression model is used for the analysis of the relationship between the complex independent variables and utilisation by gender. Results show that although females have a greater need for health services than males, they do not utilise health services as much. Secondly, whereas quality of service, health status, service cost and education have greater effect on male utilisation than females, distance and income have higher impact on female utilisation. It is recommended that, to ensure equity in health care utilisation, females be empowered through increased access to formal education and sustainable income opportunities. The introduction of a national health insurance scheme is also recommended to ensure adequate access by both sexes.", "label" : "Gender and the utilisation of health services in the Ashanti Region, Ghana", "key" : "buor_gender_2004" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Working Paper" ], "institution" : "{ILO}", "uri" : "urn:eda20ef525d08ecd079fa69206e4497a", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Dovlo, Delanyo Y.", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Ghana", "Ghana CHI", "Micro health insurance", "NHIS" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Social dialogue in the health sector: Case study Ghana", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "dovlo_social_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:9755b9fa9584e60fe81448f8131548d3", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Cambodia, Ministry of Health", "Cambodia, World Health Organization" ], "keywords" : [ "Cambodia", "Health sector reform", "Social health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Social health insurance in Cambodia - Proposal for a masterplan", "key" : "ministry_of_health_cambodia_social_2003" }, { "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:8b0ab2622ab63ab85b01d25638fc0f5b", "pages" : "1721--1738", "date" : "2007-10", "number" : "10", "author" : "Copestake, James", "keywords" : [ "Performance management", "Poverty" ], "volume" : "35", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "Summary What scope is there for the pursuit of explicit development goals in the context of increasing integration of specialized microfinance and commercial banking sectors? This question and the idea of mission drift is first analyzed using a model that distinguishes between institutions\' financial and social performance possibilities, preferences, and assessment systems. The model is used to review findings from action research with an international sample of poverty oriented microfinance institutions that suggest some simple steps for improved social performance management. It is then used to illustrate the relationship between social and financial performance more widely across the retail financial services sector, and to offer pointers for more policy analysis at this level.", "label" : "Mainstreaming Microfinance: Social Performance Management or Mission Drift?", "key" : "copestake_mainstreaming_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{MicroSave-Africa}", "uri" : "urn:1b8d09fe3fcf6d364188e1d9e1cbaf01", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Cohen, M.", "Sebstad, J." ], "keywords" : "Microinsurance", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Reducing Vulnerabilty: the demand for microinsurance - A synthesis report based on the work of Grace Sebageni, Francis Simba, Altemius Millinga, Jane Mbaisi and Shahnaz Ahmed", "key" : "cohen_reducing_2003" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4S02JR9-3/1/32e126081feb5d62de312c041145331b", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:99c1f787c10c45e662d6c30e85782c9c", "date" : "2008", "author" : [ "Borghi, Josephine", "Jan, Stephen" ], "volume" : "In Press, Corrected Proof", "keywords" : [ "Economic evaluation", "Health promotion", "Non-health benefit" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Economic evaluation of health promotion programmes presents well documented challenges. These programmes often generate significant non-health benefits which are typically ignored within economic evaluation. This study explored the use of the contingent valuation {(CV)} method to value the broader benefits of a women\'s group programme to improve maternal and newborn health in Nepal. Interviews were conducted with 93 women\'s group members, 70 women non-members and 33 men. Respondents were asked to give reasons for their willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} in terms of health and/or non-health benefits. {WTP} was regressed against socio-economic and demographic variables using ordinary least squares. Seventy eight percent of respondents were willing-to-pay for the women\'s groups. There was no significant difference between the {WTP} of women\'s group members compared to female non-members. Men were willing-to-pay significantly more than women. {WTP} reflected non-health benefits in over 80\\% of cases. At least 11\\% of women attending meetings and 38\\% of those not attending were {WTP} for altruistic motives. Future research should address the relative value of non-health compared to health benefits; and motivations behind non-user values and their consistency across settings.", "label" : "Measuring the benefits of health promotion programmes: Application of the contingent valuation method", "key" : "borghi_measuringbenefits_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1e9931f0a547b135d2fd74428d249bae", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Wasem, J\\\"{u}rgen", "Vargas, Veronica" ], "keywords" : [ "Chile", "GL", "Primary health care", "Risk equalization" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Risk Adjustment and Primary Health Care in Chile", "key" : "wasem_risk_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4R5G8FH-3/1/d6cb57fd8037bdd70579f5353a5e62ca", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e0b82313f5adfa982eac3c8f33385554", "pages" : "569--581", "date" : "2008-02", "number" : "3", "author" : "Tetteh, Ebenezer kwabena", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Bilateral dependence solution", "Medicine access", "Price containment and regulation", "Procurement" ], "volume" : "66", "month" : "February", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Medicines are integral of any healthcare system, and limited access to medicines undermines health systems\' objectives of equity, efficiency and health development. In African countries, where it is estimated that 50-60\\% of the populace lack \"access\" to essential medicines, health problems associated with limited drug benefits are more damaging. However, there is no single solution to medicine access problem given its multiple dimensions: availability, acceptability, affordability and accessibility. This paper explores affordability dimension of medicine access and concentrates solely on price regulatory policies and institutional structures that national and international policy makers may consider in making prices of essential drugs compatible to the purchasing power of African households. The main theme is the application of the concept of bilateral dependence in creating price-sensitive purchasers to exert countervailing market power on drug price setting in African healthcare systems.", "label" : "Providing affordable essential medicines to African households: The missing policies and institutions for price containment", "key" : "tetteh_providing_2008" }, { "journal" : "Social science \\& medicine (1982)", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e342704f9c09c723490913286c87b144", "pages" : "951--60", "date" : "1999-04", "number" : "7", "author" : [ "Bloom, G", "Shenglan, T" ], "keywords" : [ "Cost Sharing", "Financing", "Government", "Health policy", "Health Services Accessibility", "Humans", "Marketing of health services", "Organizational innovation", "Prepaid health plans", "Quality of health care", "Rural health services" ], "volume" : "48", "month" : "April", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "note" : "{PMID:} 10192561", "abstract" : "A large majority of China\'s rural population were members of health prepayment schemes in the 1970\'s. Most of these schemes collapsed during the transition to a market economy. Some localities subsequently reestablished schemes. In early 1997 a new government policy identified health prepayment as a major potential source of rural health finance. This paper draws on the experience of existing schemes to explore how government can support implementation of this policy. The decision to support the establishment of health prepayment schemes is part of the government\'s effort to establish new sources of finance for social services. It believes that individuals are more likely to accept voluntary contributions to a prepayment scheme than tax increases. The voluntary nature of the contributions limits the possibilities for risk-sharing and redistribution between rich and poor. This underlines the need for the government to fund a substantial share of health expenditure out of general revenues, particularly in poor localities. The paper notes that many successful prepayment schemes depend on close supervision by local political leaders. It argues that the national programme will have to translate these measures into a regulatory system which defines the responsibilities of scheme management bodies and local governments. A number of prepayment schemes have collapsed because members did not feel they got value for money. Local health bureaux will have to cooperate with prepayment schemes to ensure that health facilities provide good quality services at a reasonable cost. Users\' representatives can also monitor performance. The paper concludes that government needs to clarify the relationship between health prepayment schemes and other actors in rural localities in order to increase the chance that schemes will become a major source rural health finance.", "label" : "Rural health prepayment schemes in China: towards a more active role for government", "issn" : "02779536", "key" : "bloom_rural_1999" }, { "journal" : "The Journal of Development Studies", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b0ca51cb35e415dd24383442c35ab0cf", "pages" : "764--796", "date" : "1997", "number" : "6", "author" : "Platteau, Jean Philippe", "keywords" : [ "Community participation", "Mutual insurance" ], "volume" : "33", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1997", "label" : "Mutual Insurance as an Elusive Concept in Traditional Rural Communities", "key" : "platteau_mutual_1997" }, { "journal" : "Applied Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:8b4e1bc11333442c28b4817946e8ce1a", "pages" : "1153--1161", "date" : "2003", "number" : "10", "author" : "Jowett, M.", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Informal risk sharing" ], "volume" : "35", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Do informal risk sharing networks crowd out public voluntary health insurance? Evidence from Vietnam", "key" : "jowett_do_2003" }, { "label" : "Anthropometrics", "key" : "_anthropometrics_????", "keywords" : [ "Anthropometric data", "Anthropometric indicators", "Key outcomes and living standards", "Measuring equity" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis" ], "uri" : "urn:bbc338ffb56256a97d10e2799d506104", "number" : "Technical Note 2" }, { "journal" : "International Journal of Social Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a05357adb76d7b86606876f345a2ad12", "pages" : "35 -- 48", "date" : "2008", "number" : "1/2", "author" : "Hudon, Marek", "keywords" : [ "Microfinance", "Microfinance institutions", "Norms and attitudes", "Social capital" ], "volume" : "35", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Purpose - The paper aims to study the role of norms and values in the microfinance sector. Design/methodology/approach - The paper provides a combination of narrative with argument and analysis. Findings - A classification of the sector is proposed, mapping the institutions along two axes: the profit motive (profit vs not-for-profit) and the decision-making style (centralized vs un-centralized). Some microfinance institutions base their interactions on rigid norms or rules; while others are based on values. It is argued that the private sector will tend to produce the operating rules of the microfinance system while the not-for-profit institutions that are using an inclusive decision-making process are more likely to influence the ethical norms in the sector. Nevertheless, this classification is not static as recent events in {South-India} shows that norms, such as the interest rates, can be politically and emotionally invested to the point that they are about to become values in the sector. Originality/value - The conclusions drawn help in understanding the interactions between the various actions in microfinance. Exploiting the full range of the possibilities of those different structures may be valuable for a fully successful development in India.", "label" : "Norms and values of the various microfinance institutions", "key" : "hudon_norms_2008" }, { "publisher" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:688e929105e74c3b6c3d17836bcb4fc6", "date" : "2009", "author" : [ "Smith, Anja", "Hendrie, Simon", "Bester, Hennie", "Rukondo, Marx" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "Role of regulation in development of microinsurance market in Uganda This document describes the regulatory and non-regulatory drivers to microinsurance market development in Uganda. Statistics reveal extremely low levels of financial usage, and a population that is not actively engaged by the formal or informal financial sector. Uganda has poor microinsurance products usage, mostly restricted to compulsory credit life insurance, and limited distribution infrastructure. Non-regulatory drivers include extremely low and irregular household incomes, mistrust of insurance, strong consumer need for health insurance and limited footprint of formal sector activity. Regulatory drivers include: * Specific and inhibitive restrictions to market conduct; * Recent establishment of regulations and a supervisory body; * Openness to benefits of foreign entry; * Absence of explicit health insurance regulation; * Size and other compliance restrictions on mutual insurers. The Ugandan experience highlights the challenges of expanding microinsurance access in a poor developing economy with an underdeveloped financial sector. Low-income individuals need to be won over through positive experiences in credit life insurance to break their mistrust of insurance. The introduction of a new regulatory regime offers an opportunity to facilitate financial inclusion.", "label" : "Making Insurance Markets Work for the Poor: Microinsurance Policy, Regulation and Supervision - Uganda Case Study", "key" : "smith_making_2009" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VH5-4SK631Y-2/2/3a5e65365eefdaecc1adec3adac3c654", "journal" : "Health \\& Place", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c1a4c2552dcd8719185b44c62e3a9c9e", "pages" : "228--238", "date" : "2009-03", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Andrzejewski, Catherine S.", "Reed, Holly E.", "White, Michael J." ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Child health", "Community effects", "Ghana", "Health knowledge", "Multilevel modeling" ], "volume" : "15", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual\'s education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person\'s health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and {sub-Saharan} Africa.", "label" : "Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana", "issn" : "1353-8292", "key" : "andrzejewski_where_2009" }, { "label" : "Measuring progressivity of health care payments", "key" : "_measuring_????", "keywords" : [ "Ability to pay", "Applications of tools to health sector", "Health care payments", "Kakwani progressivity index", "Measuring equity", "Measuring progressivity of health care payments", "Progressivity by source of finance", "Progressivity of total health payments" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis" ], "uri" : "urn:863a4e81b8a0696e50a80254732c483a", "number" : "Technical Note 16" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID}", "uri" : "urn:8b7524e55db17bbb4928096b2dc35df4", "date" : "2002", "author" : [ "Hsi, Natasha", "Edmond, Janet", "Comfort, Alison" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Community-based health insurance", "HIV/AIDS", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Preliminary Review of {Community-Based} Health Financing Schemes and Their Potential for addressing {HIV/AIDS} needs in {Sub-Saharan} Africa", "address" : "Bethesda, {MD}", "key" : "hsi_preliminary_2002-1" }, { "url" : "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504530", "journal" : "{BMC} Public Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0ecaeb49644dd39fbb3e4dea52b427e0", "pages" : "78", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "Zere, Eyob", "Moeti, Matshidiso", "Kirigia, Joses", "Mwase, Takondwa", "Kataika, Edward" ], "keywords" : [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Africa", "Child", "Preschool", "Female", "Health care reform", "Health Planning", "Health Services", "Health Services Accessibility", "Health Status Indicators", "Humans", "Infant", "Newborn", "Malawi", "Male", "Practice Guidelines as Topic", "Primary health care", "Social Justice", "Socioeconomic Factors", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "Vulnerable Populations" ], "volume" : "7", "doi" : "10.1186/1471-2458-7-78", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "note" : "{PMID:} 17504530", "abstract" : "{BACKGROUND:} Growing scientific evidence points to the pervasiveness of inequities in health and health care and the persistence of the inverse care law, that is the availability of good quality healthcare seems to be inversely related to the need for it in developing countries. Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals is likely to be compromised if inequities in health/healthcare are not properly addressed. {OBJECTIVE:} This study attempts to assess trends in inequities in selected indicators of health status and health service utilization in Malawi using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of 1992, 2000 and 2004. {METHODS:} Data from Demographic and Health Surveys of 1992, 2000 and 2004 are analysed for inequities in health/healthcare using quintile ratios and concentration curves/indices. {RESULTS:} Overall, the findings indicate that in most of the selected indicators there are pro-rich inequities and that they have been widening during the period under consideration. Furthermore, vertical inequities are observed in the use of interventions (treatment of diarrhoea, {ARI} among under-five children), in that the non-poor who experience less burden from these diseases receive more of the treatment/interventions, whereas the poor who have a greater proportion of the disease burden use less of the interventions. It is also observed that the publicly provided services for some of the selected interventions (e.g. child delivery) benefit the non-poor more than the poor. {CONCLUSION:} The widening trend in inequities, in particular healthcare utilization for proven cost-effective interventions is likely to jeopardize the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and other national and regional targets. To counteract the inequities it is recommended that coverage in poor communities be increased through appropriate targeting mechanisms and effective service delivery strategies. There is also a need for studies to identify which service delivery mechanisms are effective in the Malawian context.", "label" : "Equity in health and healthcare in Malawi: analysis of trends", "issn" : "1471-2458", "key" : "zere_equity_2007" }, { "label" : "National Health Policy 2002 {(India)}", "howpublished" : "http://mohfw.nic.in/", "url" : "http://mohfw.nic.in/", "key" : "_national_????", "keywords" : [ "Health sector reform", "India" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:58dde54e1b91656ec19a7f9f08e4f5d7" }, { "journal" : "Review of Agricultural Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:104e01751c499f795830d959d4253cf3", "pages" : "429--439", "date" : "2006", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Dorward, Andrew", "Mwale, Idrissa", "Tuseo, Rosalba" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "HIV/AIDS", "Labour market", "Malawi" ], "volume" : "28", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Labor Market and Wage Impacts of {HIV/AIDS} in Rural Malawi", "key" : "dorward_labor_2006" }, { "journal" : "The Economic Journal", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1947f5c2a99752de6f95cc717b788be3", "pages" : "772--787", "date" : "1984", "number" : "376", "author" : "Sugden, R.", "keywords" : [ "External assistance health sector", "Public goods", "Voluntary help" ], "volume" : "94", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1984", "label" : "Reciprocity: The Supply of Public Goods Through Voluntary Contributions", "key" : "sugden_reciprocity:supply_1984" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCY-4SKB3CY-1/2/b0e99b52738483f2fe087be4ba9d6c53", "journal" : "Journal of Banking \\& Finance", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3a7ec3934378d76e0b1955933787d265", "pages" : "2493--2500", "date" : "2008-11", "number" : "11", "author" : "Honohan, Patrick", "keywords" : [ "Financial exclusion", "Microfinance" ], "volume" : "32", "month" : "November", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "This paper presents estimates, for more than 160 countries, of the fraction of the adult population using formal financial intermediaries. The estimates are constructed by combining information on account numbers at banks and microfinance institutions (together with banking depth and {GDP} data) with estimates from household surveys for a smaller set of countries. An illustrative application of the data compares them with information on poverty: there is a correlation, but it is not clearly causal.", "label" : "Cross-country variation in household access to financial services", "issn" : "0378-4266", "key" : "honohan_cross-country_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Australian Institute of Family Studies", "uri" : "urn:e23c52e503d1e720148404016b4fcf5f", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Stone, Wendy", "keywords" : "Social capital", "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Measuring social capital - Towards a theoretically informed measurement framework for researching social capital in family and community life - Research Paper No. 24", "address" : "Melbourne", "key" : "stone_measuring_2001" }, { "journal" : "{IAF}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:de2e4daac1c431ee6ba07cdea9e71943", "pages" : "57--62", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Wegemund, Regina", "volume" : "1", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "History" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Der Weg Ghanas in die Demokratie", "key" : "wegemund_der_2001" }, { "journal" : "Environment and Urbanization", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b79f3e73e3f56802eefd61ca73a9f915", "pages" : "173--204", "date" : "1995", "number" : "1", "author" : "Chambers, Robert", "keywords" : "Community participation", "volume" : "7", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1995", "label" : "Poverty and livelihoods: whose reality counts?", "key" : "chambers_poverty_1995" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4HK04B4-1/1/1f0289b041c3ce4e2ef9ead711685235", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:84625be566f1794a3030f8c3566ca62a", "pages" : "224--234", "date" : "2006-10", "number" : "2-3", "author" : [ "Devadasan, Narayanan", "Ranson, Kent", "Damme, Wim Van", "Acharya, Akash", "Criel, Bart" ], "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "Typology" ], "volume" : "78", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "The Indian health system is mainly funded by out-of-pocket payments. More than 80\\% of health care expenditure is borne by individual households. Only about 3\\% of the population, mostly those in the formal sector, benefit from some form of health insurance. Several Indian {Non-Governmental} Organisations {(NGOs)} have initiated Community Health Insurance {(CHI)} schemes within their existing development programmes. This article describes the principal features of the design and functioning of a selection of 10 {CHI} schemes and presents a brief overview of the current landscape of {CHI} in India. The schemes explicitly target the poorest and most vulnerable households in Indian society--scheduled tribes, scheduled castes and poor women. Three {CHI} management models can be distinguished. The first model consists of local {NGOs} acting as both insurer and provider. In the second model, the {NGO} is the insurer but does not itself provide care, which is then purchased from a private provider. In the third model, the {NGO} neither does provide health care nor acts as an insurer: the {NGO,} on behalf of a community, links with an insurer and purchases health care from a provider. The benefit packages generally include both primary and secondary care and most of the providers are in the private sector. Most of the schemes require external resources for financial sustainability. There is currently little information on the impact of {CHI} schemes on the performance of local health systems and more research is warranted in that respect.", "label" : "The landscape of community health insurance in India: An overview based on 10 case studies", "key" : "devadasan_landscape_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{ARD} - Agriculture and Rural Development, {CRMG}", "uri" : "urn:f0ee568f02460e420eb208f6c80f1fbb", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Mapfumo, Shadreck {(CRMG} Consultant)", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Malawi", "Weather insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Malawi 2006/7 Weather Index Based Insurance", "key" : "mapfumo_malawi_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MBT29X-1/1/7d0b4a90b1987cc2e552fa0513d1d561", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:94f0e57138e8bdcab3bccc40fde90b89", "pages" : "248--258", "date" : "2007", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Clair, Jeffrey Michael", "Clark, Cullen", "Hinote, Brian P.", "Robinson, Caroline O.", "Wasserman, Jason A." ], "keywords" : [ "Interdisciplinary", "Journal of health and social behavior", "Medical sociology", "Policy", "Practice", "Rating:1" ], "volume" : "64", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "As a framework for presenting ideas on developing ways to make sociology more applicable, we focus on the recent state of medical sociology research. Data for this paper were generated through a content analysis of a twelve-year period (1993-2004) of the Journal of Health and Social Behavior {(JHSB)} and Social Science \\& Medicine {(SSM).} The analysis aims to determine if the content of {JHSB} and {SSM} reflect the breadth of the sub-discipline of medical sociology as well as the stated goals of the journals. The selected issues of {JHSB} and {SSM} were coded on the basis of the following attributes: (1) Primary Substantive Topic, (2) Methodology, (3) Data Type and Analytic Technique, and (4) Research and Policy Recommendations. We found that the orientation of {JHSB} articles was towards generating research and theory that shy away from policy, interdisciplinary approaches, and applied issues. {SSM} content tends to display more interdisciplinary breadth and variety, but also reflects a dearth of applied recommendations. Our discussion focuses on what {JHSB} and {SSM} could be. We present ideas on how the sociological discipline in general--and {JHSB} and {SSM} in particular--can help generate and nourish new forms of inquiry that can impact the way research questions are framed. We conclude that such a shift is needed in order to maximize the applicability of social scientific evidence to everyday life, and we share examples situated within a socio-medical context, where there is a particular need for the application of social evidence to practice.", "label" : "Developing, integrating, and perpetuating new ways of applying sociology to health, medicine, policy, and everyday life", "key" : "clair_developing_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:d9cc60db2e5d8f49642cdceb17823ac1", "pages" : "56--64", "date" : "2002-07", "author" : [ "Segal, L", "Donato, R", "Richardson, J", "Peacock, S" ], "keywords" : [ "Competitive models", "Non-competitive models" ], "month" : "July", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "abstract" : "Integrated budget-holding (fundholding) based on risk-adjusted capitation is commonly proposed as a central element of health system reform. Two contrasting models have been developed: the competitive model where fundholders or health plans compete for enrollees; and the non-competitive model, where plan membership is determined according to an objective attribute such as place of residence. Under the competitive model, efficiency is sought through consumer choice of plan. A range of regulatory elements may also be introduced to moderate undesirable elements of competition. Under the non-competitive model, efficiency is achieved through government regulation and the fact that the fundholder has continuing responsibility for the health of a defined population, supported by micro-management tools (such as quality assurance and selective payment arrangements). In theory, the non-competitive model encourages population-based health services planning. While both models assume risk-adjusted capitated funding, the requirements of any formula are more stringent under the competitive model. Economic theory, as well as documented health system experience, can help identify the relative strengths and limitations of each model. Concerns with the competitive model relate primarily to the capacity to develop robust risk adjusters for capitation sufficient to reduce the incentives for patient risk selection. Possible reductions in the quality of care are also a concern, compounded by difficulties for consumers in discriminating between plans. Efficiency under the non-competitive model requires a strong and appropriate regulatory/policy framework and effective use of micro-management tools. Funding equity objectives can be met through either model by the adoption of income-related contributions, but under the competitive model this may be compromised by incentives for the fundholders to select low-risk patients. Evidence drawn from regional fundholding in New South Wales {(NSW,} Australia), the {US} Veterans Health Agency and the literature on managed care in the {USA} illustrate these concerns. The problem of risk selection in the competitive model is a major theoretical concern, confirmed by the empirical evidence. This, together with concerns regarding other aspects of performance, suggests that the non-competitive model may be preferable, at least as an interim step in reform in public or mixed systems. Future research on this issue is clearly required.", "label" : "Strengths and limitations of competitive versus non-competitive models of integrated capitated fundholding", "key" : "segal_strengths_2002" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "draft version" ], "institution" : "Centre for Health Economics", "uri" : "urn:feb507f1630ebbb9c62ca0370f6da986", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Smith, Peter C.", "keywords" : [ "Copayments", "Equity", "Health technology assessment", "Priority setting" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "User chargers are the major source of finance for many health care systems. However, traditional approaches to health care priority setting, such as cost-effectiveness analysis, take no account of the impact on equity and efficiency of user charges. This paper therefore develops a rudimentary model of priority setting in which the fixed health care budget can be augmented by user charges. The paper uses methods analogous to models of optimal commodity taxation to develop a set of rules for the inclusion of a health technology in the subsidized health care package, and the calculation of its associated copayment rate. The results indicate that optimal copayments depend on the costeffectiveness of the intervention, its price elasticity of demand, the epidemiology of the associated disease, and the policy maker\'s attitude towards equity. The model has important implications for policy making in three domains: health care priority setting, evaluation of health care technologies, and charging policy.", "label" : "Copayments and priority setting in health care: balancing equity and efficiency", "address" : "York, {UK}", "key" : "smith_copayments_2003" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{SHADAC} - State Health Access Data Assistance Center", "uri" : "urn:77ddce659c62e7808695599e9951321e", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Davern, Michael", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance surveys", "Measuring income", "Willingness to pay" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Measuring Income in Health Insurance Surveys", "key" : "davern_measuring_2003" }, { "publisher" : "Vandenhoeck \\& Ruprecht", "booktitle" : "Volkswirtschaftliche Theorie der Kooperation in Genossenschaften", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:616ac4104ce10ac4fe1c7beef4cfe960", "pages" : "741--807", "date" : "2007", "author" : "Ravensburg, Nicole G\\\"{o}ler von", "keywords" : [ "Cooperatives", "Developing countries", "Self-help" ], "editor" : "Thomas Brockmeier and Ulrich Fehl", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "isbn" : "3-525-86081-1", "label" : "Genossenschaftliche Selbsthilfe in der Entwicklungspolitik", "address" : "G\\\"{o}ttingen", "key" : "brockmeier_genossenschaftliche_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{CGAP/DFID/UNDP}", "uri" : "urn:c1c82b348064894beb92e5bdd3b4f0a9", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Cohen, M.", "Sebstad, J." ], "keywords" : "Microinsurance", "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Reducing Vulnerability: The Demand for Microinsurance.", "address" : "Nairobi, Kenya", "key" : "cohen_reducing_2003-1" }, { "issn" : "07371209", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 26219029; Dlamini, Priscilla S. 1; Email Address: pdlamini@healthsci.uniswa.sz Kohi, Thecla W. 2 Uys, Leana R. 3 Phetlhu, Ren\\\'{e} Deliwe 4 Chirwa, Maureen L. 5 Naidoo, Joanne R. 6 Holzemer, William L. 7 Greeff, Minrie 8 Makoae, Lucy N. 9; Affiliation: 1: Senior Lecturer, Department of General Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Swaziland, Mbabane, Swaziland 2: Lecturer, School of Nursing, College of Health, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 3: Professor, Deputy Vice Chancellor, and Head of the College of Health Sciences, University of {KwaZulu-Natal,} Durban, South Africa 4: Lecturer, School of Nursing Science, {North-West} University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa 5: Senior Lecturer, Kamuzu College of Nursing, University of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi 6: Project Manager, School of Nursing, University of {KwaZulu-Natal,} Durban, South Africa 7: Professor and Associate Dean, {UCSF} School of Nursing, University of {California-San} Francisco, San Francisco, California, {USA} 8: Professor, School of Nursing Science, {North-West} University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa 9: Lecturer, School of Nursing, National University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho; Source Info: Sep2007, Vol. 24 Issue 5, p389; Subject Term: {INVECTIVE;} Subject Term: {AIDS} {(Disease);} Subject Term: {HIV} infections; Subject Term: {RURAL} geography; Subject Term: {CITIES} \\& towns; Subject Term: {PHYSICAL} abuse; Subject Term: {AFRICA;} {Author-Supplied} Keyword: abuse; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: discrimination; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: {HIV/AIDS;} {Author-Supplied} Keyword: negate; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: neglect; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: stigma; Number of Pages: 11p; Illustrations: 2 charts, 1 diagram; Document Type: Article{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}} {{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Copyright} of Public Health Nursing is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "number" : "5", "type" : "Publication", "author" : [ "Dlamini, Priscilla S.", "Kohi, Thecla W.", "Uys, Leana R.", "Phetlhu, Ren\\\'{e} Deliwe", "Chirwa, Maureen L.", "Naidoo, Joanne R.", "Holzemer, William L.", "Greeff, Minrie", "Makoae, Lucy N." ], "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=26219029&site=ehost-live", "uri" : "urn:0b35cc8555a31394f19f852bea5435a3", "label" : "Verbal and Physical Abuse and Neglect as Manifestations of {HIV/AIDS} Stigma in Five African Countries.", "keywords" : [ "abuse", "Africa", "AIDS (Disease)", "CITIES \\& towns", "discrimination", "HIV infections", "INVECTIVE", "Malawi", "negate", "neglect", "PHYSICAL abuse", "RURAL geography", "Stigma" ], "pages" : "389--399", "year" : "2007", "journal" : "Public Health Nursing", "abstract" : "To explore the experience of {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma for people living with {HIV/AIDS} {(PLWA)} in Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, and Tanzania. Design and sample: Descriptive study using 43 focus groups ( n=251 participants), which included male and female {PLWA} from both rural and urban areas and nurses working with {PLWA.} Methods: Participants were asked to relate incidents of {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma that they had experienced or observed. Focus group discussions were taped, and data were content analyzed to identify examples of abuse (verbal and physical abuse and neglect) related to {HIV/AIDS} stigma. Data analysis also explored targets of abuse, abusers, and consequences of abuse. Results: Participant reports documented extensive verbal and physical abuse and neglect or negating (disallowing of access to services and opportunities) experienced by {PLWA} and observed by nurses caring for them, and identified negative consequences experienced by {PLWA} whose {HIV-positive} status was disclosed to family, friends, or community members. Conclusions: Health care workers who encourage {PLWA} to disclose their {HIV} status must carefully consider the implications of encouraging disclosure in an environment with high levels of stigma, and must recognize the real possibility that {PLWA} may experience serious verbal and physical abuse as a consequence of disclosure. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]}", "volume" : "24", "pub-type" : "article", "doi" : "10.1111/j.1525-1446.2007.00649.x", "date" : "2007", "key" : "dlamini_verbal_2007" }, { "booktitle" : "Arbeitsergebnisse der X. Internationalen Genossenschaftswissenschaftlichen Tagung 1981 in Marburg", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:83c45e4e26772687f2183c1401aedee8", "date" : "1981", "author" : "D\\\"{u}lfer, Eberhard", "keywords" : [ "Cooperatives", "Germany", "Participation" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1981", "label" : "Die Genossenschaften zwischen Mitgliederpartizipation, Verbundbildung und B\\\"{u}rokratietendenz - Eine Einf\\\"{u}hrung in das Thema", "address" : "Marburg", "key" : "dlfer_die_1981" }, { "url" : "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1149133", "journal" : "{SSRN} {eLibrary}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4f824297e36a5f6710665020748a7ed4", "date" : "2008-05", "author" : [ "Cull, Robert", "{Demirguc-Kunt}, Asli", "Morduch, Jonathan" ], "keywords" : [ "Access to finance", "Banking reform", "Debt Markets", "Emerging markets", "Microfinance" ], "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "ce institutions have proved the possibility of providing reliable banking services to poor customers. Their second aim is to do so in a commercially-viable way. This paper analyzes the tensions and opportunities of microfinance as it embraces the market, drawing on a data set that includes 346 of the world\'s leading microfinance institutions and covers nearly 18 million active borrowers. The data show remarkable successes in maintaining high rates of loan repayment, but the data also suggest that profit-maximizing investors would have limited interest in most of the institutions that are focusing on the poorest customers and women. Those institutions, as a group, charge their customers the highest fees in the sample but also face particularly high transaction costs, in part due to small transaction sizes. Innovations to overcome the well-known problems of asymmetric information in financial markets were a triumph, but further innovation is needed to overcome the challenges of high costs.", "label" : "Microfinance Meets the Market", "key" : "cull_microfinance_2008" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4KKFPH5-1/2/2291be4f01e688ed7442a889a2873194", "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2d944b9c2a3cfbb6ff55617dfa8f7040", "pages" : "1765--1787", "date" : "2006-10", "number" : "10", "author" : [ "Garenne, Michel", "Gakusi, Albert En\\\'{e}as" ], "keywords" : [ "Economic crisis", "Economic policies", "Health policy", "Resilience", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "Under-five mortality", "Vulnerability" ], "volume" : "34", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Summary In Zambia, under-five mortality declined from 1958 to 1975, rose from 1975 to 1992, before resuming its decline from 1992 to 2001. The study investigates the economic, political, and epidemiologic determinants of these changes. The rise in mortality could be explained by an economic downturn (declining income per capita, resulting from lower copper prices on international markets and decreasing production, and its numerous consequences), and to a lesser extent by emerging diseases (increasing mortality from {HIV/AIDS} and resistant malaria). However, mortality decline could resume as a result of building social and health capital, in particular health personnel, and favorable health policies.", "label" : "Vulnerability and Resilience: Determinants of {Under-Five} Mortality Changes in Zambia", "key" : "garenne_vulnerability_2006" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Health \\& Population in Developing Countries", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:48c2f1ad46ed791365f08ad7cbb49c67", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Varatharajan, D.", "keywords" : [ "India", "Public health care" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Public Sector and Efficiency: Are they Mutually Exclusive? An Alternative Policy Framework to Improve the Efficiency of Public Health Care System in Tamil Nadu, India", "key" : "varatharajan_public_2003" }, { "journal" : "Economic and Political Weekly", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:73e4ebefef20b147210d5cf4913b7a01", "pages" : "3179--3183", "date" : "2004", "number" : "28", "author" : [ "Devadasan, N.", "Ranson, Kent", "Damme, Wim van", "Criel, Bart" ], "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "India" ], "volume" : "39", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Community Health Insurance in India - an overview", "key" : "devadasan_community_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{PHRplus,} {USAID}", "uri" : "urn:70b624b32bbd6bba6d715b572a0c03f2", "date" : "1998", "number" : "No. 18", "author" : "Atim, C.", "keywords" : [ "Access to health care", "Africa", "Central Africa", "Delivery", "Financing", "Mutual health organisations", "West Africa" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "label" : "The Contribution of Mutual Health Organizations to Financing, Delivery, and Access to Health Care: Synthesis of Research in Nine West and Central African Countries", "address" : "Bethesda, {MD}", "key" : "atim_contribution_1998" }, { "publisher" : "Springer", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:165c5edf8554399cf44bd7475e4eb79e", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "C??iz??ek, Pavel", "H\\\"{a}rdle, Wolfgang", "Weron, Rafael" ], "keywords" : [ "Financial mathematics", "Research method" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "isbn" : "9783540273950", "label" : "Statistical tools for finance and insurance", "address" : "Berlin; New York", "key" : "pavel_cizek_statistical_2005" }, { "journal" : "The Milbank Quarterly", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b8aeb54e807b21c5e73de1344fd8f114", "pages" : "81--113", "date" : "2001", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Rice, Nigel", "Smith, Peter J." ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk adjustment", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "79", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Capitation and Risk Adjustment in Health Care Financing: An International Progress Report", "key" : "rice_capitation_2001" }, { "journal" : "Journal of International Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:6fdd6c0c17003f3ff886f469a1882ae6", "pages" : "41--65", "date" : "2003", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "{Oliveira-Cruz}, Valeria", "Hanson, Kara", "Mills, Anne" ], "keywords" : "Health service delivery", "volume" : "15", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "This paper reviews the current evidence base regarding efforts to overcome constraints to effective health service delivery in low and middle-income countries. A systematic literature review was chosen as the approach to gather and analyse existing knowledge about how to improve the ?close-to-client? health system. We focused on three levels of constraints: community and household, the health services delivery level itself, and health sector policy and strategic management. In total, 116 studies were reviewed and their main findings presented. The results should be interpreted with caution due to the considerable limitations in the existing evidence base. Copyright: 2003 John Wiley \\& Sons, Ltd", "label" : "Approaches to overcoming constraints to effective health service delivery: a review of the evidence", "key" : "oliveira-cruz_approaches_2003" }, { "publisher" : "The World Bank", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:218569b5d951c392515ebcec18c587d5", "date" : "2007", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Best practices", "Developing countries", "Health insurance", "Health insurance in developing countries", "Market outcome", "Policy recommendations", "Private voluntary health insurance", "Public benefit package", "Regulation" ], "editor" : "Alexander S. Preker and Richard M. Scheffler and Mark C. Bassett", "year" : "2007", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Private Voluntary Health Insurance in Development: Friend Or Foe", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "preker_private_2007" }, { "publisher" : "Mit Pr", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:0d689b46d081a30e75ff7e049024d564", "date" : "2007-10", "author" : [ "Armendariz, Beatriz", "Morduch, Jonathan" ], "keywords" : "Microfinance", "comment" : "{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}only chapter 1 and 3 digitally available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "isbn" : "0262512017", "label" : "The Economics of Microfinance", "key" : "armendariz_economics_2007" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2W-4VNCJG5-7/2/72148a729201fab09683390c8e934778", "journal" : "Energy Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:327634ed074a543aeb254d81ee371262", "date" : "2009", "author" : [ "Rao, P. Sharath Chandra", "Miller, Jeffrey B.", "Wang, Young Doo", "Byrne, John B." ], "volume" : "In Press, Corrected Proof", "keywords" : [ "Below poverty line", "Energy", "Energy policy", "India", "Microfinance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "More than 72\\% of India\'s population resides in rural India1 and it also has a high concentration of people living under abject poverty. Of the total rural population 27.1-28.3\\% lives below the poverty line2 {(BPL).} A lack of energy-finance options is hampering the \"quality of life\" of the {BPL} community. The members of this disadvantaged household which forms 27.1\\% and 23.6\\% of the India\'s rural and urban population3 has no ready access to mainstream finance or know--how of sustainable energy products nor do they have access to energy service providing agency. This lack of energy-finance options has provided the marginalized population little means to break the conventional energy paradigm and the corresponding poverty cycle. Considering the afore-mentioned problem we propose an energy-microfinance intervention or a model that encompasses two independent entities. One has an energy expertise and the other possesses finance management skills. Alternately, we also propose a special purpose entity that comprises of these two entities. This entity fosters different institutional, technical and financial engineering approaches to the provision of energy, finance and infrastructure services necessary for poverty alleviation.", "label" : "Energy-microfinance intervention for below poverty line households in India", "issn" : "0301-4215", "key" : "rao_energy-microfinance_2009" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:cbfe2863f9e3d9120a95e88f9d3cc16c", "pages" : "515--529", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Smith, Richard D.", "volume" : "24", "keywords" : [ "Contingent valuation", "Income", "Sensitivity to scale", "Willingness to pay" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "The possible insensitivity of willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} values to changes in scale continues to cause concern within the contingent valuation {(CV)} literature. Although several reasons for this phenomenon have been suggested, empirical evidence both supports and refutes insensitivity. This paper presents data that suggest that insensitivity may be significantly determined by the individual\'s budget constraint: the higher the proportion of income the expressed {WTP} represents, the greater the insensitivity of that {WTP} to changes in the scale of the good, irrespective of changes in underlying marginal utility. The methodological implication for {CV} studies in health care is outlined. Copyright 2004 Elsevier {B.V.} All rights reserved.", "label" : "Sensitivity to scale in contingent valuation: the importance of the budget constraint", "key" : "smith_sensitivity_2005" }, { "journal" : "Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b90750f303b81583c00cc7a55b0e02fb", "pages" : "215--249", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Uphoff, N.", "keywords" : [ "Participation", "Social capital" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Understanding Social Capital: Learning from the Analysis and Experience of Participation", "key" : "uphoff_understanding_2000" }, { "publisher" : "{S\\&W} Druckerei und Verlag {GmbH}", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:7439119c019416d0b559ac55654b8e04", "date" : "1989", "author" : "M\\\"{u}nkner, {Hans-H.} {(Hrsg.)}", "series" : "Institut f\\\"{u}r Kooperation in Entwicklungsl\\\"{a}ndern, {Philipps-Universit\\\"{a}t} - Studien und Berichte", "keywords" : [ "Development cooperation", "Self-help support" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1989", "label" : "Entwicklungspolitische Konsequenzen einer konsequenten Selbsthilfef\\\"{o}rderung", "address" : "{Marburg/Lahn}", "key" : "hans-h._hrsg._mnkner_entwicklungspolitische_1989" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Economics \\& Management Strategy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1628e800535cc876fd34aa4a76701503", "pages" : "81--107", "date" : "2002", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Ma, Ching-to Albert", "Riordan, Michael H." ], "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Managed care", "Moral hazard" ], "volume" : "11", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Health Insurance, Moral Hazard, and Managed Care", "key" : "ma_health_2002" }, { "journal" : "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:7b70aafa3bb583bd708e5a567094a0c1", "pages" : "66--74", "date" : "2000", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "{Castro-Leal}, F.", "Dayton, J.", "Demery, L.", "Mehra, K." ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health care accessibility", "Health care expenditures", "Health care system", "Poverty", "Social Justice", "Socio-economic factors" ], "volume" : "78", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Public spending on health care in Africa: do the poor benefit?", "key" : "castro-leal_public_2000" }, { "url" : "http://www.ub.uni-konstanz.de/kops/volltexte/2008/6135/", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:c9196c40bb8dcee995045fa1eec6d779", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Lorenz, Normann", "Lorenz, Normann ; Lorenz" ], "keywords" : [ "Germany", "GL", "Risk adjustment", "Risk selection" ], "type" : "Publication", "note" : "Diese Dissertation untersucht die Regulierung von Krankenversicherungsm\\\"{a}rkten und dabei insbesondere Risikoausgleichssysteme (wie {z.B.} den deutschen Risikostrukturausgleich), die dazu dienen, Risikoselektion durch Krankenversicherungen zu reduzieren oder gar zu verhindern. Im 2. Kapitel der Arbeit werden zun\\\"{a}chst die Ursachen von Risikoselektion und die allgemeine Wirkungsweise von Risikoausgleichssystemen erl\\\"{a}utert. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit {(Kapitel} 3-5) wird die optimale Ausgestaltung von Risikoausgleichssystemen hergeleitet; dabei wird vor allem auf die Morbidit\\\"{a}tsorientierung, die Wahl des \\\"{o}konometrischen Modells und auf Risikopools eingegangen. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit werden die Vorschl\\\"{a}ge mit der derzeitigen Ausgestaltung des deutschen Risikostrukturausgleichs verglichen. This thesis analyzes risk-adjustment schemes, a regulatory means to reduce incentives for risk selection in health insurance markets. In Chapter 2 the causes of incentives for risk selection and the general structure of risk-adjustment schemes are explained. In the main part of this thesis {(Chapter} 3-5) the optimal design of a risk-adjustment scheme is derived with a special focus on morbidity measures, the econometric model and cost reimbursement. In the empirical part of this thesis the optimal risk-adjustment scheme is compared to the one currently used in Germany.", "year" : "2006", "howpublished" : "http://www.ub.uni-konstanz.de/kops/volltexte/2008/6135/", "label" : "Risikoselektion als Anreizproblem: M\\\"{o}glichkeiten der Weiterentwicklung von Risikoausgleichssystemen in der Krankenversicherung", "key" : "lorenz_risikoselektion_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "University of Cologne - Development Research Center", "uri" : "urn:c474ee51e29a2b186ffd56f4e0ad0801", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Seibel, H. D.", "keywords" : [ "Microfinance", "Rural financial institutions" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Challenges, oppurtunities and options for the development of rural financial institutions", "address" : "Cologne", "key" : "seibel_challenges_2000" }, { "journal" : "Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ce85260fdc1b3c27dadd50b112b03142", "pages" : "131--142", "date" : "2001", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Christie, Daniel J.", "Dawes, Andrew" ], "keywords" : "Solidarity", "volume" : "7", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "abstract" : "Tolerance and solidarity are recognized as key elements in the United Nations Culture of Peace Declaration. The contributions of psychology to our understanding of the causes of intolerance and the promotion of both tolerance and solidarity are discussed by drawing on insights from the Costa Rica symposium and connecting more widely with the scholarly literature in social and peace psychology. Guided by theory and research, we examine the sources of intolerance and exclusion, emphasizing not only small group processes but structural, societal-level changes. We cite provocative evidence indicating that democratization and globalization leave in their wake new divisions and intolerance. While noting the value of intergroup contact in the context of interdependent goals, we underscore the limits of traditional social psychological approaches when addressing complex social phenomena. We emphasize the critical role peace psychologists can play in exposing ideologies of oppression, and promoting social designs and practices that support tolerance and solidarity, at micro and macro levels, within the context of a collaborative, multidisciplinary framework.", "label" : "Tolerance and Solidarity", "key" : "christie_tolerance_2001" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "working paper" ], "institution" : "{INDIAN} {COUNCIL} {FOR} {RESEARCH} {ON} {INTERNATIONAL} {ECONOMIC} {RELATIONS}", "uri" : "urn:4c52c472e0bfe549a2c75acbecd81500", "date" : "2005", "number" : "161", "author" : "Ahuja, Rajeev", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Health insurance", "India", "Poverty" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Health insurance for the poor in india - an analytical study", "address" : "New Delhi", "key" : "ahuja_health_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1726.2007.00021.x", "journal" : "Internationale Revue f\\\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a78dfac5898f4a213abc41443ad9d6dc", "pages" : "3--24", "date" : "2007-10", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Kuruvilla, Sarosh", "Liu, Mingwei" ], "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Health insurance", "India", "Micro health insurance" ], "volume" : "60", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "Diese Fallstudie befasst sich mit einer wichtigen Neuerung bei der Gesundheitsversorgung fur Arme in landlichen Gebieten, dem {Yeshasvini-Krankenversicherungssystem} fur Bauern und Landarbeiter im indischen Bundesstaat Karnataka. Das wohl weltgrosste Krankenversicherungs-system fur Arme in landlichen Gebieten wurde im Jahre 2003 eingefuhrt und so ausgestaltet, dass mehrere Hindernisse fur den Gesundheitsschutz der landlichen Bevolkerung uberwunden wurden. In seinem zweiten Jahr versicherte es zu einer geringen Jahrespramie von rund 2 Dollar rund 2,2 Millionen weit verstreute Bauern fur chirurgische und ambulante Behandlungen. In dieser Abhandlung wird das System in seinem ersten Betriebsjahr beschrieben und bewertet und dessen Potenzial als Modell fur die Entwicklungslander ganz allgemein untersucht.", "label" : "Krankenversicherung Fur Die Armen in Landlichen Gebieten? Eine Fallstudie Uber Ein Krankenversicherungssystem Fur Bauern Und Landarbeiter in Indien", "key" : "kuruvilla_krankenversicherung_2007" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technical Report" ], "institution" : "Partnerships for Health Reform, Abt Associates", "uri" : "urn:5bf0e1f79871966354ca91fa05e4f3fa", "date" : "1997", "number" : "8", "author" : "Sen, Priti Dave", "keywords" : [ "Community control", "Health financing", "India" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1997", "label" : "Community Control of Health Financing in India: A Review of Local Experiences", "address" : "Bethesda, Maryland", "key" : "sen_community_1997" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/1ADE0604-6297-4D14-B8B9-AE122900108C/0/Part1Principlesandpractices.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:137f2fb82a7eb64f10ffc49b8a9f99ba", "pages" : "25--44", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Cohen, Monique", "Sebstad, Jennefer" ], "keywords" : [ "Demand", "Microinsurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Managing risk; The importance of understanding the demand for microinsurance; Current coping strategies: Strengths and weaknesses; Opportunities for microinsurance", "label" : "The demand for microinsurance", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "cohen_demand_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The Library Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine", "uri" : "urn:fc2b050922d75c5974f1a9608ea44241", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Demedts, Veerle", "Schoonbaert, Dirk" ], "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Health care" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Organization of health care in developing countries - selected publications (1990 - 2004)", "address" : "Antwerpen, Brussels", "key" : "demedts_organization_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/6/105", "journal" : "{BMC} Health Services Research", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ba11e13d246497a863f04a5741340e23", "date" : "2006", "number" : "105", "author" : [ "Asante, Augustine", "Zwi, Anthony", "Ho, Maria T." ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "District health managers", "Ghana", "Release of funds" ], "volume" : "6", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Background: District health systems in Africa depend largely on public funding. In many countries, not only are these funds insufficient, but they are also released in an untimely fashion, thereby creating serious cash flow problems for district health managers. This paper examines how the untimely release of public sector health funds in Ghana affects district health activities and the way district managers cope with the situation. Methods: A qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews was adopted. Two regions {(Northern} and Ashanti) covering the northern and southern sectors of Ghana were strategically selected. Sixteen managers (eight directors of health services and eight district health accountants) were interviewed between 2003/2004. Data generated were analysed for themes and patterns. Results: The results showed that untimely release of funds disrupts the implementation of health activities and demoralises district health staff. However, based on their prior knowledge of when funds are likely to be released, district health managers adopt a range of informal mechanisms to cope with the situation. These include obtaining supplies on credit, borrowing cash internally, prepurchasing materials, and conserving part of the fourth quarter donor-pooled funds for the first quarter of the next year. While these informal mechanisms have kept the district health system in Ghana running in the face of persistent delays in funding, some of them are open to abuse and could be a potential source of corruption in the health system. Conclusion: Official recognition of some of these informal managerial strategies will contribute to eliminating potential risks of corruption in the Ghanaian health system and also serve as an acknowledgement of the efforts being made by local managers to keep the district health system functioning in the face of budgetary constraints and funding delays. It may boost the confidence of the managers and even enhance service delivery.", "label" : "Getting by on credit: how district health managers in Ghana cope with the untimely release of funds", "key" : "asante_getting_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:b9936de6e9a373e5b50042b75b77853d", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Kutzin, Joseph", "Preker, Alexander" ], "keywords" : [ "Benefit package", "Health insurance", "Health policy", "Health sector reform", "Measuring coverage", "Regulation", "Universal health care" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Towards universal health care coverage: a goal-oriented framework for policy analysis", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "kutzin_towards_2000" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Case Study" ], "institution" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance", "uri" : "urn:ec0cbccc3c13720919948e107966dcac", "date" : "2005", "number" : "15", "author" : [ "Roth, James", "Churchill, Craig", "Ramm, Gabriele", "Namerta" ], "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Credit-life insurance", "India", "Life insurance", "Microfinance institutions", "Micro insurance schemes" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Microinsurance and Microfinance Institutions - Evidence from India", "key" : "roth_microinsurance_2005" }, { "publisher" : "Vandenhoeck \\& Ruprecht", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:45ac0b1c4aa91d4ba787a99d41b29c27", "date" : "1975", "author" : "D\\\"{u}lfer, Eberhard {(Hrsg.)}", "series" : "Marburger Schriften zum Genossenschaftswesen - Ver\\\"{o}ffentlichungen des Instituts f\\\"{u}r Kooperation in Entwicklungsl\\\"{a}ndern der {Philipps-Universit\\\"{a}t} {Marburg/Lahn}", "keywords" : [ "Cooperatives", "Development cooperation" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1975", "note" : "Band 10", "label" : "Zur Krise der Genossenschaften in der Entwicklungspolitik", "address" : "Reihe B", "key" : "dlfer_zur_1975" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V64-4V3HHHG-1/2/ae0e407eccb9276549ffd7834969da36", "journal" : "European Economic Review", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:bf544b9ec162d62050041339c6bc6bcb", "pages" : "1--18", "date" : "2009", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Levitt, Steven D.", "List, John A." ], "keywords" : "Field experiments", "volume" : "53", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "This study presents an overview of modern field experiments and their usage in economics. Our discussion focuses on three distinct periods of field experimentation that have influenced the economics literature. The first might well be thought of as the dawn of \"field\" experimentation: the work of Neyman and Fisher, who laid the experimental foundation in the 1920s and 1930s by conceptualizing randomization as an instrument to achieve identification via experimentation with agricultural plots. The second, the large-scale social experiments conducted by government agencies in the mid-twentieth century, moved the exploration from plots of land to groups of individuals. More recently, the nature and range of field experiments has expanded, with a diverse set of controlled experiments being completed outside of the typical laboratory environment. With this growth, the number and types of questions that can be explored using field experiments has grown tremendously. After discussing these three distinct phases, we speculate on the future of field experimental methods, a future that we envision including a strong collaborative effort with outside parties, most importantly private entities.", "label" : "Field experiments in economics: The past, the present, and the future", "issn" : "0014-2921", "key" : "levitt_field_2009" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V8X-44J3T8M-3-7&_cdi=5882&_user=2875156&_orig=na&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2002&_sk=999399996&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkzk&md5=b40fb96d74ecac0a1af16c52dbcdb1b7&ie=/sdarticle.pdf", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:54b2184deb34d440b677d2075f4f8d25", "pages" : "255--273", "date" : "2002-06", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Jegers, Marc", "Kesteloot, Katrien", "Graeve, Diana De", "Gilles, Willem" ], "keywords" : [ "Health care", "Provider payment scheme" ], "volume" : "60", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "abstract" : "A typology to classify provider payment systems from an incentive point of view is developed. We analyse the way, how these systems can influence provider behaviour and, a fortiori, contribute to attain the general objectives of health care, i.e. quality of care, efficiency and accessibility. The first dimension of the typology indicates whether there is a link between the provider\'s income and his activity. In variable systems, the provider has an ability to influence his earnings, contrary to fixed systems. The second dimension indicates whether the provider\'s payments are related to his actual costs or not. In retrospective systems, the provider\'s own costs are the basis for reimbursement ex post whereas in prospective systems payments are determined ex ante without any link to the real costs of the individual provider. These different characteristics are likely to influence provider behaviour in different ways. Furthermore the most frequently used criteria to determine the provider\'s income are discussed: per service, per diem, per case, per patient and per period. Also a distinction is made between incentives at the level of the individual provider (micro-level) and the sponsor (macro-level). Finally, the potential interactions when several payment systems are used simultaneously are discussed. This typology is useful to classify and compare different types of payment systems as prevailing in different countries, and provides a useful framework for future research of health care payment systems.", "label" : "A typology for provider payment systems in health care", "key" : "jegers_typology_2002" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:de26416e29a3e1947ec5156750ad2ad9", "pages" : "409--413", "date" : "1999", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Liu, Xingzhu", "Mills, Anne" ], "keywords" : "Measure unnecessary care", "volume" : "14", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Evaluating payment mechanisms: how can we measure unnecessary care", "key" : "liu_evaluating_1999" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:999e60aa16c7dab82318dfc57cae3a81", "pages" : "508--523", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Trommersh\\\"{a}user, Sabine", "Lindenthal, Roland", "Krech, R\\\"{u}diger" ], "keywords" : "Microinsurance other stakeholders", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Policy-making, participation and consensus-building; Creating an enabling environment; Strengthening institutions; Providing financial assistance", "label" : "The promotional role of governments", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "trommershuser_promotional_2006" }, { "url" : "http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/00346530152480054", "journal" : "The Review of Economics and Statistics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:af2e6ac2d0e88de3fedd1de94292080a", "pages" : "389--407", "date" : "2001", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Foster, A. D.", "Rosenzweig, M. R." ], "keywords" : [ "Altruism", "Low-income countries" ], "volume" : "83", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Imperfect Commitment, Altruism, and the Family: Evidence from Transfer Behavior in {Low-Income} Rural Areas", "key" : "foster_imperfect_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:8ee4a9ab64a4ea1029fd3dc7531ebab5", "date" : "1999", "author" : "{ILO/PAHO}", "keywords" : [ "Caribbean", "Effiency rationale", "Latin America", "Social protection on health" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Out-of-pocket health expenditure in Latin America and the Carribbean: the effiency rationale for extending social protection in health", "key" : "ilo/paho_out-of-pocket_1999" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/whr/2005/en/index.html", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:fcfa335acc6266286f2efaa76546c75c", "date" : "2005", "author" : "World Health Organization, {(WHO)}", "keywords" : "World health report", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "The world health report 2005 - make every mother and child count", "key" : "world_health_organization_who_world_2005" }, { "journal" : "International journal for equity in health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3cf891aa2d57c8ec25be8b2c52e4bb5c", "pages" : "2", "date" : "2005", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Boutayeb, Abdesslam", "Boutayeb, Saber" ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Non communicable diseases" ], "volume" : "4", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "note" : "{PMID:} 15651987", "abstract" : "{BACKGROUND:} By the dawn of the third millennium, non communicable diseases are sweeping the entire globe, with an increasing trend in developing countries where, the transition imposes more constraints to deal with the double burden of infective and non-infective diseases in a poor environment characterised by ill-health systems. By 2020, it is predicted that these diseases will be causing seven out of every 10 deaths in developing countries. Many of the non communicable diseases can be prevented by tackling associated risk factors. {METHODS:} Data from national registries and international organisms are collected, compared and analyzed. The focus is made on the growing burden of non communicable diseases in developing countries. {RESULTS:} Among non communicable diseases, special attention is devoted to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and chronic pulmonary diseases. Their burden is affecting countries worldwide but with a growing trend in developing countries. Preventive strategies must take into account the growing trend of risk factors correlated to these diseases. {CONCLUSION:} Non communicable diseases are more and more prevalent in developing countries where they double the burden of infective diseases. If the present trend is maintained, the health systems in low-and middle-income countries will be unable to support the burden of disease. Prominent causes for heart disease, diabetes, cancer and pulmonary diseases can be prevented but urgent (preventive) actions are needed and efficient strategies should deal seriously with risk factors like smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity and western diet.", "label" : "The burden of non communicable diseases in developing countries", "issn" : "14759276", "key" : "boutayeb_burden_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4CYPYRJ-2/1/8c166a8f497f77f63461e97d0afe002e", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c4b5d2955e8adaa57d3b62737da2d1cc", "pages" : "691--700", "date" : "2005-02", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Liddell, Christine", "Barrett, Louise", "Bydawell, Moya" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "HIV/AIDS", "Illness representations", "Indigenous beliefs", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "volume" : "60", "month" : "February", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "Cultures all over the world have evolved illness representations that can accommodate not only new diseases, but also new epistemologies for explaining disease. This paper examines illness representations in {Sub-Saharan} Africa, and how these have responded to the emergence of {AIDS.} Indigenous views of illness (particularly {STDs)} exhibit coherent structure, in which causation, prevention and treatment relate to one another in functional ways. As an {STD,} an epidemic, and a disease which leads to premature death, {AIDS} lends itself readily to accommodation into established indigenous representations of illness. Even biomedical views of causation can be readily incorporated into traditional views of how illnesses are caused. However, biomedical and traditional views concerning prevention appear to be in direct conflict with one another, with potentially hazardous consequences. Research exploring the extent to which indigenous beliefs may be influencing people\'s decisions about safe sex could offer useful insights for {AIDS} prevention programs.", "label" : "Indigenous representations of illness and {AIDS} in {Sub-Saharan} Africa", "key" : "liddell_indigenous_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "phdthesis", "uri" : "urn:f578830bad69bbdb9cb8ab993ec5d7b0", "date" : "1999", "school" : "{Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\\\"{a}t}", "author" : "Thimm, B.", "keywords" : [ "Europe", "Insurance markets", "Regulation" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Regulation and Regulatory Transformation in European Insurance Markets", "key" : "thimm_regulation_1999" }, { "journal" : "Small Enterprise Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:9ecd614c8c018640564e91d0833e1a7f", "pages" : "25--38", "date" : "2001", "number" : "1", "author" : "{McCord}, M.", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Cambodia", "Case study", "India", "Micro health insurance", "Microinsurance", "Tanzania", "Uganda" ], "volume" : "12", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "abstract" : "The topic of Microinsurance is becoming very popular among Microfinance and development practitioners, donors, and interested parties. There is still little actual documentation on implementation of this line of business outside that of credit unions. {MicroSave-Africa} recognizes the potential of Microinsurance as a risk management tool for poor families that that brings the poor beyond self-savings into the leveraged position of risk pooling. Four health insurance programs representing the four general models of insurance provision were reviewed through case study visits during {July/August} 2000. Two of the four programs are still in the testing phase while the other two have more than three years experience with their products. The microfinance related programs all chose to create an institutional barrier between the insurance program and the microfinance activities citing issues of capacity and risk. A very high dropout rate was seen in three of the programs related to premium issues as well as a universal lack of client understanding of the benefits of risk pooling. In very early testing of one program, no evidence was found to confirm the belief that access to quality health care has any impact on client performance or retention with a related {MFI.} An understanding of all these issues would benefit from additional study. Much study of microinsurance programs is still needed. Topics such as the relationship between the specific product and the client\'s willingness to pay for it are critical to the issue of surplus generation with these programs. A very high attrition rate was evidenced and needs further study. One example from each model is not enough to gain a comprehensive understanding of the model and its application. More case studies will help to build a better foundation from which to make decisions about which model is appropriate in which circumstances. Finally, it is clear from these cases that the provision of health insurance is a very complex business activity and great care should be taken by any institution considering entering such business.", "label" : "Health Care Microinsurance. A Synthesis of Case Studies from Four Health Care Financing Programs in Uganda, Tanzania, India, and Cambodia", "key" : "mccord_health_2001" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:7f69a70276248bfef5e99b15a90d8b39", "date" : "2003-09", "author" : "Ginneken, Wouter van", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Social security" ], "month" : "September", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Extending social security: policies for developing countries.: An article from: International Labour Review", "key" : "ginneken_extending_2003" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCY-4V42J7G-3/2/e2e026f1c9324594273b761340ce4f69", "journal" : "Journal of Banking \\& Finance", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2fd426d9c604f6a99d6a6355d7a7c094", "date" : "2009", "author" : [ "Mersland, Roy", "Str\\om, R. ??ystein" ], "volume" : "In Press, Corrected Proof", "keywords" : [ "Boards", "Performance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "We examine the relationship between firm performance and corporate governance in microfinance institutions {(MFI)} using a self-constructed global dataset on {MFIs} collected from third-party rating agencies. Using random effects panel data estimations, we study the effects of board and {CEO} characteristics, firm ownership type, customer-firm relationship, and competition and regulation on an {MFI\'s} financial performance and outreach to poor clients. We find that financial performance improves with local rather than international directors, an internal board auditor, and a female {CEO.} The number of credit clients increase with {CEO/chairman} duality. Outreach is lower in the case of lending to individuals than in the case of group lending. We find no difference between non-profit organisations and shareholder firms in financial performance and outreach, and we find that bank regulation has no effect. The results underline the need for an industry specific approach to {MFI} governance.", "label" : "Performance and governance in microfinance institutions", "issn" : "0378-4266", "key" : "mersland_performance_2009" }, { "pub-type" : "unpublished", "uri" : "urn:0f65d2e5db4ad06f501aaf33968673a7", "date" : "2007", "author" : "Boateng, Ras A.", "keywords" : [ "Ghana", "NHIS", "NHIS implementation" ], "year" : "2007", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{NHIS} Presentation at the Health Summit", "address" : "Ghana", "key" : "boateng_nhis_2007" }, { "journal" : "The European Journal of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c66d81a469f4e3fde1e050963d35f0e6", "pages" : "209--215", "date" : "2004", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Asgary, Ali", "Willis, Ken", "Taghvaei, Ali Akbar", "Rafeian, Mojtaba" ], "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Rural households", "Willingness to pay" ], "volume" : "5", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Estimating rural households\' willingness to pay for health insurance", "key" : "asgary_estimating_2004" }, { "publisher" : "Polity Press", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:cedf8fbfc47580fb7cd75766e89f4986", "date" : "1988", "author" : "Swaan, Abram de", "keywords" : [ "Europe", "Health care system", "United States" ], "year" : "1988", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "In Care of The State: Health Care, Education and Welfare in Europe and the {USA} in the Modern Era", "address" : "Cambridge, {UK}", "key" : "de_swaan_in_1988" }, { "journal" : "Economics Letters", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:18215860a02024ddbcbe709d0b2effe9", "pages" : "95--101", "date" : "2005", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Croson, Rachel", "Fatas, Enrique", "Neugebauer, Tibor" ], "keywords" : [ "Cooperations", "Public goods", "Reciprocity" ], "volume" : "87", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "Experimental and empirical evidence identifies social preferences and proposes competing models of such preferences. We find that participants match the contributions of others in the voluntary contribution mechanism {(VCM).} We also examine a game with different equilibria, the weakest link mechanism {(WLM).} Here, in contrast, participants match the minimum contribution of others.", "label" : "Reciprocity, matching and conditional cooperation in two public goods games", "key" : "croson_reciprocity_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID}", "uri" : "urn:946eae5a4b661b58da682cb5c4351b75", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Sulzbach, Sara; Garshong", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Ghana CHI", "Health insurance", "Micro health insurance", "NHIS" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Evaluating the Effects of the National Health Insurance Act in Ghana: Baseline Report", "address" : "Bethesda, Maryland", "key" : "sulzbach_evaluatingeffects_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID}", "uri" : "urn:4dcea06b6d35da7d32382bedf3a80364", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Cripps, Gilbert", "Edmond, Janet", "Killian, Richard", "Musau, Stephen", "Satow, Priya", "Sock, Madjiguene" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Community-based health insurance", "Managing CBHI" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Guide to designing and managing community-based health financing schemes in East and Southern Africa - Including Toolkit - Version 1", "address" : "Bethesda, Maryland", "key" : "cripps_guide_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "phdthesis", "uri" : "urn:8e3090a6b384ece9d1928603199ab933", "date" : "2005", "school" : "Freie Universit\\\"{a}t, {Osteuropa-Institut}", "author" : "{G\\\"{o}hler-Robus}, Mareike", "keywords" : [ "Eastern Europe", "Postsocialist communities", "Social capital" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Banzhaf,} Lars {(Redaktion);} Segbers, Klaus {(Hrsg.){\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "note" : "Arbeitspapiere des {Osteuropa-Institus} der freien Universit\\\"{a}t Berlin - Arbeitsschwerpunkt Politik", "label" : "Sozialkapital als Analysekonzept f\\\"{u}r Osteuropa? - Eine vergleichende Untersuchung von Anwendungen des Konzeptes auf postsozialistische Gesellschaften", "key" : "ghler-robus_sozialkapital_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{PHRplus,} {USAID}", "uri" : "urn:1057cab8e2c3eb7cb114e4d9ea69506f", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Barnett, Courtney", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Micro health insurance", "Prepayment scheme", "Rwanda" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Prepayment Scheme in Rwanda accepts {Sero-Positive} Members", "address" : "Bethesda, Maryland", "key" : "barnett_prepayment_2000" }, { "label" : "Income Measurement Error in Surveys: A Review", "key" : "moore_income_????", "keywords" : [ "Cognitive research", "Data quality", "Income amount reports", "Income source reports", "Measuring income", "Random error", "Response bias", "Response error", "Willingness to pay" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "unpublished", "author" : [ "Moore, Jeffrey C.", "Stinson, Linda L.", "Welniak, Edward J." ], "uri" : "urn:f6f234cd541b5487817308e3a52ff49c" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:536f6724fd0a53dc5d280c7006526d4b", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Microsave", "keywords" : [ "Costing", "Microfinance", "Pricing" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Costing and pricing of financial services: A toolkit.", "key" : "microsave_costing_2004" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Social Development in Africa", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f9fb874393a248af7a51d49b6ce4e460", "pages" : "53--70", "date" : "2007", "number" : "1", "author" : "Mwansa, {Lengwe-Katembula}", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "NGOs", "Poverty reduction" ], "volume" : "22", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Non-governmental organisations and poverty reduction in Africa: the need for a paradigm shift", "key" : "mwansa_non-governmental_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{ILO}", "uri" : "urn:68084d2db668e61703634da035ff0586", "date" : "2002", "author" : [ "Aliber, M.", "Ido, A." ], "keywords" : [ "Burkina Faso", "Microinsurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Microinsurance in Burkina Faso", "key" : "aliber_microinsurance_2002" }, { "journal" : "{CESifo} Economic Studies", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:7b5ef9888a597aa3fcbcc8af87eea6f5", "date" : "2006", "number" : "3", "author" : "Gertler, Paul ; Levine", "volume" : "52", "keywords" : [ "Consumption", "Cooperations", "Household", "Insurance", "Social networks" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Is Social Capital the Capital of the Poor? The Role of Family and Community in Helping Insure Living Standards against Health Shocks", "key" : "gertler_is_2006" }, { "journal" : "Theory and Decision", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f63e74aab1dec8675e7ba7cf7451a3d6", "pages" : "371--394", "date" : "2006", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Bolle, Friedel", "Kritikos, Alexander" ], "keywords" : [ "Altruism", "Reciprocity", "Solidarity" ], "volume" : "60", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Reciprocity is a decisive behavioural rule resulting in successful co-operation or deterrence. In this paper, a dynamic model is proposed, where reciprocity is described by changes in altruistic (or malevolent) ties. Multiple steady states may exist in one of which there may be general cooperation (solidarity) and the other being one of universal malice (war of each individual against all other individuals). We apply our theory to a number of examples, illustrating that the agents\' initial preferences determine whether a steady state of solidarity, selfishness or malice will emerge.", "label" : "Reciprocity, Altruism, Solidarity: A Dynamic Model", "key" : "bolle_reciprocity_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Micro Insurance Center - Microfinance Opportunities", "uri" : "urn:02b4cd3f20f47b6a223d7fa4da59040f", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Sebageni, Grace", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Microinsurance", "Uganda" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "In everyday life, people are exposed to risks that threaten their lives, health, and property. Although everyone is affected by these risks to one extent or another, low-income people are the most vulnerable as they do not have adequate means to manage or minimise their exposure to risk. For many of the poor, microfinance has provided a lifeline for poverty alleviation. However, although many of the poor have made great progress through the use of microfinance products, others have simply been helped to stay reasonably stable financially and avoid falling into extreme poverty. The extent to which the poor are assisted by microfinance is still being assessed and debated, but what seems clear is that microcredit does not alleviate risk, although access to savings and credit services may reduce overall vulnerability. New products such as microinsurance may be needed, but more information is needed before appropriate microinsurance products can be developed. The following study was undertaken to investigate common risks affecting the poor in rural and urban Uganda, and to assess the demand for microinsurance by urban and rural poor households. First, we wished to understand the vulnerability of the poor - the most common crises and risks faced by poor households. Second, we examined the relative effectiveness and cost of various coping strategies used by the poor. Finally, we explored the level of satisfaction with services currently being provided by existing formal and informal insurance programmes. Respondents identified a number of risks that we organised into three categories: risks faced in the course of business, risks faced in daily life, and risks faced by communities. We also discovered that individuals have devised various coping mechanisms to help them to deal with these issues in their lives. The data revealed striking differences between the needs and expectations of rural and urban populations. These differences are important to consider in any discussion on microinsurance, and include differences in education levels, socio-economic status, and the relative availability of formal and informal schemes. The data revealed that this sector of society is generally not well educated about insurance and the concept of risk pooling. When one is dealing with low levels of understanding of a concept, simplicity and clarity are very important. It was surprising that the very people who were meant to sell these products did not understand them well enough themselves. Even where a product was mandatory, credit officers in both {FAULU} Uganda and {FINCA} Uganda admitted that they were unclear on the products and many clients complained that they still had many unanswered questions. Some clients also complained that the credit officers are very quick to demand repayment of a loan but do not take the trouble to listen to their problems when a crisis strikes. This is a key issue that must be addressed in this new industry.", "label" : "Assessing the Demand for Microinsurance in Uganda", "address" : "Nairobi, Kenya", "key" : "sebageni_assessingdemand_2002" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:94cef036e6c234fece288c459c7040e8", "date" : "1999", "author" : [ "Krishna, Anirudh", "Uphoff, Norman" ], "keywords" : [ "India", "Social capital" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Mapping and Measuring Social Capital: A Conceptual and Empirical Study of Collective Action for Conserving and Developing Watersheds in Rajasthan, India", "address" : "Washington {D.C.}", "key" : "krishna_mapping_1999" }, { "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:eb445ff9e3709aec7f6994ab1fe0835a", "pages" : "1215--1232", "date" : "2005", "number" : "8", "author" : "Noland, Marcus", "keywords" : "Religion and economy", "volume" : "33", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "Summary. - This paper investigates the relationship between religion and economic performance. In both cross-country and within-country regressions, the null hypothesis that religious affiliation is uncorrelated with performance can frequently be rejected (i.e., religion matters), though the regressions do not yield a robust pattern of coefficients with respect to particular religions. The results with respect to Islam do not support the notion that it is inimical to growth. On the contrary, virtually every statistically significant coefficient on Muslim population shares reported in this paper-in both cross-country and within-country statistical analyses-is positive. If anything, Islam promotes growth.", "label" : "Religion and Economic Performance", "key" : "noland_religion_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{UNAIDS} - Joint United Nations Programm on {HIV/AIDS}", "uri" : "urn:43342cd26d21f7aedf1f75a59564871c", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Barnett, Tony", "Whiteside, Alan" ], "keywords" : "HIV/AIDS", "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Guidelines for Studies of the Social and Economic Impact of {HIV/AIDS}", "address" : "Geneva, Switzerland", "key" : "barnett_guidelines_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Genesis Analytics {(Pty)} Ltd", "uri" : "urn:93b2299737e03441a73d13c3cc857aad", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Malherbe, Stephan; Bester", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "HIV/AIDS", "Micro health insurance", "South Africa" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{ALIVE+} - A pilot assessment of an insurance product for the treatment of {HIV/AIDS} - Version 2, Working Draft", "address" : "Johannesburg, South Africa", "key" : "malherbe_alive+_2004" }, { "journal" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c95c9711209f5d2d24522dc4d725a61d", "date" : "2005-10", "number" : "16", "author" : "Garand, Denis", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Charitable model", "India", "Micro health insurance", "Microinsurance", "Partner-agent-model", "SEWA" ], "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "{VimoSEWA} India", "key" : "garand_vimosewa_2005" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:85556e2533c71bc1e15fe32ad53c1349", "pages" : "564--582", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Churchill, Craig", "Garand, Denis" ], "keywords" : "Microinsurance", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Limit benefits; Focus on efficiency; Diversify income sources; Good management", "label" : "Strategies for sustainability", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "churchill_strategies_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:10344392db8262742ca2179dc31242db", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Microinsurance, {CGAP} Working Group on", "keywords" : "Microinsurance", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Preliminary Donor Guidelines for Supporting Microinsurance", "key" : "cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_preliminary_2003" }, { "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2bd02f8216cdcbc46bcfad4b8f95c383", "pages" : "381--394", "date" : "1998", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Haddad, Slim", "Fournier, Pierre", "Machouf, Nim\\\'{a}", "Yatara, Fassinet" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Bamako initiative", "Community perceptions", "Developing countries", "Guinea", "Primary health care", "Quality of health services" ], "volume" : "47", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "label" : "What does quality mean to lay people? Community perceptions of primary health care services in Guinea", "key" : "haddad_whatquality_1998" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Worldbank", "uri" : "urn:d58c9b53254763f6c3d424b86a48abe2", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Preker, Alexander", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Developing countries", "Health insurance", "Voluntary health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Voluntary Health Insurance in Development - Review of Role in Africa Region and Other Selected Developing Country Experiences", "key" : "preker_voluntary_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Development Alternatives Inc., {USAID}", "uri" : "urn:d19925d0ce2d5dbfdcc516033d8f1e8c", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Drake, D.", "Young, R." ], "keywords" : [ "Commercial banks", "Microfinance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Banking at the Base of the Pyramid: A Microfinance Primer for Commercial Banks", "key" : "drake_banking_2005" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:89cecfc1573e8d3817d1a9bb292a0f2f", "pages" : "1176--1249", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Cullis, John G.", "Jones, Philip R.", "Popper, Carol" ], "keywords" : [ "Medical care market", "NHS inpatient queues", "Waiting costs", "Waiting lists", "Waiting times" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "A number of health care systems use waiting time as a rationing device for access to inpatient care. However, a considerable amount of research has focussed in particular on the {UK\'s} National Health Service and its perceived problem of waiting \"lists\". In this chapter a theoretical discussion addresses the issue of the optimum wait in the context of Paretian welfare economics. However, reference is also made to public choice analysis and to queuing theory. Empirical literature that explores the various dimensions of waiting costs is reviewed and evaluated. Different methods of estimation are illustrated and these include contingent valuation, implied valuation and econometric modelling. The policy section assesses various \"solutions\" to the waiting list \"problem\". Options are classified in terms of their impact on excess demand and the issue of waiting list management is addressed. In the absence of an over-arching welfare analysis both empirical work and policy recommendations are inevitably piece-meal and open to debate. Given the inherent weaknesses of applied welfare economics the challenge is to find a framework which would attract a broader consensus.", "label" : "Waiting Lists and Medical Treatment", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "cullis_waiting_2000" }, { "publisher" : "African Union", "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:497fb5ac10274f9e8017b60f444b868f", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Union, African", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health financing", "HIV/AIDS", "Malaria", "Tuberculosis" ], "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Universal Access to {HIV/AIDS,} Tuberculosis and Malaria Services by a United Africa by 2010 - Health Financing in Africa", "address" : "{ABUJA,} {NIGERIA}", "key" : "african_union_universal_2006" }, { "journal" : "Microentreprise Best Practices, {USAID\'s} Microentreprise Innovation Project", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c12d9b4255dcf025ae9d59577c909319", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Brown, W.", "Churchill, C." ], "keywords" : [ "Low-income insurance", "Micro health insurance", "Microinsurance" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Insurance Provision in {Low-Income} Communities. Part {II:} Initial Lessons from {Micro-Insurance} Experiments for the Poor", "key" : "brown_insurance_2000" }, { "journal" : "{PNAS}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:7f82e7d66f6ba594ed5bb57ab1720e9a", "pages" : "8074--8079", "date" : "2003", "number" : "14", "author" : [ "{II}, {B.L.} Turner", "Kasperson, Roger E.", "Matson, Pamela A.", "{McCarthy}, James J.", "Corell, Robert W.", "Christensen, Lindsay", "Eckley, Noelle", "Kasperson, Jeanne X.", "Luers, Amy", "Martello, Marybeth L.", "Polsky, Colin", "Pulsipher, Alexander", "Schiller, Andrew" ], "keywords" : "Vulnerability analysis", "volume" : "100", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "A framework for vulnerability analysis in substainability science", "key" : "turner_ii_framework_2003" }, { "url" : "http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8675.1995.tb00023.x", "journal" : "Constellations", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:62f4a8dc1b45b5304114e0c1d5ec0627", "pages" : "114--140", "date" : "1995", "number" : "1", "author" : "Dean, Jodi", "keywords" : "Solidarity", "volume" : "2", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1995", "label" : "Reflective Solidarity", "key" : "dean_reflective_1995" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:59107d125e59a4483a03b92fb95db780", "pages" : "1141--1174", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Sloan, Frank A.", "keywords" : [ "Analysis of health care markets", "Contracting", "Government policy", "Nonprofit institutions", "Personal and professional services", "Privatization", "Public enterprises", "Public goods", "Public health care", "Regulation" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "{Not-For-Profit} Ownership and Hospital Behaviour", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "sloan_not-for-profit_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The Microinsurance Centre", "uri" : "urn:8ab565dcbfd32d65dffc6e99ff6c583e", "date" : "2000", "author" : "{McCord}, Michael", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual insurance", "Tanzania" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Microinsurance - A case study of an example of the mutual model of microinsurance provision - Umasida", "address" : "Nairobi, Kenya", "key" : "mccord_microinsurance_2000" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "discussion paper" ], "institution" : "The University of York. Center for Health Economics", "uri" : "urn:db169002f534e8081b17df7ccdfb825b", "date" : "2004", "number" : "188", "author" : "Jowett, Matthew", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Low-income countries" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "This Discussion Paper is concerned with the development of risk-sharing systems for health, in low- and middle-income countries. It questions whether insurance theory developed in wealthier economies, in particular the central ideas of adverse selection and moral hazard, has relevance in the context of poorer countries with high levels of unmet health needs, and low utilisation of health services. Empirical evidence on these two issues is reviewed, as is the debate around social capital and collective action, and its relevance to extending risk sharing in poorer countries. Drawing on thinking and evidence from development economics, it is argued that informal risksharing may crowd-out formal risk-sharing schemes, the reverse of arguments found in much of the literature. Rooted in a holistic framework of household risk-reducing strategies, the paper considers the dynamic of demand for insurance in poorer countries, influenced by factors such as social cohesion, perceived corruption, and duty to the state. A central argument in the paper is that much of the literature on health insurance in low-income countries fails to consider well-developed and highly relevant bodies of literature in development economics and sociology.", "label" : "Theoretical Insights Into the Development of Health Insurance in Low-income Countries", "key" : "jowett_theoretical_2004" }, { "pages" : "92--104", "label" : "Chapter 3: Health First", "key" : "_chapter_????", "keywords" : [ "Human capital", "Primary health care" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:e7d4cd1c99fa8b7622fe87f527781aed" }, { "url" : "www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03074350610671584", "journal" : "Managerial Finance", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:447427ffb531d83076c1a166d6eb84b5", "pages" : "594 -- 605", "date" : "2006", "number" : "7", "author" : "Kolo, Jerry", "keywords" : [ "Financial modelling", "Financial System", "Small enterprises" ], "volume" : "32", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Purpose -- This paper seeks to look at failed development paradigms in West Africa, one of the world\'s poorest regions, and to argue that new and contextually relevant methods are needed to stem poverty, engage people in productive microenterprises, improve people\'s quality of life, and foster patriotism and civic involvement among citizens. Design/methodology/approach -- Based on the view that microentrepreneurship is a way of life and a means of livelihood for West Africa\'s poor, and that lack of credit is a formidable obstacle to microenterprise development, the paper makes a case for institutionalizing a financial systems approach, which was developed by microenterprise financing practitioners to provide poor people world-wide with savings and credit services, leading to their self-sufficiency and integration into mainstream financial systems. The four stages of this approach are discussed, along with the tasks in each stage. Findings -- The paper posits that implementing the approach must be a joint task among society\'s four key stakeholders in the public, corporate, non-profit and grassroots sectors. Originality/value -- The paper concludes that a financial systems approach offers several prospects for citizens\' productivity, for political stability in their countries, and for their meaningful engagement in the world\'s delocalized economy.", "label" : "An analysis of strategic issues in institutionalizing a financial systems approach for microenterprise development in Africa", "key" : "kolo_analysis_2006" }, { "journal" : "American Journal of Political Science", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4548cd6f63e8ba3c22f0cc15bcba3af7", "pages" : "999--1023", "date" : "1997", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Brehm, John", "Rahn, Wendy" ], "keywords" : [ "Participation", "Social capital" ], "volume" : "41", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1997", "label" : "{Individual-Level} Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital", "key" : "brehm_individual-level_1997" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:95007b9c5cbc59b94c6795623952ddef", "pages" : "846--890", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Chalkley, Martin", "Malcomson, James M." ], "keywords" : [ "Commitment", "Cost Sharing", "Prospective payment", "Quality of service", "Reputation" ], "volume" : "Part 3", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "This chapter reviews the literature on payment schemes for government purchases of health services. It focuses on four themes: (1) the tension between obtaining appropriate quality of services and keeping the cost of those services at an acceptable level; (2) the role of cost sharing by the payer when there is asymmetric information between purchaser and supplier about costs or case-mix; (3) the importance of commitment in purchasing; and (4) the role of reputation in maintaining quality in long term relationships between purchasers and suppliers.", "label" : "Government Purchasing of Health Services", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "chalkley_government_2000" }, { "issn" : "13602276", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 29972943; Jahn, A. 1,2; Email Address: a\\_jahn@lighthouse.org.mw Floyd, S. 2 Mwinuka, V. 1 Mwafilaso, J. 1 Mwagomba, D. 3 Mkisi, R. E. 3 Katsulukuta, A. 4 Khunga, A. 5 Crampin, A. C. 1,2 Branson, K. 2 {McGrath,} N. 1,2 Fine, P. E. M. 2; Affiliation: 1: Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi 2: Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, {UK} 3: The Zonal Health Support Office, Mzuzu, Malawi 4: Ministry of Health and Population, Lilongwe, Malawi 5: Karonga District Hospital, Karonga, Malawi; Source Info: Jan2008, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p129; Subject Term: {VACCINATION} of children; Subject Term: {VACCINES;} Subject Term: {DEMOGRAPHY;} Subject Term: {SOCIAL} status; Subject Term: {MALAWI;} {Author-Supplied} Keyword: caract\\\'{e}ristiques des parents; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: caracter\\ufffd?{i}sticas parentales; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: confounders; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: factores confusi\\\'{o}n; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: impact du vaccin; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: impacto vacunas; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: Malawi; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: parental characteristics; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: r\\\'{e}ception du vaccin; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: recepci\\\'{o}n vacunas; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: vaccine impact; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: vaccine uptake; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: variables confusionnelles; Number of Pages: 10p; Illustrations: 4 charts, 3 graphs, 1 map; Document Type: Article{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}} {{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Copyright} of Tropical Medicine \\& International Health is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}} {{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Objectif:} \\ufffd?{E}valuer les facteurs li\\\'{e}s \\`{a} l\'enregistrement de la r\\\'{e}ception du vaccin pouvant influencer l\'\\\'{e}valuation de l\'impact du vaccin. M\\\'{e}thodes: L\'analyse de la documentation sur l\'historique de la vaccination des enfants de moins de 5 ans et des caract\\\'{e}ristiques d\\\'{e}mographiques et socio-\\\'{e}conomiques collect\\\'{e}s par un syst\\`{e}me de surveillance d\\\'{e}mographique dans le district de Karonga au Malawi. Les associations entre les d\\\'{e}viations par rapport au programme standard de vaccination et les caract\\\'{e}ristiques susceptibles d\'\\^{e}tre li\\\'{e}es \\`{a} un accroissement de la mortalit\\\'{e} ont \\\'{e}t\\\'{e} d\\\'{e}termin\\\'{e}es par r\\\'{e}gression logistique multivari\\\'{e}e. R\\\'{e}sultats: 78\\% d\'enfants \\^{a}g\\\'{e}s de 6 \\`{a} 23 mois avaient un document de vaccination. Ce pourcentage diminuait \\`{a} \\< 50\\% vers l\'\\^{a}ge de 5 ans. Le fait de vivre plus pr\\`{e}s d\'une clinique pour moins de 5 ans, d\'avoir un p\\`{e}re mieux instruit et les deux parents vivants, \\\'{e}tait associ\\\'{e} au fait d\'avoir un document de vaccination. Pour un petit pourcentage des enfants, les documents sur la vaccination \\\'{e}taient incomplets et/ou d\\\'{e}fectueux. Le nombre de personnes ayant re\\c{c}u le vaccin \\\'{e}tait en g\\\'{e}n\\\'{e}ral \\\'{e}lev\\\'{e}, mais la vaccination \\\'{e}tait retard\\\'{e} chez les enfants vivant plus loin de la clinique pour moins de 5 ans la plus proche ou de milieux socio-\\\'{e}conomiques plus pauvres. 9\\% d\'enfants avaient re\\c{c}u leur derni\\`{e}re dose de {DPT} avec ou apr\\`{e}s le vaccin contre la rougeole. Ces enfants \\\'{e}taient de parents relativement moins instruits et \\\'{e}taient plus susceptibles d\'\\^{e}tre n\\\'{e}s en dehors des services de sant\\\'{e} compar\\\'{e}s aux autres enfants. Conclusions: Bien que la couverture vaccinale globale dans cette communaut\\\'{e} ait \\\'{e}t\\\'{e}\\\'{e}tendue et la variation de la couverture selon les caract\\\'{e}ristiques de l\'enfant ou parentales soit r\\\'{e}duite, il y avait une forte \\\'{e}vidence d\'une couverture plus synchronis\\\'{e}e chez les enfants de meilleures conditions socio-\\\'{e}conomiques et chez ceux vivant plus pr\\`{e}s des services de sant\\\'{e}. Ces facteurs sont susceptibles d\'\\^{e}tre des variables confusionnelles importants dans l\'association entre la vaccination et la mortalit\\\'{e}, et peuvent offrir une explication alternative pour l\'impact sur la mortalit\\\'{e} non sp\\\'{e}cifique des vaccins d\\\'{e}crite par d\'autres \\\'{e}tudes. {(French)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}}} {{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Objetivo:} Evaluar los factores relacionados con la recepci\\\'{o}n registrada de vacunas, que podr\\ufffd?{i}an confundir la evaluaci\\\'{o}n del impacto vacunal. M\\\'{e}todos: An\\\'{a}lisis de historias documentadas de vacunaci\\\'{o}n de ni??os menores de 5 a??os y caracter\\ufffd?{i}sticas demogr\\\'{a}ficas y socioecon\\\'{o}micas recolectadas mediante un sistema de vigilancia demogr\\\'{a}fica en el distrito de Karonga, Malawi. Las asociaciones entre las desviaciones en la programaci\\\'{o}n vacunal est\\\'{a}ndar y las caracter\\ufffd?{i}sticas que podr\\ufffd?{i}an estar asociadas se determinaron mediante regresi\\\'{o}n log\\ufffd?{i}stica multivariada. Resultados: Un 78\\% de los ni??os con edades entre 6--23 meses ten\\ufffd?{i}an el carnet vacunal, lo cual disminu\\ufffd?{i}a a \\< 50\\% al llegar a los 5 a??os de edad. El vivir cerca de un centro de salud con atenci\\\'{o}n pedi\\\'{a}trica, el tener un padre con un mayor nivel educativo, y el que ambos padres estuviesen vivos estaba asociado con el tener el carnet vacunal. Para un peque??o porcentaje de ni??os, los datos vacunales estaban incompletos o ten\\ufffd?{i}an errores. La recepci\\\'{o}n de vacunas en general era alta, pero era retardada para ni??os que viv\\ufffd?{i}an m\\\'{a}s lejos del centro de salud o que proven\\ufffd?{i}an de familias con un estatus socioecon\\\'{o}mico m\\\'{a}s bajo. Un 9\\% de los ni??os hab\\ufffd?{i}a recibido su \\\'{u}ltima dosis de {DPT} al mismo tiempo que o despu\\\'{e}s de la vacuna de sarampi\\\'{o}n. Estos ni??os ten\\ufffd?{i}an padres con un menor nivel educativo y una mayor probabilidad, que otros ni??os, de haber nacido fuera de los servicios sanitarios. Conclusiones: Aunque en esta comunidad la cobertura general era alta y la variaci\\\'{o}n en cobertura, dependiendo de las caracter\\ufffd?{i}sticas del ni??o y los padres, era peque??a, hab\\ufffd?{i}a una fuerte evidencia de que aquellos ni??os con mejores condiciones socioecon\\\'{o}micas as\\ufffd?{i} como los que viv\\ufffd?{i}an m\\\'{a}s cerca del centro sanitario recib\\ufffd?{i}an una cobertura m\\\'{a}s a tiempo. Estos podr\\ufffd?{i}an ser factores de confusi\\\'{o}n al asociar las vacunas con mortalidad, y podr\\ufffd?{i}an ofrecer un explicaci\\\'{o}n alternativa al impacto no espec\\ufffd?{i}fico de las vacunas sobre la mortalidad que se describe en otros estudios. {(Spanish)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}}", "number" : "1", "type" : "Publication", "author" : [ "Jahn, A.", "Floyd, S.", "Mwinuka, V.", "Mwafilaso, J.", "Mwagomba, D.", "Mkisi, R. E.", "Katsulukuta, A.", "Khunga, A.", "Crampin, A. C.", "Branson, K.", "{McGrath}, N.", "Fine, P. E. M." ], "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=29972943&site=ehost-live", "uri" : "urn:57391433c1deb47cc06d787cc0584a84", "label" : "Ascertainment of childhood vaccination histories in northern Malawi.", "keywords" : [ "caracter\\ufffd?{i}sticas parentales", "caract\\\'{e}ristiques des parents", "confounders", "DEMOGRAPHY", "factores confusi\\\'{o}n", "impact du vaccin", "impacto vacunas", "Malawi", "parental characteristics", "recepci\\\'{o}n vacunas", "r\\\'{e}ception du vaccin", "SOCIAL status", "VACCINATION of children", "vaccine impact", "VACCINES", "vaccine uptake", "variables confusionnelles" ], "pages" : "129--138", "year" : "2008", "journal" : "Tropical Medicine \\& International Health", "abstract" : "Objective To assess factors related to recorded vaccine uptake, which may confound the evaluation of vaccine impact. Methods Analysis of documented vaccination histories of children under 5 years and demographic and socio-economic characteristics collected by a demographic surveillance system in Karonga District, Malawi. Associations between deviations from the standard vaccination schedule and characteristics that are likely to be associated with increased mortality were determined by multivariate logistic regression. Results Approximately 78\\% of children aged 6--23 months had a vaccination document, declining to {\\textless}50\\% by 5 years of age. Living closer to an under-5 clinic, having a better educated father, and both parents being alive were associated with having a vaccination document. For a small percentage of children, vaccination records were incomplete and/or faulty. Vaccination uptake was high overall, but delayed among children living further from the nearest under-5 clinic or from poorer socio-economic backgrounds. Approximately 9\\% of children had received their last dose of {DPT} with or after measles vaccine. These children were from relatively less educated parents, and were more likely to have been born outside the health services. Conclusions Though overall coverage in this community was high and variation in coverage according to child or parental characteristics small, there was strong evidence of more timely coverage among children from better socio-economic conditions and among those who lived closer to health facilities. These factors are likely to be strong confounders in the association of vaccinations with mortality, and may offer an alternative explanation for the non-specific mortality impact of vaccines described by other studies. {(English)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]}", "volume" : "13", "pub-type" : "article", "doi" : "10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01982.x", "date" : "2008", "key" : "jahn_ascertainment_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Academy Health - Advancing Research. Policy and Practice", "uri" : "urn:594ffec1538942466ae5b0523b0841c9", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Martin, Kathryn E.", "Rogal, Deborah L.", "Arnold, Sharon B." ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk adjustment" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{Health-Based} risk-assessment {Risk-Adjusted}", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "martin_health-based_2004" }, { "label" : "Reinsurance and other Facilities for the Indian Micro Health Insurance System", "key" : "dror_reinsurance_????", "keywords" : [ "Health care system", "India", "Reinsurance", "Risk equalization" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "misc", "author" : "Dror, David", "uri" : "urn:c34ff59bd3246a90ca610d2518995104" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "uri" : "urn:13677d397feb0005bd45c75c2b4b6899", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "Microinsurance, {CGAP} Working Group on", "autonome, Appui au d\\\'{e}veloppement", "{BRS}" ], "keywords" : "Microinsurance", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Performance Indicators for Microinsurance Practitioners - Summary", "key" : "cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_performance_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Partnerships for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates Inc", "uri" : "urn:326df27c34b7578fbb096788a9f7daff", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Diop, Francois", "Schneider, Pia", "Butera, Damascene" ], "keywords" : "Community participation", "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Technical Report No. 59 - Summary of Results: Prepayment Schemes in the Rwandan Districts of Byumba, Kabgayi, and Kabutare", "address" : "Bethesda, {MD}", "key" : "diop_technical_2000" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4S7S1BW-1/1/bd450d4aad85994b4c998921e9fa7521", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ba2b2c7f68f9928d6927c04585a2c450", "date" : "2008", "author" : [ "Theobald, Sally", "{Nhlema-Simwaka}, Bertha" ], "volume" : "In Press, Corrected Proof", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Applied social research", "Gender equity", "HIV/AIDS", "Malawi", "Policy" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "The case for research to promote equity in health in resource poor contexts such as Malawi is compelling. In Malawi, nearly half of all the people with tuberculosis cannot afford to access free tuberculosis services. In this scenario, there is a clear need to understand the multiple barriers poor women and men face in accessing services and pilot interventions to address these in a way that engages policy makers, practitioners and communities. This paper provides a critical reflection on our experience as applied social researchers working at the {REACH} {(Research} for Equity and Community Health) Trust in Malawi. Our work largely uses qualitative research methodologies as a tool for applied social research to explore the equity dimensions of health services in the country. We argue that a key strength of qualitative research methods and analysis is the ability to bring the perceptions and experiences of marginalised groups to policy makers and practitioners. The focus of this paper is two-fold. The first focus lies in synthesising the opportunities and challenges we have encountered in promoting the use of applied social research, and in particular qualitative research methods, on {TB} and {HIV} in Malawi. The second focus is on documenting and reflecting on our experiences of using applied social research to promote gender equity in {TB/HIV} policy and practice in Malawi. In this paper, we reflect on the strategic frameworks we have used in the Malawian context to try and bring the voices of poor women and men to policy makers and practitioners and hence intensify the research to policy and practice interface.", "label" : "The research, policy and practice interface: Reflections on using applied social research to promote equity in health in Malawi", "key" : "theobald_research_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Indian Institute of Management", "uri" : "urn:17f69a0b33a4ee50789eb092bf4d6460", "date" : "2003", "number" : "No. 2003-05-02", "author" : [ "Bhat, Ramesh", "Babu, Sumesh K-" ], "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Third party administrators" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Health insurance and third party administrators: issues and challenges", "address" : "Ahmedabad", "key" : "bhat_health_2003" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:517a82e6cc4971ca6959be51ffb38e6d", "pages" : "213--222", "date" : "1995", "number" : "3", "author" : "Leighton, Charlotte", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health care sector reforms" ], "volume" : "10", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1995", "label" : "Overview: health financing reforms in Africa", "key" : "leighton_overview:_1995" }, { "journal" : "Medical Care", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e4dbd8747d3c1551650f6482ee7a5efa", "pages" : "824--830", "date" : "1999", "number" : "8", "author" : "Lamers, Leida", "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "37", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Pharmacy Costs Groups: A {Risk-Adjuster} for Capitation Payments Based on the Use of Prescribed Drugs", "key" : "lamers_pharmacy_1999" }, { "url" : "http://www.sml.hw.ac.uk/cert/wpa/2007/dp0707.pdf", "journal" : "Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation {(CERT)} - Discussion Paper", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a42cc2e2d294fbcb78ef4801331e83df", "date" : "2007", "author" : "{LeMay-Boucher}, Philippe", "volume" : "07", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Benin", "Group insurance", "Microinsurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "This paper studies indigenous insurance groups using evidence from urban areas in Benin. Many of these informal institutions co-exist within neighbourhood-distance. They are based on well-defined rules and regulations, offering premium-based insurance for funeral expenses, as well as other forms of insurance and credit to cope with hardships. We provide first a description of these groups. Then we investigate, with the help of an original dataset, which individual characteristics are significant in explaining both the probability to join such groups and the choice of insurance coverage.", "label" : "Insurance for the Poor: The Case of Informal Insurance Groups in Benin", "key" : "lemay-boucher_insurance_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:7a1bed99ce88a61fc9bba56594d4ba29", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Inc., Abt Associations", "series" : "International Perspectives", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Ghana CHI", "Micro health insurance", "Women and health" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "African Women\'s Health: Why Mutual Health Organizations are Making a Difference", "key" : "abt_associations_inc._african_2004" }, { "label" : "The Experience of Bank Rakhyat Indonesia in Microfinance", "key" : "m._jarot_eko_winarno_experience_????", "keywords" : [ "Bank Rakhyat", "Indonesia", "Microfinance" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "misc", "author" : "Winarno, M. Jarot Eko", "uri" : "urn:c3ab5ce98e333d9dd927eb9820d1fdd3" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-053413.pdf", "journal" : "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:053aa38a62fb765c6b209af361984f6c", "pages" : "871--876", "date" : "2008", "number" : "86", "author" : [ "{McIntyre}, Diane", "Garshong, Bertha", "Mtei, Gemini", "Meheus, Filip", "Thiede, Michael", "Akazili, James", "Ally, Mariam", "Aikins, Moses", "Mulligan, {Jo-Ann}", "Goudge, Jane" ], "keywords" : [ "Ghana", "NHIS", "South Africa", "Tanzania", "Universal coverage" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "The World Health Assembly of 2005 called for all health systems to move towards universal coverage, defined as \"access to adequate health care for all at an affordable price\". A crucial aspect in achieving universal coverage is the extent to which there are income and risk cross-subsidies in health systems. Yet this aspect appears to be ignored in many of the policy prescriptions directed at low- and middle-income countries, often resulting in high degrees of health system fragmentation. The aim of this paper is to explore the extent of fragmentation within the health systems of three African countries {(Ghana,} South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania). Using a framework for analysing health-care financing in terms of its key functions, we describe how fragmentation has developed, how each country has attempted to address the arising equity challenges and what remains to be done to promote universal coverage. The analysis suggests that South Africa has made the least progress in addressing fragmentation, while Ghana appears to be pursuing a universal coverage policy in a more coherent way. To achieve universal coverage, health systems must reduce their reliance on out-of-pocket payments, maximize the size of risk pools, and resource allocation mechanisms must be put in place to either equalize risks between individual insurance schemes or equitably allocate general tax (and donor) funds. Ultimately, there needs to be greater integration of financing mechanisms to promote universal cover with strong income and risk cross-subsidies in the overall health system.", "label" : "Beyond fragmentation and towards universal coverage: insights from Ghana, South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania", "key" : "mcintyre_beyond_2008" }, { "journal" : "Health Affairs", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2ccdfd38952242c78894f48904b520e7", "pages" : "369--379", "date" : "2006", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Pauly, Mark V.", "Zweifel, Peter", "Scheffler, Richard", "Preker, Alexander", "Bassett, Mark" ], "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Private health insurance", "Voluntary private insurance" ], "volume" : "25", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "A joint Wharton {School--World} Bank conference called attention to the high proportions of medical care spending paid out of pocket in most developing countries. One of the reasons for this, attendees said, is the problem in such economies of generating high tax revenues in a nondistortive way. Since people are paying out of pocket, they should be able to afford some private insurance that can spread the risk of above-average out-ofpocket payments. The potential efficiency gains from greater use of voluntary private insurance seem large, but there are a number of possible impediments to the emergence of such insurance. {[Health} Affairs 25, no. 2 (2006): 369--379; 10.1377/hlthaff.25.2.369", "label" : "Private Health Insurance in Developing Countries - Voluntary private insurance could fill in the gaps that limited public", "key" : "pauly_private_2006" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:ec99a916632959bbb63c271d47368192", "pages" : "1--8", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Culyer, Anthony J.", "Newhouse, Joseph P." ], "keywords" : [ "Equity and health", "Health economics", "Health habits", "Insurance markets", "Law and regulation" ], "volume" : "Part 1", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Introduction: The State and Scope of Health Economics", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "culyer_introduction:state_2000" }, { "journal" : "Int. J. Health Plann. Mgmt", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:14a55d3560dc88d476c8e384163ee1fe", "pages" : "287--311", "date" : "1999", "author" : "{Puig-Junoy}, J.", "volume" : "14", "keywords" : [ "Health sector reform", "Risk selection" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Managing Risk Selection incentives in health sector reforms", "key" : "puig-junoy_managing_1999" }, { "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:f6fda70cd31cd4bc72c3899f73b35abd", "date" : "1999", "author" : "{USAID}", "keywords" : [ "Decentralization", "Health sector reform", "Philippines" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Health Insurance and Decentralization in the Philippines", "key" : "usaid_health_1999" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Microfinance", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ab8afa2bbd61172c72d46a40bd7b46b2", "pages" : "49--72", "number" : "2", "author" : "Satish, P.", "volume" : "3", "keywords" : "Microfinance", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Institutional Alternatives for the Promotion of Microfinance", "key" : "satish_institutional_????-1" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V9H-4R2HKG5-1/2/7891b249b97485e2edf5c604b781bda7", "journal" : "Habitat International", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a787b12d8ac9379f0afa60f5a7ecd917", "pages" : "203--222", "date" : "2008-06", "number" : "2", "author" : "Frota, Luis", "keywords" : [ "Economic promotion", "Low-income population", "Social protection" ], "volume" : "32", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "A majority of people now live in cities. Countries need to accommodate such a rapidly growing urban population, which is often living and working informally, and which is lacking access to decent working and living conditions. By integrating economic promotion policies with social protection instruments public policies not only mitigate the effects of social risks on poverty, particularly in low-income settlements, but also create the necessary conditions to allow the poor to work out of poverty. Some international organizations including the International Labour Office {(ILO)} consider that low-income countries can afford a basic package of social benefits. In face of growing informalization of the labour force worldwide, universal and targeted social cash transfers to poor people, which are not related to their employment status, are contributing today to curb poverty and reduce inequality in a number of developing countries. But, for poor people in petty jobs, poor housing and living conditions, social and economic rights are indivisible. Case studies show how social protection and local development in urban areas can be combined to achieve progressive universal coverage. These studies provide evidence that workers and families, who need to secure and enhance their vulnerable household economies, can largely benefit from measures that aim to extend further the reach of social protection. A major challenge lies in breaking down the conceptual and administrative barriers that artificially oppose economic development and social protection, in order to reduce the costs of the access to productive and basic social services and remove hurdles to local development in urban areas.", "label" : "Securing decent work and living conditions in low-income urban settlements by linking social protection and local development: A review of case studies", "issn" : "0197-3975", "key" : "frota_securing_2008" }, { "journal" : "International Journal of Social Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:17ce5f0c30f8e7de5290e652038e009e", "pages" : "143 -- 158", "date" : "2004", "number" : "1/2", "author" : [ "Mwenda, Kenneth Kaoma", "Muuka, Gerry Nkombo" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Best practices", "Microfinance" ], "volume" : "31", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "Micro-finance institutions are critical to Africa\'s quest for solutions to the continent\'s development challenge. The area of their greatest potential impact, rural Africa, is not only home to the bulk of the continent\'s population, but also the vast majority of Africa\'s poor. This paper not only defines {MFIs} with examples from Zambia, South Africa, Mali and Zimbabwe, it also establishes a clear link between {MFIs} and both poverty eradication and the empowerment and equality of women, two of the major Millennium Development Goals. The paper concludes with some policy recommendations and a set of \"best practices\" for the future success of {MFIs} on the continent, including the need to ensure flexibility and careful government regulation and supervision of {MFIs.}", "label" : "Towards best practices for micro finance institutional engagement in African rural areas: Selected cases and agenda for action", "key" : "mwenda_towards_2004" }, { "journal" : "Economic and Political Weekly", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:71cd7994c4bc612755087f48b64b3c4d", "pages" : "3607--3613", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Gumber, Anil", "Kulkarni, Veena" ], "volume" : "2/2000", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Gujarat", "Microfinance", "Microinsurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Health Insurance for Informal Sector - Case Study of Gujarat", "key" : "gumber_health_2000" }, { "publisher" : "World Bank Publications", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:4cecbae073f16e2128e87b0db64f2986", "date" : "2007-04", "author" : [ "Aldermann, Harold", "Haque, Trina" ], "keywords" : [ "Index-based risk transfer products", "Weather insurance" ], "month" : "April", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "isbn" : "0821370367", "label" : "Insurance Against Covariate Shocks: The Role of {Index-Based} Insurance in Social Protection in {Low-Income} Countries of Africa", "key" : "aldermann_insurance_2007" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:12494ba4364352f272ab945dcb0e30a5", "pages" : "40--48", "date" : "2007", "author" : "Schneider, Pia; Hanson; Kara", "volume" : "22", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health center costs", "Micro health insurance", "Rwanda" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "The impact of micro health insurance on Rwandan health centre costs", "key" : "schneider_impact_2007" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/whr/1997/en/index.html", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:2e59da8c135312acc4173ebefe1fdd8d", "date" : "1997", "keywords" : "World health report", "editor" : "World Health Organization, {(WHO)}", "year" : "1997", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The world health report 1997 - conquering suffering, enriching humanity", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "world_health_organization_who_world_1997" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID}", "uri" : "urn:0bdf233a900491ae670182a0290b5bf6", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Atim, Chris", "Mbengue, Cheikh", "Franco, Lynne Miller" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Development of MHOs", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual health organisations", "Participation", "Senegal", "Social participation" ], "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Social Participation in the development of mutual health organizations in senegal", "address" : "Bethesda, {MD}", "key" : "atim_social_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Partnerships for Health Reform {(PHR),} Abt. Associates Inc", "uri" : "urn:2a68250981e8e918de179ba6659a24aa", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Atim, Chris", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Micro health insurance", "Training manual" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Training of Trainer Manuals for Micro Health Insurance in Ghana", "key" : "atim_training_2000" }, { "url" : "http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/3/1/7", "journal" : "Globalization and Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:13a7ebb1844abde8dea55b52c8f48f10", "date" : "2007", "number" : "7", "author" : [ "Labont\\\'{e}, Ronald", "Schrecker, Ted" ], "keywords" : [ "Global governance and equity", "Globalisation", "Social determinants of health" ], "volume" : "3", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "This article is the third in a three-part review of research on globalization and the social determinants of health {(SDH).} In the first article of the series, we identified and defended an economically oriented definition of globalization and addressed a number of important conceptual and metholodogical issues. In the second article, we identified and described seven key clusters of pathways relevant to globalization\'s influence on {SDH.} This discussion provided the basis for the premise from which we begin this article: interventions to reduce health inequities by way of {SDH} are inextricably linked with social protection, economic management and development strategy. Reflecting this insight, and against the background of the Millennium Development Goals {(MDGs),} we focus on the asymmetrical distribution of gains, losses and power that is characteristic of globalization in its current form and identify a number of areas for innovation on the part of the international community: making more resources available for health systems, as part of the more general task of expanding and improving development assistance; expanding debt relief and taking poverty reduction more seriously; reforming the international trade regime; considering the implications of health as a human right; and protecting the policy space available to national governments to address social determinants of health, notably with respect to the hypermobility of financial capital. We conclude by suggesting that responses to globalization\'s effects on social determinants of health can be classified with reference to two contrasting visions of the future, reflecting quite distinct values.", "label" : "Globalization and social determinants of health: Promoting health equity in global governance (part 3 of 3)", "key" : "labont_globalization_2007" }, { "url" : "http://www.concertation.org", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:0723126bc945929349e93626c333c71a", "date" : "2008", "author" : "Concertation", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "MHO", "Mutual health insurance", "Mutual health organisations", "Mutual insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "label" : "10 ans au service des mutuelles de sant\\\'{e} africaines 1998-2008", "key" : "concertation_10_2008" }, { "journal" : "Community Development Journal", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e1374c4846e9ebc2f5e680a5552eb7bb", "pages" : "134--145", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Laverack, Glenn", "volume" : "36", "keywords" : "Community empowerment", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "An identification and interpretation of the organization aspects of community empowerment", "key" : "laverack_identification_2001" }, { "url" : "http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34490/An%20anatomy%20on%20demand%20side%20perspectives%20of%20Micro%20Insurance.pdf", "journal" : "Pravartak", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0e426cef44d3bc001306556f5e904a0b", "pages" : "54--70", "date" : "2006", "number" : "1", "author" : "Rengarajan, V.", "keywords" : [ "Demand side", "Microinsurance" ], "volume" : "4", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Strategies for improving outreach of microinsurance products to the rural poor This paper presents demand side perspectives of microinsurance and suggests remedial measures for effective outreach to excluded people. Understanding vulnerability and micro-level risks from the demand side is imperative for designing policy and microinsurance products. Theoretical and empirical observations include: * Marginal communities\' vulnerability makes them more susceptible to health related risks; * Within households, there is gender inequality with women more susceptible to health risk; * Unprotected health risks lead to deprivation in income consumption and employment; * Covariant risks like droughts and epidemics push the poor further into the poorer category; * Cultural risks in the form of traditional beliefs and myths push the poor into vulnerability, while also influencing their behavior in livelihood activities and health systems. Demand side realities highlight the need to design demand-oriented products and services and active involvement of public and private institutions for effective inclusion of the most disadvantaged section of the poor. Strategies include: * Developing demand-oriented microinsurance products; * Developing free insurance packages that are linked to government development programs or are formulated exclusively for the poor.", "label" : "An Anatomy on Demand Side Perspectives of Micro Insurance", "key" : "rengarajan_anatomydemand_2006" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:74b6c7725b5d5d90b32b9637e4d3d230", "pages" : "1053--1090", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Currie, Janet", "keywords" : [ "Children", "Developed countries", "Health", "Infants" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Child Health in Developed Countries", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "currie_child_2000" }, { "pub-type" : [ "unpublished", "Health Care Financing Project, {KDA}" ], "uri" : "urn:1f1a52d8a13773e99347421695a3618f", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Ahmed, Shahnaz", "Mbaisi, Jane", "Moko, Daniel", "Ngonzi, Ancent" ], "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Health care financing", "Low-income population" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Health is Wealth: How {Low-Income} People Finance Health Care", "key" : "ahmed_health_2004" }, { "url" : "www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03074350410769281", "journal" : "Managerial Finance", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:53b4d6b1d901caf9332d49248e7acfa6", "pages" : "70 -- 95", "date" : "2004", "number" : "9", "author" : [ "Koveos, Peter", "Randhawa, Dipinder" ], "keywords" : [ "Financial advice", "Financial risk", "Management techniques" ], "volume" : "30", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "The objective of this study is to analyze the framework within which microfinance institutions {(MFIs)} deliver their services and provide an assessment of their operations and financial management. These institutions are examined because of their current importance to a special group of consumers, primarily the poor and disenfranchised in the developing world, and of their future promise as an economic development solution. Since the objective of these institutions is somewhat unique, the manner of their assessment must also differ from that used to assess the performance of traditional financial intermediaries. In particular, assessment of {MFIs} must recognize their dual (bank and development instrument) status. Their efficiency, then, must be analyzed in terms of its economic (or financial) dimension as well as its social dimension. The first dimension may be examined with traditional measures, while examination of the second requires measures that reflect the {MFI\'s} social objectives. In order to accommodate the special nature of {MFIs,} this study proposes the use of a Balanced Scorecard approach. It contributes to the study of financial institution performance by examining a non-traditional group of institutions using a variety of assessment measures. The findings should be of value to those interested in the financial sector as well as those involved in public policy decision making.", "label" : "Financial services for the poor: assessing microfinance institutions", "key" : "koveos_financial_2004" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:8e9b5179d3aeaaf4b6090685f16b9d73", "pages" : "537--560", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Pauly, Mark V.", "keywords" : [ "Insurance", "Moral hazard", "Private sector", "Public sector", "Reimbursement" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "This paper discusses theoretical and empirical findings concerning insurance reimbursement of patients or providers by insurers operating in private markets or in mixed public and private systems. Most insurances other than health insurance do not \"reimburse\"; instead they pay cash to insureds conditional on the occurrence of a prespecified event. In contrast, health insurance ties the payment to medical expenditures or costs incurred in some fashion, often making payments directly to medical providers. These differences are caused by a much higher degree of moral hazard and the dominant effect of insurer demand on provider prices. Health insurances also often prohibit \"balance billing,\" provider charges in excess of some prespecified amount. Such prohibitions are related to patient inability to shop or bargain, and to insurer market power. Empirical evidence suggests that some versions of physician and hospital reimbursement have increased the level of medical spending relative to the level that would be experienced under prospective payment. In particular, cost-based reimbursement raises total spending. Optimal reimbursement, with balance billing prohibited, may also be chosen to control moral hazard; payment will generally involve a mix of fee-for-service and predetermined (salary or capitation) payment, and may well involve positive patient cost sharing. Monopsony behavior by dominant insurers is possible, and may improve consumer welfare but not total welfare.", "label" : "Insurance Reimbursement", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "pauly_insurance_2000" }, { "journal" : "International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e2d392c40f30b1fef0f0b879c12f48f0", "pages" : "211--239", "date" : "2005", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Trujillo, A. J.", "Portillo, J. E.", "Vernon, J. A." ], "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Poverty" ], "volume" : "5", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "The Impact of Subsidized Health Insurance for the Poor: Evaluating the Colombian Experience Using Propensity Score Matching", "key" : "trujillo_impact_2005" }, { "label" : "Multivariate analysis of health data: Non-linear estimators", "key" : "world_bank_multivariate_????", "keywords" : [ "Multivariate analysis", "Quantitative research", "Research method" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technical Note" ], "author" : "World\\, Bank", "uri" : "urn:6b3bf29cd63820a5c458becdf94a5616", "number" : "11" }, { "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:296a495e071006b333dd5c319a2265a1", "date" : "2007", "series" : "{ILO/STEP} Guides and Manuals", "keywords" : [ "Micro health insurance", "Micro health insurance schemes" ], "editor" : "International Labour Organization, Strategies and Tools against social Exclusion and Poverty {(STEP)} Programme", "year" : "2007", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "The guide has two objectives: to strengthen the capacity of managers to monitor and evaluate their health microinsurance schemes {(HMIS);} and to strengthen the capacity of technical and financial support agencies and private insurers to assess the viability and performance of the {HMIS.} The guide consists of two volumes. Part I of Volume 1 presents the main definitions and basic concepts. Part {II} deals with the subject of administrative and technical monitoring -- based on the major functions of insurance management -- as well as with budget and cash flow monitoring. Part {III} deals with evaluating the viability of health insurance viewed as a financial instrument, through the use of a series of quantitative and qualitative indicators. Part {IV} deals with evaluating the institutional viability of the {HMIS.} Finally, Part V offers some indications for assessing the effectiveness, efficiency and impact of an {HMIS,} merely providing some pointers to users interested in this kind of assessment. Volume 2 contains practical indications for completing tables and calculating indicators described in Volume 1.", "isbn" : "978-92-2-119669-3", "label" : "Health Microinsurance Schemes: Monitoring and Evaluation Guide", "address" : "Geneva, Switzerland", "key" : "international_labour_organization_strategies_and_tools_against_social_exclusion_and_poverty_step_programme_health_2007" }, { "url" : "http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34454/06.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:d93ae38eb1332cf436aa6f660ea7321c", "date" : "2008-10", "author" : [ "Karlan, Dean", "Mobius, Markus", "Rosenblat, Tanya", "Szeidl, Adam" ], "keywords" : [ "Informal borrowing", "network-based trust", "Peru", "Social capital" ], "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "This paper builds a theory of trust based on informal contract enforcement in social networks. In our model, network connections between individuals can be used as social collateral to secure informal borrowing. We defi??ne network-based trust as the highest amount one agent can borrow from another agent, and derive a reduced-form expression for this quantity which we then use in three applications. (1) We predict that dense networks generate bonding social capital that allows transacting valuable assets, while loose networks create bridging social capital that improves access to cheap favors like information. (2) For job recommendation networks, we show that strong ties between employers and trusted recommenders reduce asymmetric information about the quality of job candidates. (3) Using data from Peru, we show empirically that network-based trust predicts informal borrowing, and we structurally estimate and test our model.", "label" : "Trust and Social Collateral", "key" : "karlan_trust_2008" }, { "journal" : "{Nord-S\\\"{u}d} aktuell, {XV}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:fc78ec329e16ffa6ffe2edc5074c78d9", "pages" : "462--468", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Betz, Joachim", "volume" : "3", "keywords" : [ "External assistance health sector", "Health care system", "India" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Das indische Gesundheitswesen: Struktur, Defizite und die Rolle externer Akteure", "key" : "betz_das_2002" }, { "label" : "Private Entry into Health Insurance in India: An Assessment - Private Health Insurance and Public Health Goals in India", "key" : "mahal_private_????", "keywords" : [ "India", "Private health insurance", "Public health care" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "techreport", "author" : "Mahal, Ajay", "uri" : "urn:d875c62463a15ea9b0ccda42e6be5fee", "institution" : "National Council for Applied Economic Research" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "uri" : "urn:bbdf62558cfc7eed46749f25b5c5bd0f", "date" : "2003", "author" : "{(SBP)}, Small Business Project", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Regulation" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Gaining Momentum - The State of Regulatory Best Practice in Africa", "address" : "Johannesburg, South Africa", "key" : "small_business_project_sbp_gaining_2003" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Studies in Health Service Organisation and Policy", "uri" : "urn:e3b2c11db6a2d19b8c86e14f1e75afd1", "date" : "1998", "author" : "Criel, Bart", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Community-based health insurance", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "year" : "1998", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{District-Based} Health Insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa", "address" : "Antwerpen, Brussels", "key" : "criel_district-based_1998" }, { "pub-type" : "phdthesis", "uri" : "urn:22a283c3c72b6647059a5319aee62aa9", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Karlan, Dean S.", "keywords" : [ "Group banking", "Social capital" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Social} Capital and Group Banking{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Social Capital and Group {BankingMIT} - Department of Economics", "key" : "karlan_social_2001" }, { "url" : "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=807366", "journal" : "{SSRN} {eLibrary}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2745548257c49cbbc73b95da74e38cad", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Pal, Karuna", "Behrendt, Christina", "Leger, Florian", "Cichon, Michael", "Hagemejer, Krzysztof" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa South of Sahara", "economic model", "poverty alleviation", "Social security" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "t presents the methodology and the results of a modelling exercise that demonstrates that basic social protection benefits are not out of reach for low-income countries in {Sub-Saharan} Africa, even though some international assistance would be necessary for a transitory period. The Social Protection Sector of the International Labour Organization {(ILO)} has estimated the cost of basic social protection benefits education, health, pensions) for a selected number of developing countries in {sub-Saharan} Africa, namely Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Senegal and Tanzania. The selection of countries aimed to provide regional diversity within Africa but was nevertheless largely driven by data availability. A preliminary version of the result tables and assumptions were set-up by the Social Protection Sector of the {ILO} and then discussed with {DFID} {(United} Kingdom Department for International Development). Following that {DFID} provided comments and suggested modifications to some of the assumptions. These are included in the Base Case {(Scenario} I). The main aim of this paper is to provide a costing of a basic social protection benefit package with the description and sources of the data and assumptions used for the projections as well as a brief description of the methodology used.", "label" : "Can Low Income Countries Afford Basic Social Protection? First Results of a Modelling Exercise", "key" : "pal_can_2005" }, { "publisher" : "Universum Verlag", "url" : "http://www.concertation.org/gimi/concertation/resource.do?page=/concertation/download/publ/GTZ-en-MHO-5-years-experiences-in-west-africa.pdf", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:8ae0e97735f4082980d7b577c07cebbe", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Huber, G\\\"{o}tz", "Hohmann, J\\\"{u}rgen", "Reinhard, Kirsten" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Developing countries", "Micro health insurance", "West Africa" ], "editor" : "{GTZ} - Deutsche Gesellschaft f\\\"{u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit {GmbH}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "Health system and health financing reforms in {sub-Saharan} Africa promoted by international donors since the 1970\'s have not resolved the problem of reduced access to care. Locally developed self-governing Mutual Health Organisations {(MHOs)} were seen to have great potential to enhance access to quality health care and contribute to the social and institutional development of society. Looking at the results of 10 years of {MHO} development, it seems that the idea is implemented in a community only with great difficulty. The majority of schemes reach only a fraction of the population, and does not solve the problem of access by the poorest segments of the population. The participatory character of {MHOs} and a management system based on benevolent work are their strength, but at the same time constitute a main weakness. Schemes are often poorly managed (low managerial competence) and poorly designed (poor design features). The methodologies used for this study are key informant interviews with protagonists of major national and international promoter organisations, who were questioned regarding current prominent problems, controversies and solutions offered in the practical implementation of {MHOs.} The paper is structured as follows: 1. Introduction presenting the historical background for health financing and health insurance in developing countries. 2. General approaches identified to illustrate major possible concepts for {MHO} pro motion. 3. Problems, challenges and controversies that are relevant to understand the major aspects in {MHO} promotion presented under four main problem areas: - Institutional weakness - Problem of moral hazard behaviour - Low quality of care - Ineffective support from promoting agencies and government. 4. General key issues for {MHO} development. 5. Synthesis of the experiences outlining the resulting conclusions and recommendations. As major results the study reconfirms the recommendations given at the Abidjan platform and explains in detail why the {MHO} concept is still valid. The problem of quality of care needs to be addressed by training health care providers to deliver patient-centred care, thereby improving the inter-relational quality of the consultation. Consumer misconception and unrealistic expectations are a major obstacle and lead to mutual lack of understanding between providers and {MHO} members. Programs of education for curative and preventive health care (medical conferences) can help insurance members better understand the health care offer. Improved collaboration between promoters should avoid unnecessary duplication of interventions in the field. Management tools and training manuals should be shared and made more readily available to existing mutuals. {MHOs} need to collaborate more effectively with providers so they can both benefit from the synergy created by addressing matters of common interest. Providers need to recognise that their prescribing practices are critical to the success of {MHO} schemes. The government can support the process by conducting a proactive policy to sensitise health workers about {MHOs} and to encourage providers to enter into negotiations with {MHOs.} Providers need autonomy to negotiate suitable local arrangements. Setting up {MHOs} is a complex task because local health insurance schemes are situated at the intersections of three complex systems: The Financial, the Social, and the Health Service Delivery System. If an {MHO} scheme is to succeed, then due account has to be taken of the influence of these three systems. An alternative strategy for the promotion of {MHOs} in {West-Africa} incorporating a more entrepreneurial approach is proposed by the {GTZ.} The {\"Centre} for Health Insurance Competence\" {(CHIC)} model sets out to address the major problems of managerial weakness and the lack of adequate compromise between the technical requirements and the participation of the community in the setting-up and implementation process. The guiding idea for the {CHIC} model is that it is neither per se necessary nor desirable to develop within each {MHO} a full technical and managerial capacity to run a health insurance scheme in a total autonomous manner. Instead, {MHOs} may purchase this expertise from a higher level institution {(CHIC)} which has as its objectives: - Building a centre of competence for consistent and long term support to a network of {MHOs.} - Developing standardized insurance products and administrative procedures suited for local adaptation. - Providing the organisational and administrative competencies needed to set-up and run {MHOs.} - Stimulating entrepreneurial behavior and supporting the gradual assumption of responsibility for an ownership of schemes by local actors. - Pressing for an efficient implementation of schemes, whilst at the same time respecting the principles and time sequence associated with a bottom-up, individualized community-based approach. - Setting-up systems to enable the {MHO} model to be extended and easily adapted to the needs of interested groups. The conclusion of the paper is that the {MHO} experience is a necessary step to sensitise the population to the concept of health insurance, to build up the capacity of the state to organize and regulate the sector and improve the general conditions for health care provision. It is argued that a compulsory health insurance system may be introduced in a 10 - 20 year time period, linking the existing formal and informal sector insurance systems when the necessary conditions are in place.", "label" : "Mutual Health Insurance {(MHO)} - Five Years Experience in West Africa - Concerns, Controversies and Proposed Solutions", "address" : "Wiesbaden", "key" : "huber_mutual_2003" }, { "id" : "9b3f94bf5544a68c2d87b5c977044f9d", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "John Snow Inc, {USAID}", "uri" : "urn:9b3f94bf5544a68c2d87b5c977044f9d", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Abramson, Wendy B.", "keywords" : "Service delivery", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Contracting for Health Care Service Delivery - A Manual for Policy Makers", "key" : "abramson_contracting_2004" }, { "publisher" : "{PrintPartners} Ipskamp {B.V.,} Enschede", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:29a2e0b8b57b3aaa8c64958970f9c649", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Arhinful, Daniel Kojo", "series" : "African Studies Centre - Research Report 71/2003", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Micro health insurance", "Traditional arrangements" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "The solidarity of self-interest: Social and cultural feasibility of rural health insurance in Ghana", "address" : "Leiden", "key" : "arhinful_solidarity_2003" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4S02PWH-2/1/04307badf0cf6e96f47e98a25c6a619c", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ae966feefd522de85104bd8df24b3f80", "pages" : "1999--2010", "date" : "2008-05", "number" : "9", "author" : [ "Pronyk, Paul M.", "Harpham, Trudy", "Morison, Linda A.", "Hargreaves, James R.", "Kim, Julia C.", "Phetla, Godfrey", "Watts, Charlotte H.", "Porter, John D." ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "HIV/AIDS", "Intervention study", "Men", "South Africa", "Women" ], "volume" : "66", "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "The role of social capital in promoting health is now widely debated within international public health. In relation to {HIV,} the results of previous observational and cross-sectional studies have been mixed. In some settings it has been suggested that high levels of social capital and community cohesion might be protective and facilitate more effective collective responses to the epidemic. In others, group membership has been a risk factor for {HIV} infection. There have been few attempts to strengthen social capital, particularly in developing countries, and examine its effect on vulnerability to {HIV.} Employing data from an intervention study, we examined associations between social capital and {HIV} risk among 1063 14 to 35-year-old male and female residents of 750 poor households from 8 villages in rural Limpopo province, South Africa. We assessed cognitive social capital {(CSC)} and structural social capital {(SSC)} separately, and examined associations with numerous aspects of {HIV-related} psycho-social attributes, risk behavior, prevalence and incidence. Among males, after adjusting for potential confounders, residing in households with greater levels of {CSC} was linked to lower {HIV} prevalence and higher levels of condom use. Among females, similar patterns of relationships with {CSC} were observed. However, while greater {SSC} was associated with protective psychosocial attributes and risk behavior, it was also associated with higher rates of {HIV} infection. This work underscores the complex and nuanced relationship between social capital and {HIV} risk in a rural African context. We suggest that not all social capital is protective or health promotive, and that getting the balance right is critical to informing {HIV} prevention efforts.", "label" : "Is social capital associated with {HIV} risk in rural South Africa?", "key" : "pronyk_is_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Ministry of Finance", "uri" : "urn:237bc89fb772c01565d1c440803a0dba", "date" : "2006", "number" : "11th report", "author" : "undertakings, Committee on public", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "India" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Health Insurance - a horizontal study", "address" : "New Delhi", "key" : "committee_on_public_undertakings_health_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:1693085039441ec69aa162f9f8384ec7", "date" : "2001", "author" : "J\\\"{u}tting, Johannes P.", "keywords" : "Social security", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Die neue Rolle von Sozialer Sicherung f\\\"{u}r l\\\"{a}ndliche Entwicklung in Entwicklungsl\\\"{a}ndern Johannes P. J\\\"{u}tting", "key" : "jtting_die_2001" }, { "journal" : "Globalization and Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:277479ad66df2faa986c32661a0bb6ae", "date" : "2005", "number" : "17", "author" : [ "Cohen, J. C.", "{Gyansa-Lutterodt}, M.", "Torpey, K.", "Esmail, L. C.", "Kurokawa, G." ], "volume" : "1", "keywords" : [ "Access to health", "Africa", "Doha Declaration", "Ghana", "Health policy", "Health sector reform", "TRIPS" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "There are acute disparities in pharmaceutical access between developing and industrialized countries. Developing countries make up approximately 80\\% of the world\'s population but only represent approximately 20\\% of global pharmaceutical consumption. Among the many barriers to drug access are the potential consequences of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights {(TRIPS)} Agreement. Many developing countries have recently modified their patent laws to conform to the {TRIPS} standards, given the 2005 deadline for developing countries. Safeguards to protect public health have been incorporated into the {TRIPS} Agreement; however, in practice governments may be reluctant to exercise such rights given concern about the international trade and political ramifications. The Doha Declaration and the recent Decision on the Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the {TRIPS} Agreement and Public Health may provide more freedom for developing countries in using these safeguards. This paper focuses on Ghana, a developing country that recently changed its patent laws to conform to {TRIPS} standards. We examine Ghana\'s patent law changes in the context of the Doha Declaration and assess their meaning for access to drugs of its population. We discuss new and existing barriers, as well as possible solutions, to provide policy-makers with lessons learned from the Ghanaian experience", "label" : "{TRIPS,} the Doha Declaration and increasing access to medicines: policy options for Ghana", "key" : "cohen_tripsdoha_2005" }, { "pub-type" : [ "phdthesis", "Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Sozialwissenschaft" ], "uri" : "urn:e0daeada029934eb9e3edee2d1f8c211", "date" : "1986", "school" : "{Ruhr-Universit\\\"{a}t} Bochum", "author" : "Schnell, Rainer", "keywords" : [ "Empiric research sociology", "Missing data problems" ], "year" : "1986", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{Missing-Data-Probleme} in der empirischen Sozialforschung", "key" : "schnell_missing-data-probleme_1986" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-45NY293-2/1/e63f271ee51619aa6dd0c16b36da9542", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b51fc2d1d687f7db6ee8f05141ac1a5b", "pages" : "1235--1247", "date" : "2003-03", "number" : "6", "author" : [ "Bicego, George", "Rutstein, Shea", "Johnson, Kiersten" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "HIV/AIDS", "Mortality", "Orphans", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "volume" : "56", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "This study uses recent Demographic and Health Survey {(DHS)} data to examine levels, trends, and differentials in orphan prevalence in {sub-Saharan} Africa. The first part of the analysis presents direct estimates of orphan prevalence in 17 countries during the period 1995-2000. We find a strong correlation between orphanhood prevalence and national adult {HIV} prevalence estimates lending support to the interpretation of the orphan crisis as, in large part, {AIDS-related.} The second part of the analysis consists of an in-depth study of trends and age-patterns in orphan prevalence and welfare in the 1990s for five countries that have had widely divergent {HIV} prevalence levels {(Zimbabwe,} Kenya, Tanzania, Ghana, and Niger). The vulnerability of orphans with respect to their situation in households and educational opportunities is evaluated in relation to non-orphans\' experience. The results of the analysis indicate that losing one or both parents is significantly associated with diminished chances of being at the appropriate grade level for age. Our results are interpreted in the context of societal responses to the crisis, and potential recommendations for intervention.", "label" : "Dimensions of the emerging orphan crisis in {sub-Saharan} Africa", "key" : "bicego_dimensions_2003" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID}", "uri" : "urn:828987784945216ebedae2e3978410ae", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Silvers, Brant A.", "keywords" : [ "Community-based health financing", "Community-based health insurance", "Health sector reform" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "{PHRplus} held a workshop on January 30, 2002 to discuss the work {PHRplus} has done with community-based health insurance/financing {(CBHI/F).} The purpose of the meeting was to exchange information, reflect on lessons learned, identify outstanding questions, and promote better information sharing across the project. The team recognized the continuing need for technical assistance to {CBHI/F} schemes especially in the areas of financial management and training. The team also concluded that as the schemes become larger and multiply, technical assistance must be provided in a more economical way. Given the experience {PHRplus} has in the field of {CBHI/F} schemes, workshop participants felt that facilitating information sharing on this subject is crucial. The idea of creating a portion of the website for best practices and discussion on the {CBHI/F} schemes was one such idea for promoting exchange. Workshop participants recognized that it is important to learn as much as possible from the activities {PHRplus} is undertaking presently. Monitoring and evaluation of technical assistance and some in-depth research into {CBHI/F} is needed.", "label" : "Workshop Summary: {PHRplus} {Community-Based} Health Financing Coordination Meeting - Information Sharing, Key Findings, {Knowledge-Building} Needs", "address" : "Bethesda, {MD}", "key" : "silvers_workshop_2002" }, { "journal" : "European Journal of Health Economy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e7b72cb942c4f9051684ca4347f5f53b", "pages" : "304--312", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Yuen, Elaine J.", "Louis, Daniel Z.", "Loreto, Paolo Di", "Gonnella, Joseph S." ], "volume" : "4", "keywords" : [ "GL", "Italy", "Risk equalization" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Modeling risk-adjusted capitation rates for Umbria, Italy", "key" : "yuen_modeling_2003" }, { "journal" : "Health Promoting International", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:aa7bed19c4ad47643ef9d90dc03846dd", "pages" : "179--185", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Laverack, Glenn", "Wallerstein, Nina" ], "volume" : "16", "keywords" : [ "Community empowerment", "Organizational theory" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Measuring community empowerment: a fresh look at organizational domians", "key" : "laverack_measuring_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:4da6afe723a78354f8e2d209adf58764", "date" : "2007", "author" : "{(MIX)}, Microfinance Information Exchange", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Microfinance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Benchmarking African Miicrofinance 2006", "key" : "microfinance_information_exchange_mix_benchmarking_2007" }, { "publisher" : "{SAGE} Publications", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:7b1f217a3b32b654236c85a543f81f80", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Yin, Robert K.", "series" : "Applied Social Research Methods Series", "keywords" : [ "Case study research", "Research method" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Case Study Research: Design and Methods", "address" : "London, New Delhi", "key" : "yin_case_2003" }, { "label" : "Implications of Current Experience of Health Insurance in India", "key" : "garg_implications_????", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "India" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "unpublished", "author" : "Garg, Charu C.", "uri" : "urn:053b1e721fa4512fdae4c235c03ec228" }, { "publisher" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance, Good and Bad Practices Case Study", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:d1d1ec690e347269cd6efe0f9f9d9142", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "{McCord}, M. J.", "Buczkowski, G." ], "keywords" : [ "Asia", "Case study", "Microinsurance", "Philippines" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "The Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutual Benefit Association- {CARD} {MBA} - iis part of the system of {CARD} Mutually Reinforcing Institutions {(MRI)} that also includes {CARD} Bank, {CARD} Inc. (a non-governmental organisation or {NGO),} and the {CARD} Training Center. The {MBA} offers life and disability insurance, as well as an obligatory provident fund to {CARD} Bank and {CARD} Inc. members. For {CARD\'s} borrowers, {MBA} offers the All Loans Insurance Package {(ALIP),} which is a loan redemption scheme. These products improve the overall services to {CARD} members, and the mutually reinforcing nature of the relationships makes the operations of the {MBA} extremely efficient. {CARD} operates in an environment where there is helpful legislation for mutual benefit associations. This situation has allowed {CARD} and others to offer insurance to their members, while the regulators can be vigilant in ensuring the viability of the schemes. In 1994, several years before it created the bank or the insurance company, the {CARD} {NGO} began offering basic life insurance packages to its members. As these services were popular, {CARD} offered additional and more complex insurance products. In 1996, the organisation decided to introduce a pension plan that provided members with {PhP} 300 {(US\\$5.45)1} per month after their sixty-fifth birthday and until death, in return for premiums of {PhP} 2.50 {(US\\$0.05)} per week. This product was extremely popular with members. Unfortunately, {CARD} had not adequately assessed the impact of this product on the institution. When an assessment was done, it showed that a member would have to pay premiums for two years just to cover one month of the benefit. Extrapolating from there, management realised that the whole institution was at risk, and that fulfilling its obligation to members would completely diminish {CARD\'s} capital. From this incident, {CARD\'s} management learned that an insurance business must be run by insurance professionals. Management also concluded that the insurance business should not be tied to the capital of a microfinance institution {(MFI).} Management extricated {CARD} from this liability and transferred the assets of the fund to the members who then started a separate company with a separate board. An actuary assessed the risks and helped re-price the products. Soon after, a professional insurance executive was hired as the managing director. The {MBA} still participates in the {CARD} Mutually Reinforcing Institutions because it allows the insurer to deliver its product efficiently, and to pass on the savings to the low-income market in the form of cheaper premiums. The insurance business has proven profitable so far and with proper management it should continue on this path. Today {CARD} {MBA} provides life insurance coverage to nearly 600,000 low-income Filipinos. Some of the key lessons from {CARD} {MBA} include: - When the board of an insurance company is comprised of only members or policyholders who have virtually no experience in corporate governance, it is necessary to have an advisory group that is experienced and has the authority to guide the board. Such an advisory committee has been critical to the successful oversight of {CARD} {MBA.} - Insurance professionals are required to develop and manage insurance products. Aristotle Alip, the managing director of the {CARD} {MRI,} notes that he would never again take insurance risk without an insurance professional managing the company and without an actuary to help them develop the premium and understand their risk. - {MBA} field staff are selected from the organisation\'s policyholders for one-year terms. Although this requires much training, {CARD} sees several benefits to this strategy: - The short term limits the ability of coordinators to get too clever (in terms of fraud issues) - It builds a large pool of members that not only understand, but have experience working with the insurance products - It generates more knowledgeable policyholders, improving their role in {MBA} governance. - When insurance products are offered to a member\'s family, the insurer has no idea of the health condition of the rest of the family. People could join knowing that a family member was gravely ill so that they could make a quick claim. {CARD} found that husbands of their members die 3.2 times the rate as their members (who are virtually all female). The contestability clause introduced by {CARD} has had a positive result in curbing such adverse selection. - A microinsurance product can be developed and implemented reasonably well with limited donor funding. The {CARD} {MBA} has received no funding directly from donors, and has developed a set of rather simple insurance products that have the potential to assist many low-income households. However, donor funding to other {CARD} agencies has provided important infrastructure and the delivery mechanism for {CARD} {MBA} to operate effectively and efficiently. - New product development requires a clear understanding of demand, and a clear understanding of what impact the potential product is likely to have on the institution. The pension scheme was seen as a great benefit to the members, but there was no assessment of its impact on {CARD} until it was too late to save the organisation from significant grief. {CARD} {MBA} demonstrated that it learned this lesson when management decided to abandon a \"dread disease\" health insurance product during the pilot phase, despite a strong demand, because it realised it could not control the product sufficiently.", "label" : "Card {MBA,} The Phillipines", "key" : "mccord_card_2004" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/AF8FD93E-7483-4AE5-B68F-CC17CBF4DF83/0/Part2Microinsuranceproductsandservices.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:8de8dd1d90e18b7ea19a3b5eb538fe82", "pages" : "94--110", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Roth, James", "Garand, Denis", "Rutherford, Stuart" ], "keywords" : [ "Microinsurance", "Risk management", "Savings" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Providing savings to the poor; Long-term savings and insurance products for the poor; Key issues in offering long-term savings and insurance", "label" : "Long-term savings and insurance", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "roth_long-term_2006" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6X1F-4TJ05GT-3/2/e82c5bae294ebb6f5aa3a6f42277ad4a", "journal" : "Comptes Rendus Biologies", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b3cdab7293cc5967d9f16b46f7660c7a", "pages" : "952--963", "date" : "2008-12", "number" : "12", "author" : "Letourmy, Alain", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health care financing", "Health insurance", "Micro health insurance" ], "volume" : "331", "month" : "December", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Health financing reforms in most low-income countries promote social and micro health insurance, in order to reduce direct spending by patients. Three phases of development can be distinguished in African countries: at first, schemes were developed only for the formal sector, then micro health insurance targeted the informal sector, and finally, health insurance was included in larger plans to reach universal coverage. The impact of health insurance is, as yet, difficult to assess. If beneficiaries have a better access to health services, the financing of health sector is not significantly improved, and there is no change in professional behaviour, in particular, in public facilities. In spite of their limits, social health insurance schemes continue to be implemented, but as a part of hybrid financing system, fitting with the abilities of low-income countries. To cite this article: A. Letourmy, C. R. Biologies 331 (2008).", "label" : "Le d\\\'{e}veloppement de l\'assurance maladie dans les pays \\`{a} faible revenu : l\'exemple des pays africains", "issn" : "1631-0691", "key" : "letourmy_le_2008" }, { "journal" : "Sociologia Ruralis", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:338659ef486851c9a86c211cd6495cee", "pages" : "87--110", "date" : "2000", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Falk, Ian", "Kilpatrick, Sue" ], "keywords" : "Social capital", "volume" : "40", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "What is Social Capital? A Study of Interaction in a Rural Community", "key" : "falk_what_2000" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Week 2 briefing Paper" ], "institution" : "{USAID}", "uri" : "urn:ed0f77c0dadac2b90fe6a7ee04629ac2", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "{McCord}, Michael", "Brown, Warren" ], "keywords" : [ "Institutional and organizational structure", "Institutional options", "Microinsurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Institutional and organizational structures for microinsurance provision", "key" : "mccord_institutional_2000" }, { "journal" : "Social Science and Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:cb8a433ff25ff3ab22728eeddab7899e", "pages" : "1473--4187", "date" : "1999", "author" : [ "Macintyre, Kate", "Hotchkiss, David R." ], "volume" : "49", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Community-based health financing", "Community-based health insurance", "Rural sector" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Referral revisited: community financing schemes and emergency transport in rural Africa", "key" : "macintyre_referral_1999" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:96714aa751883ad821e98df91d3d03a6", "pages" : "460--536", "date" : "2000", "author" : "{McGuire}, Thomas G.", "series" : "Volume 1a", "keywords" : [ "Agency", "Insurance", "Managed care", "Monopolistic competition", "Networks", "Physician-induced demand", "Price regulation", "Quantity-setting", "Target income" ], "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "This chapter reviews the theory and empirical literature on physician market power, behavior, and motives, referred to collectively as the issue of \"physician agency.\" The chapter is organized around an increasingly complex view of the demand conditions facing a physician, beginning with the most simple conception associated with demand and supply, and building through monopolistic competition models with complete information, and finally models with asymmetric information. Institutional features such as insurance, price regulation, managed care networks and noncontractible elements of quality of care are incorporated in turn. The review reveals three mechanisms physicians may use to influence quantity of care provided to patients: quantity setting of a nonretradable service, influencing demand by setting the level of a noncontractible input (\"quality\"), and, in an asymmetric-information context, taking an action to influence patient preferences. The third mechanism is known as \"physician-induced demand.\" The empirical literature on this topic is reviewed. Theories based on alternatives to profitmaximization as objectives of physicians are also reviewed, including ethics and concern for patients, and the \"target-income\" hypothesis. The target-income hypothesis can be rejected, although there is empirical support for non-profit maximizing behavior.", "label" : "Physician Agency", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "mcguire_physician_2000" }, { "publisher" : "Eschborn: {GTZ,} August", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:bf9f5675317029018f8a47bb1823181c", "date" : "2004", "author" : "{Wiedmaier-Pfister}, Martina", "keywords" : [ "Microinsurance", "Regulation" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Regulation and Supervision of Microinsurance", "key" : "wiedmaier-pfister_regulation_2004" }, { "booktitle" : "Extending Social Protection in Health: Developing Countries\' Experiences, Lessons Learnt and Recommendations", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:06571c40e71ac0884e2c320f27834b2f", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "{Appiah-Denkyira}, Ebenezer", "Preker, Alexander" ], "series" : "{GTZ,} {ILO,} {WHO}", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "NHIS", "NHIS and poverty" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Reaching the Poor in Ghana with National Health Insurance -- An Experience from the Districts of the Eastern Region of Ghana", "key" : "appiah-denkyira_reachingpoor_2007" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:9f6542e103ff5badf47cf29b11ad58e7", "pages" : "488--507", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "{Wiedmaier-Pfister}, Martina", "Chatterjee, Arup" ], "keywords" : [ "Microinsurance", "Microinsurance other stakeholders" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Barriers in existing regulatory frameworks; Country experiences -- preliminary insights", "label" : "An enabling regulatory environment for microinsurance", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "wiedmaier-pfister_enabling_2006" }, { "url" : "www.fiscalconf.org", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Bank World\\", "uri" : "urn:9d38273eb2ba43c3ec350738320bff68", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Mahal, Ajay", "Yazbeck, Abdo S.", "Peters, David H.", "Ramana, G. N. V." ], "keywords" : [ "Health and poverty", "Health care system", "India" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "The Poor and Health Service Use in India", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "mahal_poor_2001" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4S9NG3H-1/2/001acad370a114304b87c5db0a3db645", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:556f8bef066980f53d12cc2827c90e6d", "pages" : "38--48", "date" : "2008-10", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Chaudhuri, Anoshua", "Roy, Kakoli" ], "keywords" : [ "Health care", "Horizontal equity", "Out-of-pocket payments", "Vertical equity" ], "volume" : "88", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Background Economic reforms in Vietnam initiated in the late 1980s included deregulation of the health system resulting in extensive changes in health care delivery, access, and financing. One aspect of the health sector reform was the introduction of user fees at both public and private health facilities, which was in stark contrast to the former socialized system of free medical care. Subsequently, health insurance and free health care cards for the poor were introduced to mitigate the barriers to seeking care and financial burden imposed by out-of-pocket {(OOP)} health payments as a result of the user {fees.Objective} To examine the determinants of seeking care and {OOP} payments as well as the relationship between individual out-of-pocket {(OOP)} health expenditures and household ability to pay {(ATP)} during {1992-2002.Data} The data are drawn from 1992-93 and 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standard Surveys {(VLSS)} and 2002 Vietnam Household and Living Standards Survey {(VHLSS).Methods} We use a two-part model where the first part is a probit model that estimates the probability that an individual will seek treatment. The second part is a truncated non-linear regression model that uses ordinary least-squares and fixed effects methods to estimate the determinants of {OOP} payments that are measured both as absolute as well as relative expenditures. Based on the analysis, we examine the relationship between the predicted shares of individual {OOP} health payments and household\'s {ATP} as well as selected socioeconomic {characteristics.Results} Our results indicate that payments increased with increasing {ATP,} but the consequent financial burden (payment share) decreased with increasing {ATP,} indicating a regressive system during the first two periods. However, share of payments increased with {ATP,} indicating a progressive system by 2002. When comparing across years, we find horizontal inequities in all the years that worsened between 1992 and 1998 but improved by {2002.Conclusion} The regressivity in payments noted during 1992 and 1998 might be because the rich could avail of health insurance more than those at lower incomes and as a consequence, were able to use the healthcare system more effectively without paying a high {OOP} payment. In contrast, the poor either incurred higher {OOP} payments or were discouraged from seeking treatments until their ailment became serious. This inequality becomes exacerbated in 1998 when insurance take-up rates were not high, but the impact of privatization and deregulation was already occurring. By 2002, insurance take-up rates were much higher, and poverty alleviation policies (e.g., free health insurance and health fund membership targeted for the poor) were instituted, which may have resulted in a less regressive system.", "label" : "Changes in out-of-pocket payments for healthcare in Vietnam and its impact on equity in payments, 1992-2002", "issn" : "0168-8510", "key" : "chaudhuri_changes_2008" }, { "publisher" : "Partnerships for Health Reform, Abt Associates", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:3c5e520b6e897234713d99fc170fd15a", "date" : "1999", "author" : [ "Banks, D.", "Muna, N. S.", "Shahrouri, T. A." ], "keywords" : [ "Group analysis", "Jordan", "Voluntary health insurance", "Willingness to pay" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Consumers\' Willingness to Pay for {MOH-Sponsored} Voluntary Health Insurance in Jordan: A Focus Group Analysis.", "key" : "banks_consumers_1999" }, { "label" : "Microinsurance in the Health Sector", "key" : "tidikis_microinsurance_????", "keywords" : [ "Health sector", "Micro health insurance", "Microinsurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "techreport", "author" : "Tidikis, D. E.", "uri" : "urn:a5138ce2d07ca1da176f828c5738f3ad" }, { "pub-type" : "unpublished", "uri" : "urn:db7f2184f2a66da9a6f565c11d63edd0", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Ghana, {CARE} International", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Ghana", "Low-income insurance", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "{\"ANIDASO\"} - insurance policy for low-income market segment in Ghana - product guide - Prepared by {CARE} International in Ghana", "key" : "care_international_ghana_anidaso_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4201560d1469ce73d6ebb9b777a7d09d", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Dudley, Richard G.", "series" : "22nd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society", "keywords" : "Social capital", "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The Dynamic Structure of Social Capital: How Interpersonal Connections Create Communitywide Benefits", "key" : "dudley_dynamic_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4F31PN0-2/1/3a84d7fe8dde8520d5b753badf18af91", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a463775a694da97f5d06ca76da223de1", "pages" : "2477--2488", "date" : "2005-06", "number" : "11", "author" : "Craig, Neil", "keywords" : [ "Income Inequality", "Multi-level logistic regression", "Rating:1", "Scotland", "Self-assessed health" ], "volume" : "60", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "A growing between- and within-country literature suggests that the association between income inequality and health reflects individual- or area-level characteristics with which income inequality is associated, rather than the effects of income inequality per se. These studies also suggest that the association between income inequality and health is country-specific. Unresolved methodological issues include the geographical level at which to model the effects of income inequality, and the appropriate statistical methods to use. This study compares the results of single-level and multi-level logistic regression models estimating the association between income inequality and self-assessed health in local authorities in Scotland. The results suggest that there is a significant positive association between income inequality and health across local authorities in Scotland, even after adjusting for individual-level socio-economic status. They also suggest that there is significant local authority-level variation in self-assessed health, but this is small compared to the variation at the individual level. Income and other measures of individuals\' socio-economic status are more strongly associated with self-assessed health than income inequality. This study provides further evidence that the income inequality:health association is place-specific. It also suggests that methodological choices regarding the ways of estimating the association between self-assessed health, individual-level socio-economic status and area-level income inequality may not make a substantive difference to the results when contextual effects are small. Further work is required to test the sensitivity of these conclusions to alternative levels of geographical aggregation.", "label" : "Exploring the generalisability of the association between income inequality and self-assessed health", "key" : "craig_exploringgeneralisability_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Bank World\\", "uri" : "urn:491bbe567baad53f489df457b63eb233", "pages" : "475", "date" : "2003-09", "author" : "Musgrove, Philip", "keywords" : "Health economics", "month" : "September", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Health Economics in Development", "key" : "musgrove_health_2003" }, { "journal" : "Ghana Medical Journal", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:38f45f43e6db9003acbdc6efd7c28181", "date" : "2005", "number" : "4", "author" : "{Ofori-Adjei}, David", "volume" : "39", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Health care system", "Health policy", "Health sector reform" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Some Health Challenges for the Coming Year", "key" : "ofori-adjei_health_2005" }, { "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b61a675f86d9fed20ed3088c11574135", "pages" : "1032--1041", "date" : "2007-03", "number" : "5", "author" : "Masanjala, Winford", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Social relations framework", "Sustainable livelihood framework" ], "volume" : "64", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "This paper reviews the nexus between poverty and {HIV/AIDS} in Africa using a sustainable livelihood framework. Much of the literature on {HIV} and {AIDS} has generated an almost universal consensus that the {AIDS} epidemic is having an immense impact on the economies of hard-hit countries, hurting not only individuals, families and firms, but also significantly slowing economic growth and worsening poverty. International evidence has concentrated on the pathways through which {HIV/AIDS} undermines livelihoods and raises vulnerability to future collapse of livelihoods. Yet, little attention has been paid to the role that social relations and livelihood strategies can play in bringing about risky social interaction that raises the chance of contracting {HIV.} Using the sustainable livelihood and social relation approaches, this article demonstrates that although {AIDS} is not simply a disease of the poor, determinants of the epidemic go far beyond individual volition and that some dimensions of being poor increase risk and vulnerability to {HIV.}", "label" : "The {poverty-HIV/AIDS} nexus in Africa: A livelihood approach", "key" : "masanjala_poverty-hiv/aids_2007" }, { "journal" : "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f77471384dcee8ecebd2c2d732c4ab2e", "pages" : "101--107", "date" : "2003", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Frick, Kevin D.", "Lynch, Matthew", "West, Sheila", "Munoz, Beatriz", "Mkocha, Harran A." ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Azithromycin", "Forecasting", "Pharmaceutical Fees", "Risk factors", "Socio-economic factors", "Tanzania", "Trachoma/drug therapy", "Volition", "Willingness to pay" ], "volume" : "81", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "Household willingness to pay for treatment provides important information for programme planning. We tested for relationships between socioeconomic status, risk of trachoma, perceptions of the effects of azithromycin, and the household willingness to pay for future mass treatment with azithromycin. Methods We surveyed 394 households in 6 villages located in central United Republic of Tanzania regarding their willingness to pay for future azithromycin treatment. A random sample of households with children under 8 years of age was selected and interviewed following an initial treatment programme in each village. Data were gathered on risk factors for trachoma, socioeconomic status, and the perceived effect of the initial azithromycin treatment. Ordered probit regression analysis was used to test for statistically significant relationships. Findings 38\\% of responding households stated that they would not be willing to pay anything for future azithromycin treatment, although they would be willing to participate in the treatment. A proxy for cash availability was positively associated with household willingness to pay for future antibiotic treatment. Cattle ownership (a risk factor) and being a household headed by a female not in a polygamous marriage (lower socioeconomic status) were associated with a lower willingness to pay for future treatment. A perceived benefit from the initial treatment was marginally associated with a willingness to pay a higher amount. Conclusions As those at greatest risk of active trachoma indicated the lowest willingness to pay, imposing a cost recovery fee for azithromycin treatment would likely reduce coverage and could prevent control of the disease at the community level.", "label" : "Household willingness to pay for azithromycin treatment for trachoma control in the United Republic of Tanzania", "key" : "frick_household_2003" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-48Y5GM8-2/1/4e58a88c8d6110b63fb82d948f1d6cb9", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:72d55ce4e8443d0d88deafadd8cee46a", "pages" : "109--118", "date" : "2003-08", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Stekelenburg, Jelle", "Kyanamina, Sindele Simasiku", "Wolffers, Ivan" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "DRUGS", "Kalabo", "Low performance", "Selection criteria", "Zambia" ], "volume" : "65", "month" : "August", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "Objective: To determine the factors contributing to low performance of community health workers in Kalabo District, Zambia. Methods: In a cross-sectional descriptive study, 86 community members, 27 community health workers and nine rural health centre staff were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Other methods were focus group discussions and checklists. Data analysis was done manually. Results: The low performance of community health workers is a real problem for Kalabo District. The two most important factors are the irregular and unreliable supply of drugs and selection of the wrong people to be trained for community health workers. Conclusion: Though initially implemented as such, the comprehensive approach of the primary health care project is no longer functioning in Kalabo. Community health workers are mainly valued because of their curative services. Communities do not properly follow the official criteria for selection of people to be trained, but have other considerations. Strategies will have to be formulated to rehabilitate the programme, mainly focussing on these two findings. Other factors, like inadequate community support and inadequate supervision, were mentioned by many contributors.", "label" : "Poor performance of community health workers in Kalabo District, Zambia", "key" : "stekelenburg_poor_2003" }, { "journal" : "The Lancet", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:7c2f4843529ab285068e5cacaa19795e", "pages" : "111--117", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Xu, Ke", "Evans, David B.", "Kawabata, Kei", "Zeramdini, Riadh", "Klavus, Jan", "Murray, Christopher {J.L.}" ], "volume" : "362", "keywords" : [ "Catastrophic health care expenditure", "Multicountry analysis" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "Background Health policy makers have long been concerned with protecting people from the possibility that ill health will lead to catastrophic financial payments and subsequent impoverishment. Yet catastrophic expenditure is not rare. We investigated the extent of catastrophic health expenditure as a first step to developing appropriate policy responses. Methods We used a cross-country analysis design. Data from household surveys in 59 countries were used to explore, by regression analysis, variables associated with catastrophic health expenditure. We defined expenditure as being catastrophic if a household\'s financial contributions to the health system exceed 40\\% of income remaining after subsistence needs have been met. Findings The proportion of households facing catastrophic payments from out-of-pocket health expenses varied widely between countries. Catastrophic spending rates were highest in some countries in transition, and in certain Latin American countries. Three key preconditions for catastrophic payments were identified: the availability of health services requiring payment, low capacity to pay, and the lack of prepayment or health insurance. Interpretation People, particularly in poor households, can be protected from catastrophic health expenditures by reducing a health system\'s reliance on out-of-pocket payments and providing more financial risk protection. Increase in the availability of health services is critical to improving health in poor countries, but this approach could raise the proportion of households facing catastrophic expenditure; risk protection policies would be especially important in this situation.", "label" : "Household catastrophic health expenditure: a multicountry analysis", "key" : "xu_household_2003" }, { "journal" : "Social science \\& medicine (1982)", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:cb03209c2f5eafcd2cc019bc3aa81e3c", "pages" : "88--98", "date" : "2008", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Perelman, Julian", "Shmueli, Amir", "Closon, {Marie-Christine}" ], "keywords" : [ "Diagnosis-related groups", "Econometric models", "GL", "Humans", "Prospective payment system", "Rating:1", "Risk adjustment", "Social class" ], "volume" : "66", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "note" : "{PMID:} 17888552", "abstract" : "The imperfect risk adjustment of prospective payment for hospitals may have dramatic consequences on equity. If the hospital is able to distinguish subgroups of patients with different expected costs within a group for which the risk-adjusted payment per admission is the same, it is likely to select the most profitable cases and deny care to the others. Meanwhile, hospitals refusing to practice patients\' selection may experience solvency problems. In the long term, either those hospitals fail and access to care is at risk, or they decrease the quality of treatments and access to quality is at risk. In Belgium, since 1995, a prospective payment per case has replaced the traditional per diem payments for non-medical expenditures. A fixed number of days are paid to each admission, based on the patient\'s characteristics, namely diagnosis, age and geriatric profile. In this paper, we examine the imperfect risk adjustment related to the non-inclusion of socio-economic factors in the hospital financing formula. Using data from 61 Belgian hospitals from 1995, we observe that socio-economic status, which is currently not accounted for as risk adjuster, has a significant impact on length of stay {(LOS).} We estimate that patients in the upper-income categories, patients with a self-employed status and patients with an employee status are beneficial for hospitals\' financial results, due to their shorter stays. On the contrary, the non-active, the low-income patients and patients benefiting from an insurance preferential regime represent, on average, a financial loss for hospitals. Finally, we find that financial results under the current financing scheme are biased due to the non-inclusion of {SES} risk-adjustors. Hospitals with the most beneficial social case-mix are shown to experience a shift from a positive to a negative financial outcome when {SES} risk adjustors are included, while the reverse is observed for hospitals with the worst social case-mix.", "label" : "Deriving a risk-adjustment formula for hospital financing: integrating the impact of socio-economic status on length of stay", "issn" : "02779536", "key" : "perelman_derivingrisk-adjustment_2008" }, { "journal" : "Journal of International Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:52139e0f607d36b9f656b43fbd59a85d", "pages" : "323--339", "date" : "1998", "author" : "Lorgen, Christy Cannon", "volume" : "10", "keywords" : [ "Health care system", "Health policy", "NGOs" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "label" : "Dancing with the state: the role of {NGOs} in health care and health policy", "key" : "lorgen_dancing_1998" }, { "publisher" : "World Bank Publications", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:ab909143ea0a92701cbd807a68a19544", "date" : "2002", "author" : [ "Dror, D. M.", "Preker, A. S." ], "keywords" : [ "From microfinance to microinsurance", "GL", "Microinsurance", "Reinsurance" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "Action to improve health and facilitate access to health care is important for individual well-being and national economic performance. But paying for health care is problematic. Equally vital elements of well-being, such as food, are paid through out-of-pocket payments. But that approach does not work well for health care. Unlike food, it is needed unpredictably and can be very expensive. On the face of it, the solution is private insurance. But this approach, too, does not work well because major information problems make individually risk-rated private insurance inefficient, expensive, and unable to cover all medical risks. The {U.S.} system, substantially reliant on private medical insurance, faces problems that are entirely predicted by economic theory. All other advanced industrial countries finance health care out of a mixture of (limited) out-of-pocket payments, together with funding through social insurance, and taxation, or from a mixture of the two. Neither approach is perfect. Systems with taxpayer funding of publicly produced health care can be slow to innovate and to respond to consumer preferences; systems based on social insurance combined with private production face continual upward pressures on medical spending. Yet either is capable of delivering a reasonable combination of quality, access, and cost containment. What, however, of poorer countries with limited (or minimal) fiscal and institutional capacity? Public budgets in such countries cannot afford more than minimal health care systems; and individually risk-rated insurance is likely to face even more problems than in the West because of the limited regulatory ability of government. As a result, when illness strikes, the poor - and especially the rural poor and people working in the informal economy - have to rely on private resources to pay for health care. For poorer people in low-income countries, out-ofpocket expenditure on health care can reach 80 percent of total medical spending, and a recent study of hospital visits in India showed that between one-third and one-half of patients needing inpatient care became impoverished because of inadequate risk management techniques. Enter Dror, Preker, and their coauthors! This volume discusses communitybased approaches to insuring people against medical risk-not based on individual risk rating like private insurance, but along the lines of decentralized social insurance based on the average risk. Recent studies of community savings, loans, and financing schemes show how even the poor can insure themselves against unexpected events. Community-level health insurance programs improve access to essential drugs, primary care, and basic hospital care for rural populations and informal sector workers, offering at least some protection against the impoverishing effects of illness. Tapping into experience from other sectors, the authors argue that subsidies can be used more effectively to expand insurance coverage, and that reinsurance can improve the financial viability of community-financed health schemes in settings where larger or more formal health financing mechanisms fail to reach large parts of the population. Reinsurance makes it possible to spread and transfer medical risks previously regarded as common shocks (and hence, uninsurable), such as environmental hazards (risks of pollution), earthquakes, meteorological and electrical storms, and retroactive coverage of asbestos damage. The authors suggest that reinsurance techniques could also be used to improve the viability of small risk pools typical of community health financing schemes. This is an innovative application to the health sector and to poor populations of lessons learned from other sectors. This book shows how the underlying idea of social insurance can be made operational in countries without the capacity to finance or organize large-scale systems, thus making it possible to improve access to health care for poor people in poor countries. There is no need to belabor the importance of the topic.", "label" : "Social Reinsurance: A New Approach to Sustainable Community Health Financing", "key" : "dror_social_2002" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "International Co-operative and Mutual Insurance Federation {(ICMIF)}", "uri" : "urn:a371e45d9c951ee1b363a8960ccc6d9b", "author" : "Patel, Sabbir", "keywords" : "Reinsurance", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Reinsurance: The {ICMIF} Experience", "address" : "Manchester, United Kingdom", "key" : "patel_reinsurance:icmif_????" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network", "uri" : "urn:9b9e8e08b8e9450653c7df2b7a828c19", "date" : "1999", "author" : "Pargal, Sheoli", "keywords" : [ "Bangladesh", "Social capital", "Solid Waste Management" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Social Capital in Solid Waste Management: Evidence from Dhaka, Bangladesh - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 16", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "pargal_social_1999" }, { "journal" : "The Ford Foundation, New York", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e5f90d5704c89a6c433e7123f1a66fde", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Conte, A. Del", "keywords" : [ "Microfinance", "Microfinance institutions" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Roundtable on Microinsurance Services in the Informal Economy: The Role of Microfinance Institutions", "key" : "del_conte_roundtablemicroinsurance_2000" }, { "label" : "Proposed Strategies for Health Systems Performance Assessment", "key" : "_proposed_????", "keywords" : "Health systems performance assessment", "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "unpublished", "Summary Document" ], "uri" : "urn:ce47f420defc54ed215bae95f846c678" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:daab2f8907c9d8a5758f7466b3c4426f", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Gwatkin, David R.", "Guillot, Michael" ], "keywords" : [ "Diseases and poverty", "Global poverty" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The burden of disease among the global poor - Current Situation, Future Trends, and Implications for Strategy", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "gwatkin_burden_2000" }, { "journal" : "Health Care Financing Review", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e57475370455ddff0ca62dce80421915", "pages" : "109--129", "date" : "1998", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Pope, G. C.", "Adamache, K. W.", "Walsh, E. G.", "Khandker, R. K." ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk equalization", "United States" ], "volume" : "20", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "label" : "Evaluating Alternative Risk Adjusters for Medicare", "key" : "pope_evaluating_1998" }, { "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:45eaebdc5c501f2cea5c3eed3f839295", "pages" : "207--221", "date" : "1985", "author" : "Ward, Michael", "volume" : "Review of {Income\\&Wealth}", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Measuring capital" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1985", "label" : "Problems of measuring capital in less developed countries", "key" : "ward_problems_1985" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{OECD} Development Centre", "uri" : "urn:bb0fab9e90a3bbc9f5429a3a98da662f", "date" : "2003", "number" : "No. 204", "author" : "J\\\"{u}tting, Johannes", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Health insurance and poverty", "Informal insurance", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual insurance" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Health insurance for the poor? Determinants of participation in community-based health insurance schemes in rural Senegal", "key" : "jtting_health_2003" }, { "journal" : "Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Journal", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:09e36248d131c365ef9b776f158a8b72", "date" : "2004", "number" : "11", "author" : "{IRDA}", "volume" : "{II}", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "India" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Health Insurance", "key" : "irda_health_2004" }, { "journal" : "The European journal of health economics : {HEPAC} : health economics in prevention and care", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b31eb65fdcee716a2bedd8848463c12f", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "Behrend, Corinne", "Buchner, Florian", "Happich, Michael", "Holle, Rolf", "Reitmeir, Peter", "Wasem, J\\\"{u}rgen" ], "keywords" : [ "Capitation Fee", "Germany", "GL", "Risk adjustment" ], "type" : "Publication", "note" : "{PMID:} 17260150", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "Five models of risk adjusters were tested as a (proxy) measure for health status with data from a large German sickness fund. The first two models use standard demographic and socio-demographic variables. One model incorporates a simple binary indicator for hospitalization and the last two are based on the hierarchical coexisting conditions {(HCCs:} {DxCG((R))} Risk Adjustment Software Release 6.1) using in-patient diagnoses. Special investigations were done on the subgroups of insurees who left, joined or stayed with the fund over the observation period. Age and gender grouping accounted for 3.2\\% of the variation in total expenditure for concurrent as well as prospective models. The current German risk adjusters age, sex, and invalidity status account for 5.1 and 4.5\\% of the variance in the concurrent and prospective models, respectively. Age, gender, invalidity status and in-patient {HCC} covariates explain about 37\\% of the variations of the total expenditures in a concurrent model and roughly 12\\% of the variations of total expenditures in a prospective model. Only modest improvement can be achieved with the long-term-care {(LTC)} indicator. For high-risk (cost) groups, substantial under-prediction remains; conversely, for the low-risk group, represented by enrolees who did not show any health care expense in the base year, all of the models over-predict expenditure. Special investigations were done on the subgroups of insurees who left, joined or stayed with the fund over the observation period.", "label" : "Risk-adjusted capitation payments: how well do principal inpatient diagnosis-based models work in the German situation? Results from a large data set", "issn" : "16187598", "key" : "behrend_risk-adjusted_2007" }, { "journal" : "Tropical Medicine and International Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:20143c8f36c51472a585dd745e31e74c", "pages" : "654--659", "date" : "2006", "number" : "5", "author" : [ "Baltussen, R.", "Rhodes, G.", "{Narh-Bana}, {S.A.}", "Agyepong, I." ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Ghana", "Ghana CHI", "Management", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual insurance", "NHIS" ], "volume" : "11", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Management of mutual health organizations in Ghana", "key" : "baltussen_management_2006" }, { "pub-type" : [ "phdthesis", "Inaugrualdissertation" ], "uri" : "urn:a5775d56a55733be20c3fc432bbb51c2", "date" : "2004", "school" : "{Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\\\"{a}t} Karlsruhe", "author" : "Loewe, M.", "keywords" : [ "Informal sector", "Risk aversion", "Social security" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Soziale Sicherung und informeller Sektor: Stand der theoretischen Diskussion und kritische Analyse der Situation in den arabischen L\\\"{a}ndern unter besonderer Ber\\\"{u}cksichtigung des Kleinstversicherungsansatzes", "key" : "loewe_soziale_2004" }, { "journal" : "Annu. Rev. Sociol.", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:efaefc443fa051ad033b8a7778ce7490", "pages" : "1--24", "date" : "1998", "author" : "Portes, Alejandro", "volume" : "24", "keywords" : "Social capital", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "label" : "Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology", "key" : "portes_social_1998" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:bf827b4af3689515129bb821d3eeb5b3", "date" : "2005-10", "author" : "Faber, V\\\'{e}ronique", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Was hei\\sst Mikrofinanz?", "key" : "faber_was_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Thw World Bank", "uri" : "urn:55957041886bd1b828067a0a0a0e612b", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Dasgupta, Partha", "Serageldin, Ismail" ], "keywords" : "Social capital", "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Social Capital - A Multifaceted Perspective", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "dasgupta_social_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{MicroSave-Africa} - Market-led solutions for financial services", "uri" : "urn:df827d7c6245a183968d1f78fb54ce51", "date" : "2001", "author" : "{McCord}, Michael", "keywords" : [ "Cambodia", "Case study", "Micro health insurance", "Microinsurance", "Provider model" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Microinsurance: A Case Study of the Provider Model of Microinsurance Provision, {GRET} Cambodia", "address" : "Nairobi, Kenya", "key" : "mccord_microinsurance:case_2001" }, { "url" : "http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/51188", "journal" : "Consultative Group to Assist the Poor {(CGAP)}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:8c196a1b3fb00a549391e90eeef0623b", "date" : "2008-07", "author" : [ "Kneiding, C.", "Rosenberg, R." ], "keywords" : [ "Interest rates", "Microcredit" ], "month" : "July", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "There is currently no abstract available for this document.", "label" : "Variations in Microcredit Interest Rates {(CGAP} Brief)", "key" : "kneiding_variations_2008" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technical Report" ], "institution" : "{PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID}", "uri" : "urn:265bcafa9294440cb894c729b1f05ad4", "date" : "1999", "number" : "34", "author" : "Musau, Stephen N.", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Community-based health insurance", "Democratic Republic of Congo", "East Africa", "Kenya", "Mutual insurance", "South Africa", "Tanzania", "Uganda" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Community Based Health Insurance: Experiences and Lessons Learned from East and Southern Africa", "address" : "Bethesda, Maryland", "key" : "musau_community_1999" }, { "url" : "http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/3/1/9", "journal" : "Cost effectiveness and resource allocation", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:32fcc204dca7f03422c108425143bf78", "pages" : "9", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Osei, Daniel", "{d\'Almeida}, Selassi", "George, Melvill O.", "Kirigia, Joses M.", "Mensah, Ayayi Omar", "Kainyu, Lenity H." ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Health centres", "Pilot study", "Public district hospitals", "Technical efficiency" ], "volume" : "3", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "Background: The Government of Ghana has been implementing various health sector reforms (e.g. user fees in public health facilities, decentralization, sector-wide approaches to donor coordination) in a bid to improve efficiency in health care. However, to date, except for the pilot study reported in this paper, no attempt has been made to make an estimate of the efficiency of hospitals and/or health centres in Ghana. The objectives of this study, based on data collected in 2000, were: (i) to estimate the relative technical efficiency {(TE)} and scale efficiency {(SE)} of a sample of public hospitals and health centres in Ghana; and (ii) to demonstrate policy implications for health sector policy-makers. Methods: The Data Envelopment Analysis {(DEA)} approach was used to estimate the efficiency of 17 district hospitals and 17 health centres. This was an exploratory study. Results: Eight (47\\%) hospitals were technically inefficient, with an average {TE} score of 61\\% and a standard deviation {(STD)} of 12\\%. Ten (59\\%) hospitals were scale inefficient, manifesting an average {SE} of 81\\% {(STD} = 25\\%). Out of the 17 health centres, 3 (18\\%) were technically inefficient, with a mean {TE} score of 49\\% {(STD} = 27\\%). Eight health centres (47\\%) were scale inefficient, with an average {SE} score of 84\\% {(STD} = 16\\%). Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrated to policy-makers the versatility of {DEA} in measuring inefficiencies among individual facilities and inputs. There is a need for the Planning and Budgeting Unit of the Ghana Health Services to continually monitor the productivity growth, allocative efficiency and technical efficiency of all its health facilities (hospitals and health centres) in the course of the implementation of health sector reforms.", "label" : "Technical efficiency of public district hospitals and health centres in Ghana: a pilot study", "key" : "osei_technical_2005" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:d1e8e671effb1d22d487645cab98a751", "pages" : "11--53", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Gerdtham, {Ulf-G.}", "J\\\"{o}nsson, Bengt" ], "keywords" : [ "econometric analysis", "Government policy", "Health system", "International health expenditure" ], "volume" : "Part 1", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "Comparisons of aggregate health expenditure across different countries have become popular over the last three decades as they permit a systematic investigation of the impact of different institutional regimes and other explanatory variables. Over the years, several regression analyses based on cross-section and panel data have been used to explain the international differences in health expenditure. A common result of these studies is that aggregate income appears to be the most important factor explaining health expenditure variation between countries and that the size of the estimated income elasticity is high and even higher than unity which in that case indicates that health care is a \"luxury\" good. Additional results indicates, for example, that the use of primary care \"gatekeepers\" lowers health expenditure and also that the way of remunerating physicians in the ambulatory care sector appears to influence health expenditure; capitation systems tend to lead to lower expenditure than fee-for-service systems. Finally, we also list some issues for the future. We demand more efforts on theory of the macroeconomic analysis of health expenditure, which is underdeveloped at least relative to the macroeconometrics of health expenditure. We also demand more replications based on updated data and methods that seeks to unify the many differing results of previous studies.", "label" : "International comparisons of health expenditure: theory, data, and econometric analysis", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "gerdtham_international_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance", "uri" : "urn:0fd45c692896b3fad427b9b3f26a9978", "date" : "2006", "number" : "23", "author" : [ "Fischer, Klaus", "Sissouma, Issa", "Hathie, Ibrahima" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Mali", "Microfinance", "Micro health insurance", "Microinsurance", "Mutual insurance" ], "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{L\'Union} Technique de la Mutualit\\\'{e} Malienne, Mali", "key" : "fischer_lunion_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The {Ghanaian-Dutch} Collaboration for Health Research and Development", "uri" : "urn:e56e1b5b3832130ac726a53974a86598", "date" : "2006", "number" : "7", "author" : [ "Baku, Joshua {J.K.}", "Ahiatrogah, Paul", "Avortri, Ruby" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Ghana", "Micro health insurance", "NHIS" ], "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "An evaluation of informal mutual health organisations {(MHOs)} in southern Ghana", "key" : "baku_evaluation_2006" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Microfinance", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a97c6bb21b945cb74c3c4b8a698aa8f1", "pages" : "101--137", "date" : "2004", "number" : "2", "author" : "Hasan, Mohammed Emrul", "keywords" : "Microfinance", "volume" : "5", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Implications of Financial Innovations for the Poorest of the Poor in the Rural Area - Experience from Northern Bangladesh", "key" : "hasan_implications_2004" }, { "url" : "http://microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/54157", "journal" : "The Islamic Business and Finance Network {(IBF} {NET)}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2ba6b04740839cdad094b1f916ed68eb", "date" : "2008", "author" : "Obaidullah, M.", "keywords" : [ "Islamic microfinance", "Microcredit", "Microfinance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "This monograph explains the building blocks of a microfinance program targeted at Islamic societies. Islamic societies are characterized by high and rising levels of poverty and financial exclusion. Financial exclusion is aggravated by failure on the part of conventional microfinance programs to give due importance to the religious sensitivities of Muslims. For poverty alleviation efforts to succeed in these societies, there is need for an appropriate model that is rooted in Islam and conforms to beliefs, cultures of the Muslim clients. The monograph argues that there are no fundamental contradictions in the global microfinance best practices and the Islamic approach to poverty alleviation. It seeks to present the Islamic approach as a composite and compassionate one that is rooted in charity, but permits wealth creation and for-profit enterprise. Spanning over four chapters, it focuses on the mechanisms, models, tools and instruments of the Islamic approach as prescribed by the glorious Shariah.", "label" : "Introduction to Islamic Microfinance", "key" : "obaidullah_introduction_2008" }, { "url" : "http://microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/55866", "journal" : "Consultative Group to Assist the Poor {(CGAP)}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2f3beee572743c92932ad8d9410976d9", "date" : "2009-02", "author" : [ "Rosenberg, R.", "Gonzalez, A.", "Narain, S." ], "keywords" : [ "Interest rates", "Microcredit", "Microfinance" ], "month" : "February", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "There is currently no abstract available for this document.", "label" : "The New Moneylenders: Are the Poor Being Exploited by High Microcredit Interest Rates?", "key" : "rosenberg_new_2009" }, { "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:da90ecc6d5cfb79ebaadec8d6b7e6c8c", "pages" : "590--607", "date" : "2008-04", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Mladovsky, Philipa", "Mossialos, Elias" ], "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "Local government", "Social capital", "Trust" ], "volume" : "36", "month" : "April", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Summary The international policy model linking community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} and universal coverage for health care in low-income countries is implicitly determined by the development of mutual health insurance in 19th century Europe and Japan. The economic and health system frameworks employed in {CBHI} policy have not sufficiently taken into account contextual considerations. Social capital theories could contribute to understanding why generally {CBHI} does not achieve significant and sustainable levels of population coverage. A framework of social capital and economic development is used to organize and interpret existing evidence on {CBHI.} This suggests that solidarity, trust, extra-community networks, vertical civil society links, and state-society relations affect the success of {CBHI.} Aligning schemes to \"social determinants\" of {CBHI} could result in structures that differ from those proposed by current analytic frameworks.", "label" : "A Conceptual Framework for {Community-Based} Health Insurance in {Low-Income} Countries: Social Capital and Economic Development", "key" : "mladovsky_conceptual_2008" }, { "journal" : "Journal of african economies", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:802ee30a71fa12200c4176df70ebc51e", "date" : "2003", "number" : "2", "author" : "Aryeetey, Ernest", "volume" : "12", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Financial market" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Recent Developments in African Financial Markets: Agenda for Further Research", "key" : "aryeetey_recent_2003" }, { "url" : "http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1098-1616.2004.00043.x", "journal" : "Risk Management \\& Insurance Review", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c2ef9cf8f7da60e010c6e4251a925ecc", "pages" : "165--175", "date" : "2004", "number" : "2", "author" : "Eisenhauer, Joseph G.", "keywords" : [ "Risk aversion", "Willingness to pay" ], "volume" : "7", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "Abstract Textbooks frequently describe adverse selection as an almost inevitable feature of insurance markets with heterogeneous buyers and asymmetric information. But if low-risk applicants are more risk averse than their high-risk counterparts, the former may be as willing or more willing than the latter to purchase insurance at any given price. The present article discusses this possibility in several forms suitable for different levels of instruction, to help bridge the gap between insurance education and current research on this topic.", "label" : "Risk Aversion and the Willingness to Pay for Insurance: A Cautionary Discussion of Adverse Selection", "key" : "eisenhauer_risk_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4H87GMR-1/1/335839bcfe29cf20604752ded7a8a729", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3d7954ec3b2a5bdd2c935e452d632352", "pages" : "1520--1527", "date" : "2006-03", "number" : "6", "author" : [ "Allegri, Manuela De", "Sanon, Mamadou", "Sauerborn, Rainer" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Demand", "Health insurance", "Micro health insurance", "West Africa" ], "volume" : "62", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "In spite of the fact that feeble levels of participation have long been identified as a major constraint to the successful long-term implementation of community-based health insurance {(CBI)} in low-income countries, evidence on determinants of enrolment in {CBI} is still lacking. The application of econometric modelling has provided a partial answer to the question, but on its own it has proved to be insufficient to guide policy making. This paper aims to fill this gap in knowledge using qualitative research methods. In-depth interviews with 32 household heads were conducted in the Nouna Health District, Burkina Faso, West Africa to assess determinants of enrolment in a newly established {CBI} scheme. The findings highlight that factors previously neglected in the literature, such as institutional rigidities and socio-cultural practices, play an important role in shaping the decision to enrol. The discussion of the findings focuses on the policy implications, offering concrete recommendations to maximise enrolment, within and beyond Burkina Faso.", "label" : "{\"To} enrol or not to enrol?\": A qualitative investigation of demand for health insurance in rural West Africa", "key" : "de_allegri_to_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{OECD} Development Centre", "uri" : "urn:7d5b384c7ad136b8c79e46fc640acd23", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Drechsler, Denis", "J\\\"{u}tting, Johannes" ], "keywords" : [ "Low-income countries", "Middle income countries", "Private health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Private Health Insurance in Low- and {Middle-Income} Countries", "key" : "drechsler_private_2005" }, { "journal" : "Health Affairs", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c250a6aabe71559583f420091159bcea", "pages" : "171", "date" : "1996", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Shewry, S.", "Hunt, S.", "Ramey, J.", "Bertko, J." ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk adjustment", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "15", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1996", "label" : "Risk adjustment: the missing piece of market competition", "key" : "shewry_risk_1996" }, { "url" : "http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34352/Does%20Microcredit%20Empower%20Reflections%20on%20the%20Grameen%20Bank%20Debate.pdf", "journal" : "Human studies", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:99d844512ba4a31047499668a7ed7db0", "pages" : "27--41", "date" : "2008", "number" : "31", "author" : "Selinger, Evan", "keywords" : [ "Grameen Bank", "Microcredit" ], "doi" : "10.1007/s10746-007-9076-3", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Recent debates about the Grameen Bank\'s microlending practices depict participating female borrowers as having fundamentally empowering or disempowering experiences. I argue that this discursive framework may be too reductive: it can conceal how technique and technology simultaneously facilitate relations of dependence and independence; and it can diminish our capacity to understand and assess innovative development initiatives.", "label" : "Does Microcredit {\'\'Empower\'\'?} Reflections on the Grameen Bank Debate", "issn" : "0163-8548", "key" : "evan_selinger_microcredit_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "unpublished", "uri" : "urn:d5d59e6ad5727860d5420ef71c146178", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Hackl, Franz", "Pruckner, Gerald J." ], "keywords" : [ "Contingent valuation", "Free-riding", "Strategic behaviour", "Warm glow", "Willingness to pay" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "Abstract Criticism of Contingent Valuation {(CV)} stresses warm glow and freeriding as possible causes for biased willingness to pay figures. We present an empirical framework to study the existence of warm glow and freeriding in hypothetical {WTP} answers based on a {CV} survey for the measurement of health-related Red Cross services. Both in conventional double-bounded and spike models we do not find indication of warm glow phenomena and free-riding behaviour. The results are very robust and insensitive to the applied payment vehicles. Theoretical objections against {CV} do not find sufficient empirical support.", "label" : "Warm glow, free-riding and vehicle neutrality in a health-related contingent valuation study", "key" : "hackl_warm_2003" }, { "url" : "http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/hepoli/v63y2003i3p323-338.html", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:8b6cb2275d5abf2e10bf46a2be88be87", "pages" : "323--338", "date" : "2003", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Teerawattananon, Yot", "Tangcharoensathien, Viroj", "Tantivess, Sripen", "Mills, Anne" ], "series" : "Health Policy", "keywords" : [ "Health sector regulation", "Regulation", "Thailand" ], "volume" : "63", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "This paper reviews the current system of regulation and assesses its effectiveness in the health-care system of Thailand. In order to achieve this, extensive documentary reviews were performed and supplemented by in-depth interviews. We found the existing regulatory framework to be fairly comprehensive with rules and roles firmly established. Regulations cover almost all relevant private and public organisations including individuals. However, the incomplete performance of regulatory functions was detected resulting in problems of overburdened staff and delays in performance of functions. Our recommendations propose the promotion of professional ethics and continuing education, an effort to narrow the gap between expectation and reality through public education, and the empowering of consumer organisations. The increasing popularity of medical lawsuits and professional insurance, which in part reflects the imperfect administration of the system, highlights the need for careful consideration of how best to handle the increase in complaints. The mapping of the regulatory system in this paper, together with the discussion of how to cope with the expansion of medicine as a business and with greater consumerism, will be of interest to other middle income countries that seek to reform and strengthen their regulatory system.", "label" : "Health sector regulation in Thailand: recent progress and the future agenda", "key" : "teerawattananon_health_2003" }, { "journal" : "Soc. Sci. Med.", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c1a022553674323797d475320cf12804", "pages" : "1065 --1074", "date" : "1997", "number" : "7", "author" : "Tsey, Komla", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Public policy", "Traditional medicine" ], "volume" : "45", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1997", "label" : "Traditional Medicine in contemporary Ghana: a Public Policy Analysis", "key" : "tsey_traditional_1997" }, { "url" : "http://www.malawiagriculture.org/SimpleDocMan/docs/D_Rural_Micro_Finance_AUG2005.pdf", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Food Security Joint Task Force", "uri" : "urn:ce767230a92ab298e0de225fb52d7913", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Consultants, Kadale", "keywords" : [ "Malawi", "Microfinance", "Rural sector" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Rural Micro-finance in Malawi", "key" : "kadale_consultants_rural_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.issa.int/Ressourcen", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technischer Bericht" ], "institution" : "{ISSA} - Internationale Vereinigung f\\\"{u}r soziale Sicherheit", "uri" : "urn:64a530bfbd7f461c2b66671f357c84c0", "date" : "2007", "number" : "09", "author" : [ "Coheur, Alain", "Jacquier, Christian", "{Schmitt-Diabat\\\'{e}}, Val\\\'{e}rie", "Schremmer, Jens" ], "keywords" : [ "Social protection", "Social security" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "Gegenstand der Diskussion werden innovative integrierte Strategien zur Ausweitung der sozialen Krankenversicherung sein. Diese Strategien beinhalten Verkn\\\"{u}pfungen zwischen gesetzlichen Systemen der sozialen Sicherheit und Systemen auf Ebene des informellen Sektors oder der Gemeinden. Die Diskussion wird sich auf die Ergebnisse einer von der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation {(IAO),} der Internationalen Vereinigung f\\\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit {(IVSS)} und der Internationalen Vereinigung f\\\"{u}r Hilfsvereine auf Gegenseitigkeit {(AIM)} im Rahmen der internationalen Allianz zur Ausweitung der Deckung gemeinsam durchgef\\\"{u}hrten Studie st\\\"{u}tzen. Diese befasst sich mit den tats\\\"{a}chlichen und m\\\"{o}glichen Auswirkungen von Verkn\\\"{u}pfungen in den Bereichen der Finanzen, Verwaltung, Governance, Leistungserbringung und Politik.", "label" : "Verkn\\\"{u}pfungen von gesetzlichen sozialen Sicherungssystemen und gemeinschaftsgest\\\"{u}tzten und lokalen Sozialschutzeinrichtungen: Ein vielversprechender neuer Ansatz", "key" : "coheur_verknpfungen_2007" }, { "publisher" : "Global Equity Initiative, {MacArthur} Foundation, {UNICEF} India", "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:612f25df8d5ca96e89228b74667d6d95", "date" : "2003", "keywords" : [ "Access to health", "Equity and health", "Health sector reform", "India" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "Twenty participants - social scientists, public health experts, doctors, social activists and development practitioners - met between January 13-15, 2003 at the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad to address the theme of the workshop: {\"Health} equity in India: People and Systems Challenges.\" The workshop was set against the backdrop of what is known about India\'s health status. While significant gains have been made in many areas, the failings in health are equally noteworthy. Over the past three decades, life expectancy has advanced to 63 years and infant mortality has declined by half to 68 per 1,000 live births. A vast infrastructure of health institutions has been built. Intensive campaigns have eradicated smallpox and guinea worm. Health has attracted the activism of diverse, energetic and vibrant civil society organizations. India is rich in human resources, exporting health professionals to the rest of the world. At the same time, however, India\'s failings are equally noteworthy. Child and maternal mortality remains stubbornly high. Close to half the children under three years are malnourished. Poorer states like Bihar and Orissa report health indicators that are among the lowest in the world. Demographic and health transitions are thrusting forward new threats - diabetes, heart disease, cancer, mental illness and injury. Government continues to accord health low political and financial priority. Systemic obstacles - corruption, neglect of public health, distortions of primary care, ethical and implementation gaps, inappropriate human resource development, and the medicalization of health isolate it from the political economy of the country.", "label" : "Health Equity in India: People and Systems Challenges - Workshop Summary", "address" : "Hyderabad, India", "key" : "_health_2003" }, { "id" : "34b0260c2d1281af67ae9b6622f96502", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technical Note" ], "uri" : "urn:34b0260c2d1281af67ae9b6622f96502", "number" : "2", "author" : "World\\, Bank", "keywords" : [ "Quantitative research", "Research method" ], "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Anthropometrics", "key" : "world_bank_anthropometrics_????" }, { "journal" : "The Asian Journal of Transport and Infrastructure", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e50acde403d88eaa84e02bf29072964d", "pages" : "24--39", "date" : "2001", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Ahuja, Rajeev", "Ranade, Ajit" ], "keywords" : [ "Insurance sector", "Regulation" ], "volume" : "8", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Regulation in the Insurance Sector", "key" : "ahuja_regulation_2001" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Consumer Affairs", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:02901ee5bd0758a504a9eaa53d4f8615", "pages" : "291--313", "date" : "2000-12", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Hong, {Gong-Soog}", "Kim, Soo Yeon" ], "keywords" : [ "Health care expenditures", "Life cycle" ], "volume" : "34", "month" : "December", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "This study examines out-of-pocket health care expenditure patterns of households and the financial burden of health care costs over the stages of the household life cycle, using the 1995 Consumer Expenditure Survey. The elderly households not only spend more for health care, but they also experience higher financial burdens than other households. Insurance status, liquid assets, life cycle stage, household size, education, and self-employment status are significant factors affecting the household budge share of health care expenses.", "label" : "{Out-of-Pocket} Health Care Expenditure Patterns and Financial Burden across the Life Cycle Stages", "key" : "hong_out-of-pocket_2000" }, { "publisher" : "Strenghtening Micro Health Insurance Units for the Poor in {India-Project}", "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:5d537d5b8efe5973f5cf92cefa3d4f74", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Vij, Jyoti", "Rademacher, Ralf", "Dror, David M." ], "keywords" : [ "India", "Pro-poor-insurance" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Developing {Pro-Poor} Health Insurance in India - An International Conference on Micro Health Insurance", "address" : "New Delhi", "key" : "vij_developing_2006" }, { "pages" : "15--30", "label" : "Towards a generalised social protection: is compulsory health insurance the solution for universal cover?", "key" : "dror_towardsgeneralised_????", "keywords" : [ "Compulsory health insurance", "GL", "Risk equalization", "Social protection", "Universal coverage" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "author" : "Dror, David", "uri" : "urn:ad75f7e7a81fc565cb40472b73ebd02c" }, { "publisher" : "Discussion article. {WHO,} Department of the Organisation of Health Services Delivery, Geneva", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:85ffa6f2fec77891d939c9b91ec87d24", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Perrot, J.", "Adams, O." ], "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Service delivery" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Applying the contractual approach to health service delivery in developing countries", "key" : "perrot_applyingcontractual_2000" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Discussion Paper 19" ], "institution" : "Social Security Department - International Labour Organization", "uri" : "urn:e3b94d0112afa6a81a0f66f8206678e1", "date" : "2007-08", "author" : "{ILO}", "keywords" : [ "NHIS", "Social health protection", "Social security" ], "month" : "August", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Social Health Protection- An {ILO} strategy towards universal access to health care - A consultation", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "ilo_social_2007" }, { "publisher" : "World Bank, South Asia Region, Finance and Private Sector Development Unit", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:ec7d17ab802eacb5362df58b975644fa", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Nair, A.", "keywords" : [ "India", "Microfinance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Sustainability of Microfinance Self Help Groups in India: Would Federating Help", "key" : "nair_sustainability_2005" }, { "journal" : "Isuma: Canadian Journal of Policy Research 2", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:11bd921615f0142b854fcc190a401d7f", "pages" : "41--52", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Putnam, Robert", "volume" : "2", "keywords" : [ "Measurement", "Social capital" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Social Capital - Measurement and Consequences", "key" : "putnam_social_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Bank World\\", "uri" : "urn:d83d93ac8c687da5ad4f6e1357fc21d2", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Ensor, Tim", "Cooper, Stephanie" ], "keywords" : [ "Access to health", "Demand side barriers", "Health care system" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Overcoming barriers to health service access: influencing the demand side", "address" : "Washnigton, {D.C.}", "key" : "ensor_overcoming_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:a576e60f55aa6405ed133dfea97894d7", "date" : "1999", "author" : "Lalbhai, Kasturbhai", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "India" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Health Insurance in India - Report of the one-day workshop organised on 30th October 1999 at Kasturbhai Lalbhai Management Development Centre Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad", "address" : "Ahmedabad", "key" : "lalbhai_health_1999" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{WHO}", "uri" : "urn:b5294c405e383600a8f0a5c9e1137d34", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Misra, Rajiv", "keywords" : "Investments in health outcomes and poverty", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Increasing Investments in Health Outcomes for the Poor - {Pro-Poor} Health {Reforms-Why,} What and How", "key" : "misra_increasing_2003" }, { "label" : "Imperfect Information, Social Capital and the Poor\'s Access to Credit", "url" : "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=260058", "key" : "van_bastelaer_imperfect_????", "keywords" : [ "Imperfect information", "Information asymmetry", "Microcredit", "Social capital" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "article", "author" : "Bastelaer, T. Van", "uri" : "urn:ab621e76b39290c04d2ddd17b8031372" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:72b8bd25956c3e851aeb82d095b4270f", "date" : "2006-11", "author" : [ "Leu, Robert E.", "Beck, Konstantin" ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk adjustment", "Risk selection", "Switzerland" ], "month" : "November", "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Risikoselektion und Risikostrukturausgleich in der Schweiz - Gutachten zuhanden der Techniker Krankenkasse Hamburg", "key" : "leu_risikoselektion_2006" }, { "journal" : "Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:753553ea2c139c38d7001cb23201601f", "pages" : "269--299", "date" : "2008", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Crombrugghe, Alain de", "Tenikue, Michel", "Sureda, Julie" ], "volume" : "79", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "We use regression analysis to study the determinants of self-sustainability of a sample of microfinance institutions in India. These institutions stand out by their ability and willingness to report financial and operational data to Sa Dhan, a know-how sharing organization. We investigate particularly three aspects of sustainability: cost coverage by revenue, repayment of loans and cost-control. Our results suggest that the challenge of covering costs on small and partly unsecured loans can indeed be met, without necessarily increasing the size of the loans or raising the monitoring cost. The analysis suggests other ways to improve the financial results, like a better targeting of the interest rate policy or increasing the number of borrowers per field officer especially in collective delivery models.", "label" : "Performance Analysis for a sample of Microfinance Institutions in India", "key" : "crombrugghe_performance_2008" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:7b08ed9807b37689ca1c28ac845a3893", "pages" : "754--845", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Ven, Wynand {P.M.M.} van de", "Ellis, Randall" ], "keywords" : [ "Competitive models", "Health plan markets", "Risk adjustment" ], "volume" : "Part 3", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "In the 1990s many countries have chosen to use prospective payment arrangements for health plans (e.g., health insurers, sickness funds or {HMOs)} together with health plan competition, as a means of creating incentives to be cost conscious, while preserving quality, innovation and responsiveness to consumer preferences. Risk adjustment is an important mechanism for attenuating problems that threaten the effectiveness of this strategy for resource allocation in health care. Without adequate risk adjustment, competing health plans have incentives to avoid individuals with predictable losses and to select predictably profitable members. This selection and the resulting risk segmentation can have adverse effects in terms of access to care, quality of care and efficiency in the production of care. This chapter first provides a conceptual framework for thinking about risk adjustment. Second, it gives an overview of the progress developing risk adjustment models in recent years. Third, several forms of risk sharing are discussed, which can be used as a tool for reducing selection in case of imperfect risk adjustment. Fourth, an overview is given of the current practice of risk adjustment and risk sharing in 11 countries. Finally some directions for future research are discussed.", "label" : "Risk Adjustment in Competitive Health Plan Markets", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "van_de_ven_risk_2000" }, { "label" : "Who benefits from health sector subsidies? Benefit incidence analysis", "key" : "_who_????", "keywords" : [ "Benefits", "Health sector subsidies", "Measuring equity", "Public health service" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis" ], "uri" : "urn:e98348c1a6f200a6fc2eb1e3dea36db5", "number" : "Technical Note 12" }, { "journal" : "{AWS.} {SPSS}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:acc85e9e4e88039ce6d83b6b23ec3466", "date" : "2005", "author" : "{Baltes-G\\\"{o}tz}, B.", "volume" : "19", "keywords" : "SPSS", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Logistische Regressionsanalyse mit {SPSS.(Universit\\\"{a}ts-Rechenzentrum} Trier", "key" : "baltes-gtz_logistische_2005" }, { "journal" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:5aa84375392829dafa06646f8309ce6f", "date" : "2005-11", "author" : "Holst, Jens", "volume" : "18", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Charitable model", "Latin America", "Micro health insurance" ], "month" : "November", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Health Microinsurance: A Comparison of Four Publicly-run Schemes Latin America", "key" : "holst_health_2005" }, { "publisher" : "{AUPHA} {Press/Health} Administration Press", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:834bea484b24bd78fb5ec61605e9a97e", "date" : "2002", "author" : [ "Gaydos, Laura", "Fried, Bruce" ], "keywords" : [ "Health care system", "World health system" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "World health systems - Challenges and Perspectives", "address" : "Washington {D.C.;} Chicago, Illinois", "key" : "gaydos_world_2002" }, { "url" : "http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/4/357", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ee2dca10d8b3392397724640bd6d9427", "pages" : "357--367", "date" : "2000-12", "author" : [ "Kumaranayake, Lilani", "Lake, Sally", "Mujinja, Phare", "Hongoro, Charles", "Mpembeni, Rose" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health care sector", "Regulation", "Simbabwe", "Tanzania" ], "month" : "December", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "The health sectors in many low- and middle-income countries have been characterized in recent years by extensive private sector activity. This has been complemented by increasing public-private linkages, such as the contracting-out of selected services or facilities, development of new purchasing arrangements, franchising and the introduction of vouchers. Increasingly, however, experience with the private sector has indicated a number of problems with the quality, price and distribution of private health services, and thus led to a growing focus on the role of government in regulation. This paper presents the existing network of regulations governing private activity in the health sectors of Tanzania and Zimbabwe, and their appropriateness in the context of emerging market realities. It draws on a comparative mapping exercise reviewing the complexity of the variables currently being regulated, the level of the health system at which they apply, and the specific instruments being used. Findings indicate that much of the existing regulation occurs through legislation. There is still very much a focus on the social\' rather than economic\' aspects of regulation within the health sector. Recent changes have attempted to address aspects of private health provision, but some very key gaps remain. In particular, current regulations in Tanzania and Zimbabwe: (1) focus on individual inputs rather than health system organizations; (2) aim to control entry and quality rather than explicitly quantity, price or distribution; and (3) fail to address the market-level problems of anti-competitive practices and lack of patient rights. This highlights the need for additional measures to promote consumer protection and address the development of new private markets such as for health insurance or laboratory and other ancillary services.", "label" : "How do countries regulate the health sector? Evidence from Tanzania and Zimbabwe", "key" : "kumaranayake_do_2000" }, { "label" : "Measuring Living Standards: Household Consumption and Wealth Indices", "key" : "_measuring_????-1", "keywords" : [ "Constructing living standards variables", "Key outcomes and living standards", "Living standards", "Measuring equity" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis" ], "uri" : "urn:8f81bcba257f0dfaa6bc4a04cac41d22", "number" : "Technical Note 4" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Partners for Health Reform, Abt Associates", "uri" : "urn:8ae997d278b55cf524614db7ec941a44", "date" : "2001", "number" : "66", "author" : [ "Diop, Francois", "Schneider, Pia", "Leighton, Charlotte" ], "keywords" : [ "Prepayment for health services", "Rwanda" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Pilot Testing Prepayment for Health Services in Rwanda: Results and Recommendations for Policy Directions and Implementation.", "address" : "Bethesda, {MD}", "key" : "diop_pilot_2001" }, { "journal" : "Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:5eddc1be5579f1c0e28230927c2d4f3b", "pages" : "849--862", "date" : "2003", "number" : "12", "author" : [ "Dong, Hengjin", "Kouyate, Bocar", "Cairns, John", "Mugisha, Frederick", "Sauerborn, Rainer" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Burkina Faso", "Community-based health insurance", "Willingness to pay" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "Purpose: To study the willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} for a proposed community-based health insurance {(CBI)} scheme in order to provide information about the relationship between the premium that is required to cover the costs of the scheme and expected insurance enrolment levels. In addition, factors that influence {WTP} were to be identified. Methods: Data were collected from a household survey using a two-stage cluster sampling approach, with each household having the same probability of being selected. Interviews were conducted with 2414 individuals and 705 household heads. The take-it-or-leave-it {(TIOLI)} and the bidding game were used to elicit {WTP.} Results: The average individual was willing to pay 2384 (elicited by the {TIOLI)} or 3191 (elicited by the bidding game) {CFA} {(US\\$} 3.17 or {US\\$} 4.25) to join {CBI} for him/herself. The head of household agreed to pay from 6448 (elicited by the {TIOLI)} or 9769 (elicited by the bidding game) {CFA} {(US\\$} 8.6 or {US\\$} 13.03) to join the health insurance scheme for his/her household. These results were influenced by household and individual ability-to-pay, household and individual characteristics, such as age, sex and education. The two methods yielded similar patterns of estimated {WTP,} in that higher {WTP} was obtained for higher income level, higher previous medical expenditure, higher education, younger people and males. A starting point bias was found in the case of the bidding game. Conclusions: Both {TIOLI} and bidding game methods can elicit a value of {WTP} for {CBI.} The value elicited by the bidding game is higher than by the {TIOLI,} but the two approaches yielded similar patterns of estimated {WTP.} {WTP} information can be used for setting insurance premium. When setting the premiums, it is important to consider differences between the real market and the theoretical one, and between the {WTP} and the cost of benefits package. The beneficiaries of {CBI} should be enrolled at the level of households or villages in order to protect vulnerable groups such as women, elders and the poor.", "label" : "Willingness-to-pay for community-based insurance in Burkina Faso", "key" : "hengjin_dong_willingness-to-pay_2003" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:9271aa9c6d5a9a669366fafeebcf8de8", "pages" : "265--344", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Jones, Andrew M.", "keywords" : "Health econometrics", "volume" : "Part 1", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "A decade ago, Newhouse (1987) assessed the balance of trade between imports from the econometrics literature into health economics, and exports from health economics to a wider audience. While it is undoubtedly true that imports of concepts and techniques still dominate the balance, the literature reviewed in this chapter shows that the range and volume of applied econometric work in health economics has increased dramatically over the past ten years. Examples of good practice in health econometrics make extensive use of tests for misspecification and explicit model selection criteria. Robust and distribution-free estimators are of increasing importance, and the chapter gives examples of nonparametric, and semiparametric estimators applied to sample selection, simultaneous equations, count data, and survival models. Published replications of empirical results remain relatively rare. One way in which this deficit may be remedied is through the appearance of more systematic reviews of econometric studies. The use of experimental data remains an exception and most applied studies continue to rely on observational data from secondary sources. However applied work in health economics is likely to be influenced by the debate concerning the use of data from social experiments. The chapter illustrates the impressive diversity of applied econometric work over the past decade. Most of the studies reviewed here use individual level data and this has led to the use of a wide range of nonlinear models, including qualitative and limited dependent variables, along with count, survival and frontier models. Because of the widespread use of observational data, particular attention has gone into dealing with problems of self-selection and heterogeneity bias. This is likely to continue in the future, with the emphasis on robust estimators applied to longitudinal and other complex datasets.", "label" : "Health Econometrics", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "jones_health_2000" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "{HEALTH/NUTRITION/POPULATION} {AND} {POVERTY}" ], "institution" : "{HNP/Poverty} Thematic", "uri" : "urn:b20fbcdad494f3ddbc5b706f35d7ad14", "date" : "1999", "author" : "Murray, Christopher", "keywords" : [ "Health of the poorest", "Health of the sickest", "Target groups" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "What Matters Most: The Health of the Poorest or the Health of the Sickest?", "key" : "murray_what_1999" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4K4WN1J-1/1/13ddf09f3c0517b07989ed594ea62e3c", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:25ab43098fb070f5462baa591100a419", "pages" : "1489--1502", "date" : "2006-09", "number" : "6", "author" : "Sirven, Nicolas", "keywords" : [ "Madagascar", "Self-rated health" ], "volume" : "63", "month" : "September", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "The aim of this study is to analyse the pathways between income and self-rated health through the mediating role of social capital. Taking up recent criticisms on statistical approaches to social capital, we propose to endogenize this concept as an outcome of households\' economic status and personal characteristics. In this way it becomes possible to analyse both the compositional effect of social capital and its mediating role in the income-health causal pattern. The originality of this work rests on the production of two kinds of variables of social capital: the probability a household gets involved in social activities according to its characteristics; and a residual variable of social capital that is not predicated by household characteristics. Based on cross-sectional data from five rural areas of Antsirabe {(Madagsacar)} in 2001, this work suggests that a high level of social capital--especially in collective actions and social networks--leads to better self-rated health.", "label" : "Endogenous social capital and self-rated health: Cross-sectional data from rural areas of Madagascar", "key" : "sirven_endogenous_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{USAID,} Development Alternatives Inc.", "uri" : "urn:039acfc425e3df3464970d66aa5408c9", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Young, Robin", "keywords" : "Microfinance", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Banks in Microfinance: Guidelines for successful partnerships", "key" : "young_banks_2004" }, { "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3ad0ace04086db4b09bba02bfd2f2321", "pages" : "213--235", "date" : "1980", "author" : [ "Cohen, John M.", "Uphoff, Norman" ], "volume" : "8", "keywords" : "Community participation", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1980", "label" : "Participation\'s Place in Rural Development: Seeking Clarity through Specificity", "key" : "cohen_participations_1980" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:28bafa836716d3460a0eab68a41f2ffd", "pages" : "147--158", "date" : "2004", "number" : "3", "author" : "Bennett, Sara", "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "GL", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "19", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "The role of community-based health insurance within the health care financing system: a framework for analysis", "key" : "bennett_role_2004" }, { "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3dce707b760d3d7b92a641fb20d1c8cc", "pages" : "1654--1666", "date" : "2006-09", "number" : "9", "author" : [ "Bryceson, Deborah Fahy", "Fonseca, Jodie" ], "keywords" : [ "Famine", "Malawi", "Occupational risks", "Rural livelihoods" ], "volume" : "34", "month" : "September", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Summary Malawi registers the eighth highest {HIV/AIDS} prevalence in the world. The rural population\'s increasing {HIV} prevalence is analyzed in relation to the impact of the country\'s 2001-02 famine. Villagers are assessing survival risks on the basis of perceptions of relative manageability. A sense of powerlessness concerning their vulnerability to {HIV/AIDS} leads to concentration on the more immediate concern of trying to ensure their day-to-day staple food needs. Changing rural land and labor patterns are militating for more transaction-based rural livelihoods, some involving high-risk sexual encounters, as a means of alleviating hunger.", "label" : "Risking death for survival: Peasant responses to hunger and {HIV/AIDS} in Malawi", "key" : "bryceson_risking_2006" }, { "label" : "Annex {1D} - Organizational Profile Interview Guides", "key" : "_annex_????", "keywords" : [ "Interview guide", "Questionnaire" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a057da470c8cf31798b430d5f4376de2", "journal" : "Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool" }, { "issn" : "09541748", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 17072774; Cohen, Monique 1; Email Address: {MoniqueC@mfopps.org;} Mccord, Michael J. 2; Sebstad, Jennefer 1; Affiliations: 1: Microfinance Opportunities; 2: {MicroInsurance} Centre; Issue Info: Apr2005, Vol. 17 Issue 3, p319; Thesaurus Term: {RESEARCH;} Thesaurus Term: {INSURANCE;} Thesaurus Term: {SUPPLY} \\& demand; Thesaurus Term: {RISK} management; Subject Term: {POOR;} Subject: {AFRICA,} East; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524292 Third Party Administration of Insurance and Pension Funds; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524298 All Other Insurance Related Activities; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525190 Other Insurance Funds; Number of Pages: 7p; Document Type: Article{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "number" : "3", "type" : "Publication", "author" : [ "Cohen, Monique", "Mccord, Michael J.", "Sebstad, Jennefer" ], "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=17072774&site=ehost-live", "uri" : "urn:6a89e6c77ab01f72ac22b1190bee9f86", "label" : "Reducing vulnerability: demand for and supply of microinsurance in East Africa.", "keywords" : [ "East Africa", "Insurance", "Poor", "Research", "Risk management", "SUPPLY \\& demand" ], "pages" : "319--325", "year" : "2005", "journal" : "Journal of International Development", "abstract" : "Provides an overview of the research made on the demand for and supply of microinsurance in East Africa in order for the working poor to manage risk. Description of microinsurance; Requirements in creating a viable microinsurance program; Design of the demand side research.", "volume" : "17", "pub-type" : "article", "date" : "2005-04", "month" : "April", "key" : "cohen_reducing_2005" }, { "journal" : "Tropical Medicine and International Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:aa29b351b586d634b3585dc078ef0a15", "pages" : "654--672", "date" : "1997", "number" : "7", "author" : [ "Criel, Bart", "Kegels, Guy" ], "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Zaire" ], "volume" : "2", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1997", "label" : "A health insurance scheme for hospital care in Bwamanda District, Zaire: lessons and questions after 10 years of functioning", "key" : "criel_health_1997-1" }, { "journal" : "Medical Decision Making", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e3ef109716295e01ea202c5b63e40db9", "pages" : "212--225", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "{KingJr}, Joseph T.", "Styn, Mindi A.", "Tsevat, Joel", "Roberts, Mark S." ], "keywords" : [ "Measurement", "Preferences", "Standard gamble", "Time tradeoff", "Utility", "Visual analogue scale", "Willingness to pay" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "\" Perfect Health\" versus\" Disease Free\": The Impact of Anchor Point Choice on the Measurement of Preferences and the Calculation of {Disease-Specific} Disutilities", "key" : "kingjr__2003" }, { "journal" : "Health Serv Res", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:9a09bae8cbed5034848a6fb6f06fd700", "pages" : "194--206", "date" : "2001", "number" : "6 Pt 2", "author" : [ "Ash, A. S.", "Zhao, Y.", "Ellis, R. P.", "Kramer, M. S." ], "keywords" : [ "Costs", "GL", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "36", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Finding future high-cost cases: comparing prior cost versus diagnosis-based methods", "key" : "ash_finding_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Centre for Enquiry into Health \\& Allied Themes", "uri" : "urn:2c03f8b05a1f6de17f7b72b972605f1c", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Nandraj, Sunil", "keywords" : "Health sector reform", "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Accreditation system for hospitals in India", "address" : "Mumbai", "key" : "nandraj_accreditation_2000" }, { "publisher" : "{Elsevier/AP,} Acad. Press", "journal" : "International encyclopedia of public health", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:51183b2d7eabbfb1b48720ae3b3914db", "pages" : "782--791", "date" : "2008", "author" : [ "Heggenhougen, Kris", "Criel, Bart", "Waelkens, M. P.", "Soors, Werner", "Devadasan, Narayanan", "Atim, Chris" ], "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "Developing countries", "Micro health insurance" ], "volume" : "1", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "isbn" : "0-12-227225-0", "label" : "Community Health Insurance in Developing Countries", "address" : "Amsterdam [u.a.]", "key" : "heggenhougen_community_2008" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:f3cc5fc9c04d913298434ced3337e40b", "pages" : "174--195", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Churchhill, Craig", "Cohen, Monique" ], "keywords" : "Microinsurance operations", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Main marketing messages; Marketing techniques; After-sales service; Marketing and mandatory insurance", "label" : "Marketing microinsurance", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "churchhill_marketing_2006" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:5b14b732cbf2320ce3daf7d6d159d4da", "pages" : "1018--1029", "date" : "2005", "number" : "5", "author" : "Smith, Peter C.", "keywords" : [ "Copayments", "Equity", "Health technology assessment", "Priority setting", "User charges" ], "volume" : "24", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "Approaches to health care priority setting, such as cost-effectiveness analysis, usually assume there are no user charges and therefore may ignore important implications for equity and efficiency. This paper therefore develops a rudimentary model of priority setting in which the fixed health care budget can be augmented by user charges. The paper uses methods analogous to models of optimal commodity taxation to develop a set of rules for the inclusion of a health technology in the subsidized health care package, and the calculation of its associated copayment rate. The results indicate that optimal levels of subsidy depend on the cost-effectiveness of the intervention, its price elasticity of demand, the epidemiology of the associated disease, and the policy maker\'s attitude towards equity. The model has important implications for policy making in three domains: health care priority setting, evaluation of health care technologies, and charging policy", "label" : "User charges and priority setting in health care: balancing equity and efficiency", "key" : "smith_user_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Wolrdbank", "uri" : "urn:efd82b6a0f873c38a5719b165a7cd6ed", "date" : "2000", "author" : "{McCord}, Michael", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Insurance", "Partner-agent-model", "Poverty", "Risk", "Uganda" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Risk, Poverty, and Insurance: Innovations for the Informal Economy {-AIG} and {NHHP} {PARTNERING} {WITH} {FINCA} {UGANDA} - An Example of the {Partner/Agent} Model", "address" : "Bethesda, Maryland", "key" : "mccord_risk_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "unpublished", "uri" : "urn:07fc3a9161f2509e0e6e4458bb88fe8b", "date" : "1977", "author" : [ "Invisibles, The Committee on", "and, Financing related to trade" ], "keywords" : [ "Cooperative insurance", "Participation" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1977", "label" : "Co-operative insurance", "key" : "the_committee_on_invisibles_and_financing_related_to_trade_and_co-operative_1977" }, { "journal" : "Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands)", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:fabcb5b9f26ab0b77636ea1c201c530e", "pages" : "37--48", "date" : "2003-07", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Shmueli, Amir", "Chernichovsky, Dov", "Zmora, Irit" ], "keywords" : [ "Aged", "Age factors", "GL", "Health care reform", "Humans", "Insurance selection bias", "Israel", "Managed competition", "National health programs", "Prospective payment system", "Risk adjustment", "Universal coverage" ], "volume" : "65", "month" : "July", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "note" : "{PMID:} 12818744", "abstract" : "Israel, like several other countries, introduced a national risk adjusted capitation system during the 1990s. However, the Israeli move was drastic, implementing from the beginning a fully prospective risk adjustment scheme based on age, supplemented by a 100\\% five condition-specific risk sharing. That scheme, together with open enrollment (periodic switching options), was intended to transform an unregulated competitive health insurance market, characterized by adverse selection and preferred risk selection, into managed competition assuring quality of care, efficiency and fairness. This paper presents the Israeli experience during the first 6 years of the reformed system, focusing on issues related to the risk adjustment and risk sharing arrangements.", "label" : "Risk adjustment and risk sharing: the Israeli experience", "issn" : "01688510", "key" : "shmueli_risk_2003" }, { "pub-type" : "phdthesis", "uri" : "urn:3624b36cbcbf5096901e15ae4acdd3f1", "date" : "2004", "school" : "Johannes {Gutenberg-Universit\\\"{a}t,} Institut f\\\"{u}r Ethnologie und Afrikastudien", "author" : "Krummacher, Andr\\\'{e}", "keywords" : [ "Community participation", "PRA" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Der Participatory Rural Appraisal {(PRA)-Ansatz} aus ethnologischer Sicht", "key" : "krummacher_der_2004" }, { "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1d465a5bc6d977b181a02d33880303cc", "pages" : "881--896", "date" : "1999", "author" : "Atim, Chris", "volume" : "48", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Cameroon", "Ghana", "Ghana CHI", "Health insurance", "Micro health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Social movements and health insurance: a critical evaluation of voluntary, non-profit insurance schemes with case studies from Ghana and Cameroon", "key" : "atim_social_1999" }, { "journal" : "American Journal of Public Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0081e6cd2212937584f9a470f1b335ef", "pages" : "106--109", "date" : "2003", "number" : "1", "author" : "Tooker, John", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance for all", "Pragmatic approach" ], "volume" : "93", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Affordable Health Insurance for All Is Possible by Means of a Pragmatic Approach", "key" : "tooker_affordable_2003" }, { "journal" : "Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands)", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4fd0e63ac9f89a7c073381a84bb78242", "pages" : "49--62", "date" : "2003-07", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Lamers, Leida M", "Vliet, Ren\\\'{e} C J A van", "Ven, Wynand P M M van de" ], "keywords" : [ "Econometric models", "GL", "Health care reform", "Humans", "Insurance coverage", "Insurance selection bias", "Managed competition", "National health programs", "Netherlands", "Risk adjustment" ], "volume" : "65", "month" : "July", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "note" : "{PMID:} 12818745", "abstract" : "As part of a market-oriented health care reform, in 1991 risk adjusted premium subsidies were introduced in the Dutch social health insurance sector. Currently the premium subsidies are primarily based on demographic variables. To mitigate the obvious inadequacy of these risk adjusters, the system of risk adjustment is supplemented with a system of risk sharing. This paper describes the main characteristics of the Dutch health care system and the development of risk adjustment and risk sharing in the last decade. The effects of introducing financial risk for Dutch sickness funds on risk selection and consumer mobility are analysed. The paper concludes with a description of expected future developments.", "label" : "Risk adjusted premium subsidies and risk sharing: key elements of the competitive sickness fund market in the Netherlands", "issn" : "01688510", "key" : "lamers_risk_2003" }, { "publisher" : "Abt Associates, Partners for Health Reform Plus", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:56bd688acc6928dc7eb9c01c2d159919", "date" : "2004-03", "author" : [ "Bennett, S.", "Kelley, A. G.", "Silvers, B." ], "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "Micro health insurance", "Microinsurance" ], "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "21 Questions on {Community-Based} Health Financing - An Overview of {Community-Based} Health Financing", "key" : "bennett_21_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:2a519792341efcefbe0fd35fd17af093", "date" : "2006-06", "author" : "Bank, The World", "keywords" : "Malawi", "month" : "June", "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Malawi Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment Investing in Our Future", "key" : "the_world_bank_malawi_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:152a3ecee9175b8c61a03d29aea556ac", "date" : "2007-08", "author" : "Holding, Micro Insurance Agency", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Microinsurance" ], "month" : "August", "year" : "2007", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Micro Insurance in Africa: Filling the Distribution Gap", "key" : "micro_insurance_agency_holding_micro_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:ed2c8db706658bbdf48989f85cf981dc", "date" : "1990", "author" : "M\\\"{u}nkner, {Hans-H.}", "series" : "Ver\\\"{o}ffentlichungen der {DG-Bank} Deutsche Genossenschaftsbank", "volume" : "17", "keywords" : [ "Cooperatives", "Germany", "Participation" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1990", "label" : "Genossenschaftliche Identit\\\"{a}t und Identifikation der Mitglieder mit ihrer Genossenschaft. Strukturfragen der Genossenschaft Teil {II}", "address" : "Frankfurt", "key" : "mnkner_genossenschaftliche_1990" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Organization {(ILO)}", "url" : "http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/finance/download/micro/minsure.pdf", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:4095dfa2aef7b8677e414e7a70e58f40", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Liber, Dominic", "{McCord}, Michael J.", "Roth, James" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Making Insurance Work for Microfinance Institutions. A Technical Guide to Developing and Delivering Microinsurance - A Technical Guide", "address" : "Geneva, Switzerland", "key" : "dominic_liber_making_2003" }, { "journal" : "Social {Re-Update}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:342be94a1038c5594f94aca801bbfb00", "date" : "2001", "author" : "{ILO,} World Bank", "volume" : "2", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "LDC" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Special issue for the 3rd {UN} Conference on {LDCs,} Brussels 14--20 May 2001", "key" : "ilo_world_bank_special_2001" }, { "issn" : "00429686", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 26225709; Kemp, Julia R. 1; Email Address: jkemp@africa-online.net Mann, Gillian 2 Simwaka, Bertha Nhlema 3 Salaniponi, Felix M. L. Squire, Stephen Bertel 2; Affiliation: 1: {Equi-TB} Knowledge Programme, Malawi and Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, {UK.} 2: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, {UK.} 3: {REACH} Trust, Malawi.; Source Info: Aug2007, Vol. 85 Issue 8, p580; Subject Term: {TUBERCULOSIS} -- Diagnosis; Subject Term: {LUNGS} -- Diseases; Subject Term: {TUBERCULOSIS} -- Patients; Subject Term: {HEALTH} surveys; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} care; Subject Term: {HEALTH} facilities; Subject Term: {POOR} -- Health \\& hygiene; Subject Term: {LILONGWE} {(Malawi);} Subject Term: {MALAWI;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 621498 All Other Outpatient Care Centers; Number of Pages: 8p; Illustrations: 4 charts; Document Type: Article{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}} {{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Copyright} of Bulletin of the World Health Organization is the property of World Health Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}} {{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Objetivo} Evaluar los costos relativos del acceso al diagn\\\'{o}stico de la tuberculosis para los pobres y para las mujeres en la zona urbana de Lilongwe, Malawi, un entorno donde se puede acceder de forma gratuita a servicios de salud p\\\'{u}blica que se encuentran a menos de 6 kil\\\'{o}metros. M\\\'{e}todos Se evaluaron los costos directos y de oportunidad para los pacientes y los hogares mediante una encuesta realizada entre 179 enfermos de tuberculosis, muestreados de manera sistem\\\'{a}tica a partir de todos los establecimientos de salud p\\\'{u}blicos y de misi\\\'{o}n de Lilongwe. El nivel de pobreza se determin\\\'{o} a partir de la Encuesta Integrada de Hogares {(MIHS)} de Malawi de 1998. Resultados Por t\\\'{e}rmino medio, los pacientes gastaron {US\\$13} {(MK} 996 o 18 d\\ufffd?{i}as de ingresos) y perdieron 22 d\\ufffd?{i}as de trabajo para tener acceso al diagn\\\'{o}stico de tuberculosis. Entre los pacientes que no eran pobres, los costos totales ascendieron al 129\\% de sus ingresos mensuales totales, o el 184\\% si se descontaba el gasto en alimentos. Entre los pobres, el costo equivali\\\'{o} al 248\\% de los ingresos mensuales, o el 574\\% tras descontar los alimentos. Cuando la persona enferma es pobre o es una mujer, los costos de oportunidad afrontados por la unidad familiar son mayores. Conclusi\\\'{o}n Los costos del diagn\\\'{o}stico de la tuberculosis para los pacientes y los hogares son prohibitivamente elevados, incluso all\\ufffd?{i} donde esos servicios se proporcionan de forma gratuita. Como parte de la expansi\\\'{o}n de los servicios antituberculosos emprendida para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, es necesario identificar urgentemente estrategias de diagn\\\'{o}stico de la tuberculosis que sean costoeficaces para los pobres y sus familias. {(Spanish)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}}} {{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Objetivo} Evaluer le co??t, par rapport \\`{a} d\\'autres approches, du diagnostic de la tuberculose pour les personnes pauvres et les femmes du district urbain de Lilongwe au Malawi, o\\`{u} les habitants ont acc\\`{e}s \\`{a} des services de sant\\\'{e} publique gratuits \\`{a} moins de 6 km. M\\\'{e}thodes Les co??ts directs pour les patients et les m\\\'{e}nages et les co??ts d\\'opportunit\\\'{e} ont \\\'{e}t\\\'{e} \\\'{e}valu\\\'{e}s \\`{a} partir d\\'une enqu\\^{e}te sur un \\\'{e}chantillon de 179 personnes tuberculeuses, constitu\\\'{e} par tirage syst\\\'{e}matique parmi l\\'ensemble des \\\'{e}tablissements de soins de sant\\\'{e} publics et confessionnels du district de Lilongwe. Le niveau de pauvret\\\'{e} a \\\'{e}t\\\'{e} d\\\'{e}termin\\\'{e} \\`{a} partir de {l\\'Enqu\\^{e}te} L\\\'{e}g\\`{e}re Int\\\'{e}gr\\\'{e}e aupr\\`{e}s des M\\\'{e}nages {(EMEP),} men\\\'{e}e en 1998 au Malawi. R\\\'{e}sultats En moyenne, les patients ont d\\\'{e}bours\\\'{e} {US} \\$ 13 [996 {MK} (monnaie malawi) ou 18 jours de revenu] et perdu 22 journ\\\'{e}es de travail pour b\\\'{e}n\\\'{e}ficier du diagnostic de la tuberculose. Pour les patients n\\'appartenant par \\`{a} la population pauvre, les co??ts totaux repr\\\'{e}sentaient 129 \\% du revenu mensuel total ou 184 \\% du revenu apr\\`{e}s d\\\'{e}duction des d\\\'{e}penses alimentaires. Pour les pauvres, ces co??ts s\\'\\\'{e}levaient \\`{a} 248 \\% du revenu mensuel ou \\`{a} 574 \\% de ce revenu apr\\`{e}s d\\\'{e}duction des d\\\'{e}penses alimentaires. Lorsque le malade est une femme ou une personne pauvre, les co??ts d\\'opportunit\\\'{e} que supporte son foyer sont plus \\\'{e}lev\\\'{e}s. Conclusion Le co??t total r\\\'{e}el pour les malades et leur foyer du diagnostic de la tuberculose est prohibitif, m\\^{e}me lorsque ce service est dispens\\\'{e} gratuitement Dans le cadre du d\\\'{e}veloppement des services de lutte contre la {TB} en vue d\\'atteindre les objectifs du Mill\\\'{e}naire pour le d\\\'{e}veloppement, il est urgent de trouver des strat\\\'{e}gies pour le diagnostic de la {TB} qui soient peu on\\\'{e}reuses pour les personnes pauvres et leurs foyers. {(French)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}}", "number" : "8", "type" : "Publication", "author" : [ "Kemp, Julia R.", "Mann, Gillian", "Simwaka, Bertha Nhlema", "Salaniponi, Felix M. L.", "Squire, Stephen Bertel" ], "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=26225709&site=ehost-live", "uri" : "urn:848351eadbc63fb27c93d0ac4b3b4f1d", "label" : "Can Malawi\'s poor afford free tuberculosis services? Patient and household costs associated with a tuberculosis diagnosis in Lilongwe.", "keywords" : [ "HEALTH facilities", "HEALTH surveys", "LUNGS -- Diseases", "Malawi", "MEDICAL care", "POOR -- Health \\& hygiene", "TUBERCULOSIS -- Diagnosis", "TUBERCULOSIS -- Patients" ], "pages" : "{580--B}", "year" : "2007", "journal" : "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "abstract" : "Objective To assess the relative costs of accessing a {TB} diagnosis for the poor and for women in urban Lilongwe, Malawi, a setting where public health services are accessible within 6 kilometres and provided free of charge. Methods Patient and household direct and opportunity costs were assessed from a survey of 179 {TB} patients, systematically sampled from all public and mission health facilities in Lilongwe. Poverty status was determined from the 1998 Malawi Integrated Household Survey {(MIHS).} Findings On average, patients spent {US\\$} 13 {(MK} 996 or 18 days\' income) and lost 22 days from work while accessing a {TB} diagnosis. For non-poor patients, the total costs amounted to 129\\% of total monthly income, or 184\\% after food expenditures. For the poor, this cost rose to 248\\% of monthly income or 574\\% after food. When a woman or when the poor are sick, the opportunity costs faced by their households are greater. Conclusion Patient and household costs of {TB} diagnosis are prohibitively high even where services are provided free of charge. In scaling up {TB} services to reach the Millennium Development Goals, there is an urgent need to identify strategies for diagnosing {TB} that are cost-effective for the poor and their households. {(English)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]}", "volume" : "85", "pub-type" : "article", "doi" : "{10.2471/BLT.06.033167}", "date" : "2007", "key" : "kemp_can_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1cf09320b851549d36a5a19c633568ac", "pages" : "1157--1167", "date" : "1990", "author" : "Hollander, H.", "keywords" : [ "Cooperation in health", "Voluntary help" ], "year" : "1990", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "A social exchange approach to voluntary cooperation is developed on the assumption that voluntary cooperative behavior is motivated by social approval, which is conceptualized as an emotional activity. The associated unique Nash equilibrium may have attractive welfare properties and provides an understanding of spontaneous norm emergence. Furthermore, the opening of a market or government intervention for the collective good is shown to affect voluntary cooperation negatively.", "label" : "A Social Exchange Approach to Voluntary Cooperation", "key" : "hollander_social_1990" }, { "journal" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:051a4e3ab2586297ff11dbe7d913c8e4", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Rodr\\ufffd?{i}guez, M\\\'{a}ximo U.", "Miranda, Bernardo" ], "volume" : "1", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Microfinance", "Micro health insurance", "Partner-agent-model", "Peru" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Serviper\\\'{u}", "key" : "rodrguez_serviper_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/social-exclusion.pdf", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Department for International Developement", "uri" : "urn:075ce5a7fa50e2135e76b55e8886441f", "date" : "2005-09", "author" : [ "Developement, Department for International", "Centre, {DFID} Health Systems Resource" ], "keywords" : [ "Poverty", "Social exclusion" ], "month" : "September", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Reducing poverty by tackling social exclusion", "key" : "department_for_international_developement_reducing_2005" }, { "booktitle" : "Grundfragen und Organisation der Sozialversicherung in China und Deutschland", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:c6ce7bde2a07055147a69fd9c8f697ea", "pages" : "105--113", "date" : "2005", "author" : "R\\\"{o}sner, Hans J\\\"{u}rgen", "series" : "Studien aus dem {Max-Planck-Institut} f\\\"{u}r ausl\\\"{a}ndisches und internationales Sozialrecht", "keywords" : [ "Developed countries", "Developing countries", "Health care system", "Social policy" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "\\\"{U}bertragbarkeit von sozialpolitischen Erfahrungen der Industriel\\\"{a}nder auf Entwicklungsl\\\"{a}nder", "address" : "{Baden-Baden}", "key" : "rsner_bertragbarkeit_2005" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:503938b5022e4ca4a2b04508ec97d3dd", "pages" : "63--71", "date" : "1994", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Banda, Elias E. Ngalande", "Simukonda, Henry {PM}" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health care system", "Malawi" ], "volume" : "9", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1994", "label" : "The public/private mix in the health care system in Malawi", "key" : "banda_public/private_1994" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Ministry of Health \\& Family Welfare; The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:0fbb2550bbe9a2a9db1dbf5829868987", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Nandraj, Sunil", "keywords" : [ "Contracting", "Health sector", "India", "Regulating" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Contracting and regulating in the health sector: Concerns, Challenges and Options", "address" : "New Delhi, India", "key" : "nandraj_contracting_2000" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:217dfc7263040e1716fe18d50cbe38b0", "pages" : "515--530", "date" : "2002", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Shen, Y.", "Ellis, R. P." ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "21", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Cost-minimizing risk adjustment", "key" : "shen_cost-minimizing_2002" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Institute of Business and Economic Research - Center for International and Development Economics Research, University of California, Berkeley", "uri" : "urn:c2d219d0258df4120d05aeb9a5ab0248", "date" : "2003", "number" : "Paper C03-129", "author" : [ "Gertler, Paul", "Leviney, David I.", "Moretti, Enrico" ], "keywords" : [ "Insurance", "Microfinance" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Do {MicroInsurance} Programs Help Families Insure Consumption Against Illness?", "key" : "gertler_do_2003" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{MicroInsurance} Centre", "uri" : "urn:26685db41d8cafd0019775dda82a5c8b", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "Roth, Jim", "{McCord}, Michael J.", "Liber, Dominic" ], "keywords" : "Microinsurance", "year" : "2007", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "This report provides a description of how microinsurance works, and presents a landscape survey (a detailed quantitative overview) of microinsurance in the world\'s hundred poorest countries. The paper states that: * Microinsurance has to be well-administered, cost-efficient and delivered on a large scale if it is to benefit the poor and those who provide microinsurance. * The microinsurance supply chain is made up of five components: the reinsurers, the insurer, the delivery channel, the policy-holder and \"covered lives\". A team of microinsurance experts, who identified and assessed micro-insurers, products, delivery channels, regulations, social security schemes and donor interventions, gathered the information for the report from primary and secondary research. The research team found: * Significant presence of health microinsurance, especially in West and Central Africa, with a large number of programs, small membership and limited growth potential. * Dramatic effect of insurance regulation introduced in India, which has pushed microinsurance out of the rural areas and towards the poor. * A noticeable lack of microinsurance in North Africa and the Middle East. * Non-existent broker activity in microinsurance and weak delivery channels that hinder microinsurance activity. The report concludes that microinsurance for the world\'s poor is growing fast, with most growth coming from the private sector, and micro-insurers are positive about the future, predicting 100\\% growth over the next five years.", "label" : "The Landscape of Microinsurance in the World\'s Poorest 100 Countries", "key" : "roth_landscape_2007" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:6cfeecb706891a83ec32eb6b1272b8cc", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Birchall, Johnston", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Cooperatives" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "isbn" : "{92-2-116148-X}", "label" : "Cooperatives and the Millennium Development Goals", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "birchall_cooperatives_2004" }, { "journal" : "Soziale Welt", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b17167842d77836682d8147915b06a2d", "date" : "1999", "number" : "1", "author" : "Ullrich, Carsten G.", "volume" : "50", "keywords" : [ "Reciprocity", "Social security" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "abstract" : "The principle of reciprocity is widely regarded as a basic characteristic of social insurance. Thus, the expectation of reciprocity is supposed to be of central importance to the social acceptance of social insurances by the persons insured. Nonetheless, a hundred years after the inception of social insurance schemes, their acceptance seems to be more tenuous than ever. There has been a shift from a predominantly reciprocal to a predominantly redistributive exchange structure. As a consequence, we have to question whether or not the expectations of the insured persons are (still) based on the expectation of reciprocity. Based on qualitative data about the statutory health insurance in Germany, the article examines how insured persons refer to expectations of reciprocity when asked to explain their acceptance of health insurance and which types of expectations can be distinguished. The main result is that insured persons apply expectations of reciprocity also to evidently re-distributive exchange structures. Hence, it can be concluded that the expectation of reciprocity is crucial to the social acceptance not only of the reciprocal but also of the more solidarity-oriented elements of social insurance.", "label" : "Reziprozit\\\"{a}t und die soziale Akzeptanz des Sozialversicherungsstaates", "key" : "ullrich_reziprozitt_1999" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e008224c4e27d32c1ace07c17412db2a", "pages" : "221--230", "date" : "2001", "number" : "3", "author" : "Morgan, Lynn M.", "keywords" : [ "Community participation", "Health" ], "volume" : "16", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Community Participation on Health: perpetual allure, persistent challenge", "key" : "morgan_community_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Wolrdbank", "uri" : "urn:439b3be157e7938bb0e4010350899edf", "date" : "2005", "number" : "3575", "author" : [ "Hoff, Karla", "Sen, Arijit" ], "keywords" : [ "Kin system", "Poverty trap", "Traditional arrangements" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The Kin System as a Poverty Trap", "key" : "hoff_kin_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Institute of Public Health - In collaboration with the {WHO} India country office", "uri" : "urn:4435d4a325aa46088081d6fccb1d02ca", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Devadasan, Dr. {N.;Divakar}", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Training manual" ], "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Training Manual on Health Insurance - 5 day course - Facilitator\'s module", "address" : "Bangalore", "key" : "devadasan_training_2006" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:eb8d0b3937fd1d30a578bac6f7b1bbe3", "pages" : "1175--1200", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Scott, Anthony", "keywords" : [ "Agency relationship", "Financial incentives", "Medical care market", "Referral", "Utilisation", "Vertical integration" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "General (or family) practice and its role within primary care is increasingly regarded as the key to achieving efficiency and equity in many health care systems. This is particularly relevant where general practitioners {(GPs)} act as gatekeepers to specialist care. This chapter outlines the main economic issues in general practice. Within the context of gatekeeping, the first half of the chapter examines literature on agency, patient choice and preferences for {GP} services, and the utilisation of {GP} services. Given that much demand is determined by supply, this is followed by an examination of the determinants of referral behaviour, the effects of payment systems, and {GPs} as firms (partnerships and vertical integration). Overall, there has been little research by economists in these areas. This needs to be rectified giving the growing importance of primary care in many health care systems.", "label" : "Economics of General Practice", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "scott_economics_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Health Canada - Policy Research Communications Unit", "uri" : "urn:57abff22f1f5a97d40973fa44144a5cc", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Kemenade, Solange van", "keywords" : [ "Health", "Social capital" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Social Capital as a Health Determinant - How is it Measured? - Working Paper 2/08", "key" : "van_kemenade_social_2002" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network", "uri" : "urn:4c7b877dde2d73afa5f8885280a9d86a", "date" : "1999", "author" : "Grootaert, Christiaan", "keywords" : [ "Indonesia", "Local level institutions", "Service delivery" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Local Institutions and Service Delivery in Indonesia - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 5", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "grootaert_local_1999" }, { "journal" : "Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:7f515be5b636af136db7db87cb32ff1c", "pages" : "133--45", "date" : "2001", "number" : "2", "author" : "Swartz, K", "keywords" : [ "Economic Competition", "Financing", "Government", "Personal", "Health insurance", "Humans", "Income tax", "Insurance pools", "Medically uninsured", "Models", "Organizational", "Motivation", "Private sector", "United States" ], "volume" : "38", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "note" : "{PMID:} 11529511", "abstract" : "Simple income-based incentives to purchase health insurance (tax credits or deductions, or subsidies) are unlikely to succeed in significantly reducing the number of uninsured because income is not a good predictor of the extent to which individuals use medical service. Proposals to provide incentives to low-income people so they will purchase individual health insurance need to address the inherent tension between the interests of low-risk and high-risk people who rely on individual coverage. If carriers are forced to cover all applicants and to community rate premiums, low-risk people will drop coverage or not apply for it because premiums will exceed their expected need for insurance. Concern for people who currently have access to individual coverage calls for careful examination of options to permit incentive programs to succeed with the individual insurance markets. In particular, attention should focus on using alternatives to simple income-based subsidies to spread the burden of high-risk people\'s costs broadly, rather than impose the costs on low-risk people who purchase individual coverage. This paper describes three such alternatives. One uses risk adjustments and two rely on reinsurance so that carriers are compensated for the higher costs of covering high-risk people who use incentives to buy insurance. One alternative also permits risk selection by insurance carriers.", "label" : "Markets for individual health insurance: can we make them work with incentives to purchase insurance?", "issn" : "00469580", "key" : "swartz_markets_2001" }, { "publisher" : "Transfer Verlag", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:e73cfc8c2226148a7d9b189bfe357aec", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Zwanecki, Dunja", "Blume, O; Breuer" ], "series" : "K\\\"{o}lner Schriften zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftspolitik", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Social insurance", "Social security", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "comment" : "{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}book version, no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}\\ {\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Social Security Arrangements in {sub-Saharan} Africa", "address" : "42", "key" : "zwanecki_social_2001" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:39a24fa24eff46a1396443284079562b", "pages" : "180--185", "date" : "2007-10", "number" : "2-3", "author" : [ "Thomas, Stephen", "Mooney, Gavin", "Mbatsha, Sandi" ], "keywords" : [ "Capacity building", "Community voices", "Public health systems" ], "volume" : "83", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "This article addresses some of the complexities in the interactions both within the public health system and between that and civil society. It examines what needs to be done to improve the capacity of health systems, primarily through building relevant infrastructure (what is called {MESH} - management, economic, social and human - infrastructure) where this is lacking. This lack is most likely to occur in poorer communities and health districts. The problem of absorption and appropriate use of funds in disadvantaged areas has been highlighted as a critical bottleneck to the achievement of the millennium development goals {(MDGs).} {MESH} is defined as infrastructure which is built to improve the capacity of communities and other entities to implement health service programs efficiently. We employ this concept to determine how best to invest in health in poor areas so that they can better use any additional resources they receive. The article reviews some initial explorations of the relevance of {MESH} building strategies in South Africa. The research shows the usefulness of the {MESH} approach which requires inter alia a more developmental approach that goes beyond the vertical silos of much influential prioritization literature over the last two decades. In practice it is clear that {MESH} will vary from location to location which reflects the fact that investing in successful health strategies must take into account the voices of the local people with respect to what they want from their health services.", "label" : "The {MESH} approach: Strengthening public health systems for the {MDGs}", "key" : "thomas_mesh_2007" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4RN4868-1/1/93052ca1cc33c30f214562850f67b3fa", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4c8b9836035c0a2b1c26efee65ea0be0", "pages" : "345--354", "date" : "2008-05", "number" : "2-3", "author" : [ "Zhang, Ning Jackie", "Wan, Thomas {T.H.}", "Rossiter, Louis F.", "Murawski, Matthew M.", "Patel, Urvashi B." ], "keywords" : [ "Chronic disease", "Cost", "Disease management", "GL", "Outcome assessment", "Pharmacists" ], "volume" : "86", "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Objectives To evaluate the impacts of the chronic disease management program on the outcomes and cost of care for Virginia Medicaid {beneficiaries.Methods} A total of 35,628 patients and their physicians and pharmacists received interventions for five chronic diseases and comorbidities from 1999 to 2001. Comparisons of medical utilization and clinical outcomes between experimental groups and control group were conducted using {ANOVA} and {ANCOVA} {analyses.Results} Findings indicate that the disease state management {(DSM)} program statistically significantly improved patient\'s drug compliance and quality of life while reducing {(ER),} hospital, and physician office visits and adverse events. The average cost per hospitalization would have been \\$42 higher without the {interventions.Conclusions} A coordinated disease management program designed for Medicaid patients experiencing significant chronic diseases can substantially improve clinical outcomes and reduce unnecessary medical utilization, while lowering costs, although these results were not observed across all disease groups. The {DSM} model may be potentially useful for Medicaid programs in states or other countries. If the adoption of the {DSM} model is to be promoted, evidence of its effectiveness should be tested in broader settings and best practice standards are expected.", "label" : "Evaluation of chronic disease management on outcomes and cost of care for Medicaid beneficiaries", "key" : "zhang_evaluation_2008" }, { "address" : "Department of Economics, Georgetown University, Washington {DC}", "label" : "Health Insurance Reform in Four Latin American Countries: Theory and Practice", "key" : "jack_health_????", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Health sector reform", "Latin America" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "unpublished", "author" : "Jack, William", "uri" : "urn:7e2d8af44b7faf01293ab8fb89a15566" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID}", "uri" : "urn:ca2ef8205f8914a0e417388e42ed460b", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Fairbank, Alan", "Diop, Fran\\c{c}ois Path\\\'{e}" ], "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "GL", "Reinsurance", "Risk equalization" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Sources of Financial Instability of {Community-Based} Health Insurance Schemes: How Could Social Reinsurance Help?", "address" : "Bethesda, {MD}", "key" : "alan_fairbank_sources_2003" }, { "label" : "Data for health equity analysis Requirements, sources, and issues in analysis", "key" : "_data_????", "keywords" : [ "Applications of tools to health sector", "Health equity analysis", "Measuring equity", "Sample design and the analysis of survey data" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis" ], "uri" : "urn:15fe018d0b2d062707d0f0b327e90e2f", "number" : "Technical Note 20" }, { "pub-type" : [ "unpublished", "Doctoral Seminar Paper - Presented at a Doctoral Seminar, On 23 June 2006" ], "uri" : "urn:1665acbeb38a49080a0923337e048dc8", "date" : "2006", "author" : "{Asomadu-Kyereme}, Robert", "keywords" : [ "Ghana", "MHO", "NHIS", "Social security" ], "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{EXTENDING} {PRO-POOR} {SOCIAL} {SECURITY} {IN} {GHANA} -- {THE} {ROLE} {OF} {MUTUAL} {INSURANCE} {ORGANISATIONS} {(MIOs)}", "address" : "Bielefeld", "key" : "asomadu-kyereme_extending_2006" }, { "journal" : "Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:55b1acfc389eb032b858065ffadbca01", "pages" : "529--536", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Onwujekwe, O.", "{Fox-Rushby}, J.", "Hanson, K." ], "volume" : "14", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Contingent valuation", "Inter-rater and test-retest", "Nigeria", "Research methodology" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Inter-rater and test-retest reliabilityof three contingent valuation question formats in south-east Nigeria", "key" : "onwujekwe_inter-rater_2005" }, { "publisher" : "Centre for Economic Policy Research", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:51b4412d7739b299da7b002cb46b1121", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Fehr, E.", "Schmidt, K. M." ], "series" : "Institute for Empirical Research in Economics Working Paper", "keywords" : [ "Fairness", "Reciprocity" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "abstract" : "Most economic models are based on the !\"\\#\\$\\%\\&\'(\")\"!(*+,-.(+\"!\\&! that assumes that /\\#\\# people are \"01\\#2!\\&3\"\\#, motivated by their material self-interest. In recent years experimental economists have gathered overwhelming evidence that systematically refutes the self-interest hypothesis and suggests that many people are strongly motivated by concerns for fairness and reciprocity. Moreover, several theoretical papers have been written showing that the observed phenomena can be explained in a rigorous and tractable manner. These theories in turn induced a new wave of experimental research offering additional exciting insights into the nature of preferences and into the relative performance of competing theories of fairness. The purpose of this paper is to review these recent developments, to point out open questions, and to suggest avenues for future research.", "label" : "Theories of Fairness and Reciprocity: Evidence and Economic Applications", "key" : "fehr_theories_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Harvard School of Public Health", "uri" : "urn:caadee376e45aed98c543851922584c2", "date" : "1998", "author" : "Garg, Charu C.", "keywords" : [ "Equity and health", "Health care delivery", "Health care financing", "India" ], "year" : "1998", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "This paper describes the financing and delivery of health care in India from viewpoint of equity. In this context typical financing mixes of public and private sources are examined. Inequity in delivery of health care is analyzed on the basis of utilization of health services by people in different income quintiles, and in different geographical locations on the basis of self-reported ill health. The paper shows that even though the government sources of financing are mildly progressive, the large proportions spent by the household on health care makes it overall regressive. Both government and private expenditures are higher for higher income quintiles and for people living in urban areas and working in organized sector. On the other hand, people in lower income quintile and in rural areas bear higher burden of health expenditure as a proportion of their income. Delivery of health care is also found to be biased in favor of urban areas.", "label" : "Equity of Health Sector Financing and Delivery in India", "address" : "Boston, {MA}", "key" : "garg_equity_1998" }, { "url" : "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/8/11", "journal" : "{BMC} International Health and Human Rights", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:72f8724d2e454a331778b4c395b1d286", "pages" : "11", "date" : "2008", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Akazili, James", "Adjuik, Martin", "{Jehu-Appiah}, Caroline", "Zere, Eyob" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Health centres" ], "volume" : "8", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "{BACKGROUND:Data} Envelopment Analysis {(DEA)} has been used to analyze the efficiency of the health sector in the developed world for sometime now. However, in developing economies and particularly in Africa only a few studies have applied {DEA} in measuring the efficiency of their health care {systems.METHODS:This} study uses the {DEA} method, to calculate the technical efficiency of 89 randomly sampled health centers in Ghana. The aim was to determine the degree of efficiency of health centers and recommend performance targets for the inefficient {facilities.RESULTS:The} findings showed that 65\\% of health centers were technically inefficient and so were using resources that they did not actually {need.CONCLUSION:The} results broadly point to grave inefficiency in the health care delivery system of public health centers and that significant amounts of resources could be saved if measures were put in place to curb the waste.", "label" : "Using data envelopment analysis to measure the extent of technical efficiency of public health centres in Ghana", "issn" : "{1472-698X}", "key" : "akazili_using_2008" }, { "journal" : "Economic and Political Weekly", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:28fb94e018299a5e368383f644100f34", "pages" : "3331--3339", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "Danis, Marion", "Binnendijk, Erika", "Vellakkal, Sukumar", "Ost, Alexander", "Koren, Ruth", "Dror, David" ], "volume" : "11", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Low-income population" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Eliciting Health Insurance Benefit Choices of Low Income Groups", "key" : "danis_eliciting_2007" }, { "journal" : "American Sociological Review", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:711d5b6846bcbe401338cc6653919954", "pages" : "616--644", "date" : "1975", "number" : "5", "author" : [ "{McMahon}, Anne", "Camilleri, Santo F." ], "keywords" : [ "Public goods", "Voluntary help", "Voluntary participation" ], "volume" : "40", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1975", "label" : "Organizational Structure and Voluntary Participation in {Collective-Good} Decisions", "key" : "mcmahon_organizational_1975" }, { "journal" : "Human Resources for Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:25b75180c6ed65e1ebed1eb51ed5dc7f", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "Laleman, Gert", "Kegels, Guy", "Marchal, Bruno", "Roost, Dirk Van der", "Bogaert, Isa", "damme, Wim Van" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "External assistance health sector", "International health volunteers", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "year" : "2007", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The contribution of international health volunteers to the health workforce in {sub-Saharan} Africa", "key" : "laleman_contribution_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "phdthesis", "uri" : "urn:399c2c26ec800523b808421902735f4b", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Wiesmann, Doris", "J\\\"{u}tting, Johannes" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health insurance", "Health insurance schemes", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "The majority of {Sub-Saharan} African citizens -- informal sector workers and the rural population -- have never had access to wage-based social health insurance or privately run health insurance. As a response to the lack of social security, to the negative side-effects of user fees introduced in the eighties and to persistent problems with health care financing, non-profit, voluntary community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} schemes for urban and rural self-employed and informal sector workers have recently emerged. {CBHI} seems to be a promising attempt to improve access to health care, health outcomes and social protection in the case of illness. Given the unique ethnic, lingual and cultural diversity within African nations, the {CBHI} approach may be particularly valuable because it allows adaptation to local conditions. The actual implementation of {CBHI} schemes in {Sub-Saharan} Africa has had mixed results so far, with viability and acceptance largely depending on design and management of the scheme, community participation, regulations at the level of the health care provider, quality of services and on the socio-economic and cultural context. Small-scale health insurance can supplement other sources of finance rather than being a substitute for them. Further research is required to identify appropriate measures and instruments to overcome the identified limitations of {CBHI} schemes.", "label" : "Determinants of viable health insurance schemes in rural Sub- Sahara Africa", "key" : "wiesmann_determinants_2001" }, { "label" : "High risk pool alternatives - a case study of New Hampshire\'s Individual Health Insurance Market Reforms", "key" : "sky_high_????", "keywords" : [ "GL", "Health sector reform", "High risk pools", "Individual health", "New Hampshire" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "misc", "author" : "Sky, David", "uri" : "urn:b96760849d7ae5a3f79a71f1164c0fa5" }, { "publisher" : "Edward Elgar Publications", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:821e518b510926950661bb19e64ebb0f", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Isham, Jonathan", "series" : "Forthcoming in Social Capital and {Well-Being} in Developing Countries", "keywords" : "Social capital", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Can Investments in Social Capital Improve Local Development and Environmental Outcomes? A {Cost-Benefit} Framework to Assess the Policy Options", "key" : "isham_can_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Strengthening Micro Health Insurance Units for the Poor in India", "uri" : "urn:f8a1feb97743c06e526b44eddf6994d6", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Wiechers, Thomas", "Leppert, Gerald", "Harikrish, V." ], "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Charitable model", "India", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual insurance", "Provider model" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Yeshasvini Co-operative Farmers Health Care Scheme - Summary of Interviews and Field Research", "key" : "wiechers_yeshasvini_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "World Health Organization {(WHO)}", "uri" : "urn:ae1cd74cf4b82ffd9f6a5b3a63114347", "date" : "2001", "number" : "{WG3:} 1", "author" : "Tenkorang, D. A.", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Micro health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "abstract" : "Studies and literature reviews of health insurance schemes targeting rural or informal sector populations in developing countries (often termed as community insurance schemes) frequently conclude that schemes have design weaknesses, yet do not explore in detail the effect of design features on performance. The paper presents a conceptualization of how performance in the area of risk protection and resource mobilization is determined by the interaction of design features with institutional and technical factors. Design features refer to the scheme specifications, such as required contribution, and to operating modalities, such as procedures for enrollment or obtaining benefits. Performance, with respect to risk protection and resource mobilization, of several potential \"high population schemes\" for the informal sector in Africa, is assessed. The outcome suggests that the design of community health insurance schemes may be improved by: 1) design specifications that utilize data on willingness to pay {(WTP)} of the target population and projected health care costs; 2) incorporating modalities of operations that facilitate cost-effective exchange between a formal organization and individuals acting in an informal environment.", "label" : "Health Insurance for the Informal Sector in Africa: Design Features, Risk Protection, and Resource Mobilisation", "key" : "tenkorang_health_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{UNESCO}", "uri" : "urn:41d4b68670921e6f1632e775a84e3266", "date" : "1999", "author" : "Lawson, Agathe {Latr\\\'{e}-Gato}", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Women and AIDS" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Women and {AIDS} in Africa: sociocultural dimensions of the {HIV/AIDS} epidemic", "address" : "Malden, {MA}", "key" : "lawson_women_1999" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4NG4C9C-1/1/3ecd5561e0555ea0eeb63e8bdb93cb43", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:879878f92c6366ef4ac90bdc1a98da8e", "pages" : "2342--2354", "date" : "2007-06", "number" : "11", "author" : "Folland, Sherman", "keywords" : "Community health", "volume" : "64", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "Robert Putnam showed that a social capital index, created as a weighted sum of 14 variables chosen to describe the civic degree of sociability and community mindedness, is correlated with many community outcomes, such as education, child well-being, crime, and the total mortality rate. Although correlation does not establish causation, we can find that in a large number of studies this index, a selection of its elements, or similar measures register as significantly correlated with health variables, virtually always in a direction consistent with the hypothesis that social capital improves health. The potential benefit of this relationship is substantial, especially if it proves to be robust to differences in time and place, statistical contexts, and ultimately if the relation can be supported to be causal. This paper subjects the social capital and health hypothesis to an expanded set of rigorous tests, which, by surviving, it becomes stronger or, by failing, its weaknesses are better revealed. The paper seeks to extend this body of research by a combination of study characteristics that are each relatively unusual in social capital and health research. Though causality cannot be established by these tests, the work shows that the association of social capital with health is quite robust when challenged in the following ways: (1) seven different health measures are studied, including five mortality rates; (2) the 48 contiguous states are observed at six points in time covering the years from 1978 to 1998 over four year intervals, thus forming a panel; (3) the multivariate tests feature economic variables from the production of health literature; and (4) a statistical method (instrumental variables) is applied to account for the possibility that omitted variables are confounding the social capital estimates. The results and the discussion find cases for which the social capital and health hypothesis performs only weakly, but, on the whole, the hypothesis is remarkably robust to these variations.", "label" : "Does \"community social capital\" contribute to population health?", "key" : "folland_community_2007" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4F923T6-4/1/6156454689d708f192a23393287f9343", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c1c815f07b9bd41e2eaf230041ca216d", "pages" : "1430--1438", "date" : "2005-10", "number" : "7", "author" : "Schneider, Pia", "keywords" : "Micro health insurance", "volume" : "61", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "Micro-health insurance {(MHI)} has been proposed as an alternative to user fees to improve access to medical care without the threat of financial impoverishment. To enrol in health insurance and pay a premium, consumers should be able to trust that insurers use their funds to reimburse providers who will deliver quality care when needed. In 1998, shortly after the re-introduction of user fees, the Rwandan Ministry of Health in close collaboration with the local population developed and implemented {MHI} in three districts. Member benefits cover preventive and curative care in health centres and ambulance transport to the district hospital where a limited package of services is also covered by {MHI.} This paper examines trust-building structures and practices in {MHI} in Rwanda. It is an exploratory, descriptive analysis using information collected from focus groups. Findings suggest that {MHI} managers, providers and policy-makers need to think systematically about a wide range of initiatives that enhance trust and caring, and to design trust-building structures and practices in the consumer-insurance-provider arrangement.", "label" : "Trust in micro-health insurance: an exploratory study in Rwanda", "key" : "schneider_trust_2005" }, { "journal" : "International Journal of Social Welfare", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f24a4051084563cd796bd13af84925e1", "pages" : "250--260", "date" : "2000", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Meulen, R.", "Made, Jan van der" ], "keywords" : [ "Health care system", "Netherlands", "Solidarity" ], "volume" : "9", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "The Extent and Limits of Solidarity in Dutch Health Care", "key" : "meulen_extent_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "phdthesis", "uri" : "urn:af2fa1dddff30177204e057cd3a9bc5d", "date" : "1994", "school" : "{Rheinisch-Westf\\\"{a}lische} Technischen Hochschule Aachen", "author" : "K\\\"{o}lling, Verena", "keywords" : [ "Health care system", "Health politics" ], "year" : "1994", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Situationskonforme Konzepte der Gesundheitspolitik in Entwicklungsl\\\"{a}ndern", "key" : "klling_situationskonforme_1994" }, { "label" : "Outcomes \\#3: Adult Health", "key" : "world_bank_outcomes_????", "keywords" : [ "Quantitative research", "Research method" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technical Note" ], "author" : "World\\, Bank", "uri" : "urn:d573e890116ad7f288b8c2becec094ca", "number" : "3" }, { "journal" : "Internationale Revue f\\\"{u}r soziale Sicherheit", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:59e6ef907ba35ae88f59e530add5e0f4", "pages" : "45--75", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Loewe, Markus", "volume" : "59", "keywords" : [ "Meso macro", "Microinsurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Downscaling, Upgrading oder Linking? Wege zur Realisierung von Kleinstversicherungen", "key" : "loewe_downscaling_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{NATIONAL} {BUREAU} {OF} {ECONOMIC} {RESEARCH}", "uri" : "urn:1ca7c3c754c3f73a9d8353104f2113ef", "date" : "1999", "number" : "Working Paper 7205", "author" : "Glied, Sherry", "keywords" : "Health sector reform", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Managed Care", "address" : "Cambridge, {MA}", "key" : "glied_managed_1999" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/whr/1996/en/index.html", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:2e430c0ba450a04cf9d901d9486a5bcc", "date" : "1996", "keywords" : "World health report", "editor" : "World Health Organization, {(WHO)}", "year" : "1996", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The world health report 1996 - Fighting disease, fostering development", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "world_health_organization_who_world_1996" }, { "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:dcf4b8fcbe66d68bebad6dd3f67c646b", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Development, Institute for Health Sector", "series" : "{IHSD} Issues Note", "keywords" : "Health sector reform", "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Getting Value for Money and Equity from the Private Sector", "key" : "institute_for_health_sector_development_getting_2000" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBF-4MBT29X-2&_user=2875156&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2007&_rdoc=10&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235925%232007%23999359994%23643811%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5925&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=13&_acct=C000056617&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2875156&md5=9a13877a854803f5639eb8809c391378", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:d9464f79c6b01bedbfaf507df87ddde3", "pages" : "1116--1127", "date" : "2007-03", "number" : "5", "author" : [ "Kalipeni, Ezekiel", "Ghosh, Jayati" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "HIV/AIDS", "Malawi", "Perception of risk" ], "volume" : "64", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "The {HIV} prevalence rate in Malawi, currently estimated to be 15\\%, is among the highest in the world. There is a growing realization that in order to understand the underlying causes and devise more effective prevention strategies focus should be placed on economic, political, social, and cultural forces as well as perceptions of individual risk to {HIV/AIDS.} During 2003 we conducted field work in Lilongwe, the capital city of Malawi, to examine perceptions of individuals as to their risk to {HIV} infection using the structured interviews and the focus group discussions with men from five areas of Lilongwe. The discussion in this paper focuses on the perception of risk to {HIV} infection among men in low socioeconomic income areas that we interviewed. Our findings indicate that while knowledge about {HIV/AIDS} and the best ways in which one can protect oneself from getting {HIV} is very high, people continue to engage in at-risk behaviors without using the necessary protection. Many of the men in our sample indicated that they were indeed at risk of getting infected with {HIV.} In spite of this, some of the respondents in both the structured interviews and the focus group discussions pointed out that some people had began taking measures to protect themselves, such as using condoms with nonregular partners, women leaving their husbands where cheating was obvious, and, for men, reducing the number of extra-marital sexual relations.", "label" : "Concern and practice among men about {HIV/AIDS} in low socioeconomic income areas of Lilongwe, Malawi", "key" : "kalipeni_concern_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:a0a7e5cde9e15c1a13b7affceb826d1d", "date" : "1999", "author" : "Gertler, P.", "keywords" : [ "Economic costs of illness", "Poverty", "Social protection" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "One of the most sizable and least predictable shocks to the economic opportunities of families in developing countries is major illness. There are two important economic costs associated with illness: the cost of the medical care used to diagnose and treat the illness, and the loss in income associated with reduced labor supply and productivity. The size and unpredictability of both of these costs suggests that families may not be able to smooth their consumption over periods of major illness, especially in developing countries where few individuals are covered by formal health and disability insurance {(World} Bank, 1993 and 1995a). While families with sick members in developed countries are able to access formal insurance markets, families in low income countries must rely on informal mechanisms such as drawing on savings, selling assets, transfers from their family and social support networks, and borrowing from local credit markets. The possibility that there is less than full consumption smoothing through these m echanisms suggests a potentially large loss in welfare from this shock to the household\'s resources.", "label" : "Insuring the Economic Costs of Illness", "key" : "gertler_insuringeconomic_1999" }, { "id" : "d1db0f50252fb777872cb2b8988852c3", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technical Note" ], "uri" : "urn:d1db0f50252fb777872cb2b8988852c3", "number" : "4", "author" : "World\\, Bank", "keywords" : [ "Quantitative research", "Research method" ], "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Measuring Living Standards: Household Consumption and Wealth Indices", "key" : "world_bank_measuring_????" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:32383b0fc982ad59f11c8e0b918ed5bd", "date" : "2004-10", "author" : "{McCord}, Michael J.", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Albania", "Europe", "Georgia", "Microinsurance", "Uganda" ], "month" : "October", "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Microinsurance: Options for Support; Uganda - Albania - Georgia", "address" : "Frankfurt, Germany", "key" : "mccord_microinsurance:_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MBC587-5/1/65cb18269a7cf9632576c1686c73c88f", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:343c23679dbfc488fc619615d80498c1", "pages" : "1015--1018", "date" : "2007-03", "number" : "5", "author" : [ "Kalipeni, Ezekiel", "Oppong, Joseph", "Zerai, Assata" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Empowerment", "HIV/AIDS" ], "volume" : "64", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "{HIV/AIDS,} gender, agency and empowerment issues in Africa", "key" : "kalipeni_hiv/aids_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:9977b68ed77bf448bff05332f2dcbc91", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Grootaert, Christiaan", "Narayan, Deepa", "Jones, Veronica Nyhan", "Woolcock, Michael" ], "keywords" : [ "Measuring social capital", "Social capital" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Measuring Social Capital - An Integrated Questionnaire - World Bank Working Paper No. 18", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "grootaert_measuring_2004" }, { "journal" : "World Health Forum", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:5f427ff62973328c959afdace943652a", "pages" : "86--91", "date" : "1995", "author" : "{Asenso-Okyere}, Kwadwo", "volume" : "16", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Ghana CHI", "Health care", "Micro health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1995", "label" : "Financing health care in Ghana", "key" : "asenso-okyere_financing_1995" }, { "publisher" : "International Social Security Association", "url" : "http://www.issa.int/pdf/publ/henkeed2.pdf", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:1911ac301963bd08d7a955ce0e939465", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Henke, {Klaus-Dirk}", "Schrey\\\"{o}gg, Jonas" ], "keywords" : "Health care system", "edition" : "2", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Towards sustainable health care systems. Strategies in health in surance schemes in France, Germany, Japan and the Netherlands", "key" : "henke_towards_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4CSYS3X-1/1/dbe6feabaeb1177bff4d3a12eda76e66", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ab0a8d0f3873a7774a08ea6ee6356020", "pages" : "67--81", "date" : "2005", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Stekelenburg, Jelle", "Jager, Bastiaan E.", "Kolk, Pascal R.", "Westen, Esther H. M. N.", "Kwaak, Anke van der", "Wolffers, Ivan N." ], "keywords" : [ "Health care seeking behaviour", "Kalabo", "Traditional healing" ], "volume" : "71", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "Objective: To identify traditional healers in the catchment area of Kalabo District Hospital and to investigate determinants which play a role in the choice between different health care options, and to explore possibilities for increasing co-operation between the District Hospital and traditional healers. Methods: In a cross-sectional comparative and descriptive study, a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods was used. A total of 12 health workers, 13 traditional healers and 100 community representatives were interviewed, using (semi)-structured questionnaires. A focus group discussion was held with 12 traditional healers. Results: This study shows that all respondents are willing to visit the hospital if they fall ill in future, and 88\\% of the respondents will visit a traditional healer. More women than men visit traditional healers, but the men who do visit them, do so more frequently. Level of education is not an important determinant. Increasing age leads to more frequent visits to both the hospital and traditional healers. Almost half of the respondents (49\\%) only have to walk less than 30???min to a traditional healer, but the hospital is the same distance for only 34\\% of the respondents. Waiting time turned out to be an important factor: in the hospital, 48\\% of the respondents are not helped within time, and only 28\\% are not helped in time by the traditional healer. Demon possession, mbaci, kanono and infertility are typical health problems for which people visit a traditional healer. The cost of treatment from a traditional healer is usually one cow, but only if the patient is cured. Satisfaction was measured at 89\\% after hospital treatment, and 74\\% after treatment from a traditional healer. If dissatisfied with the traditional healer, 86\\% would consider attending the hospital.", "label" : "Health care seeking behaviour and utilisation of traditional healers in Kalabo, Zambia", "key" : "stekelenburg_health_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc2008.html", "journal" : "The Lancet", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:621172e3d03ec9e839d5dba532afe83e", "pages" : "2194", "date" : "2004", "number" : "9427", "author" : [ "Katabarwa, N. M.", "F. O. {Richards,Jr.}", "Rakers, L." ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "Traditional forms of cost sharing", "Traditional health care" ], "volume" : "363", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "This article briefly discusses the success of the traditional kinship system in involving women and men in caring for vulnerable groups such as children, adolescents, the elderly and the disabled, and in improving health care delivery at the community level in Africa.", "label" : "Kinship structure and health-care improvement in {sub-Saharan} Africa", "key" : "katabarwa_kinship_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:37544e0a5a7ba187a9277172adfae8b7", "date" : "2002", "author" : [ "Standing, Hilary", "Bloom, Gerry" ], "keywords" : [ "Health care delivery", "Health sector reform" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Beyond public and private? Unorganised markets in health care delivery", "address" : "Oxford", "key" : "standing_beyond_2002" }, { "journal" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:42cca902e74741ee236ddbf2dd539dc3", "date" : "2005-10", "author" : [ "Gautier, Bruno", "Boutbien, Allan", "Galland, Bruno" ], "volume" : "17", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Guinea", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual insurance" ], "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "{L\'Union} des Mutuelles de Sant\\\'{e} de Guin\\\'{e}e Foresti\\`{e}re, Guinea", "key" : "gautier_lunion_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{USAID}", "uri" : "urn:fdb1f8f87b8949c5fa58c9824d1b755d", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "Cavanaugh, Karen", "Rajkotia, Yogesh" ], "keywords" : [ "Ghana", "Health policy", "NHIS", "NHIS implementation" ], "year" : "2007", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The Political Development of the Ghanaian National Health Insurance System: Lessons in Health Governance", "address" : "Bethesda, Maryland", "key" : "cavanaugh_political_2007" }, { "id" : "dbaf1b169f1210aa7bae6baeddff2ce7", "journal" : "Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:dbaf1b169f1210aa7bae6baeddff2ce7", "pages" : "849--862", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Dong, Hengjin", "Kouyate, Bocar", "Cairns, John", "Mugisha, Frederick", "Sauerborn, Rainer" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Burkina Faso", "Community-based health insurance", "Contingent valuation", "Health care financing", "Micro health insurance", "Willingness to pay" ], "volume" : "12", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "Purpose: To study the willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} for a proposed community-based health insurance {(CBI)} scheme in order to provide information about the relationship between the premium that is required to cover the costs of the scheme and expected insurance enrolment levels. In addition, factors that influence {WTP} were to be identified. Methods: Data were collected from a household survey using a two-stage cluster sampling approach, with each household having the same probability of being selected. Interviews were conducted with 2414 individuals and 705 household heads. The take-it-or-leave-it {(TIOLI)} and the bidding game were used to elicit {WTP.} Results: The average individual was willing to pay 2384 (elicited by the {TIOLI)} or 3191 (elicited by the bidding game) {CFA} {(US\\$} 3.17 or {US\\$} 4.25) to join {CBI} for him/herself. The head of household agreed to pay from 6448 (elicited by the {TIOLI)} or 9769 (elicited by the bidding game) {CFA} {(US\\$} 8.6 or {US\\$} 13.03) to join the health insurance scheme for his/her household. These results were influenced by household and individual ability-to-pay, household and individual characteristics, such as age, sex and education. The two methods yielded similar patterns of estimated {WTP,} in that higher {WTP} was obtained for higher income level, higher previous medical expenditure, higher education, younger people and males. A starting point bias was found in the case of the bidding game. Conclusions: Both {TIOLI} and bidding game methods can elicit a value of {WTP} for {CBI.} The value elicited by the bidding game is higher than by the {TIOLI,} but the two approaches yielded similar patterns of estimated {WTP.} {WTP} information can be used for setting insurance premium. When setting the premiums, it is important to consider differences between the real market and the theoretical one, and between the {WTP} and the cost of benefits package. The beneficiaries of {CBI} should be enrolled at the level of households or villages in order to protect vulnerable groups such as women, elders and the poor", "label" : "Willingness-to-pay for community-based insurance in Burkina Faso", "key" : "dong_willingness-to-pay_2003" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network", "uri" : "urn:94e0518c1460c7c7faa72fa93fc86699", "date" : "1999", "author" : "Grootaert, Christiaan", "keywords" : [ "Indonesia", "Poverty", "Social capital" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Social Capital, Household Welfare and Poverty in Indonesia - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 6", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "grootaert_social_1999" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/AF8FD93E-7483-4AE5-B68F-CC17CBF4DF83/0/Part2Microinsuranceproductsandservices.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:1b9ef84c3d31260640d22472030a386a", "pages" : "130--144", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Ahmed, Mosleh U", "Ramm, Gabriele" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Special risks affecting women and children (girls and boys); Microinsurance to address the special needs of women and children; Policy tasks to improve the strategic situation of women and children", "label" : "Meeting the special needs of women and children", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "ahmed_meetingspecial_2006" }, { "issn" : "09638288", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 25507908; Lavy, C. B. D. 1; Email Address: chris.lavy@virgin.net Mannion, S. J. 1 Mkandawire, N. C. 1 Tindall, A. 1 Steinlechner, C. 1 Chimangeni, S. 1 Chipofya, E. 1; Affiliation: 1: Beit Trust Cure International Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi, Africa; Source Info: Jun2007, Vol. 29 Issue 11/12, p857; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} health; Subject Term: {ORTHOPEDICS;} Subject Term: {PHYSICAL} therapists; Subject Term: {CLUBFOOT;} Subject Term: {MEDICAL} care; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: Club foot; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: Malawi; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: public health; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 621340 Offices of Physical, Occupational and Speech Therapists, and Audiologists; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; Number of Pages: 6p; Illustrations: 3 graphs, 5 color; Document Type: Article{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}} {{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Copyright} of Disability \\& Rehabilitation is the property of Taylor \\& Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "number" : "11/12", "type" : "Publication", "author" : [ "Lavy, C. B. D.", "Mannion, S. J.", "Mkandawire, N. C.", "Tindall, A.", "Steinlechner, C.", "Chimangeni, S.", "Chipofya, E." ], "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=25507908&site=ehost-live", "uri" : "urn:578d804952a91b69dce77e1bc2eeba19", "label" : "Club foot treatment in Malawi - a public health approach.", "keywords" : [ "Club foot", "CLUBFOOT", "Malawi", "MEDICAL care", "ORTHOPEDICS", "PHYSICAL therapists", "PUBLIC health" ], "pages" : "857--862", "year" : "2007", "journal" : "Disability \\& Rehabilitation", "abstract" : "Purpose. Malawi is a very poor country with a current population of 12 million people and very few orthopaedic surgeons or physiotherapists. An estimated 1125 babies are born per year with club foot. If these feet are not corrected early, then severe deformity can develop, requiring complex surgery. A task force was established to address this problem using locally available resources. Methods. A nationwide early manipulation programme was set up using the Ponseti technique, and a club foot clinic established in each of Malawi\'s 25 health districts. One year later the clinics were reviewed. Results. Twenty out of the 25 clinics originally established were still active, and over one year had seen a total of 342 patients. Adequate records existed for 307 patients, of whom 193 were male and 114 female (ratio 1.7:1). A total of 175 patients had bilateral club foot and 132 were unilateral (ratio 1.3:1) giving a total of 482 club feet; 327 of the 482 feet were corrected to a plantigrade position. Most clinics had problems with supply of materials. Many patients failed to attend the full course of treatment. Conclusions. Overall the establishment of a nationwide club foot treatment programme was of benefit to a large number of children with club feet and their families. In a poor country with many demands on health funding many challenges remain. The supply of plaster of Paris and splints was inadequate, clinic staff felt isolated, and patient compliance was limited by many factors which need further research. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]}", "volume" : "29", "pub-type" : "article", "doi" : "10.1080/09638280701240169", "date" : "2007-06", "month" : "June", "key" : "lavy_club_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "National Bureau of Economic Research", "uri" : "urn:0dc56693bbf4e1070e0575b59e0793cd", "date" : "1999", "number" : "7176", "author" : [ "Cutler, David", "Zeckhauser, Richard J." ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "The Anatomy of Health Insurance", "address" : "Cambridge. {MA}", "key" : "cutler_anatomy_1999" }, { "journal" : "The European Journal of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a18a04023fef2f5f48e33dcbdca3ffb5", "pages" : "79--84", "date" : "2003", "number" : "2", "author" : "Osterkamp, R.", "keywords" : [ "Copayments", "Income distribution", "Moral hazard", "Public health insurance" ], "volume" : "4", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "Moral hazard in an insurance system can be reduced by introducing {copayments.Unfortunately,} this may exert undesired distribution effects, which are generally regarded to be of specific relevance in the health sector. The article concentrates on an obligatory social health insurance system and tries to show that rightly adjusted and double-differentiated copayment rates can at least partially resolve the dilemma between allocation and {distribution.The} differentiation considered is with respect to income and to treatment sickness {costs.The} argument is presented by means of diagrammatic exposition.", "label" : "Public health insurance Pareto-efficient allocative improvements through differentiated copayment rates", "key" : "osterkamp_public_2003" }, { "journal" : "International Social Security Review", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:bdce6797eaafd3b31ddc69a527497956", "pages" : "71--97", "date" : "1999", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Dror, David M.", "Jacquier, Christian" ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Informal sector", "Micro health insurance", "Microinsurance" ], "volume" : "52", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "abstract" : "This paper proposes a way to improve health provision for populations that are usually excluded from access to health services. It starts out from a short description of who the excluded are, and what they are excluded from. The paper then looks at the major policy statements elaborated at the international level, and proceeds to propose the missing dimension. Next, based on field testing and analysis of several tens of pilot cases, the paper proposes a concept for group-based health insurance, or \"micro-insurance\", and explains its rationale and its components. Lastly, the paper proposes a strategy to implement this concept.", "label" : "Micro-insurance: Extending Health Insurance to the Excluded", "key" : "dror_micro-insurance:_1999" }, { "url" : "http://ajm.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/5/201.pdf", "journal" : "American Journal of Medical Quality", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:63c9e302e453c51a3f53a3ab987160b2", "pages" : "201--206", "date" : "2004-09", "number" : "5", "author" : [ "Borzecki, Ann M.", "Wong, Ashley T.", "Hickey, Elaine C.", "Ash, Arlene S.", "Berlowitz, Dan R." ], "volume" : "19", "month" : "September", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "The objective was to determine the best strategy for identifying outpatients with hypertension-related diagnoses using Veterans Affairs {(VA)} administrative databases. We reviewed 1176 outpatient charts from 10 {VA} sites in 1999, taking the presence of 11 diagnoses relevant to hypertension management as the \"gold standard\" for identifying the comorbidity. We calculated agreement, sensitivity, and specificity for the chart versus several administrative data-based algorithms. Using 1999 data and requiring 1 administrative diagnosis, observed agreement ranged from 0.98 (atrial fibrillation) to 0.85 (hyperlipidemia), and kappas were generally high. Sensitivity varied from 38\\% (tobacco use) to 97\\% (diabetes); specificity exceeded 91\\% for 10 of 11 diagnoses. Requiring 2 years of data and 2 diagnoses improved most measures, with minimal sensitivity decrease. Agreement between the database and charts was good. Administrative data varied in its ability to identify all patients with a given diagnosis but identified accurately those without. The best strategy for case-finding required 2 diagnoses in a 2-year period.", "label" : "Identifying {Hypertension-Related} Comorbidities From Administrative Data: What\'s the Optimal Approach?", "key" : "borzecki_identifying_2004" }, { "url" : "http://bouldermicrofinance.org/es/courses/microinsurance", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Boulder Institute of Microfinance", "uri" : "urn:ba264708c88fd2037821af5b17a9db9c", "author" : "{McCord}, Michael", "keywords" : "Microinsurance", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Microinsurance", "key" : "mccord_microinsurance_????" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "School of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics", "uri" : "urn:d9c55fe748eaf969ad8357e7e04130bd", "number" : "12/2009", "author" : [ "Olivares, M\\\'{a}rio", "Santos, Sofia" ], "keywords" : [ "Interest rates", "Microcredit", "Microfinance" ], "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "The creation of credit markets in poor countries is a crucial factor for their development. If well put into practice, people would be able to improve their quality of life. With the suitable support they will become educated and that will allow them to enlarge their business, to think by themselves and to appreciate that they have rights. Microfinance has seen great changes in the last 50 years and has become visibly known due to the success of some occurrence in developing countries and more recently in Europe through a number of schemes that have been implemented solving this key issue. In this article we discuss this experience, we evaluate the economic theory of microfinance and propose a alternative model. We conclude that microcredit can be see as a new approach in developing policies or as a scheme against unemployment.", "label" : "Market Solutions in Poverty: The Role of Microcredit in Development Countries with Financial Restrictions", "key" : "mrio_olivares_market_????" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:987bf59ebdf0f6a84c01eb6c3e91a62b", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Zweifel, Peter", "keywords" : [ "Assessment", "Multiple payers in health care" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Multiple Payers in Health Care: A Framework for Assessment", "address" : "Washington {D.C.}", "key" : "zweifel_multiple_2004" }, { "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2a01767a89649bbd152e796a3bfc2f1a", "pages" : "1084--1098", "date" : "2006-06", "number" : "6", "author" : [ "Miller, Douglas L.", "Scheffler, Richard", "Lam, Suong", "Rosenberg, Rhonda", "Rupp, Agnes" ], "keywords" : [ "Health", "Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS)", "Social capital" ], "volume" : "34", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Summary This paper empirically examines the role of community social capital in the individual\'s health production function. We focus on health measures relating to physical as well as mental health. In addition to exploring the relationship between social capital and health, we test for interrelationships between social and human capital in the production of health. Data come from more than 10???000 adults surveyed in the Indonesian Family Life Surveys of 1993 and 1997. We identify a robust positive empirical association between community-level social capital and good health. We find weak evidence for an interrelationship between human and social capital and mental health.", "label" : "Social capital and health in Indonesia", "key" : "miller_social_2006" }, { "journal" : "Gesundheitswesen {(Bundesverband} der \\\"{A}rzte des \\\"{O}ffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes {(Germany))}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f4b23d20b4200af4324fb5b158dcb27a", "pages" : "442--8", "date" : "2006-07", "number" : "7", "author" : "Greiner, W", "keywords" : [ "Cost Sharing", "Germany", "GL", "Health care costs", "National health programs", "Risk adjustment", "Risk factors" ], "volume" : "68", "month" : "July", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "note" : "{PMID:} 16868871", "abstract" : "{AIM} {OF} {THE} {ARTICLE:} The risc structure compensation scheme within the German compulsory health insurance system is intended to enforce the principle of solidarity all over the statutory health insurance and not only within the different sickness funds. Differences in the contribution rates should not reflect different risc profiles, but the differences of the efficiency in social care. The criticism against the current adjustment system in Germany is multifarious and points e. g. on the missing orientation to morbidity. This article follows the question, whether this criticism is valid. {METHODS:} The variables and methods, which are currently used to calculate the risc structure adjustment are discussed and compared to an alternative proposal for the future form of the risc structure adjustment, which includes both a higher orientation to riscs and incentives for social health insurance funds to decline the costs for the social care system on long-term. {RESULTS:} Currently, for the calculation of the risc structure adjustment the following variables are used: age, sex, income, number of family members who are exempted from contributions and persons who get occupational disability pension, and number of insured persons who are registered to an accredited {Disease-Management-Program} {(DMP).} Especially the last variable includes a high control effort, because the higher co-payments of the adjustment system are aligned to the voluntariness of participation and active collaboration of the patients in {DMP.} The argument, a further development to a morbidity-oriented risc structure adjustment leads to less cost management of the sickness funds is not totally correct, because not actual, but standardised costs are the basis for compensation. On the other hand the morbidity determined cost components should not totally be adjusted, as a proper distribution of savings to the risc structure adjustment and the single funds would still be an incentive for cost management and prevention. {CONCLUSION:} An ongoing refining of the risc structure adjustment might cause new incentive problems. Instead a morbidity orientated risc structure compensation scheme should leave a part of the savings due to better social care structures in the sickness funds and should include outpatient care parameters. The change to a new honorarium system could create a better data basis for this improved form of risc structure adjustment in the future.", "label" : "Reformoptionen f\\\"{u}r einen zuk\\\"{u}nftigen Risikostrukturausgleich in der {GKV}", "issn" : "14394421", "key" : "greiner_reformoptionen_2006" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office, Geneva", "url" : "http://service.gmx.net/de/cgi/derefer?TYPE=3&DEST=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oit.org%2Fdyn%2Fempent%2Fdocs%2FF1406653842%2Fpoverty%2520-%2520coops%2520birchall%2520090103.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:423dc04c97108262cbeaea09c9c3e768", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Birchall, Johnston", "keywords" : [ "Cooperatives", "Poverty reduction", "Self-help" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Rediscovering the cooperative advantage- Poverty reduction through self-help", "key" : "birchall_rediscoveringcooperative_2003" }, { "pages" : "77--93", "label" : "Chapter 6 - Social Capital: The Missing Link?", "key" : "_chapter_????-1", "keywords" : "Social capital", "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:65370eb79631a584eae432631319643f", "booktitle" : "Expanding the Measure of Wealth" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Deutsche Gesellschaft f\\\"{u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit {(GTZ)} {GmbH} - Abteilung 41 Arbeitsfeld Finanzsystementwicklung und Kreditwesen", "uri" : "urn:c618f1da9a37fbbcac5479927da6f5a5", "date" : "1999", "author" : "Hofmeister, Sebastian", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Financial sectors", "Ghana" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Financial Sector Study Ghana", "address" : "Eschborn", "key" : "hofmeister_financial_1999" }, { "publisher" : "John Wiley \\& Sons", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:977f0d1c68cc71c235b04d158df46669", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Banks, Erik", "keywords" : [ "Capital markets", "Insurance", "Reinsurance", "Risk management" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "isbn" : "0-470-85745-5", "label" : "Alternative Risk Transfer: Integrated Risk Management through Insurance, Reinsurance, and the Capital Markets", "address" : "West Sussex, England", "key" : "erik_banks_alternative_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{ZEF}", "uri" : "urn:e556433c31435b60b535114feb7e86b7", "date" : "2003", "author" : "{Osei-Akoto}, Isaac", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Community-based health insurance", "Ghana", "Health sector reform", "Micro health insurance", "Rural health infrastructure" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "In recent years the number of formal risk-sharing schemes for health care services in Ghana has risen rapidly. At present about 42 out of 110 districts are operating some form of formal community-based health insurance, which are voluntary and to a greater extent integrated to health care facilities. The success of these schemes depend largely on the extent to which they directly or indirectly lessen the financial burden of people who have suffered most since the inception of economic reforms in the health sector. The paper looked at the social inclusion aspects of the schemes by studying demand for the two oldest schemes by the poor and exploring design features that could enhance better coverage and improve financial protection for health care services. The results from this study show that the schemes perform quite well in terms of paying hospitalisation bills for beneficiaries. However the findings portray a remarkable exclusion of the poorest of the poor, even from other forms of risk-sharing arrangements in the informal sector. Apart from poverty, the analysis also reveals that high-risk households are less likely to participate fully in the insurance schemes. Among other suggestions, the study recommends that the schemes should be redesigned to benefit rural and poor households more than they do now.", "label" : "Demand for voluntary health insurance by the poor in developing countries: Evidence from rural Ghana", "address" : "Bonn", "key" : "osei-akoto_demand_2003" }, { "label" : "Health Insurance for the Poor", "key" : "ranson_health_????", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Poverty" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "unpublished", "author" : [ "Ranson, Kent", "Acharya, Akash" ], "uri" : "urn:e33486cb09f9c086c50adbb36e1330f7" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:006f777bdc887f246fd8a5aea184eb4c", "date" : "2008", "author" : "Preprah, J. Atta", "keywords" : [ "HIV/AIDS", "Microfinance" ], "year" : "2008", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "This paper proposes a conceptual framework that establishes the relationship between microfinance, poverty and {HIV/AIDS.} This paper argues that if microfinance can reduce poverty then it could also be used as a powerful tool for preventing {HIV/AIDS.} It reviews theoretical and empirical literature about poverty, {HIV/AIDS} and microfinance. The paper states that: * Microfinance institutions can assist clients in protecting their income and assets from the impact {HIV/AIDS} and related diseases; * The people most at risk from {HIV/AIDS} are the poor, in general, and women, in particular; * High levels of poverty force women to seek alternative means of livelihood, as a result of which they contact {HIV/AIDS.} The paper proposes a conceptual framework that links microfinance, poverty and {HIV/AIDS.} In this model: * Poverty plays an intermediary role. * A combination of financial and non-financial services reduces poverty levels; this has a trickle down effect on the family as well as on society. * The right wing of the model comprises financial services that benefit the poor in a variety of ways, increasing their income, making them self-sufficient, empowering women, etc. * The left wing of the model comprises non-financial services such as education, counseling, business advisory services etc. * Together, they result in a reduction in social exclusion and sexual exploitation that are the risk factors for {HIV/AIDS.} The paper concludes with policy recommendations to help microfinance institutions support the prevention of {HIV/AIDS,} and mitigate its economic impact on affected households.", "label" : "Linking Microfinance, Poverty and {HIV/AIDS:} Theoretical and Empirical Review", "key" : "atta_preprah_linking_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank Institute", "uri" : "urn:560be790f7d902bb2a701e3103b8e8a8", "date" : "1999", "number" : "37146", "author" : "Shaw, R. Paul", "keywords" : [ "Developed countries", "Developing countries", "Health sector reform", "Public health care", "Public sector management" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "abstract" : "In 1997, the World Bank Institute {(WBI)} launched a major learning program for Bank client countries and Bank staff called the Flagship Program on Health Sector Reform and Sustainable Financing. Much of the learning program focuses on how different policy options, including large-scale financial and institutional changes affect the efficiency, equity, and sustainable financing of national health systems. The aim is to help policy makers and implementers to be more informed of choices about what ought to be done to improve health outcomes. Equally important, however, is to address how the public sector can execute it\'s functions better. Assuming that health policy-makers decide on the right options (what ought to be done), can we also reasonably assume that the implementing arms of government and the public sector are ready and sufficiently equipped to execute them effectively? Judging from the experience of a large number of developing countries, the answer to this question is clearly no. The new public sector management {(NPSM)} is concerned with injecting business-like practices into public agencies with the expectation that efforts to implement change will be easier, more effective, and more permanent as a result. {NPSM} has evolved in response to perceived differences in public versus private performance, especially the perception that weak incentive structures undermine performance of public sector managers. A key premise in {NPSM} is that managing business aspects of a health ministry, department, division, or facility is not so different from managing any other business. Roles and responsibilities must be clear, performance of employees counts, and accountability to clients/patients is important. It is true that health markets tend to be different from markets for other goods and services in terms of their positive externalities, asymmetries of information between provider and client, societal pressures to subsidize the poor, and complexities involving health insurance markets and catastrophic financial loss. But once these differences are acknowledged, there is no reason to assume that management of health inputs, outputs, and outcomes cannot take place in a business-like environment. Part I of this paper reviews the broad motivations behind {NPSM,} including intrinsic differences between public and private organizations that appear to impact on incentives and performance. Part I reviews experience in selected {OECD} countries where the financing and delivery of social services is heavily socialized with a strong public sector role, taxpayers have expressed dissatisfaction with traditional modes of public sector management, and {NPSM} reforms have been hotly debated. 1 Part {II} of this paper describes the {NPSM} paradigm in terms of three building blocks that influence the performance of public agencies and the behaviors of employees who work for them. It explains how leverage points within the {NPSM} paradigm are expected to create incentives for improved performance. It is when all three building blocks of the {NPSM} paradigm work together that synergies are expected to take place, and that continuous improvements in the performance of public agencies are expected to be generated over time. This part of the paper gives the reader a working model of {NPSM,} with the strong caveat that {NPSM} remains rather eclectic, does not yet constitute a formal model or theory, and merits far more scrutiny and evaluation than has taken place to date. Part {III} illustrates five organizational strategies that can be used to introduce {NPSM} into public agencies. Much of Part {III} refers to developing country applications. The 1 World Bank, 1997, World Development Report, 1997: The State in a Changing World {(Washington} {DC:} World Bank) 4 organizational strategies include (i) increased accountability in personnel performance management, (ii) performance-related budgeting, (iii) autonomous agencies, (iv) managed competition and contracting, and (v) corporatization. In reality, none of these organizational strategies are likely to work in complete isolation of the other. Nor is any pretense made that these five strategies represent an exhaustive list of all {NPSM} tools available to the policy-maker, or that they must be sequenced in a particular way. Rather, they are featured here because they incorporate or mimic business-like practices that have been observed to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of employees, line managers and senior managers. Much of Part {III} refers to developing country experience. A concluding section acknowledges that an adequate enabling environment must be in place if {NPSM} reforms are to take hold and be sustainable. This includes a checklist of specific conditions that are pertinent to the enabling environment for example, appropriate legislative changes, civil service reform, and the introduction of other facilitating instruments.", "label" : "New Trends in Public Sector Management in Health - Applications in Developed and Developing Countries", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "shaw_new_1999" }, { "journal" : "Bulletin World Health Organization", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:9361375f8b69c90f0b2396b03162eb30", "pages" : "156--9", "date" : "1999", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Doherty, J.", "{McIntyre}, D.", "Bloom, G.", "Brijlal, P." ], "keywords" : "Health care expenditures", "volume" : "77", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "abstract" : "The methods used in South Africa\'s first comprehensive review of health finance and expenditure are outlined. Special measures were adopted to make the process acceptable to all concerned during a period of profound political transition. The estimation of indicators of access to public sector resources for districts sorted by per capita income allowed the health care problems of disadvantaged communities to be highlighted.", "label" : "Health expenditure and finance: who gets what?", "key" : "doherty_health_1999" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/index.html", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:294b4706ca583afb96dc1cbe69a87185", "date" : "2002", "author" : "World Health Organization, {(WHO)}", "keywords" : "World health report", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "The world health report 2002 - Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life", "key" : "world_health_organization_who_world_2002" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Economic Surveys", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:d40b624dca3dadda51e676ff603120e0", "pages" : "629--653", "date" : "2000", "number" : "5", "author" : "Paldam, Martin", "keywords" : [ "Measurement", "Measuring social capital", "Social capital" ], "volume" : "14", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Social Capital - One or Many? - Definiton and Measurement", "key" : "paldam_social_2000" }, { "journal" : "Directory of Development Organizations", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4ff4ba745f64d1d449373de4b050e799", "date" : "2007", "number" : "{I.A/Africa}", "author" : "Organizations, Directory of Development", "volume" : "I", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Botswana", "External assistance health sector", "Guide" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Guide to International Organizations, Governments, Private Sector, Development Agencies, Civil Society, University, Grantmakers, Banks, Microfinance Institutions and Development Consulting Firms - Resource guide to Development Organizations and the Internet - Botswana", "key" : "directory_of_development_organizations_guide_2007" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c1c18c2d99ae9c375efe4358d9b91696", "pages" : "147--168", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Barneveld, Erik N. van", "Lamers, Leida M.", "Vliet, Ren\\\'{e} {C.J.A.} van", "Ven, Wynand {P.M.M.} van de" ], "volume" : "20", "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk equalization", "Selection" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Risk sharing as a supplement to imperfect capitation: a tradeoff between selection and efficiency", "key" : "van_barneveld_risk_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:1002f2c270e69f2e4e9b842211ed2f0d", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Wagstaff, Adam", "keywords" : [ "Country study", "Developing countries", "Empiric study", "Health inequality" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "Health inequalities have recently started to receive a good deal of attention in the developing world. But how large are they? And how large are the differences across countries? Recent data from a 42-country study shows large but varying inequalities across countries. It explores the reasons for these intercountry differences and concludes that large inequalities in health are not apparently associated with high income inequalities, or with low shares of health spending financed publicly. They are, however, associated with higher per capita incomes. Evidence from trends in health inequalities - in both the developing and developed world - supports the notion that health inequalities rise with rising per capita incomes. The association between health and inequality and per capita income is probably due in part to technological change going hand-in-hand with economic growth, coupled with a tendency for the better-off to assimilate new technology ahead of the poor. Given that increased health inequality associated with rising per capita incomes is a bad thing and increased average health levels associated with rising incomes are a good thing, the paper outlines a way of quantifying the trade-off between health inequalities and health levels. The paper also suggests that successful anti-inequality policies can be devised, but that their success cannot be established simply by looking at \"headline\" health inequality figures, since these reflect the effects of differences and changes in other variables, including per capita income. Four approaches that can shed light on the impacts on health inequalities of anti-inequality policies include cross-country comparative studies, country-based before-and-after studies with controls, benefit-incidence analysis, and decomposition analysis. The results of studies in these four genres do not give as many clear-cut answers as one might like on how best to swim against the tide of rising per capita incomes and their apparent inequality-increasing effects. But they ought at least to help us build up our stock of knowledge on the subject.", "label" : "Inequalities in Health in Developing Countries: Swimming Against the Tide?", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "wagstaff_inequalities_2002" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Planning Department Ministry of Health and Population", "uri" : "urn:3606b9c5cf7ac467a977f7c3727d56ef", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Health, Planning Department Ministry of", "Population" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health care sector", "Malawi", "National health accounts" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{MALAWI} {NATIONAL} {HEALTH} {ACCOUNTS} {(NHA)} {-A} Broader Perspective of the Malawian Health Sector", "address" : "Lilongwe, Malawi", "key" : "population_malawi_2001" }, { "url" : "http://homepages.wmich.edu/~jbiles/woolcock.pdf", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:d1482fcf10d4334872f77f26af7ace4f", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Woolcock, M.", "keywords" : "Social capital", "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "This paper provides a brief introduction to the recent theoretical and empirical literature on social capital as it pertains to economic development issues, with a particular focus on its significance for {OECD} countries. In so doing it seeks to address three specific questions: {1.How} are social capital, human capital and social capability related to one another? {2.How} can social capital be measured? {3.How} might existing economic growth models give more adequate attention to social capital?", "label" : "The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes", "key" : "woolcock_place_2000" }, { "journal" : "Health Affairs", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e453de9b3608eee4b539ebdd119256f0", "pages" : "23", "date" : "1996", "number" : "1", "author" : "Luft, H. S.", "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "15", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1996", "label" : "Modifying managed competition to address cost and quality", "key" : "luft_modifying_1996" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "University of Cologne - Development Research Center", "uri" : "urn:41f032c3208af83cd41dafc6db95fc9d", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Seibel, H. D.", "keywords" : [ "Informal finance", "Microfinance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "{RURAL} {FINANCE} {FOR} {THE} {POOR:} {FROM} {UNSUSTAINABLE} {PROJECTS} {TO} {SUSTAINABLE} {INSTITUTIONS}", "key" : "seibel_rural_2001" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBF-4S7G10W-1/2/3fb515eb4657b5af7e7b03006ddfa5c8", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:cff483a4d7197cd9bd9e926976681c85", "pages" : "2448--2459", "date" : "2008-06", "number" : "12", "author" : [ "Berg, Bernard van den", "Dommelen, Paula Van", "Stam, Piet", "{Laske-Aldershof}, Trea", "Buchmueller, Tom", "Schut, Frederik T." ], "keywords" : [ "Conjoint analysis", "GL", "Health insurance", "Netherlands", "Preferences", "Risk selection" ], "volume" : "66", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Legislation that came into effect in 2006 has dramatically altered the health insurance system in the Netherlands, placing greater emphasis on consumer choice and competition among insurers. The potential for such competition depends largely on consumer preferences for price and quality of service by insurers and quality of affiliated providers. This study provides initial evidence on the preferences of Dutch consumers and how they view trade-offs between various aspects of health insurance product design. A key feature of the analysis is that we compare the responses of high and low risk individuals, where risk is defined by the presence of a costly chronic condition. This contrast is critically important for understanding incentives facing insurers and for identifying potential unanticipated consequences of market competition. The results from our conjoint analysis suggest that not only high risk but also low risk individuals are willing to pay substantially more for insurance products that can be shown to provide better health outcomes. This suggests that insurance products that are more expensive and provide better quality of care may also attract low risk individuals. Therefore, development and dissemination of good, reliable and understandable health plan performance indicators may effectively reduce the problem of adverse selection.", "label" : "Preferences and choices for care and health insurance", "key" : "van_den_berg_preferences_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Zentrum f\\\"{u}r Entwicklungsforschung {(ZEF)}", "uri" : "urn:bb018afbec1771dd497315eb9e1eafbf", "date" : "2001", "author" : "J\\\"{u}tting, Johannes", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance and poverty", "Rural sector" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Health insurance for the rural poor ?", "address" : "Bonn", "key" : "jtting_health_2001" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/health_financing/issues/en/private_health_in_dp_04_3.pdf", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Discussion Paper" ], "institution" : "World Health Organization {(WHO),} Department {\"Health} system Financing, Expenditure and Resource Allocation\"", "uri" : "urn:1129400e1ce201de8bbc62ffa46fc6ff", "date" : "2004", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Savedoff, William", "Sekhri, Neelam" ], "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Health insurance", "Private health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "Private health insurance plays a large and increasing role around the world. This paper reviews international experiences and shows that private health insurance is significant in countries with widely different income levels and health system structures. It contrasts private health insurance across regions and highlights countries with particularly high rates of private expenditures. It argues that policy makers need to confront the role that private health insurance will play in their health systems and regulate the sector appropriately so that it serves public goals of universal coverage and equity.", "label" : "Private Health Insurance: Implications for Developing Countries", "key" : "savedoff_private_2004" }, { "journal" : "Health \\& Place", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3771a4fa162fc9462d70facbc1eae05e", "pages" : "255--262", "date" : "2009-03", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Ulasi, Chijioke I.", "Preko, Peter O.", "Baidoo, Joseph A.", "Bayard, Budry", "Ehiri, John E.", "Jolly, Curtis M.", "Jolly, Pauline E." ], "keywords" : [ "Community members", "discrimination", "Stigma" ], "volume" : "15", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "Objective To assess {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma and discrimination of people living with {HIV/AIDS} {(PLWHA)} in Kumasi, {Ghana.Methods} A cross-sectional survey of 104 adults from the four sub-districts in Kumasi was {conducted.Results} Four stigma constructs, employment-based discrimination, screening and identification of {HIV} positive people, revelation of {HIV} status and social contact stigma were determined based on reliability measures from responses to the questionnaire. Regression analysis showed that participants with higher educational attainment were more likely to favor policies denying employment to {PLWHA} (p{\\textless}0.05), but disapproved of revealing {HIV} sero-status (p{\\textless}0.05). Muslims were more likely than Christians to agree with identifying {PLWHA} (p{\\textless}0.05) and more likely to advocate revealing {HIV} sero-status (p{\\textless}0.05). Males were more likely to favor revealing {HIV} status (p{\\textless}0.05). Employed persons were more likely to have social contact with {PLWHA} {(p{\\textless}0.05).Conclusions} These findings are useful in guiding the design of interventions against {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma in Kumasi.", "label" : "{HIV/AIDS-related} stigma in Kumasi, Ghana", "issn" : "1353-8292", "key" : "ulasi_hiv/aids-related_2009" }, { "label" : "Catastrophic health care payments", "key" : "_catastrophic_????", "keywords" : [ "Applications of tools to health sector", "Catastrophic health care expenditure", "Measuring equity", "Measuring incidence and intensity of catastrophic impact" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis" ], "uri" : "urn:89c9153cfda1b2734d06f2992c99a602", "number" : "Technical Note 18" }, { "label" : "The Social Security Program of the {Self-Employed} Women\'s Association Ahmedabad, India", "key" : "hauck_social_????", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Charitable model", "India", "Micro health insurance", "Microinsurance", "Partner-agent-model", "SEWA", "Social security" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "unpublished", "Draft Version" ], "author" : "Hauck, Katharina", "uri" : "urn:80dd224720af3901ac868d887308fbb2" }, { "id" : "b8c22c002c06445e10ae72640da80d3b", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technical Note" ], "uri" : "urn:b8c22c002c06445e10ae72640da80d3b", "number" : "18", "author" : "World\\, Bank", "keywords" : [ "Quantitative research", "Research method" ], "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Catastrophic health care payments", "key" : "world_bank_catastrophic_????" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\\\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit", "uri" : "urn:14f77cc1f90aab2a4a722105867f1213", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Leist, Hannes", "Radermacher, Ralf" ], "keywords" : [ "BAIF", "Case study", "Community-based health insurance", "India", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Brief Technical Report on {BAIF} Community Health Programme", "key" : "leist_brief_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Bank World\\", "uri" : "urn:4cfa6422e435fa9ad64a29a7b6b9f6b2", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Gwatkin, Davidson R.", "keywords" : [ "Free government health services", "Health care financing", "Resource allocation and purchasing", "Social security", "Targeting", "Universal coverage" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "The paper asks whether the pursuit of universal coverage by a wide range of free government services constitutes the most promising approach to meeting the needs of disadvantaged population groups. The response given to that question is \"probably not\". The record to date points clearly to the danger that the benefits of subsidized government health services will flow primarily to the better-off, rather than to the poor for whom the services are intended. While there is no perfect approach to dealing with this issue, the record also points to several approaches that can significantly ameliorate the situation. Two of them, discussed in the paper, are the adoption of targeting measures to increase the proportion of benefits from government expenditures that flow to the poor; and the development of alternative, selfsustaining service financing and delivery mechanisms to serve the better-off. Successful implementation of approaches like these would allow governments to focus their efforts to achieve universal free coverage on a limited number of interventions that are particularly important for poor groups.", "label" : "Are Free Government Health Services the Best Way to Reach the poor", "address" : "Washnigton, {D.C.}", "key" : "gwatkin_are_2004" }, { "journal" : "International Journal of Health Planning and Management", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:cdf9c6f583220878258e9407528c9f18", "pages" : "221--231", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Liu, Kehui", "Dong, Hengjin", "Sauerborn, Rainer" ], "volume" : "18", "keywords" : [ "Health care system", "Philippines", "Pneunomia treatment" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Cost analysis of pneumonia treatment in the Philippines", "key" : "liu_cost_2003" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship {(ISSN} 1084-9467)", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:43a2029aafc9df92799008a7635588f1", "date" : "2001", "number" : "1", "author" : "Seibel, H. D.", "volume" : "6", "keywords" : [ "Informal finance", "Microfinance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "{INFORMAL} {FINANCE:} {ORIGINS,} {EVOLUTIONARY} {TRENDS} {AND} {DONOR} {OPTIONS}", "key" : "seibel_informal_2001" }, { "journal" : "African Population Studies Supplement A", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:87e1d20007038b7f3fab3c9a6f106e21", "pages" : "286--302", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Badasu, Delali Margaret", "volume" : "19", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Health care system", "Health sector reform" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Implementation of Ghana\'s Health User Fee Policy and the Exemption of the Poor: Problems and Prospects", "key" : "badasu_implementation_2006" }, { "journal" : "International Journal of Social Welfare", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a6742900a336cf77323a8e53a0af73c0", "pages" : "305--314", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Overbye, Einar", "volume" : "14", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Social security" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Extending social security in developing countries: a review of three main strategies", "key" : "overbye_extending_2005" }, { "url" : "http://ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1501028131&Fmt=7&clientId=92&RQT=309&VName=PQD", "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4cc0aa5bc065b14c9876efefaeca85b0", "pages" : "252", "date" : "2008-07", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Ekman, Bj\\\"{o}rn", "{ThanhLiem}, Nguyen", "{AnhDuc}, Ha", "Axelson, Henrik" ], "keywords" : "Studies", "volume" : "23", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Vietnam} is undertaking health financing reform with a view to achieve universal coverage of health insurance within the coming years. To date, around half of the population is covered with some type of health insurance or prepayment. This review applies a conceptual framework of health financing to provide a coherent assessment of the reforms to date with respect to a set of key policy objectives of health financing, including financial sustainability, efficiency in service provision, and equity in health financing. Based on the assessment, the review discusses the main implications of the reforms focusing on achievements and remaining challenges, the nature of the Vietnamese reforms in an international perspective, and the role of the government. The main lessons from the Vietnamese experiences, from which other reforming countries may draw, are the need for sustained resource mobilization, comprehensive reform involving all functions of the health financing system, and to adopt a long-term view of health insurance reform. Future analysis should include continued evaluation of the reforms in terms of impacts on key outcomes and the political dimensions of health {reform.{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Vietnam} is undertaking health financing reform with a view to achieve universal coverage of health insurance within the coming years. To date, around half of the population is covered with some type of health insurance or prepayment. This review applies a conceptual framework of health financing to provide a coherent assessment of the reforms to date with respect to a set of key policy objectives of health financing, including financial sustainability, efficiency in service provision, and equity in health financing. Based on the assessment, the review discusses the main implications of the reforms focusing on achievements and remaining challenges, the nature of the Vietnamese reforms in an international perspective, and the role of the government. The main lessons from the Vietnamese experiences, from which other reforming countries may draw, are the need for sustained resource mobilization, comprehensive reform involving all functions of the health financing system, and to adopt a long-term view of health insurance reform. Future analysis should include continued evaluation of the reforms in terms of impacts on key outcomes and the political dimensions of health reform.{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "month" : "July", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "label" : "Health insurance reform in Vietnam: a review of recent developments and future challenges", "issn" : "02681080", "key" : "ekman_health_2008" }, { "journal" : "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2f10be6b728df069de6581b37d4490b8", "pages" : "127--134", "date" : "2005", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Sekhri, Neelam", "Savedoff, William" ], "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Health care expenditures", "Health policy", "Private health insurance", "Private sector" ], "volume" : "83", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Private health insurance: implications for developing countries", "key" : "sekhri_private_2005" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:d5f99d7ed08a404fdc1be1b2b1468b47", "pages" : "249--270", "date" : "2004", "number" : "5", "author" : "Ekman, Bj\\\"{o}rn", "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "Community health financing", "Evidence base", "Financial protection", "Health insurance", "Micro health insurance", "Resource mobilization", "Systematic review", "Willingness to pay" ], "volume" : "19", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "Health policy makers are faced with competing alternatives, and for systems of health care financing. The choice of financing method should mobilize resources for health care and provide financial protection. This review systematically assesses the evidence of the extent to which community-based health insurance is a viable option for low-income countries in mobilizing resources and providing financial protection. The review contributes to the literature on health financing by extending and qualifying existing knowledge. Overall, the evidence base is limited in scope and questionable in quality. There is strong evidence that community-based health insurance provides some financial protection by reducing out-of-pocket spending. There is evidence of moderate strength that such schemes improve cost-recovery. There is weak or no evidence that schemes have an effect on the quality of care or the efficiency with which care is produced. In absolute terms, the effects are small and schemes serve only a limited section of the population. The main policy implication of the review is that these types of community financing arrangements are, at best, complementary to other more effective systems of health financing. To improve reliability and validity of the evidence base, analysts should agree on a more coherent set of outcome indicators and a more consistent assessment of these indicators. Policy makers need to be better informed as to both the costs and the benefits of implementing various financing options. The current evidence base on community-based health insurance is mute on this point.", "label" : "Community-based health insurance in low-income countries: a systematic review of the evidence", "key" : "ekman_community-based_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/health-systems-performance/peer_review_docs/Final%20SPRG%205.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:24b194473549fd999925b6f9ae5abfe4", "author" : "World Health Organization, {(WHO)}", "keywords" : [ "Health care system", "Health system assessment", "WHO" ], "type" : "Publication", "howpublished" : "{http://www.who.int/health-systems-performance/peer\\_review\\_docs/Final\\%20SPRG\\%205.pdf}", "label" : "Proposed strategies for health systems performance assessment - summary document", "key" : "world_health_organization_who_proposed_????" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Insurance and Risk Management (special issue on micro health insurance)", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:dec21f9a69ea9601e54cff6299944f6b", "date" : "2005", "number" : "7", "author" : [ "Dror, David M.", "Armstrong, J.", "Kalavakonda, V." ], "volume" : "4", "keywords" : [ "GL", "Reinsurance", "Risk equalization" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Why Micro Health Insurance Schemes Cannot Forego Reinsurance", "key" : "dror_micro_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-45PK6PG-3/1/823bfcf1128d6867f6003cfb7fa648db", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:61369467d4586f53da2062fcf811e48d", "pages" : "37--47", "date" : "2003", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Foreit, James R.", "Foreit, Karen G. Fleischman" ], "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Pricing", "Services utilization", "Willingness to pay" ], "volume" : "63", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "This paper examines the reliability, theoretical and predictive validity of willingness to pay {(WTP)} surveys for setting prices for reproductive health services in developing countries. Four country applications were conducted; the surveys used similar elicitation methods (a series of three closed-ended questions to cover the range of target prices, followed by a single open ended question to elicit maximum {WTP)} and samples of current or potential users of family planning, gynecology, and prenatal care services. In all four applications, respondents were able to understand {WTP} questions and responded with high levels of internal consistency. Evidence supporting theoretical validity was also found in all surveys. Higher income and more highly motivated users had higher {WTP} than lower income and less motivated users. Predictive validity was assessed in one study. Services utilization predicted by a {WTP} survey was compared with actual post-price increase utilization. Adding {WTP} to information already possessed by program managers resulted in a threefold increase in ability to predict utilization change as a result of a price increase, and in nearly half of cases predicted percent change in utilization was within 10\\% of observed change. {WTP} surveys when used for reproductive services price setting appear reliable and valid, and improve a program manager\'s ability to predict client responses to price changes.", "label" : "The reliability and validity of willingness to pay surveys for reproductive health pricing decisions in developing countries", "key" : "foreit_reliability_2003" }, { "journal" : "Zeitschrift f\\\"{u}r Soziologie", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:14542cc48b8791a064916bc5680334f3", "pages" : "171--189", "date" : "1996", "author" : "Ullrich, C. G.", "volume" : "25", "keywords" : [ "Public insurance", "Solidarity", "Willingness to accept" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1996", "label" : "Solidarit\\\"{a}t und Sicherheit. Zur sozialen Akzeptanz der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung", "key" : "ullrich_solidaritt_1996" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:ab8a6bc9206302d4455c801632062cf1", "pages" : "270--287", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Churchhill, Craig", "Leftley, Richard" ], "keywords" : "Microinsurance operations", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Organizational structure: Where does microinsurance fit in? Recruitment: Where to access appropriate expertise; Training; Compensation; Institutional culture", "label" : "Organization development in microinsurance", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "churchhill_organization_2006" }, { "label" : "Annex {1B} - Community Questionnaire", "key" : "_annex_????-1", "keywords" : [ "Questionnaire", "Social capital" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c47d4664391474061919e06e89358252", "journal" : "Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool" }, { "url" : "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=382844", "journal" : "{SSRN} {eLibrary}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2062ceae38fe02000c25ed13b7cfc7d9", "date" : "2003-02", "author" : [ "Behrman, Jere", "Kohler, {Hans-Peter}", "Watkins, Susan Cotts" ], "keywords" : [ "AIDS", "Malawi", "Social networks" ], "month" : "February", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "ing the determinants of individuals\' perceptions of their risk of becoming infected with {HIV} and their perceptions of acceptable strategies of prevention is an essential step towards curtailing the spread of this disease. We focus in this paper on learning and decision-making about {AIDS} in the context of high uncertainty about the disease and appropriate behavioral responses, and we argue that social interaction is an important determinant of risk perceptions and the acceptability of behavioral change. Using longitudinal survey data from rural Kenya and Malawi, we test this hypothesis. We investigate whether social interactions\' and especially the extent to which social network partners perceive themselves to be at risk \"exert causal influences on respondents\" risk perceptions and on one approach to prevention, spousal communication about the threat of {AIDS} to the couple and their children. The study explicitly allows for the possibility that important characteristics, such as unobserved preferences or community characteristics, determine not only the outcomes of interest but also the size and composition of networks. The most important empirical result is that social networks have significant and substantial effects on risk perception and the adoption of new behaviors even after controlling for unobserved factors.", "label" : "Social Networks, {HIV/AIDS} and Risk Perceptions", "key" : "behrman_social_2003" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4H57JDP-1/1/194c0319a5d10a16e327776d8a2bc52f", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:26460059a561c1c31a39a985036fe53b", "pages" : "304--317", "date" : "2006-08", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Dror, David Mark", "Koren, Ruth", "Steinberg, David Mark" ], "keywords" : [ "Access to healthcare", "Income-related equality of access", "Micro health insurance" ], "volume" : "77", "month" : "August", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Background This study aims to assess the impact of being insured by micro-health insurance units {(MIUs)} on equality of access to health care among groups with inequitable income distribution. We measure equality by relating income with access to healthcare. The analysis is based on a household survey conducted in five regions in the Philippines in {2002.Methods} We generated concentration curves and indices {(CI)} for insured and uninsured households (150 for each cohort in each region). We also elaborated a method to retain the relative income rank of households when data were aggregated across regions, as the regions had quite different nominal income {levels.Results} We found a significant effect of household income on access to hospitalizations among the uninsured households (a positive {CI),} but no such effect among the insured households {(CI} close to zero). As regards professionally attended deliveries, an increased tendency of poorer households to deliver at home {(CI} slightly negative) and a lower rate of deliveries in hospital {(CI} slightly positive and statistically significant) were reported by both uninsured and insured households. Access to consultations was unrelated to income among the insured {(CI} close to 0), but negatively correlated with income among the uninsured (a positive and significant {CI).Conclusion} We conclude that {MIUs} in Philippines improve income-related equality of access to hospitalization and medical consultation in cases of illness. The findings of this study strengthen a claim for government support for the operation of {MIUs} as successful (albeit micro) suppliers of health insurance.", "label" : "The impact of filipino micro health-insurance units on income-related equality of access to healthcare", "key" : "dror_impact_2006" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:53f6548977623418cde7c7626b26ad54", "pages" : "1628--1673", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Cook, Philip J.", "Moore, Michael J." ], "keywords" : [ "Alcohol", "Health habits" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "Excess drinking is associated with lost productivity, accidents, disability, early death, crime, neglect of family responsibilities, and personality deterioration. These and related concerns have justified special restrictions on alcoholic-beverage commerce and consumption. The nature and extent of government involvement in this arena vary widely over time and place, and are often controversial. Economists have contributed to the evaluation of alcohol policy through empirical work on the effects of alcoholcontrol measures on consumption and its consequences. Economics has also provided an accounting framework for defining and comparing costs and benefits of interventions, including excise taxes. Outside of the policy arena, economists have analyzed alcohol consumption in the context of stretching the standard model of consumer choice to include intertemporal effects and social influence. Nonetheless, perhaps the most important contribution by economists has been the repeated demonstration that there is nothing unusual about alcohol in at least one essential respect: consumers drink less ethanol (and have fewer alcohol-related problems) when alcohol-beverage prices are increased. Important econometric challenges remain, including the search for a satisfactory resolution to the conflicting results on the effect of price changes on consumption by consumers who tend to drink heavily. There are also unresolved puzzles about the relationship between drinking and productivity; even after controlling for a variety of other characteristics, drinkers tend to have higher earnings than abstainers, and women\'s earnings (but not men\'s) tend to increase with alcohol consumption.", "label" : "Alcohol", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "cook_alcohol_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:7c8e364f87fdf91890d970130bb66061", "date" : "2008", "author" : [ "{O\'Donnell}, Owen", "Doorslaer, Eddy Van", "Wagstaff, Adam", "Lindelow, Magnus" ], "keywords" : [ "Household data", "Measuring equity" ], "year" : "2008", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "Equity has long been considered an important goal in the health sector. Yet inequalities between the poor and the better-off persist. The poor tend to suffer higher rates of mortality and morbidity than do the better-off. They often use health services less, despite having higher levels of need. And, notwithstanding their lower levels of utilization, the poor often spend more on health care as a share of income than the better-off. Indeed, some nonpoor households may be made poor precisely because of health shocks that necessitate out-of-pocket spending on health. Most commentators accept that these inequalities refl ect mainly differences in constraints between the poor and the better-off - lower incomes, higher time costs, less access to health insurance, living conditions that are more likely to encourage the spread of disease, and so on - rather than differences in preferences (cf. e.g., Alleyne et al. 2000; Braveman et al. 2001; Evans et al. 2001a; Le Grand 1987; Wagstaff 2001; Whitehead 1992). Such inequalities tend therefore to be seen not simply as inequalities but as inequities {(Wagstaff} and van Doorslaer 2000). Some commentators, including Nobel prize winners James Tobin (1970) and Amartya Sen (2002), argue that inequalities in health are especially worrisome - more worrisome than inequalities in most other spheres. Health and health care are integral to people\'s capability to function -their ability to fl ourish as human beings. As Sen puts it, {\"Health} is among the most important conditions of human life and a critically signifi cant constituent of human capabilities which we have reason to value\" {(Sen} 2002). Society is not especially concerned that, say, ownership of sports utility vehicles is low among the poor. But it is concerned that poor children are systematically more likely to die before they reach their fi fth birthday and that the poor are systematically more likely to develop chronic illnesses. Inequalities in out-of-pocket spending matter too, because if the poor - through no fault of their own - are forced into spending large amounts of their limited incomes on health care, they may well end up with insuffi cient resources to feed and shelter themselves.", "label" : "Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data - A Guide to Techniques and Their Implementation", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "odonnell_analyzing_2008" }, { "url" : "http://www.equityhealthj.com/content/5/1/3", "journal" : "International Journal for Equity in Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3cebc1e20d7e2fcad314fd7f232bec03", "pages" : "3", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Islam, M. Kamrul", "Merlo, Juan", "Kawachi, Ichero", "Lindstr\\\"{o}m, Martin", "Gerdtham, {Ulf-G.}" ], "keywords" : [ "Egalitarism", "Health", "Social capital" ], "volume" : "5", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "The aim of the paper is to critically review the notion of social capital and review empirical literature on the association between social capital and health across countries. The methodology used for the review includes a systematic search on electronic databases for peer-reviewed published literature. We categorize studies according to level of analysis (single and multilevel) and examine whether studies reveal a significant health impact of individual and area level social capital. We compare the study conclusions according to the country\'s degrees of economic egalitarianism. Regardless of study design, our findings indicate that a positive association (fixed effect) exists between social capital and better health irrespective of countries degree of egalitarianism. However, we find that the between-area variance (random effect) in health tends to be lower in more egalitarian countries than in less egalitarian countries. Our tentative conclusion is that an association between social capital and health at the individual level is robust with respect to the degree of egalitarianism within a country. Area level or contextual social capital may be less salient in egalitarian countries in explaining health differences across places.", "label" : "Social capital and health: Does egalitarianism matter? A literature review", "key" : "islam_social_2006" }, { "pub-type" : [ "misc", "{www.refidd.com/Business}" ], "uri" : "urn:bcd2ec20c373273ef63eb5326b4a556e", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Sivakumar, S.", "keywords" : [ "Health sector reform", "India" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Fixing India\'s healthcare system", "key" : "sivakumar_fixing_2003" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:ba0feae2ed2931af21ecf1b8268ce714", "pages" : "401--423", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Rademacher, Ralf", "Dror, Iddo" ], "keywords" : "Micro health insurance - Institutional Options", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Institutional options; Value, interests and conflicts in the insurance business process", "label" : "Institutional options for delivering health microinsurance", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "rademacher_institutional_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{WeD} Working Paper 06. Wellbeing in Developing Countries {ESRC} research group, University of Bath.", "uri" : "urn:e60498f060931ae869a3363233716e6a", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Bevan, P.", "keywords" : "Poverty", "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "The dominant forms of international poverty research involve statistical analyses of household surveys and \'qualitative\' information produced using \'participatory\' techniques. The expertises of other social scientists are rarely used to inform development policy. The paper critiques the muddled conceptualisations of \'chronic poverty\' in the World Development Special Issue on Chronic Poverty, and outlines a Dynamic {Actor/Structure} framework for analysing poverty processes based on human and social ontologies, which are clearly spelled out. The framework combines three structural levels, actor, lifeworld, and \'big structure\', with the different conceptualisations of time implicit in the concepts of calendars and clocks, rhythms and histories, and is used to analyse and understand four episodes of chronic poverty in Brazil, Sierra Leone and Haiti. The sociological analysis of these anthropological studies reveals some of the complex structures and processes involved in the generation of poverty. A crossdisciplinary approach to poverty research would result in more realistic development policies and practices.", "label" : "Exploring the Structured Dynamics of Chronic Poverty: A Sociological Approach", "key" : "bevan_exploringstructured_2004" }, { "url" : "http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/pubeco/v88y2004i12p2515-2547.html", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:d934899f37d48fecdfdd08b682b5fc04", "pages" : "2515--2547", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Finkelstein, Amy", "series" : "Journal of Public Economics", "keywords" : [ "Adverse selection", "Insurance", "Medigap", "Regulation" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Minimum standards, insurance regulation and adverse selection: evidence from the Medigap market", "key" : "finkelstein_minimum_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "World Health Organization {(WHO)}", "uri" : "urn:23c3a6d178f133120825805d88594c29", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Sbarbaro, John A.", "keywords" : "Trade liberalization and health insurance", "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Trade Liberalization in Health Insurance - Opportunities and Challenges - The Potential Impact of Introducing or Expanding the Availability of Private Health Insurance within Low and Middle Income Countries", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "sbarbaro_trade_2000" }, { "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0818feb36d72eb00913684d175868a3d", "pages" : "1205--1219", "date" : "2003", "number" : "7", "author" : [ "Criel, Bart", "Waelkens, Maria Pia" ], "keywords" : [ "Guinea", "MHO", "Subscriptions" ], "volume" : "57", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Declining subscriptions to the Maliando Mutual Health Organisation in {Guinea-Conakry} {(West} Africa): what is going wrong?", "key" : "criel_declining_2003" }, { "label" : "Towards a generalised social protection: is compulsory health insurance the solution for universal cover?", "key" : "dror_towardsgeneralised_????-1", "keywords" : "Risk equalization", "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "misc", "author" : "Dror, David", "uri" : "urn:85c3a7a6f27f26d780d7331521427256", "id" : "85c3a7a6f27f26d780d7331521427256" }, { "publisher" : "Oxford University Press", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:f982654f0250e68793a5d165133418eb", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Roberts, Marc J.", "Hsiao, William", "Berman, Peter", "Reich, Michael R." ], "keywords" : "Health sector reform", "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Getting health reform right - a guide to improving performance and equity", "address" : "New York", "key" : "roberts_getting_2004" }, { "label" : "Change, Consolidation, and Competition in Health Care Markets", "key" : "gaynor_change_????", "keywords" : [ "Change", "Competition", "Consilidation", "Health care markets" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "unpublished", "author" : [ "Gaynor, Martin", "{Haas-Wilson}, Deborah" ], "uri" : "urn:05d80fff50918da4bd81327d6e81c22d" }, { "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c77af2853dab6e5761d116496c031955", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Freiler, Christa", "series" : "Strong Neighbourhoods Task Force", "keywords" : [ "Neighbourhood", "Social capital", "Social cohesion" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Why strong neighbourhoods matter: Implications for Policy and Practice", "key" : "freiler_strong_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/whr/1999/en/index.html", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:99313c2a12bd85a24792695c2cd18649", "date" : "1999", "keywords" : "World health report", "editor" : "World Health Organization, {(WHO)}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "The world health report 1999 - making a difference", "key" : "world_health_organization_who_world_1999" }, { "journal" : "World Bank Policy Research Working Paper", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:5f73e78d332a61e2fc9eab30ef66d1a0", "date" : "2008-05", "author" : [ "Hochrainer, S.", "Mechler, R.", "Pflug, G.", "Lotsch, Alexander" ], "volume" : "No. 4631", "keywords" : [ "Climate change", "Malawi", "Microinsurance", "Risk management", "Weather insurance" ], "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "This analysis explores the potential impact of climate change on the viability of the Malawi weather insurance program making use of scenarios of climate change-induced variations in rainfall patterns. The analysis is important from a methodological and policy perspective. By combining catastrophe insurance modeling with climate modeling, the methodology demonstrates the feasibility, albeit with large uncertainties, of estimating the effects of climate change on the near and long-term future of microinsurance schemes serving the poor. By providing a model-based estimate of the incremental role of climate change, along with the associated uncertainties, this methodology can quantitatively demonstrate the need for financial assistance to protect micro-insurance pools against climate-change induced insolvency. This is of major concern to donors, nongovernmental organizations, and others supporting these innovative systems; those actually at-risk; and insurers. A quantitative estimate of the additional burden that climate change imposes on weather insurance for poor regions is of interest to organizations funding adaptation.", "label" : "Investigating the Impact of Climate Change on the Robustness of {Index-Based} Microinsurance in Malawi", "key" : "hochrainer_investigatingimpact_2008" }, { "issn" : "09578811", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 19114317; Chininga, Blessings 1; Email Address: kchinsinga@yahoo.co.uk; Affiliations: 1: Senior Lecturer, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, Chancellor College, Malawi; Issue Info: Dec2005, Vol. 17 Issue 4, p706; Thesaurus Term: {COMMUNITY} development; Subject Term: {SOCIAL} policy; Subject Term: {SOCIAL} history; Subject Term: {COMMUNITIES;} Subject Term: {MALAWI} -- Politics \\& government; Subject: {MALAWI;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 925120 Administration of Urban Planning and Community and Rural Development; Number of Pages: 29p; Illustrations: 1 chart; Document Type: Article{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "number" : "4", "type" : "Publication", "author" : "Chininga, Blessings", "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=19114317&site=ehost-live", "uri" : "urn:526df6af16a3b9787f8f1dccd4fb2ee7", "label" : "Targeting Safety Net Interventions in Developing Countries: Some Insights from a Qualitative Simulation Study from Malawi.", "keywords" : [ "Communities", "Community development", "Malawi", "Politics \\& government", "Social history", "Social policy" ], "pages" : "706--734", "year" : "2005", "journal" : "European Journal of Development Research", "abstract" : "This article presents the results of a study that simulated the implementation of targeted safety nets in Malawi. It was prompted by the proposal by the government of Malawi to establish a publicly supported safety net system in partnership with a consortium of donors, which would, among other things, operate on the basis of the principle of community targeting for purposes of maximising efficiency and effectiveness. The purpose of this study was therefore threefold: to find out whether communities could develop criteria for targeting beneficiaries; to establish whether communities could make decisions on who to include and exclude as beneficiaries on the basis of criteria identified; and to seek their views on how the safety net transfers could be efficiently and effectively managed. The results demonstrated that there is great resistance to targeting but nevertheless communities have clear ideas on whom to target and on how to make the selection and distribution processes fair, transparent and accountable. Cet article pr\\\'{e}sente les r\\\'{e}sultats d\'une \\\'{e}tude sur la mise en \\ufffd?{\\oe}uvre de filets de s\\\'{e}curit\\\'{e} cibl\\\'{e}s au Malawi. Elle a \\\'{e}t\\\'{e} suscit\\\'{e}e par une proposition du gouvernement visant \\`{a} mettre en place un syst\\`{e}me de filet de s\\\'{e}curit\\\'{e} financ\\\'{e} sur fonds publics et appuy\\\'{e} par un consortium de donateurs. Pour \\^{e}tre plus efficace, ce syst\\`{e}me reposerait sur le principe du ciblage des communaut\\\'{e}s. D\\`{e}s lors, les objectifs de cette \\\'{e}tude sont les suivants: 1) d\\\'{e}couvrir si des communaut\\\'{e}s pourraient d\\\'{e}velopper des crit\\`{e}res pour cibler les b\\\'{e}n\\\'{e}ficiaires; 2) si les communaut\\\'{e}s peuvent prendre des d\\\'{e}cisions incluant ou excluant des personnes du groupe des b\\\'{e}n\\\'{e}ficiaires sur la base de ces crit\\`{e}res; 3) solliciter leurs avis sur la fa\\c{c}on dont les transferts li\\\'{e}s aux filets de s\\\'{e}curit\\\'{e} pourraient \\^{e}tre... {ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR} Copyright of European Journal of Development Research is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts)", "volume" : "17", "pub-type" : "article", "date" : "2005-12", "month" : "December", "key" : "chininga_targeting_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "unpublished", "uri" : "urn:1621fd481f1fa1f0568f88fda4b8bf97", "date" : "1997", "author" : [ "Filmer, Deon", "Hammer, Jeffrey", "Pritchett, Lant" ], "keywords" : [ "Health and poverty", "Health care system", "Health policy", "Poor countries" ], "year" : "1997", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "There is broad consensus that a mix of public health, preventive and simple curative activities provided through low-level facilities is the right policy for public expenditures on health in developing countries. Yet this near unanimous consensus is in sharp contrast to a mixed record in practice and consistent disappointment in implementation. We show how the recent theoretical and empirical literature on the economics of health sheds light on both the disappointment and the consensus by emphasizing various links in the entire chain of events from public spending to health status. First, incorporating the analysis of the health seeking behavior of individuals can completely change conclusions about the appropriate role for, and the expected impact of, public sector interventions. Second, highlighting the key role of providers\' incentives in determining the actual efficacy and quality with which the consensus around something like primary health care {(PHC)} is implemented also changes the expectation of effectiveness of public interventions. Both aspects emphasize the deep difficulties encountered with bringing incentives, whether for suppliers or for users, to bear on the delivery of {PHC.}", "label" : "Health Policy in Poor Countries: Weak Links in the Chain", "key" : "filmer_health_1997" }, { "pub-type" : "unpublished", "uri" : "urn:db6a346d2e457d9aa1aa56bc2a91a695", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Singleton, J. L.", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Micro health insurance", "NHIS" ], "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Negotiating Change: An Analysis of the Origins of Ghana\'s National Health Insurance Act", "address" : "Minnesota", "key" : "singleton_negotiating_2006" }, { "label" : "{HNP} and the Poor: The Health System and the Poor - Session 4", "key" : "levine_hnp_????", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Health care system", "Poverty" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "unpublished", "Session" ], "author" : [ "Levine, Ruth", "Soucat, Agnes L. B." ], "uri" : "urn:91463da06b8b6346818cf389f98f4889", "abstract" : "This is the fourth of a series of six sessions focusing on the linkages between health, nutrition, population and poverty. This session will attempt to delineate the complex relationship between health system and the poor and propose analytical tools to examine how these systems perform in serving the needs of the poor." }, { "journal" : "Microfinance Focus", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:6ced9fb892fa28f6642c363380eb312a", "date" : "2008-09", "number" : "Iss. 8", "author" : "Dror, Iddo", "volume" : "Vol. 2", "keywords" : [ "India", "Micro health insurance", "Microinsurance" ], "month" : "September", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "This article reviews some of the challenges facing micro insurance units, as well as the approach underlying the activities of the Micro Insurance Academy toward improving access of vulnerable communities to micro health insurance services.", "label" : "Community Based Micro Health Insurance as an Enabler of Solidarity and {Self-Help} amongst Poor Communities", "key" : "dror_community_2008" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f039373a755cfded6b55ff870a899ae8", "pages" : "46--54", "date" : "1991", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Chabot, Jarl", "Boal, Manuel", "Silva, Augusto Da" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Community-based health insurance", "Guinea-Bissau", "Micro health insurance", "Rural sector" ], "volume" : "6", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1991", "label" : "National community health insurance at village level: the case from {Guinea-Bissau}", "key" : "chabot_national_1991" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Case Study" ], "institution" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance", "uri" : "urn:e14f5eaf35565cfd3a6a6fe4ba363d14", "date" : "2005", "number" : "10", "author" : "Manje, Lemmy", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Credit-life insurance", "Microinsurance", "Zambia" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Madison Insurance, Zambia", "key" : "manje_madison_2005" }, { "publisher" : "Palgrave Macmillan", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:003e13823a5f4a9130875ea6c34238af", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Mkandawire, Thandika", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Social policy" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Social Policy in a Development Context", "address" : "New York, {N.Y.}", "key" : "mkandawire_social_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBV-4TWVX2N-1/2/119e0faba452880d4bdb37352baa6554", "journal" : "Journal of Development Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:6aba19e21ee11d027e23f32c2be55453", "date" : "2008", "author" : [ "Aubert, Cecile", "Janvry, Alain de", "Sadoulet, Elisabeth" ], "volume" : "In Press, Accepted Manuscript", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "label" : "Designing Credit Agent Incentives to Prevent Mission Drift in {Pro-Poor} Microfinance Institutions", "issn" : "0304-3878", "key" : "aubert_designing_2008" }, { "publisher" : "World Bank Publications", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:aac5392672dbc0827caeaf5d18e80ae7", "date" : "2002-07", "author" : "Narayan, Deepa", "keywords" : [ "Empowerment", "Poverty reduction" ], "month" : "July", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "abstract" : "World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty presents a multidimensional view of poverty. In particular, it underscores the importance of increasing poor people\'s access to opportunity, security, and empowerment for economic growth and poverty reduction. Building on {WDR} 2000/2001, the World Bank\'s Strategic Framework Paper identifies two priority areas for Bank support to client governments: (a) building the climate for investment, jobs, and growth, and (b) empowering poor people and investing in their assets. This book defines the World Bank\'s approach to empowerment for economic growth and poverty reduction. It will also inform the World Bank\'s social development strategy. A growing body of evidence is showing the linkages between empowerment and good governance and growth, growth that is more pro-poor, and improved project performance. However, there remain many questions about what empowerment means, how it applies to the Bank\'s work, and what actions should be undertaken to move the empowerment agenda forward. This book addresses these three issues, taking into account the World Bank\'s mandate and comparative advantage in this field. The final section of the book documents tools and practices that can support the implementation of an empowering approach to poverty reduction. The World Bank\'s Role The World Bank\'s comparative advantage in pursuing an empowerment agenda for poverty reduction lies in its relationship with governments around the world. The Bank is well placed to provide analysis, evaluation, and advice on issues from governance to sector reform and economic growth, based on research and learning from projects co-financed with governments. The Bank can convene stakeholders to stimulate debate, consensus, and coalition building for reform. It can support information disclosure and public accountability mechanisms in projects and lending products. Finally, the Bank can build capacity and support the strengthening of civil society and government institutions at the local and national levels.", "isbn" : "0821351664", "label" : "Empowerment and Poverty Reduction: A Sourcebook", "key" : "narayan_empowerment_2002" }, { "label" : "Outcomes \\#1: Child Survival", "key" : "_outcomes_????", "keywords" : [ "Complete fertility history", "Direct mortality estimation", "Incomplete fertility history", "Indirect mortality estimation", "Key outcomes and living standards", "Measuring equity" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Quantitative Techniques for Health Equity Analysis" ], "uri" : "urn:a033bac657ad074bc23978e2397fe013", "number" : "Technical Note 1" }, { "journal" : "Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:558b73da1006526938c74e2b07d65871", "pages" : "1108--1121", "date" : "2004", "number" : "9", "author" : [ "Ajzen, Icek", "Brown, Thomas C.", "Carvajal, Franklin" ], "keywords" : [ "Attitude", "Contingent valuation", "Hypothetical bias", "Intention", "Theory of planned behavior", "Willingness to pay" ], "volume" : "30", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "An experiment was designed to account for intention-behavior discrepancies by applying the theory of planned behavior to contingent valuation. College students {(N} = 160) voted in hypothetical and real payment referenda to contribute \\$8 to a scholarship fund. Overestimates of willingness to pay in the hypothetical referendum could not be attributed to moderately favorable latent dispositions. Instead, this hypothetical bias was explained by activation of more favorable beliefs and attitudes in the context of a hypothetical rather than a real referendum. A corrective entreaty was found to eliminate this bias by bringing beliefs, attitudes, and intentions in line with those in the real payment situation. As a result, the theory of planned behavior produced more accurate prediction of real payment when participants were exposed to the corrective entreaty", "label" : "Explaining the Discrepancy between Intentions and Actions: The Case of Hypothetical Bias in Contingent Valuation", "key" : "ajzen_explainingdiscrepancy_2004" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:684d93b294075a617665388504b29e10", "pages" : "395--403", "date" : "2001", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Ranson, M. Kent", "John, K. R." ], "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "Hysterectomy care", "Micro health insurance", "Rural gujarat", "Willingness to pay" ], "volume" : "16", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "abstract" : "Community-based health insurance is an emerging and promising concept, which addresses health care challenges faced in particular by the rural poor. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether rural Senegal members of a health insurance scheme are actually better-off than nonmembers. The results show that in poor environments, insurance programs can work: Members of les mutuelles de sant\\\'{e} (mutual health organizations) have a higher probability of using hospitalization services than nonmembers and pay substantially less when they need care. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that while the schemes achieved to attract poor people, the poorest of the poor remained excluded", "label" : "Quality of hysterectomy care in rural Gujarat: the role of community-based health insurance", "key" : "ranson_quality_2001" }, { "publisher" : "The World Bank", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:4f35145a178bb42c6f10a017987f7a8d", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Mundial, B.", "keywords" : "World development report", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "World Development Report 2006:: Equity and Development", "key" : "mundial_world_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:efa46957e8ebbb0c9ab9678267914ff3", "date" : "2007-03", "author" : "Gr\\\"{u}b, Andreas", "keywords" : [ "Ghana", "Health care system", "NHIS", "Social security" ], "month" : "March", "year" : "2007", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Ghana, Social Security Schemes for Health, Accra", "key" : "grb_ghana_2007" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Fifty-ninth session - Item 56 of the provisional agenda - Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit" ], "uri" : "urn:fbe70328235fa12df984f88c6716b236", "date" : "2004", "number" : "A/59/282", "author" : "Assembly, United Nations - General", "keywords" : [ "Development", "Global health", "Millennium development goals", "UN", "Willingness to pay" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration - Report of the {Secretary-General}", "key" : "united_nations_-_general_assembly_implementation_2004" }, { "url" : "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=983363", "journal" : "Journal of Developing Areas", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:426eaf38d1d318beaa94656b403a2599", "pages" : "173--183", "date" : "2007", "number" : "2", "author" : "Basher, Md. Abul", "keywords" : [ "Fertility Behavior", "Microfinance" ], "volume" : "40", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "This paper analyzes how participation in microcredit program helps to reduce the fertility rate. By using the data from the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, the paper also examines whether the accomplished empowerment of the microcredit borrower remains limited only to economic activities or also reflected in their non-economic activities. The results show that the Grameen Bank transforms its participants from a passive recipient of credit to a well responsive and active agent in economic and non-economic aspects of life. This transformation sets up an encouraging context for the effective public policies for economic and social changes at a reduced transaction cost.", "label" : "Empowerment of Microcredit Participants and Its Spillover Effects: Evidence from the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh", "key" : "basher_empowerment_2007" }, { "journal" : "The Geneva Papers", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f1fc6e07208da4275787ae5d29ffe3a1", "pages" : "739--761", "date" : "2006", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Dror, David M.", "Armstrong, John" ], "keywords" : [ "Capital", "Micro health insurance", "Reinsurance" ], "volume" : "31", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Do Micro Health Insurance Units Need Capital or Reinsurance? A Simulated Exercise to Examine Different Alternatives", "key" : "dror_do_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{THE} {MICROINSURANCE} {CENTRE} - {MicroSave} Africa", "uri" : "urn:9256dcfef1c45db7ba9a1fe90b7b2bbc", "date" : "2000", "author" : "{McCord}, M. J.", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Credit-life insurance", "Microinsurance", "Uganda" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Microinsurance in Uganda: A case study of an example of the partner-agent model of microinsurance {provision-AIG/FINCA} Uganda-group personal accident insurance", "address" : "Nairobi, Kenya", "key" : "mccord_microinsurance_2000-1" }, { "url" : "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1120576", "journal" : "{SSRN} {eLibrary}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e36afebd57d0c52faed608a6c1a0cefa", "date" : "2008-04", "author" : "Simtowe, Franklin Peter", "keywords" : [ "conterfactual", "Health", "imapct", "Malawi", "Microfinance" ], "month" : "April", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "icance of the problem of poor health is reflected in the Millennium development goals numbers four, five and six which aim at reducing the child mortality rate, improving maternal health and reducing the prevalence and death rates associated with diseases such as {HIV/AIDS,} Malaria, Tuberculosis and others by 2015. While the link between microfinance and poverty reduction has become common knowledge, less has been done to unearth the potential of using microfinance as a tool for combating morbidity and mortality. A number of studies have shown that microfinance leads to poverty reduction through increased incomes. Also, a clear and robust relationship between individual income and individual health has been established by a number of empirical investigations showing that poverty leads to lower health status. However, such studies fail to explicitly isolate the causal effect of an intervention on wellbeing as they use approaches such as the difference in the mean of a target response indicator of beneficiaries and that of non-beneficiaries or by running an ordinary least squares procedure of the indicator variable on the beneficiary status variable and a set of household, demographic and environmental variables. In so doing they fail to establish an adequate counterfactual situation and identify the true causality of change. This study examines the relationship between microfinance and health by applying a counterfactual outcomes framework on data from the Malawi\'s second Integrated Household Survey {(IHS2)} data of 2004. The counterfactual outcomes framework of modern evaluation theory is used to estimate the Local Average Treatment Effect {(LATE)} of participation in microfinance on household health outcomes such as morbidity and mortality. Results indicate that although improving health status of borrowers is not a primary goal of most microfinance institutions, borrowing has a reducing effect on morbidity as well as mortality. These findings suggest that there is scope for using microfinance as a tool for achieving the millennium development goals on health. This would require the adoption of an integrated approach in which microfinance institution link up with health service providers to provide both credit and health services to their clients.", "label" : "Does Microfinance Lead to Good Health? A Local Average Treatment Effect Analysis for Rural Malawi", "key" : "simtowe_microfinance_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:1addd4e530b2cd857c4b20d92b065c84", "date" : "2005-09", "author" : [ "Ahmed, Mosleh U", "Islam, Syed Khairul", "Quashem, Md. Abul", "Ahmed, Nabil" ], "series" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices", "keywords" : [ "Bangladesh", "Case study", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual insurance" ], "month" : "September", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Health Microinsurance - A Comparative Study of Three Examples in Bangladesh", "key" : "ahmed_health_2005" }, { "publisher" : "{ITG} Press", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:192c761ee8ae577b4e314fe800bc96df", "date" : "1998", "author" : "Criel, Bart", "series" : "Studies in health services oragnisation \\& policy", "volume" : "10", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "District-based health insurance", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "label" : "District-based Health Insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa - Part {II:} Case Studies", "address" : "Antwerpen", "key" : "criel_district-based_1998-1" }, { "publisher" : "{S\\&W} Druckerei und Verlag, {Marburg/Lahn}", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:3b0dd7ded771351577b8aee344ec88b8", "date" : "1992", "author" : "Hanel, Alfred", "series" : "Marburg Consult f\\\"{u}r Selbsthilfef\\\"{o}rderung - Theorie und Praxis der Selbsthilfef\\\"{o}rderung", "keywords" : [ "Cooperatives", "Developing countries", "Self-help" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1992", "label" : "Basic Aspects of Cooperative Organizations and Cooperative {Self-Help} Promotion in Developing Countries", "address" : "Marburg", "key" : "hanel_basic_1992" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:0db9bf32a1ec3d077423ab73761703f8", "date" : "1997", "author" : "Browne, Mark", "keywords" : [ "GL", "High risk pools", "Micro health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1997", "label" : "Health Insurance for the \"uninsurable\"", "key" : "browne_health_1997" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Centre for Health Economics", "uri" : "urn:592f148e7eb31b16029545cedc742368", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Ensor, Tim", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Health insurance", "Universal coverage" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Transition to universal coverage in developing countries - an overview", "address" : "University of York", "key" : "ensor_transition_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network", "uri" : "urn:f8de78740f4cdce03fcbd8da9326a839", "date" : "1999", "author" : [ "Swamy, Anand", "Grootaert, Christiaan", "Oh, {Gi-Taik}" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Burkina Faso", "Local level institutions", "Service delivery" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The Local Level Instititutions Study: Local Institutions and Service Delivery in Burkina Faso - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 8", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "swamy_local_1999" }, { "url" : "http://www.ilo.org/gimi/RessFileDownload.do?ressourceId=82&ressFilename=82.pdf&sizeKb=634377&longTitle=Inventaire+des+syst%E8mes+d%27assurance+maladie+en+Afrique%3A+synth%E8se+des+travaux+de+recherche+dans+11+pays&author=La+Concertation&ressYear=2004", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:eb68fcdfae630f1ba4c161d36fa04a82", "date" : "2004-10", "author" : "Concertation, La", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Inventory", "Micro health insurance" ], "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Inventaire des mutuelles de sant\\\'{e} en Afrique - Synth\\`{e}se des travaux de recherche dans 11 pays", "key" : "la_concertation_inventaire_2004" }, { "booktitle" : "Extending Social Protection in Health: Developing Countries\' Experiences, Lessons Learnt and Recommendations", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:b052514f24f0d74a7071a9f78aa764ae", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "Ouattara, Oumar", "Soors, Werner" ], "series" : "{GTZ,} {ILO,} {WHO}", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health insurance", "Micro health insurance", "Social protection", "West Africa" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Social health insurance in French-speaking {sub-Saharan} Africa: situation and current reform", "key" : "ouattara_social_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "World Bank, World Health Organization, Voices of the Poor", "uri" : "urn:c9d576585ddbeb3539e0db0d5a87f552", "date" : "2002", "author" : [ "Dodd, Rebecca", "Munck, Lise" ], "keywords" : "Health and poverty", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Dying for Change - Poor people\'s experience of health and ill-health", "key" : "dodd_dying_2002" }, { "url" : "http://www.issa.int/aiss/content/download/55826/1021550/file/2-ISSA_DT_Africa.pdf", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "International Social Security Association", "uri" : "urn:8810e54c8bc8864007d0dfa64f21cce2", "date" : "2008", "author" : "Association, International Social Security", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "NHIS", "Social security" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "label" : "Dynamic Social Security for Africa: An Agenda for Development - Developments and Trends", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "international_social_security_association_dynamic_2008" }, { "journal" : "Contact - A publication of the world council of churches", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:aec27d6b76da5a94fee0d5dcf30710ba", "date" : "2001", "number" : "174", "author" : "Churches, World Council of", "keywords" : "Community-based health insurance", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Community-based health insurance", "key" : "world_council_of_churches_community-based_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Indian Institute of Management", "uri" : "urn:633bf21752e5b1ba411258f5e7fb26a1", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Mavlankar, Dileep", "Bhat, Ramesh" ], "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "India" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Health Insurance in India: Opportunities, Challenges and Concerns", "address" : "Ahmedabad", "key" : "mavlankar_health_2000" }, { "journal" : "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:d0a57115c76baa4b4a5a88cc39e9d7d6", "pages" : "3--17", "date" : "2000", "number" : "1", "author" : "Gwatkin, D. R.", "keywords" : [ "Health and poverty", "Health inequality" ], "volume" : "78", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Health inequalities and the health of the poor: What do we know? What can we do", "key" : "gwatkin_health_2000" }, { "publisher" : "Bank World\\", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:64e53d9fc7ef98a73f8a109b2b9a6c11", "date" : "2009", "author" : "Yazbeck, Abdo S", "keywords" : [ "Evidence base", "Health sector", "Inequalities in health" ], "year" : "2009", "type" : "Publication", "isbn" : "978-0-8213-7444-3", "label" : "Attacking inequality in the health sector - a synthesis of evidence and tools", "address" : "Washington, {DC}", "key" : "yazbeck_attacking_2009" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Social Policy Working Papers" ], "institution" : "{GTZ} - division 42 - {???State} and Economic Reform, Civil Society\"", "uri" : "urn:3c81fa2814e702169ec54dd2f25c655a", "date" : "2000", "number" : "22 e", "author" : "Krause, Patrick", "keywords" : [ "India", "Microinsurance", "Non-profit insurance schemes" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Non-profit Insurance Schemes for the Unorganised Sector in India", "address" : "Eschborn, Germany", "key" : "krause_non-profit_2000" }, { "url" : "http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/FR-175-MW04.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:b88426a071d2b15a1e6cd84402f1cbf7", "date" : "2001", "author" : "{(Malawi}, National Statistical Office", "keywords" : "Malawi", "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "This final report presents the major findings of the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey {(MDHS)} carried out from July to November 2000. The survey collected information on fertility levels, nuptiality, fertility preferences, knowledge and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of mothers and children, childhood illnesses and mortality, use of maternal and child health services, malaria, maternal mortality, and {HIV/AIDS-related} knowledge and behaviours. {(D\\\"{U}I-Hff)}", "label" : "Malawi demographic and health survey 2000", "key" : "national_statistical_office_malawi_malawi_2001" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Policy Paper f\\\"{u}r die {Hans-B\\\"{o}ckler-Stiftung}" ], "uri" : "urn:cebd90609a9813f5ff571431edb63574", "date" : "2008", "author" : [ "Gre\\ss, Stefan", "Wasem, J\\\"{u}rgen" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Die Beseitigung ungerechtfertiger Wettbewerbsvorteile durch die Reform des Risikostrukturausgleichs tr\\\"{a}gt ma\\ssgeblich zur Weiterentwicklung der Wettbewerbsordnung in der gesetzli-chen Krankenversicherung bei. Die Weiterentwicklung des {RSA} w\\\"{a}re jedoch fachlich (jedoch nicht: politisch) auch ohne die Einf\\\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds m\\\"{o}glich gewesen. Es besteht dar\\\"{u}ber hinaus die Gefahr, dass durch die Ausgestaltung der \\\"{U}berforderungsklausel im Zu-sammenhang mit dem Zusatzbeitrag neue Wettbewerbsverzerrungen entstehen. Forderungs-ausf\\\"{a}lle als Konsequenz der \\\"{U}berforderungsklausel m\\\"{u}ssten von der {GKV-Versichertengemeinschaft} insgesamt und nicht den Versicherten der jeweiligen Krankenkasse getragen werden. Der Ausbau der Steuerfinanzierung verbessert die Nachhaltigkeit der {GKV-Finanzierung} und st\\\"{a}rkt dar\\\"{u}ber hinaus auch noch die Verteilungsgerechtigkeit. Um Zweifel an der Stetigkeit der Steuerfinanzierung zumindest teilweise zu zerstreuen, fordern die Autoren eine deutliche Beschleunigung des Ausbaus der Steuerfinanzierung auf 3 Mrd. ??? pro Jahr. Die Konstruktion von einkommensabh\\\"{a}ngigem Beitrag einerseits und Zusatzbeitrag anderer-seits verlagert das Risiko steigender Gesundheitsausgaben nach Einf\\\"{u}hrung des Gesundheits-fonds ausschlie\\sslich auf die versicherten Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer. Eine weitere Schw\\\"{a}chung der Einkommenssolidarit\\\"{a}t in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung k\\\"{o}nnte durch die Abschaffung des Zusatzbeitrags und die R\\\"{u}ckkehr zu dezentral festgelegten ein-kommensabh\\\"{a}ngigen Beitragss\\\"{a}tzen verhindert werden. Allerdings w\\\"{u}rde diese L\\\"{o}sung den Gesundheitsfonds an sich eliminieren. Der Gesundheitsfonds ist jedoch ein zentrales Element, mit dem es in der spezifischen deutschen Situation m\\\"{o}glich sein k\\\"{o}nnte, ein einheitliches Ver-sicherungssystem zu implementieren. Durch die Einf\\\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds werden die Wettbewerbsparameter Preis und Produkt weitgehend neutralisiert. Krankenkassen legen ihr strategisches Augenmerk aus-schlie\\sslich darauf, die Erhebung eines Zusatzbeitrags zu vermeiden. In diesem Zusammen-hang ist es fatal, dass gleichzeitig mit der Einf\\\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds auch die An-schubfinanzierung innerhalb der integrierten Versorgung ausl\\\"{a}uft. Zur Revitalisierung des Preis- und Produktwettbewerbs ist in jedem Fall der Ausbau von wettbewerblichen Differen-zierungsm\\\"{o}glichkeiten im Versorgungsangebot und die Verl\\\"{a}ngerung der Anschubfinanzierung in der integrierten Versorgung zu fordern. Zur Beseitigung der Fehlanreize im Zusam-menhang mit der Einf\\\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds k\\\"{o}nnte der Anteil des durch Zusatzbeitr\\\"{a}-ge zu finanzierenden Ausgabenanteils deutlich erh\\\"{o}ht werden. Bei der Realisierung dieser Option m\\\"{u}sste allerdings zwingend die \\\"{U}berforderungsklausel reformiert werden. Die Alter-native best\\\"{a}nde darin, zu einkommensabh\\\"{a}ngigen Beitragss\\\"{a}tzen zur\\\"{u}ckzukehren.", "label" : "Auswirkungen des Gesundheitsfonds und Optionen zur Weiterentwicklung", "key" : "gre_auswirkungen_2008" }, { "id" : "f4a3e6a9c5bbdb6fc0d0af0c8513f2e5", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technical Note" ], "uri" : "urn:f4a3e6a9c5bbdb6fc0d0af0c8513f2e5", "number" : "12", "author" : "World\\, Bank", "keywords" : [ "Quantitative research", "Research method", "Subsidies" ], "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Who benefits from health sector subsidies? Benefit incidence analysis", "key" : "world_bank_who_????" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{IRIS} Center", "uri" : "urn:04bdb64c1d7fad2085094c0099233492", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Chiumya, Chiara", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Microfinance", "Regulation", "Zambia" ], "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The Regulation of Microfinance in Zambia", "address" : "Morrill Hall, {MD}", "key" : "chiumya_regulation_2006" }, { "publisher" : "Campus Verlag", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:2d8b12293d63e79453af2b0f56da4479", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Ullrich, Carsten G.", "keywords" : [ "Social security", "Solidarity" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Solidarit\\\"{a}t im Sozialversicherungsstaat: Die Akzeptanz des Solidarprinzips in der gesetzlichen Krankenkasse", "key" : "ullrich_solidaritt_2000" }, { "publisher" : "Deutsche Stiftung f\\\"{u}r internationale Entwicklung in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Bundesministerium f\\\"{u}r wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und den \\\"{u}brigen Institutionen der Gemeinsamen Arbeitsgruppe", "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:30eade4f7c07ce0210a4dcae737f06e9", "date" : "1988", "author" : "B\\\'{e}dard, Dr. Guy", "keywords" : [ "Poverty", "Self-help" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1988", "label" : "Armutsbek\\\"{a}mpfung durch Selbsthilfe", "address" : "Feldafing, Germany", "key" : "bdard_armutsbekmpfung_1988" }, { "journal" : "International Journal of Health Planning and Management", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:15c6dee5c6c3c542c5b0ad94e952dfbb", "pages" : "47--67", "date" : "1998", "author" : "Mathiyazhagan, K.", "volume" : "13", "keywords" : [ "Community participation", "Contingent valuation", "Viable health insurance scheme", "Willingness to pay" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "abstract" : "The main objective of this article is to examine the willingness to pay for a viable rural health insurance scheme through community participation in India, and the policy concerns it engenders. The willingness to pay for a rural health insurance scheme through community participation is estimated through a contingent valuation approach (logit model), by using the rural household survey on health from Karnataka State in India. The results show that insurance/saving schemes are popular in rural areas. In fact, people have relatively good knowledge of insurance schemes (especially life insurance) rather than saving schemes. Most of the people stated they are willing to join and pay for the proposed rural health insurance scheme. However, the probability of willingness to join was found to be greater than the probability of willingness to pay. Indeed, socio-economic factors and physical accessibility to quality health services appeared to be significant determinants of willingness to join and pay for such a scheme. The main justification for the willingness to pay for a proposed rural health insurance scheme are attributed from household survey results: (a) the existing government health care provider\'s services is not quality oriented; (b) is not easily accessible; and, (c) is not cost effective. The discussion suggests that policy makers in India should take serious note of the growing influence of the private sector and people\'s willingness to pay for organizing a rural health insurance scheme to provide quality and efficient health care in India. Policy interventions in health should not ignore private sector existence and people\'s willingness to pay for such a scheme and these two factors should be explicitly involved in the health management process. It is also argued that regulatory and supportive policy interventions are inevitable to promote this sector\'s viable and appropriate development in organizing a health insurance scheme.", "label" : "Willingness to Pay for Rural Health Insurance Through Community Participation in India", "key" : "mathiyazhagan_willingness_1998" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:0b9ddb1ba1e7f543734ec6621f8155cd", "pages" : "357--377", "date" : "2006", "author" : "{McCord}, Michael", "keywords" : [ "Micro health insurance - Institutional Options", "Partner-agent-model" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Why a partner-agent model? How the partner-agent model works; The good and the bad; Advantages and disadvantages", "label" : "The partner-agent model: Challenges and opportunities", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "mccord_partner-agent_2006" }, { "publisher" : "African Studies Centre, Leiden", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:92f262e9ff9a61c2cfad26966afb2829", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Arhinful, D. K.", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "The solidarity of self-interest: social and cultural feasibility of rural health insurance in Ghana", "key" : "arhinful_solidarity_2003-1" }, { "url" : "http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/09614520802181731", "journal" : "Development in Practice", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:9f015712386b36fe5842c5ecce9d4384", "pages" : "611", "date" : "2008", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Grace, Delia", "Randolph, Tom", "Olawoye, Janice", "Dipelou, Morenike", "Kang\'ethe, Erastus" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Participatory research", "Risk assessment" ], "volume" : "18", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "label" : "Participatory risk assessment: a new approach for safer food in vulnerable African communities", "issn" : "0961-4524", "key" : "grace_participatory_2008" }, { "url" : "http://microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/55867", "journal" : "German Institute of Global and Area Studies {(GIGA)}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3601c76eeac7d444e62a5307e51f2fd3", "date" : "2009", "author" : [ "Bendig, M.", "Giesbert, L.", "Steiner, S." ], "keywords" : [ "Ghana", "Microfinance", "Microinsurance", "Microsavings" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "There is currently no abstract available for this document.", "label" : "Savings, Credit and Insurance: Household Demand for Formal Financial Services in Rural Ghana", "key" : "bendig_savings_2009" }, { "booktitle" : "{Health/Nutrition/Population} and Poverty seminar report", "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:9433a8481fb13b9fdebe996a17f14848", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Mahal, Ajay", "keywords" : [ "Benefits", "Health care system", "India", "Public health and poverty", "Public health care" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Do the Poor or the Rich Benefit More from Government Health Services? The Case of India", "key" : "mahal_dopoor_2000" }, { "publisher" : "Springer Verlag", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:f8e766c062477d14c69dece7a9f4faa1", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Duclos, J. Y.", "keywords" : [ "Measurement", "Poverty" ], "year" : "2006", "note" : "Preliminary version", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Poverty and Equity: Measurement, Policy and Estimation with Dad", "key" : "duclos_poverty_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Partners for Health Reformplus {(PHRplus)}", "uri" : "urn:bf172bb40317ec906cfdb49e6639855f", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Franco, Lynne Miller", "Mbengue, Cheikh", "Atim, Chris" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Community participation", "Mutual health organisations", "Mutual insurance", "Senegal" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Social Participation in the Development of Mutual Health Organizations in Senegal", "key" : "miller_franco_social_2004" }, { "publisher" : "Dietrich Reimer Verlag", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:0e821d248ad39ecacc5ca62959cc51e8", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Krebs, Uwe", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Asia", "Australia", "Education", "Traditional cultures", "United States" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Erziehung in Traditionalen Kulturen - Quellen und Befunde aus Afrika, Amerika, Asien und Australien - 1898-1983", "address" : "Berlin", "key" : "krebs_erziehung_2001" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "{ARA} Paper" ], "institution" : "World Health Organization {(WHO),} Division of Analysis, Research and Assessment {(ARA)}", "uri" : "urn:3f3f24ebad95413b1f1fc427fbc67d15", "date" : "1998", "number" : "16", "author" : [ "Bennett, Sara", "Creese, Andrew", "Monasch, Roeland" ], "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Informal sector" ], "year" : "1998", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Health insurance schemes for people outside formal sector employment", "key" : "bennett_health_1998" }, { "publisher" : "Bank World\\", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:d8ebd0a1181037b3003475eb10419225", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Preker, A. S.", "Carrin, G." ], "keywords" : [ "Health financing", "Poverty", "Risk sharing" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Health financing for poor people: resource mobilization and risk sharing", "key" : "preker_health_2004" }, { "journal" : "Directory of development organizations", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a7326bea34148d31a9a225f002a107ea", "date" : "2007", "number" : "{I.A/Africa}", "author" : "Organizations, Directory of Development", "volume" : "Edition 2007", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "External assistance health sector", "Ghana", "Guide" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Guide to International Organizations, Governments, Private Sector, Development Agencies, Civil Society, University, Grantmakers, Banks, Microfinance Institutions and Development Consulting Firms - Resource guide to Development Organizations and the Internet - Ghana", "key" : "directory_of_development_organizations_guide_2007-1" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:947113178d92350df284912022020d0e", "pages" : "176--184", "date" : "2005", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Ager, Alastair", "Pepper, Katy" ], "keywords" : [ "Access to health", "Costs", "Health care provider", "Health seeking behaviour", "Orissa", "Reputation", "Rural sector", "Rural services" ], "volume" : "20", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "Despite emphasis on strengthening local health care provision, concern remains regarding the rates of utilization of state-provided services within Orissa. The reported study examined patterns of service utilization across the rural population of four districts of Orissa, with special reference to perceptions of the availability and quality of state services at the primary care level. Within the selected districts, 219 interviews were conducted across 66 villages. Households reported utilizing a wide range of health care providers, although hospitals constituted the most frequently--and primary health care centres {(PHCs)} the least frequently--accessed services. Private practitioners (qualified and unqualified) represented a major sector of provision. This included high rates of access by scheduled tribes and castes (running at approximately twice the rate of access to both local and {PHC} provision). Key factors guiding patterns of utilization were reputation of the provider, cost and physical accessibility. Local health provision through assistant nurse midwives and male health workers was generally perceived of poor quality, with the lowest rates of resolution of health problems of all service providers. The location of a subcentre base for assistant nurse midwives within a village had no demonstrable impact on access to services. Acknowledging constraints on broader generalization, the implications of the findings for informing health policy and programming within Orissa are noted. This includes support for current efforts to strengthen the capacity of {PHC} and sub-centre level provision within the state, and acknowledgement of the potentially growing role of effectively regulated private provision in meeting the needs of the rural poor.", "label" : "Patterns of health service utilization and perceptions of needs and services in rural Orissa", "key" : "ager_patterns_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:ffd46bd2003ab0cef65eb58dc84d5960", "date" : "2007-02", "author" : "Fund, {IMF} International Monetary", "keywords" : "Malawi", "month" : "February", "year" : "2007", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Malawi: Poverty Reduction Strategy {Paper-Growth} and Development Strategy - {IMF} Country Report No. 07/55", "key" : "imf_international_monetary_fund_malawi:_2007" }, { "url" : "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10388216?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum", "journal" : "Health Affairs {(Project} Hope)", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f7ef0494bb225b812137f1d727333902", "pages" : "193--205", "date" : "1999", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Schieber, G", "Maeda, A" ], "keywords" : [ "Data collection", "Delivery of health care", "Developing countries", "Health care expenditures", "Health care reform", "Health care system", "Health Status Indicators", "Humans" ], "volume" : "18", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "note" : "{PMID:} 10388216", "abstract" : "Developing countries account for 84 percent of world population and 93 percent of the worldwide burden of disease; however, they account for only 18 percent of global income and 11 percent of global health spending. Limited resources and administrative capacity coupled with strong underlying needs for services pose serious challenges to governments in the developing world. This paper analyzes health spending, health outcomes, and health delivery system characteristics for the six developing regions of the world as well as for low-, medium-, and high-income country groupings.", "label" : "Health care financing and delivery in developing countries", "issn" : "02782715", "key" : "schieber_health_1999" }, { "url" : "http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/reports/crying/cry9.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:3cc266856206d0dd8fc2ce1425919ba6", "author" : "World\\, Bank", "keywords" : "Character of institutions", "type" : "Publication", "howpublished" : "http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/reports/crying/cry9.pdf", "label" : "The Character of Institutions", "key" : "world_bank_character_????" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Final Report" ], "institution" : "Southern African Regional Network on Equity in Health {(EQUINET),} {IDRC} Canada", "uri" : "urn:6fb1e6e450109afefeda656ffae1824d", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Loewenson, Rene", "Rusike, Itai" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Community participation", "Health centres", "Zimbabwe" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Assessing the impact of Health Centre Committees on health system performance and health resource allocation - Training and Research Support Centre {(TARSC)} Zimbabwe Community Working Group on Health", "key" : "loewenson_assessingimpact_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:e92d052b7c6597da25f8c117ec2e26dd", "date" : "2004", "keywords" : "WHR", "editor" : "World Health Organization, {(WHO)}", "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "The world has reached a crucial moment in the history of {HIV/AIDS,} and now has an unprecedented opportunity to alter its course. The most important message of the latest World Health Report is that, today, the international community has the chance to change the history of health for generations to come and open the door to better health for all. Tackling {HIV/AIDS} is the world\'s most urgent public health challenge. Unknown barely a quarter of a century go, it is now the leading cause of death for young adults worldwide. More than 20 million people have died from it and an estimated 34-46 million others are now infected with the virus. There is as yet no vaccine and no cure. The World Health Report 2004 - Changing History, published by the World Health Organization, calls for a comprehensive {HIV/AIDS} strategy that links prevention, treatment, care and long-term support. Until now, treatment has been the most neglected element in most developing countries: almost 6 million people in these countries will die in the near future if they do not receive treatment - but only about 400 000 of them were receiving it in 2003. {WHO} and its partners have declared the treatment gap a global emergency and have launched a drive to provide 3 million people in developing countries with antiretroviral therapy by the end of 2005 - one of the most ambitious public health projects ever conceived. This report shows how it can be done. It goes further, looking beyond 2005 to explain how international organizations, national governments, the private sector and communities can combine their strengths and simultaneously fortify health systems for the enduring benefi t of all. Illustrated with photographs of people whose lives have been deeply affected by the global pandemic, The World Health Report 2004 makes essential reading for everyone with a political, professional or personal interest in health.", "label" : "The World health report 2004: changing history.", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "world_health_organization_who_world_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-482YTNH-2/1/27e6ac4feb2e5598ab67482be09bfdff", "id" : "4a52c59be778cf72615397a638974b9a", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4a52c59be778cf72615397a638974b9a", "pages" : "1205--1219", "date" : "2003-10", "number" : "7", "author" : [ "Criel, Bart", "Waelkens, Maria Pia" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "District health systems", "Guinea", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual health organisations", "Social perception" ], "volume" : "57", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "Mutual Health Organisations {(MHOs)} are a type of community health insurance scheme that are being developed and promoted in {sub-Saharan} Africa. In 1998, an {MHO} was organised in a rural district of Guinea to improve access to quality health care. Households paid an annual insurance fee of about {US\\$2} per individual. Contributions were voluntary. The benefit package included free access to all first line health care services (except for a small co-payment), free paediatric care, free emergency surgical care and free obstetric care at the district hospital. Also included were part of the cost of emergency transport to the hospital. In 1998, the {MHO} covered 8\\% of the target population, but, by 1999, the subscription rate had dropped to about 6\\%. In March 2000, focus groups were held with members and non-members of the scheme to find out why subscription rates were so low. The research indicated that a failure to understand the scheme does not explain these low rates. On the contrary, the great majority of research subjects, members and non-members alike, acquired a very accurate understanding of the concepts and principles underlying health insurance. They value the system\'s re-distributive effects, which goes beyond household, next of kin or village. The participants accurately point out the sharp differences that exist between traditional financial mechanisms and the principle of health insurance, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of both. The ease with which risk-pooling is accepted as a financial mechanism which addresses specific needs demonstrates that it is not, per se, necessary to build health insurance schemes on existing or traditional systems of mutual aid. The majority of the participants consider the individual premium of {US\\$2} to be fair. There is, however, a problem of affordability for many poor and/or large families who cannot raise enough money to pay the subscription for all household members in one go. However, the main reason for the lack of interest in the scheme, is the poor quality of care offered to members of the {MHO} at the health centre.", "label" : "Declining subscriptions to the Maliando Mutual Health Organisation in {Guinea-Conakry} {(West} Africa): what is going wrong?", "key" : "criel_declining_2003-1" }, { "booktitle" : "Household Sample Surveys in Developing and Transition Countries", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:39ba14d1d9a199aee2518d3d99339594", "pages" : "171--198", "author" : "Kasprzyk, Daniel", "keywords" : [ "Measurement error", "Measuring income", "Methods to quantify measurement error", "Sources of measurement error", "Willingness to pay" ], "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "The present chapter describes the primary sources of measurement error found in sample surveys and the methods typically used to quantify measurement error. Four sources of measurement error - the questionnaire, the data-collection mode, the interviewer, and the respondent - are discussed, and a description of how measurement error occurs in sample surveys through these sources of error is provided. Methods used to quantify measurement error, such as randomized experiments, cognitive research studies, repeated measurement studies, and record check studies, are described and examples are given to illustrate the application of the method.", "label" : "Chapter {IX:} Measurement error in household surveys: sources and measurement", "key" : "kasprzyk_chapter_????" }, { "journal" : "Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b42c8570461c8608ef22f5a4215b29bc", "pages" : "1611--5821", "date" : "2008", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Wasem, J\\\"{u}rgen", "Lux, Gerald", "Schillo, Sonja", "Jahn, Rebecca" ], "keywords" : [ "Germany", "GL", "Risk adjustment" ], "volume" : "2008", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Wie der Beitrag informiert, erhalten mit der Einf\\\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds zum 1.1.2009 die Krankenkassen ihre Finanzmittel \\\"{u}ber Zuweisungen aus diesem Fonds. Die Zuweisungen sollen sich hierbei insbesondere nach der Morbidit\\\"{a}t richten.", "label" : "Morbidit\\\"{a}tsorienteierter Risikostrukturausgleich Ausgestaltung und Perspektiven f\\\"{u}r die Versorgung", "key" : "wasem_morbidittsorienteierter_2008" }, { "id" : "0c9e47f818013a63df8d20d9e9dfed93", "booktitle" : "Extending Social Protection in Health: Developing Countries\' Experiences, Lessons Learnt and Recommendations", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:0c9e47f818013a63df8d20d9e9dfed93", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "{Appiah-Denkyira}, Ebenezer", "Preker, Alexander" ], "series" : "{GTZ,} {ILO,} {WHO}", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "NHIS", "NHIS and poverty" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Reaching the Poor in Ghana with National Health Insurance -- An Experience from the Districts of the Eastern Region of Ghana", "key" : "appiah-denkyira_reachingpoor_2007-1" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:b0911ce219947bfc052a0c7c1589a6c3", "pages" : "238--253", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Wipf, John", "Garand, Denis" ], "keywords" : [ "Microinsurance", "Microinsurance operations", "Pricing" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Database design requirements for pricing (and sound microinsurance management); Pricing components, key factors and methodology; Modelling techniques", "label" : "Pricing microinsurance products", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "wipf_pricing_2006" }, { "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:9b6b9067e532c667c1a119f60d714375", "pages" : "1113--1130", "date" : "2008-06", "number" : "6", "author" : [ "Booysen, Frikkie", "Berg, Servaas van der", "Burger, Ronelle", "Maltitz, Michael von", "Rand, Gideon du" ], "keywords" : [ "Asset index", "multiple correspondence analysis", "Poverty" ], "volume" : "36", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Summary Using comparable, nationally representative surveys and extending the work of {[Sahn,} D. E., \\& Stifel, D. C. (2000). Poverty comparisons over time and across countries in Africa. World Development, 28(12), 2123-2155], an asset index is used to investigate changes in poverty in seven African countries. Poverty declined in five of the seven countries. Improvements in the asset index are driven by progress in the accumulation of private assets, while access to public services has deteriorated. However, the method has some shortcomings. Assets are slow-changing and discrete. The index therefore may not capture changes in well-being accurately. The poor discrimination ability of the index at the lower end of the scale also makes it an inappropriate tool for studying ultra-poverty.", "label" : "Using an Asset Index to Assess Trends in Poverty in Seven {Sub-Saharan} African Countries", "key" : "booysen_usingasset_2008" }, { "pub-type" : [ "misc", "Health and Poverty Seminar Report" ], "uri" : "urn:ebbf6d832f7fe5906665a6f6d526574b", "date" : "1997-07", "author" : [ "Jamison, Dean", "Gwatkin, Davidson" ], "keywords" : [ "Country study", "Global", "Health and poverty", "Selected indicators" ], "month" : "July", "year" : "1997", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The Health of the Poor: Global and {Country-Specific} Estimates for Selected Indicators", "key" : "jamison_health_1997" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8F-3T82THN-1/2/8072a21a01baedb7ec0bf9698918d103", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0c9dba1e53ccd98a3479883c56358d17", "pages" : "517--539", "date" : "1998-03", "author" : [ "Selten, Reinhard", "Ockenfels, Axel" ], "keywords" : [ "Game theory", "Solidarity" ], "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "abstract" : "120 subjects played a three-person-game in which each player could win {DM} 10,00 with probability 2/3. Before the independent random decisions were made, the players had to decide under double blind conditions how much they were willing to give to one loser or each of two losers in the case of their winning. The great majority of subjects were willing to make substantial conditional gifts. The most common type of gift behavior does not lend itself to a straightforward interpretation as the result of altruistic utility maximization. We found an education effect, a gender effect, and a false consensus effect.", "label" : "An experimental solidarity game", "key" : "selten_experimental_1998" }, { "id" : "5cee64e906d19bab03485db28f93f237", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Elsevier Ireland Ltd., Health Policy, Science direct", "uri" : "urn:5cee64e906d19bab03485db28f93f237", "pages" : "1--14", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Dror, David", "Koren, Ruth", "Steinberg, David Mark" ], "keywords" : [ "Access to health", "Equality", "Micro health insurance", "Philippines" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "The impact of filipino micro health-insurance units on income-related equality of access to healthcare", "key" : "dror_impact_2005" }, { "journal" : "American Journal of Public Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:9ac2feca00160a7ccf79546a308af6eb", "pages" : "1949--1850", "number" : "11", "author" : [ "Northridge, Mary E.", "Sidibe, Siaka", "Goehl, Thomas" ], "volume" : "94", "keywords" : "Environment and health", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Environment and Health: Capacity Building for the Future", "key" : "northridge_environment_????" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/whr/1998/en/index.html", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:af1860d094f3f7f311dfdb965ca1a66e", "date" : "1998", "author" : "World Health Organization, {(WHO)}", "keywords" : "World health report", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "label" : "The world health report 1998 - Life in the 21st century: A vision for all", "key" : "world_health_organization_who_world_1998" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4RGG4TH-1/1/aeb722a62b80c90fcf5a025b27ef4007", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:fdf2820a152e17956ce1225bd07d661a", "pages" : "1106--1117", "date" : "2008-03", "number" : "5", "author" : [ "Tolhurst, Rachel", "Amekudzi, Yaa Peprah", "Nyonator, Frank K.", "Squire, S. Bertel", "Theobald, Sally" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Decision-making", "Gender mainstreaming", "Ghana" ], "volume" : "66", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "This paper explores the gendered dynamics of intra-household bargaining around treatment seeking for children with fever revealed through two qualitative research studies in the Volta Region of Ghana, and discusses the influence of different gender and health discourses on the likely policy implications drawn from such findings. Methods used included focus group discussions, in-depth and critical incidence interviews, and Participatory Learning and Action methods. We found that treatment seeking behaviour for children was influenced by norms of decision-making power and [`]ownership\' of children, access to and control over resources to pay for treatment, norms of responsibility for payment, marital status, household living arrangements, and the quality of relationships between mothers, fathers and elders. However, the implications of these findings may be interpreted from different perspectives. Most studies that have considered gender in relation to malaria have done so within a narrow biomedical approach to health that focuses only on the outcomes of gender relations in terms of the (non-)utilisation of allopathic healthcare. However, we argue that a [`]gender transformatory\' approach, which aims to promote women\'s empowerment, needs to include but go beyond this model, to consider broader potential outcomes of intra-household bargaining for women\'s and men\'s interests, including their livelihoods and [`]bargaining positions\'.", "label" : "{\"He} will ask why the child gets sick so often\": The gendered dynamics of intra-household bargaining over healthcare for children with fever in the Volta Region of Ghana", "key" : "tolhurst_he_2008" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-45PV0X4-1/1/6cd866c2de914e2ec2274938d8c570d2", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:852da6afe29a35e55589836ab6d12a9d", "pages" : "17--36", "date" : "2003", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Chima, Reginald Ikechukwu", "Goodman, Catherine A.", "Mills, Anne" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Cost of illness", "Economic impact", "Malaria" ], "volume" : "63", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "Information on the economic burden of malaria in Africa is needed to target interventions efficiently and equitably, and to justify investment in research and control. A standard method of estimation has been to sum the direct costs of expenditure on prevention and treatment, and the indirect costs of productive labour time lost. This paper discusses the many problems in using such data to reflect the burden to society or the potential benefits from control. Studies have generally focussed on febrile illness, overestimating the burden of uncomplicated malaria, but underestimating the costs of severe illness, other debilitating manifestations, and mortality. Many use weak data to calculate indirect costs, which fail to account for seasonal variations, the difference between the average and marginal product of labour, and the ways households and firms [`]cope\' in response to illness episodes. Perhaps most importantly, the costs of coping mechanisms in response to the risk of disease are excluded, although they may significantly affect productive strategies and economic growth. Future work should be rooted in a sound understanding of the health burden of malaria and the organisation of economic activities, and address the impact on the productive environment, and epidemiological and socio-economic geographical variation.", "label" : "The economic impact of malaria in Africa: a critical review of the evidence", "key" : "chima_economic_2003" }, { "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:67a129b04ca98f81af7de275ac04bc78", "pages" : "843--859", "date" : "2008-05", "number" : "5", "author" : [ "Hazarika, Gautam", "Sarangi, Sudipta" ], "keywords" : [ "Child labor", "Malawi", "Microcredit" ], "volume" : "36", "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Summary This paper examines the effect of household access to microcredit upon work by 7-11-year-old children in rural Malawi. Given that microcredit organizations foster household enterprises wherein much child labor is engaged, this paper aims to discover whether access to microcredit might increase work by children. It is found that, in the season of peak labor demand, household access to microcredit, measured as self-assessed credit limits at microcredit organizations, raises the probability of child work in households with average landholdings and retail sales enterprises.", "label" : "Household Access to Microcredit and Child Work in Rural Malawi", "key" : "hazarika_household_2008" }, { "issn" : "09541748", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 17072773; Cohen, Monique 1; Email Address: {msa@Microsave-Africa.com;} Sebstad, Jennefer 2; Affiliations: 1: Microfinance Opportunities; 2: {MicroSave-Africa,} Ethiopia; Issue Info: Apr2005, Vol. 17 Issue 3, p397; Thesaurus Term: {INSURANCE;} Thesaurus Term: {RISK} management; Subject Term: {GENDER;} Subject: {KENYA;} Subject: {TANZANIA;} Subject: {UGANDA;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524292 Third Party Administration of Insurance and Pension Funds; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524298 All Other Insurance Related Activities; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525190 Other Insurance Funds; Number of Pages: 78p; Illustrations: 10 charts, 3 diagrams, 1 graph; Document Type: Article{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "number" : "3", "type" : "Publication", "author" : [ "Cohen, Monique", "Sebstad, Jennefer" ], "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=17072773&site=ehost-live", "uri" : "urn:546a6f11fdc274c63618563d9a25b675", "label" : "Reducing vulnerability: the demand for microinsurance.", "keywords" : [ "Gender", "Insurance", "Kenya", "Risk management", "Tanzania", "Uganda" ], "pages" : "397--474", "year" : "2005", "journal" : "Journal of International Development", "abstract" : "Explores the demand for microinsurance in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Research design; Risk and risk management; Coping differences by gender.", "volume" : "17", "pub-type" : "article", "date" : "2005-04", "month" : "April", "key" : "cohen_reducing_2005-1" }, { "journal" : "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e08c97d2c0fdf95efc373d12ecd4bf84", "pages" : "672--678", "date" : "2001", "number" : "7", "author" : "Dror, David M.", "keywords" : "Reinsurance", "volume" : "79", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Reinsurance of health insurance for the informal sector", "key" : "dror_reinsurance_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Abt Associates Inc.", "uri" : "urn:70380f679d0f46776014b9b478caa3bc", "date" : "2008", "author" : "Sulzbach, Sara", "keywords" : [ "Ghana", "NHIS", "NHIS implementation" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "label" : "Evaluating the Impact of National Health Insurance in Ghana", "key" : "sulzbach_evaluatingimpact_2008" }, { "booktitle" : "Health systems in transition: learning from experience. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Copenhagen. World Health Organization", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:47dab229089a41b4048421c5c6d44082", "pages" : "33--50", "author" : "{McKee}, Martin", "keywords" : [ "Consequences", "Transition of health" ], "editor" : "Joseph Figueras and Martin {McKee} and Jennifer Cain and Suszy Lessof", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Chapter 2: Winners and losers: the consequences of transition for health", "key" : "mckee_chapter_????" }, { "journal" : "Acta Tropica", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1dfd1d25c225001ee6fc1159541adc5c", "pages" : "79--92", "date" : "1996", "author" : "Rifkin, Susan", "volume" : "61", "keywords" : [ "Community participation", "Health care" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1996", "label" : "Paradigms lost: towards a new understandign of community participation in health programmes", "key" : "rifkin_paradigms_1996" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{USAID}", "uri" : "urn:21c5d1ff0c968f516a59630b36868207", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "International, Family Health", "Society, Avert" ], "keywords" : [ "Accessibility", "Health care provider", "Health care system", "India", "Maharashtra" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Health care provider survey in Maharashtra", "address" : "India", "key" : "family_health_international_health_2001" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4RDC02H-5/1/ed669391a5b161d2d78fab640b9906cc", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:7505183d95a7a9285cceda048fecc0c3", "pages" : "1174--1184", "date" : "2008-03", "number" : "5", "author" : "Stephens, Christine", "keywords" : [ "Bourdieu", "Health inequalities" ], "volume" : "66", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Social capital has been controversially linked to public health benefits, particularly as an explanation for the relationship between economic inequalities and health. This paper focuses on social capital in this context, particularly a recent emphasis on social capital in neighbourhoods and growing use of Bourdieu\'s social theory in empirical investigations. A review of some of this work is used to suggest the need for a more coherent theoretical approach to using Bourdieu and to introduce an ethnographic study of social connections in New Zealand. Forty-six residents of, a rural town, a deprived city suburb, or an affluent suburb, volunteered to be interviewed about their social connections. Their talk was transcribed and analysed in terms of everyday practice. The results of this study suggest that social connections are not necessarily located in neighbourhoods, and that social capital will be better understood in a broader social context which includes competition for resources between deprived and non-deprived groups, and the practices of all citizens across neighbourhoods. When considering social capital, an exclusive focus on deprived neighbourhoods as sites for research and intervention is not helpful.", "label" : "Social capital in its place: Using social theory to understand social capital and inequalities in health", "key" : "stephens_social_2008" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:a93fb5486e24dd72d6637382ae907dba", "pages" : "957--994", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Norton, Edward C.", "keywords" : [ "Demand and reimbursement for medical services", "Disabled people", "Economics and menthal health", "Equity and health", "Health care system", "Health habits", "Insurance", "Long-term care", "Mental health" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Long-term-care", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "norton_long-term-care_2000" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "second synthesis report" ], "institution" : "World Health Organization {(WHO)}", "uri" : "urn:bc320e4b7aef37b57177334cd8fef32b", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Dodd, Rebecca", "Hinshelwood, Emily", "Harvey, Corinne" ], "keywords" : [ "Health and poverty", "Health care system", "Pro-poor-growth", "PRSP", "PRSPs and health" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers - Their Significance for Health", "address" : "Geneva, Switzerland", "key" : "dodd_poverty_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.bmz.de/de/service/infothek/fach/konzepte/Finanzsystementwicklung.pdf", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:697e70b050829c0521598dbcc1d5ae1c", "date" : "2004", "author" : "{(BMZ)}, Bundesministerium f\\\"{u}r wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung", "keywords" : [ "Financial System", "Financial system development" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Sektorkonzept Finanzsystementwicklung", "address" : "Bonn", "key" : "bundesministerium_fr_wirtschaftliche_zusammenarbeit_und_entwicklung_bmz_sektorkonzept_2004" }, { "journal" : "Social science \\& medicine (1982)", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:6cd1686cd2db2768364ba48225489278", "pages" : "884--96", "date" : "2007-02", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Dror, David Mark", "Koren, Ruth", "Ost, Alexander", "Binnendijk, Erika", "Vellakkal, Sukumar", "Danis, Marion" ], "keywords" : [ "Choice Behavior", "Health insurance", "Humans", "India", "Insurance benefits", "Micro health insurance", "Reimbursement Mechanisms", "Willingness to pay" ], "volume" : "64", "month" : "February", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "note" : "{PMID:} 17141931", "abstract" : "We applied a decision tool for rationing choices, with a predetermined budget of about 11 {US} dollars per household per year, to identify priorities of poor people regarding health insurance benefits in India in late 2005. A total of 302 individuals, organized in 24 groups, participated from a number of villages and neighborhoods of towns in Karnataka and Maharashtra. Many individuals were illiterate, innumerate and without insurance experience. Involving clients in insurance package design is based on an implied assumption that people can make judicious rationing decisions. Judiciousness was assessed by examining the association between the frequency of choosing a package and its perceived effectiveness. Perceived effectiveness was evaluated by comparing respondents\' choices to the costs registered in 2049 illness episodes among a comparable cohort, using three criteria: \'reimbursement\' (reimbursement regardless of the absolute level of expenditure), \'fairness\' (higher reimbursement rate for higher expenses) and \'catastrophic coverage\' (insurance for catastrophic exposure). The most frequently chosen packages scored highly on all three criteria; thus, rationing choices were confirmed as judicious. Fully 88.4\\% of the respondents selected at least three of the following benefits: outpatient, inpatient, drugs and tests, with a clear preference to cover high aggregate costs regardless of their probability. The results show that involving prospective clients in benefit package design can be done without compromising the judiciousness of rationing choices, even with people who have low education, low-income and no previous experience in similar exercises.", "label" : "Health insurance benefit packages prioritized by low-income clients in India: three criteria to estimate effectiveness of choice", "issn" : "02779536", "key" : "dror_health_2007" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:3ba71e01c38d24f52cfd4fa4846fe132", "pages" : "56--118", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Hurley, Jeremiah", "keywords" : [ "Economic evaluation", "Extra-welfarism", "health care efficiency", "health care equity", "Welfare economics" ], "volume" : "Part 1", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "This chapter provides an overview of normative analysis in the health sector in recent decades. It surveys two distinct, but related, literatures. The first is normative analysis of the operation of health care and health care insurance markets, market failure, and the scope for non-market institutional arrangements to improve the efficiency and equity of the financing, funding, organization and delivery of health care. The second is the debate about the most appropriate normative framework within which to carry out normative analysis in the health sector, focusing on the welfarist and extra-welfarist frameworks. This is a debate about assumptions and methods. Although the rival frameworks share the broad conclusion that market failure pervades the health sector, the diagnoses regarding nature of that failure sometimes differ and, more importantly, the prescriptions to improve efficiency and equity often differ. Because it is not always clear what writers mean by \"welfare economics\" and \"extra-welfarism,\" I briefly summarize key concepts of efficiency and key assumptions and elements of each framework. The three subsequent sections then analyze the nature of health care as an economic commodity and the implications of these characteristics both for the operation of health care and health care insurance markets and for the methods of normative economic analysis. Section 4 surveys prominent approaches to analyzing equity in health care. Section 5 examines the methods of normative analysis as applied to evaluate individual health care services. Finally, I end with some observations on recent discussions of the role of normative economic analysis in policy making and of health economists as policy advisors.", "label" : "An Overview of the Normative Economics of the Health Sector", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "hurley_overview_2000" }, { "journal" : "Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e154a955a1b07ae99afa4f903a9aad77", "pages" : "71--90", "date" : "1984", "number" : "1", "author" : "Russel, {D.J.M.} Soulas de", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Cooperatives" ], "volume" : "55", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1984", "label" : "Les Cooperatives Des Pays Les Plus Pauvres: Role Fixateur Des Populations Rurales Et Conditions De Succes", "key" : "soulas_de_russel_les_1984" }, { "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:dcf59f28fc04a7bc509739af7e54cbc4", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Centre, {DFID} Health Systems Resource", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "{DFID} Health Insurance Workshop Report", "address" : "London", "key" : "dfid_health_systems_resource_centre_dfid_2002" }, { "label" : "Annex {1E} - Organizational Profile Scoresheet", "key" : "_annex_????-2", "keywords" : [ "Questionnaire", "Social capital" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:9fb6202481d2ce60d19d359115b1083d", "journal" : "Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:bbd3244899dab6f67bc1ef0787b97602", "pages" : "223--237", "date" : "1997", "author" : [ "{Asenso-Okyere}, Kwadwo", "{Osei-Akoto}, Isaac", "Anum, Adote", "Appiah, Ernest M." ], "volume" : "42", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Ghana CHI", "Micro health insurance", "Willingness to pay" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1997", "label" : "Willingness to pay for health insurance in a developing economy. A pilot story of the informal sector of Ghana using contingent valuation", "key" : "asenso-okyere_willingness_1997" }, { "publisher" : "Cera Foundation", "url" : "http://www.cooperatiefondernemen.be/publicaties/R941c.pdf", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:d81568fbfc1c828bea6b9b813ff12399", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Develtere, Patrick", "Doyen, Gerlinde", "Fonteneau, B\\\'{e}n\\\'{e}dicte" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Micro-insurance and Health Carein Developing Countries: An International Picture", "address" : "Leuven, Belgium", "key" : "develtere_micro-insurance_2004" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Prepared for the World Development Report 2005" ], "uri" : "urn:f7ca260c2aed74d7c74eddcc27f2fe07", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Hubka, Ashley", "Zaidi, Rida" ], "keywords" : [ "Microfinance", "Regulation" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Impact of Government Regulation on Microfinance", "key" : "ashley_hubka_impact_2005" }, { "publisher" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance, Good and Bad Practices Case Study", "url" : "http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34173/15_Making%20Insurance%20Markets%20Work%20for%20the%20Poor_Microinsurance%20Policy,%20Regulation%20and%20Supervision_South%20Africa%20Case%20Study.pdf", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:3022feb607feee94e593c655a34f7ef0", "date" : "2008", "author" : [ "Bester, H.", "Chamberlain, D.", "Hougaard, C.", "Smith, A.", "Hobden, T." ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "The need to facilitate positive market discovery beyond funeral insurance. Effective market provision of microinsurance requires the distribution of products with low value premiums. Although the cost of distribution can be substantially increased by regulation it can also be substantially reduced through distribution innovations, as the application of \"tick of the box\" models has shown. This has however only been successful in funeral insurance, due to the high awareness of and natural demand for it that makes it possible to sell it as a \"commodity\" without active sales effort. Now the market faces the challenge of also selling other life and non-life insurance to their funeral insurance clients. Beyond funeral insurance the awareness amongst low-income persons of the value of insurance remains low, implying that such products need to be actively sold. Active, advice-based selling to the low-income market has however thus far been inhibited by onerous market conduct regulation. Need to facilitate entry and formalisation. There is currently no effective space for memberbased entities to formalise into for the provision of insurance. The friendly society space that currently exists may pose risks to consumers and is also limited in terms of the benefits it can provide. Proposed new microinsurance regime takes on board lessons. The current proposed regulatory reform (initiated by the South African National Treasury to correct market imperfections) is encouraging in that it suggests an active engagement of the regulatory authorities to address the challenges highlighted by the case study. It also forms part of a broader policy to empower the previously disadvantaged citizens of the country. Should the proposal for regulatory reform be accepted and enacted, it will provide a valuable case study on the impact of regulatory change on the development of a icroinsurance market.", "label" : "Making insurance markets work for the poor: microinsurance policy, regulation and supervision: South Africa case study", "key" : "bester_making_2008" }, { "journal" : "Health \\& Place", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:91a81b307f55a504d913f97c9fb9e14e", "pages" : "107--116", "date" : "2009-03", "number" : "1", "author" : "Harpham, Trudy", "keywords" : [ "Intra-urban differences", "Review", "Social determinants", "Urban" ], "volume" : "15", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "The world became mainly urban in 2007. It is thus timely to review the state of knowledge about urban health and the current priorities for research and action. This article considers both health determinants and outcomes in low-income urban areas of developing countries. The need to study urban health in a multi-level and multi-sectoral way is highlighted and priorities for research are identified. Interventions such as the Healthy Cities project are considered and obstacles to the effective implementation of urban health programmes are discussed. Concepts such as the double burden of ill health and the urban penalty are re-visited. Finally, a call for a shift from [`]vulnerability\' to [`]resilience\' is presented.", "label" : "Urban health in developing countries: What do we know and where do we go?", "issn" : "1353-8292", "key" : "harpham_urban_2009" }, { "journal" : "Health policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:d28fee9cd59ce46ab33b315dc3cd2d61", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Dror, David M.", "Soriano, Elmar S.", "Lorenzo, Marylin E.", "Sarol, Jesus N.", "Azcuna, Rosebelle S.", "Koren, Ruth" ], "keywords" : [ "Healthcare utilization", "Micro health insurance", "Philippines" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Field based evidence of enhanced healthcare utilization among persons insured by micro health insurance units in Philippines - Article in press", "key" : "dror_field_2004" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0f6f3cf53bd59f66eb4b7902fc42793d", "pages" : "297--309", "date" : "2003-06", "number" : "3", "author" : "Buor, Daniel", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Antenatal care", "Child mortality", "Ghana", "Mothers\' education", "Postnatal care", "Vaccination" ], "volume" : "64", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "The significant extent to which maternal education affects child health has been advanced in several sociodemographic-medical literature, but not much has been done in analysing the spatial dimension of the problem; and also using graphic and linear regression models of representation. In Ghana, very little has been done to relate the two variables and offer pragmatic explanations. The need to correlate the two, using a regression model, which is rarely applied in previous studies, is a methodological necessity. The paper examines the impact of mothers\' education on childhood mortality in Ghana using, primarily, Ghana Demographic and Health Survey data of 1998 and World Bank data of 2000. The survey has emphatically established that there is an inverse relationship between mothers\' education and child survivorship. The use of basic health facilities that relate to childhood survival shows a direct relationship with mothers\' education. Recommendations for policy initiatives to simultaneously emphasise the education of the girl-child, and to ensure adequate access to maternal and child health services, have been made. The need for an experimental project of integrating maternal education and child health services has also been recommended. A linear regression model that illustrates the relationship between maternal education and childhood survival has emerged.", "label" : "Mothers\' education and childhood mortality in Ghana", "key" : "buor_mothers_2003" }, { "journal" : "The Journal of Risk and Insurance", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1f56122c844e440adb3fe3b458502885", "pages" : "443--461", "date" : "1992", "number" : "3", "author" : "Vliet, Ren\\\'{e} {C.J.A.} van", "keywords" : [ "Health care expenditures", "Individual health care expenditures", "Predictability" ], "volume" : "59", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1992", "label" : "Predictability of Individual Health Care Expenditures", "key" : "van_vliet_predictability_1992" }, { "journal" : "{Soz.-Pr\\\"{a}ventivmedizin}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:233a1fe22d8c2a1d3839d15233b17299", "pages" : "3--4", "date" : "1998", "author" : [ "Winkelhake, Olaf", "John, J\\\"{u}rgen" ], "volume" : "43", "keywords" : [ "Germany", "Risk equalization" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "label" : "Risk equalization, competition and choice in Germany: A reply to Wysong and Abel", "key" : "winkelhake_risk_1998" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "International Labour Organization", "uri" : "urn:79c843655ed82821fa8a99440802f288", "date" : "2001", "author" : "{USAID/PHR,} {ILO/ACOPAM,} {ANMC,} {WSM}", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Ghana", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Contribution of Mutual Health Organizations to Financing, Delivery, and Access to Health Care - Ghana Case Study", "key" : "usaid/phr_ilo/acopam_anmc_wsm_contribution_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "International Labour Organization", "uri" : "urn:99ebc06dbc3cb1868e56e01a9c18ecd8", "date" : "2000", "author" : "{ILO-Step-Programme}", "keywords" : "Micro health insurance", "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Health {Micro-Insurance} - A Compendium", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "ilo-step-programme_health_2000" }, { "url" : "http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:AIBE.0000030244.92791.63", "journal" : "{AIDS} and Behavior", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:089687d48e805dc31645acc6b9df1d19", "pages" : "131--140", "date" : "2004-06", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "{Barden-O\'Fallon}, Janine L.", "{deGraft-Johnson}, Joseph", "Bisika, Thomas", "Sulzbach, Sara", "Benson, Aimee", "Tsui, Amy O." ], "keywords" : "Malawi", "volume" : "8", "doi" : "{10.1023/B:AIBE.0000030244.92791.63}", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "Measures of {HIV/AIDS} knowledge and risk perception are important because they are often linked to behavioral change both in theory and in practice. This study examines knowledge and risk perception by assessing their relationship with demographic characteristics, first source of {HIV/AIDS} information, and behavioral and cognitive risk exposures among men and women in a rural district of Malawi. The data come from a panel study of 940 women aged 15--34 years and 661 men aged 20--44 years. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression models are used for the analysis. The results indicate that knowledge of {HIV/AIDS} does not necessarily translate into perceived risk. In addition, there appears to be a gender difference in the influence of cognitive and behavioral factors on perceived risk.", "label" : "Factors Associated with {HIV/AIDS} Knowledge and Risk Perception in Rural Malawi", "key" : "barden-ofallon_factors_2004" }, { "publisher" : "Routledge", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:4b33fe2f5293ecbb7c35fb4dca834a81", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Kamoche, Ken N.", "Yaw, Deborah" ], "series" : "Routledge Global Human Resource Management Series", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Human resources", "Social capital" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Managing Human Resources in Africa", "address" : "London", "key" : "kamoche_managing_2004" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "working paper" ], "institution" : "{ILO}", "uri" : "urn:42180666e138f4681170a4cb7f59a5d0", "date" : "2005", "number" : "2", "author" : "Office, International Labour", "keywords" : [ "India", "Micro insurance schemes" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "India: An inventory of micro insurance schemes", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "international_labour_office_india:inventory_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "World Trade Organization", "uri" : "urn:335ff414fa6ce2f36c879332b10adeb9", "date" : "1999", "author" : [ "Kahssay, Haile", "Oakley, Mariam" ], "keywords" : [ "Community participation", "Health development" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Community Involvement in Health Development: a review of the concept and practice", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "kahssay_community_1999" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:11fb7ec5dff0d74c89a67e32f14de2cb", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Department, Social Development", "keywords" : [ "Community development", "Social capital" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Community Driven Development and Social Capital: Designing a Baseline Survey in the Philippines", "address" : "Washnigton, {D.C.}", "key" : "department_community_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4PVY2J9-3/1/fd48910e565ef0c68f33307a3144e8c7", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b9d007c5a9577923390c60e5b056ebb5", "pages" : "263--276", "date" : "2008-03", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Kruk, Margaret Elizabeth", "Freedman, Lynn P." ], "keywords" : [ "Health indicators", "Health metrics", "Health system performance", "Rating:1" ], "volume" : "85", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "With the setting of ambitious international health goals and an influx of additional development assistance for health, there is growing interest in assessing the performance of health systems in developing countries. This paper proposes a framework for the assessment of health system performance and reviews the literature on indicators currently in use to measure performance using online medical and public health databases. This was complemented by a review of relevant books and reports in the grey literature. The indicators were organized into three categories: effectiveness, equity, and efficiency. Measures of health system effectiveness were improvement in health status, access to and quality of care and, increasingly, patient satisfaction. Measures of equity included access and quality of care for disadvantaged groups together with fair financing, risk protection and accountability. Measures of efficiency were appropriate levels of funding, the cost-effectiveness of interventions, and effective administration. This framework and review of indicators may be helpful to health policy makers interested in assessing the effects of different policies, expenditures, and organizational structures on health outputs and outcomes in developing countries.", "label" : "Assessing health system performance in developing countries: A review of the literature", "key" : "kruk_assessing_2008" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VFV-4TY3XVN-1/2/79d198bc492f5de7f87918cbf1ac5929", "journal" : "Global Environmental Change", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:08e1a76c683109277a23f1111e405e85", "date" : "2008", "author" : [ "{Meze-Hausken}, Elisabeth", "Patt, Anthony", "Fritz, Steffen" ], "volume" : "In Press, Corrected Proof", "keywords" : [ "Climate adaptation", "Climate insurance", "Spatial diversification" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Recurrent climate hazards challenge subsistence farmers in developing countries. Reliance on various diversification strategies and traditional risk sharing among kin and families has serious limitations, such as the problem of covariate risk within such networks. Index-based crop insurance could help to reduce people\'s climate-related risk, but raising the necessary capital to make insurance schemes financially secure is difficult for micro-insurance providers. We examine the extent to which spatial pooling of micro-insurance schemes could reduce these capital requirements. We simulate a hypothetical insurance market operating in Ethiopia, using rainfall data and yield estimates for 15 stations. By performing a Monte Carlo analysis, risk capital required to keep the probability of financial ruin below a threshold value is identified. We investigate the marginal benefits of pooling increasing numbers of sites, as well as the relationship between the benefits of pooling and the spatial covariance of rainfall. We find spatial diversification to offer considerable savings in required capitalization with as few as three sites pooled, as well as a weak but significant relationship between rainfall covariance and those benefits. The results suggest that spatial pooling may be an attractive option for micro-insurers, worthy of a detailed case-by-case analysis when designing index-insurance schemes.", "label" : "Reducing climate risk for micro-insurance providers in Africa: A case study of Ethiopia", "issn" : "0959-3780", "key" : "meze-hausken_reducing_2008" }, { "journal" : "Social Capital Initiative Working Paper", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:cb210c0cd604c27f799857a5deb8510b", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Grootaert, C.", "Bastelaer, T. van" ], "keywords" : [ "Measurement", "Measuring social capital", "Social capital" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Understanding and Measuring Social Capital: A Synthesis of Findings and Recommendations from the Social Capital Initiative", "key" : "grootaert_understanding_2001" }, { "url" : "http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/econ/archive/wp2004-12.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:b3e6d055baccd550fd69cea0eb252137", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Durlauf, {S.N.}", "Fafchamps, M." ], "keywords" : "Social capital", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}RePEc} [http://oai.repec.openlib.org] {(Germany)} {ER{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}}", "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Social capital", "key" : "durlauf_social_2004" }, { "publisher" : "Vandenhoeck \\& Ruprecht", "booktitle" : "Volkswirtschaftliche Theorie der Kooperation in Genossenschaften", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:7469de9384decfc6877ca49a86935f99", "pages" : "619--740", "date" : "2007", "author" : "Brockmeier, Thomas", "keywords" : [ "Cooperatives", "Economic development" ], "editor" : "Thomas Brockmeier and Ulrich Fehl", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "isbn" : "3-525-86081-1", "label" : "Wirtschaftsordnung und Genossenschaften - Ordnungs-, transformations- und wettbewerbstheoretische \\\"{U}berlegungen", "address" : "G\\\"{o}ttingen", "key" : "brockmeier_wirtschaftsordnung_2007" }, { "url" : "http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1726.2007.00001.x", "journal" : "Internationale Revue f\\\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ebe646dd2dbad621c8aa6d047c1fb18f", "pages" : "3--36", "date" : "2007", "number" : "1", "author" : "{Mesa-Lago}, Carmelo", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Labour market", "Latin America", "South America" ], "volume" : "60", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "In den letzten 25 Jahren haben fast alle 20 Lander Lateinamerikas ihre Gesundheitssysteme reformiert, aber die im Schnitt bei 53 Prozent der Gesamtbevolkerung (und damit unter der Mindestnorm der {IAO)} liegende Deckung der Sozialversicherung schwankt zwischen 7 und 26 Prozent in zehn dieser Lander sowie stagniert oder sinkt in mindestens acht Landern, wobei der Zugang zur Gesund-heitsversorgung unzureichend ist. In diesem Beitrag analysieren wir in einem ersten Teil den Wandel auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Deckung bei der sozialen Krankenversicherung, beschreiben die gesetzliche Deckung verschiedener Bevolkerungsgruppen, geben statistische Schatzungen zur Deckung/zum Zugang und deren Entwicklungstendenzen in den drei verschiedenen Bereichen (staatlicher Sektor, Sozialversicherung und Privatsektor), dokumentieren die Unterschiede in der Deckung anhand von Faktoren wie Einkommen, Geografie und ethnischer Zugehorigkeit und stellen fest, welche Schwierigkeiten bei der Eingliederung des informellen Sektors, der auf dem Lande lebenden, indigenen und armen Bevolkerung auftreten und wo die Ursachen fur die niedrige Deckung liegen und beschreiben die Zugangsbehinderungen. In einem zweiten Teil behandeln wir die Empfehlungen der internationalen Organisationen zu Deckung und Zugang, schlagen spezifische Mabetanahmen zur Ausdehnung des Schutzes im Allgemeinen sowie fur Risikogruppen vor und beleuchten Fragestellungen, die weiteres statistisches Material und entsprechende Untersuchungen erfordern, wahrend der dritte Teil die Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen zusammenfasst.", "label" : "Die Ausdehnung Des Schutzes Der Krankenversicherung Und Der Arbeitsmarkt: Probleme Und Politik in Lateinamerika", "key" : "mesa-lago_die_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "International Labour Organization", "uri" : "urn:0fac360844545a9c2d3bbbc8d320b5d4", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Churchill, C. F.", "{McCord}, M. J.", "Roth, J.", "Liber, D." ], "keywords" : [ "Microfinance", "Micro health insurance", "Technical guide" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Making Insurance Work for Microfinance Institutions: A Technical Guide to Developing and Delivering Microinsurance", "address" : "Geneva, Switzerland", "key" : "churchill_making_2003" }, { "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:bfd4512d477e8b7bd3a44d8715763a9e", "date" : "2003-08", "author" : [ "J\\\"{u}tting, Johannes", "Ahuja, Rajeev" ], "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Poverty" ], "month" : "August", "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Are the poor to poor to demand health insurance?", "address" : "Durban, South Africa", "key" : "jtting_arepoor_2003" }, { "journal" : "{GeoJournal}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:dac976bd6f69506b9198f6e2537acc87", "pages" : "89--102", "date" : "2004", "number" : "1", "author" : "Buor, Daniel", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Health Services" ], "volume" : "61", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Determinants of utilisation of health services by women in rural and urban areas in Ghana", "key" : "buor_determinants_2004" }, { "issn" : "00429686", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 31371526; Kalka, Andreas 1; Email Address: andreas.kalk@gtz.de; Affiliation: 1: Health Sector Coordinator, German Cooperation, {GTZ,} {BP} 59, Kigali, Rwanda; Source Info: Mar2008, Vol. 86 Issue 3, {pB;} Subject Term: {LETTERS} to the editor; Subject Term: {HEALTH} insurance; Number of Pages: 2/3p; Document Type: Letter{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "number" : "3", "type" : "Publication", "author" : "Kalk, Andreas", "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=31371526&site=ehost-live", "uri" : "urn:d44cc0488b57e6d643f05ff7f1a3cb49", "label" : "Health insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa: a call for subsidies.", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "LETTERS to the editor" ], "pages" : "B", "year" : "2008", "journal" : "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "abstract" : "A letter to the editor in response to the article {\"Understanding} enrolment in community health insurance in the {sub-Saharan} Aftrica: a population-based case-control study in rural Burkina Faso\" by M. De Allegri and other researchers in the 2006 issue is presented.", "volume" : "86", "pub-type" : "article", "date" : "2008-03", "month" : "March", "key" : "kalk_health_2008" }, { "url" : "http://www.kvg.org/print/ra/default.htm", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:17e7ffdeab25a91211796b2e10161d33", "date" : "2005", "author" : "{KVG}, Gemeinsame Einrichtung", "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk adjustment", "Switzerland" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "howpublished" : "http://www.kvg.org/print/ra/default.htm", "label" : "Risikoausgleich", "key" : "gemeinsame_einrichtung_kvg_risikoausgleich_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:83cade91c4f71d7b9143def6f70764e4", "date" : "2006", "number" : "82", "author" : [ "Cuevas, Carlos E.", "Fischer, Klaus P." ], "keywords" : [ "Governance and risk", "Legal environment", "Macro governance", "Regulation" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Cooperative Financial Institutions: Issues in Governance, Regulation, And Supervision", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "cuevas_cooperative_2006" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4J022W1-2/1/6f73419dc54ae2e6a4545091ec45e31a", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:6923d6f13e7dd8bdda6e51ea93e70d2e", "pages" : "3177--3185", "date" : "2006-06", "number" : "12", "author" : [ "Obermann, Konrad", "Jowett, Matthew R.", "Alcantara, Maria Ofelia O.", "Banzon, Eduardo P.", "Bodart, Claude" ], "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Philippines", "Social health insurance" ], "volume" : "62", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Very little is known about the Philippine health care system, and in particular its experience with social health insurance {(SHI).} Having initiated an {SHI} programme 35 years ago, the Philippines hold many lessons for the development of such schemes in other low and middle-income countries. We analyse the challenges currently facing {PhilHealth,} the national health insurer. {PhilHealth} was formed in 1995 as a successor to the Medicare programme and was given a mandate to achieve universal coverage by 2010. To date, {PhilHealth} has been quite successful in some areas (e.g. enrolment), but lags behind in others (e.g. quality and price control). We conclude that {SHI} in the Philippines has been a success story so far and provides lessons for countries in a similar situation. For example: (i) {SHI} is based on value decisions and the clear statement of societal goals can give guidance in the technical execution, (ii) {SHI} is a financing institution and needs to be treated accordingly, (iii) {SHI} can be implemented independently of the current economic situation and might actually contribute to economic development, (iv) community-based health care financing schemes should be merged with the national {SHI} in the long run, and (v) there is a strong need to push for high quality care and improved physical access. No clear suggestions can be given with respect to the benefit catalogue and the balance between economies of scale and decentralisation. Although riddled with many inadequacies, {PhilHealth} was set up as a strong and largely politically independent institution for the development of {SHI.} {SHI} can act as a stabilizing institution in a politically and economically volatile environment.", "label" : "Social health insurance in a developing country: The case of the Philippines", "key" : "obermann_social_2006" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Development Studies", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ce319cb1c4ef36d258113568af7873bb", "pages" : "322--345", "date" : "2006", "number" : "2", "author" : "Peters, Pauline", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Malawi", "Poverty", "Rural income" ], "volume" : "42", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Malawi is one of the poorest countries in Africa. There is widespread, though not universal, agreement about the shape of poverty in the country and the policy challenge this sets. Agriculture continues to be the most obvious means to stimulate broad-based rural growth and to provide levels of food security and income needed for the majority rural population. A longitudinal study over a decade during which radical policy and political changes occurred provides the data and basis for discussing the appropriate policy directions for reducing poverty.", "label" : "Rural Income and Poverty in a Time of Radical Change in Malawi", "key" : "peters_rural_2006" }, { "journal" : "Economic and Political Weekly", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:744ade1bc870c85d687937f801ae5ee8", "pages" : "1--7", "date" : "2005", "number" : "1", "author" : "Subramanian, S.", "keywords" : [ "India", "Poverty" ], "volume" : "40", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "For some time now, there has been growing dissatisfaction with the conceptual basis of India\'s official poverty statistics, with specific reference to the manner in which the Planning Commission has sought to address the \'identification\' problem in poverty measurement. Unfortunately, this has evoked little in the way of official acknowledgement, and still less in the way of official rectification; apart from which, the faulty procedures underlying the official methodology have been replicated in a number of \'non-official\' scholarly studies. The present paper makes an effort to identify, within an analytical framework of elementary demand theory, the source of the conceptual muddle, and to indicate how seriously misleading it could be to continue to employ the official methodology (or variants thereof) in assessments of income poverty in India.", "label" : "Unravelling a Conceptual Muddle: India\'s Poverty Statistics in the Light of Basic Demand Theory\'", "key" : "subramanian_unravellingconceptual_2005" }, { "journal" : "Pr\\\'{e}cis - World Bank Operations Evaluations Department", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0d18ff98d3d23953504ebeb940ba495c", "pages" : "1--5", "date" : "1999", "number" : "187", "author" : [ "Ridker, Ronald", "Musgrove, Philip" ], "keywords" : [ "Health care system", "India", "Lessons learnt" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Health Care in India: Learning from Experience", "key" : "ridker_health_1999" }, { "issn" : "1353-8292", "number" : "1", "type" : "Publication", "author" : [ "Andrzejewski, Catherine S.", "Reed, Holly E.", "White, Michael J." ], "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VH5-4SK631Y-2/2/3a5e65365eefdaecc1adec3adac3c654", "uri" : "urn:e5b4c689eab40ab7d6de98406b9a04c7", "label" : "Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Child health", "Community effects", "Ghana", "Health knowledge", "Multilevel modeling" ], "pages" : "228--238", "year" : "2009", "journal" : "Health \\& Place", "id" : "e5b4c689eab40ab7d6de98406b9a04c7", "abstract" : "This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual\'s education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person\'s health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and {sub-Saharan} Africa.", "volume" : "15", "pub-type" : "article", "date" : "2009-03", "month" : "March", "key" : "andrzejewski_where_2009-1" }, { "journal" : "Directory of Development Organizations", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:57475db7735b08052d185d68c89f1890", "date" : "2007", "number" : "{I.B/Africa}", "author" : "Organizations, Directory of Development", "volume" : "Edition 2007", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "External assistance health sector", "Malawi" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Guide to International Organizations, Governments, Private Sector, Development Agencies, Civil Society, University, Grantmakers, Banks, Microfinance Institutions and Development Consulting Firms - Resource guide to Development Organizations and the Internet - Malawi", "key" : "directory_of_development_organizations_guide_2007-2" }, { "journal" : "Review of Income and Wealth", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:69e02a20427f0b4034e305c61cae0ed4", "pages" : "339--369", "date" : "1988", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Avery, Robert B.", "Elliehausen, Gregory E.", "Kennickell, Arthur B." ], "keywords" : [ "Measuring wealth", "Research method" ], "volume" : "34", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1988", "label" : "Measuring wealth with survey data: an evaluation of the 1983 survey of consumer finances", "key" : "avery_measuring_1988" }, { "publisher" : "{VJBooks} Inc.", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:b67daf97402fd8a6f25ea2c7d1538f48", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Gupta, Vijay", "keywords" : [ "Quantitative research", "Research method", "Statistics" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Regression explained", "key" : "vijay_gupta_regression_2000" }, { "issn" : "{0305-750X}", "number" : "10", "type" : "Publication", "author" : [ "Barnett, Barry J.", "Barrett, Christopher B.", "Skees, Jerry R." ], "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4SWG0MJ-6/2/935f1c94c854c78083fb30e6e54f4994", "uri" : "urn:6eb1eef044cf6a50dc52a5ffaed26446", "label" : "Poverty Traps and {Index-Based} Risk Transfer Products", "keywords" : [ "Index-based risk transfer products", "Poverty trap", "Risk management" ], "pages" : "1766--1785", "year" : "2008", "journal" : "World Development", "id" : "6eb1eef044cf6a50dc52a5ffaed26446", "abstract" : "Summary A growing literature suggests that in low-income countries, households with few assets can be trapped in chronic poverty. This article reviews relevant threads of the poverty traps literature to motivate a description of the opportunities presented by innovative index-based risk transfer products. These products can be used to address some insurance and credit market failures that contribute to the persistence of poverty among households in low-income countries. Applications are considered at the micro, meso, and macro levels.", "volume" : "36", "pub-type" : "article", "date" : "2008-10", "month" : "October", "key" : "barnett_poverty_2008-1" }, { "label" : "Risks, Poverty and Insurance: Innovations for the informal economy", "key" : "_risks_????", "keywords" : [ "Insurance", "Poverty", "Risks" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Workshop Proceedings Summary" ], "uri" : "urn:3a753a9216faed7e80e98a2c93561010" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID}", "uri" : "urn:9fe48ef41d8995316454343c5d58a517", "date" : "1996", "number" : "6", "author" : "Diop, Francois", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Cost recovery Policy", "Health sector reform", "Niger", "Primary health care" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1996", "abstract" : "Under a National Assembly law passed in 1995 and corresponding implementing regulations enacted in 1996, the government of Niger established a new cost recovery policy for primary health care services. According to these legal instruments, the concept of cost recovery is defined as a participatory mechanism for sharing the cost of health care services provided to the local population at public health facilities. Its purpose is to generate additional income from the sharing of health care costs with the local community in order to improve the quality of primary health care. However, attempts to implement the country\'s new cost recovery policy at the nationwide level have suffered from the unstable political climate, inadequate institutional framework, and lack of leadership within the Ministry of Public Health {(MOH).} This report presents the strengths and weaknesses of Niger\'s cost recovery policy for primary health care services and makes recommendations for short- and long-term follow-up activities for the {MOH.} Pilot tests on user fees and an annual head tax, implemented with technical assistance from the United States Agency for International Development {(USAID)-funded} Health Financing and Sustainability {(HFS)} Project, were used as the basis for developing a financial management system to safeguard revenues and ensure their judicious use by health committees. Drug management procedures were also improved by the installation of a simplified drug management system. Niger has already improved the availability of generic drugs through an ongoing program streamlining procurement procedures, and has trained medical personnel in local health districts in the use of standardized diagnosis and treatment protocols, and essential drugs. However, Niger\'s current cost recovery policy for primary health care services ignores two essential issues: income generated by cost recovery mechanisms cannot replace government funding, and means testing policies are needed to protect the poor. In addition to addressing these weaknesses of the cost recovery policy, the {MOH} needs to implement a major effort to increase the public\'s awareness of the new policy. All central bureaus and agencies of the {MOH} need to become more involved in cost recovery activities and help reinforce the goals and objectives of the National Program for the Strengthening of Primary Health Care {(PNASSP).}", "label" : "Assessment of Niger\'s National Cost Recovery Policy Implementation in the Primary Health Care Sector", "address" : "Bethesda, {MD}", "key" : "diop_assessment_1996" }, { "journal" : "Review of Social Economy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:98fd4a32cbfe95e68acb1f099e42a525", "date" : "2007", "number" : "1", "author" : "Schuller, Tom", "volume" : "{LXV}", "keywords" : "Social capital", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Reflections on the Use of Social Capital", "key" : "schuller_reflectionsuse_2007" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:d6284b14134e663543efc6833dd30f7d", "pages" : "1800--1862", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Wagstaff, Adam", "Doorslaer, Eddy van" ], "keywords" : [ "Equality", "Equity", "Health", "Health care delivery", "Health care financing", "Inequality" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "The paper surveys the economics literature on equity in health care financing and delivery. The focus is, for the most part, on empirical work, especially that involving intemational and temporal comparisons. There is, however, some discussion of the concept and definition of equity. The empirical sections cover the literature on equity in health care financing (progressivity and horizontal equity of health care financing arrangements), equity in health care delivery (horizontal equity in the sense of treating persons in equal need similarly), and equality of health.", "label" : "Equity in Health", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "wagstaff_equity_2000" }, { "publisher" : "Inst.", "booktitle" : "Schweizerisches Jahrbuch f\\\"{u}r Entwicklungspolitik - Entwicklungsfinanzierung durch Mobilisierung lokaler Ressourcen", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:9a974ef4a5623fe83432b9e786358a30", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "Nabeth, Marc", "d\\\'{e}veloppement, Institut universitaire d\'\\\'{e}tudes du" ], "keywords" : "Microinsurance", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "isbn" : "978-2-88247-069-0", "label" : "Mikroversicherung also Antwort auf ein Grundbed\\\"{u}rfnis", "address" : "Geneve", "key" : "nabeth_mikroversicherung_2007" }, { "label" : "Health systems in transition: learning from experience", "key" : "figueras_health_????", "keywords" : [ "Health care system", "Health sector reform" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "book", "author" : [ "Figueras, Joseph", "{McKee}, Martin", "Lessof, Suszy" ], "uri" : "urn:9436e950873eb8ea82b7d02cfacc6b2f" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4S4BK25-1/1/390ef19102d5232fece832230fb932e7", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3335a537b52eea02fbc7d33baec5ccdb", "pages" : "2460--2473", "date" : "2008-06", "number" : "12", "author" : [ "Smith, Kimberly V.", "Sulzbach, Sara" ], "keywords" : [ "Access", "Africa", "Ghana", "Mali", "Maternal health", "NHIS", "Senegal", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "volume" : "66", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} has been incorporated into the health financing strategies of governments and communities in several {Sub-Saharan} African countries. Despite the support for and proliferation of {CBHI} schemes in this region, empirical evidence on how {CBHI} impacts access to health care, particularly maternal health services, is very limited. We use recent household surveys in three West African countries - Senegal, Mali, and Ghana - to examine the relationship between {CBHI} membership and access to formal sector maternal health care. We find that membership in a {CBHI} scheme is positively associated with the use of maternal health services, particularly in areas where utilization rates are very low and for more expensive delivery-related care. Our findings suggest, however, that membership in a {CBHI} scheme is not sufficient to influence maternal health behaviors - it is the inclusion of maternal health care in the benefits package that makes a difference. While many questions remain about {CBHI,} this study provides preliminary evidence suggesting that {CBHI} is a potential demand-side mechanism to increase maternal health care access. However, complementary supply-side interventions to improve quality of and geographic access to health care are also critical for improving health outcomes in this region.", "label" : "Community-based health insurance and access to maternal health services: Evidence from three West African countries", "key" : "smith_community-based_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:98a732ca7b28269f594bec07dd255e28", "date" : "1999", "author" : "Knack, Stephen", "keywords" : [ "Growth", "Poverty", "Social capital" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Social Capital, Growth and Poverty: A Survex of {Cross-Country} Evidence", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "knack_social_1999" }, { "pages" : "395--436", "label" : "Health Policy Challenges for India: Private Health Insurance and Lessons from the International Experience", "key" : "mahal_health_????", "keywords" : [ "Health policy", "India" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "inbook", "author" : "Mahal, Ajay", "uri" : "urn:cb108c3a88ffb6f332acc8b4864abce8" }, { "publisher" : "World Bank, Development Research Group, Infrsastructure and Development", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:229c11758858a7117a67286bb04cc41f", "date" : "1999", "author" : "Simon, N. B.", "keywords" : [ "India", "Mortality reduction" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Valuing Mortality Reductions in India: A Study of Compensating Wage Differentials", "key" : "simon_valuing_1999" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:09ae8606f99d8ca643c2283c41261d1d", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Gwatkin, Davdison R.", "Rutstein, Shea", "Johnson, Kiersten", "Pande, Rohini P.", "Wagstaff, Adam" ], "keywords" : [ "Health care system", "India", "Socio-economic factors" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Socio-economic Differences in Health, Nutrition and Population in India", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "gwatkin_socio-economic_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network", "uri" : "urn:60e498caaae69afe3b3f6443f8cd4d6d", "date" : "1999", "author" : [ "Isham, Jonathan", "K\\\"{a}hk\\\"{o}nen, Satu" ], "keywords" : [ "Community-based project", "Indonesia", "Water project" ], "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "What determines the Effectiveness of {Community-Based} Water Projects? Evidence from Central Java, Indonesia on Demand Responsiveness, Service Rules, and Social Capital - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 14", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "isham_what_1999" }, { "journal" : "Health Affairs", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ba87026d8057f750e6e752c384d5a76a", "pages" : "27", "date" : "2001", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Feder, J.", "Levitt, L.", "{O\'Brien}, E.", "Rowland, D." ], "keywords" : "Low-income insurance", "volume" : "20", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Covering The {Low-Income} Uninsured: The Case For Expanding Public Programs", "key" : "feder_coveringlow-income_2001" }, { "publisher" : "International Food Policy Research Institute", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:03a154403d4641425f906dcfcd0615c9", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Henry, C.", "Institute, International Food Policy Research", "Poorest, Consultative Group to Assist the" ], "keywords" : [ "Measurement", "Microfinance", "Poverty" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "The {CGAP} Poverty Assessment Tool provides transparency on the depth of poverty outreach of {MFIs.} It provides rigorous data on the levels of poverty of clients relative to people within the same community through the construction of a multidimensional poverty index that allows for comparisons between {MFIs} and across countries. It has been primarily designed for donors and investors who would require a more standardized, globally applicable and rigorous set of indicators to make poverty-focused funding decisions. The tool involves a survey of 200 randomly selected clients and 300 non clients, takes about four months to complete and costs around \\$10,000. Field tests were successfully completed in four countries. The Poverty Assessment Tool should be used in conjunction with other appraisal tools (such as the {CGAP} Appraisal Format) to ensure a holistic understanding of {MFIs.}", "label" : "Assessing the Relative Poverty of Microfinance Clients: A {CGAP} Operational Tool", "key" : "henry_assessingrelative_2000" }, { "issn" : "15491277", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 25635524; Kouyat\\\'{e}, Bocar 1 Sie, Ali 2 Y\\\'{e}, Maurice 3 De Allegri, Manuela 4 M\\\"{u}ller, Olaf 4; Email Address: olaf.mueller@urz.uni-heidelberg.de; Affiliation: 1: Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 2: Centre de Recherche en Sant\\\'{e} de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso 3: District Health Team of Nouna and Department of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 4: Department of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Source Info: Jun2007, Vol. 4 Issue 6, pe127; Subject Term: {MALARIA} -- Prevention; Subject Term: {CHILDREN} -- Death; Subject Term: {VECTOR} control; Subject Term: {MEDICINE,} Preventive; Subject Term: {BURKINA} Faso; Number of Pages: 4p; Illustrations: 1 map, 1 color; Document Type: Article{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "number" : "6", "type" : "Publication", "author" : [ "Kouyat\\\'{e}, Bocar", "Sie, Ali", "Y\\\'{e}, Maurice", "Allegri, Manuela De", "M\\\"{u}ller, Olaf" ], "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=25635524&site=ehost-live", "uri" : "urn:3430983225ed44f90846ca55673d1e92", "label" : "The Great Failure of Malaria Control in Africa: A District Perspective from Burkina Faso.", "keywords" : [ "Burkina Faso", "CHILDREN -- Death", "MALARIA -- Prevention", "MEDICINE", "Preventive", "VECTOR control" ], "pages" : "e127--1000", "year" : "2007", "journal" : "{PLoS} Medicine", "abstract" : "Too many African children are dying from a disease for which we have effective and cost-effective prevention and treatment options, say the authors. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]}", "volume" : "4", "pub-type" : "article", "doi" : "10.1371/journal.pmed.0040127", "date" : "2007-06", "month" : "June", "key" : "kouyat_great_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:1b432f0fe444b47665afb2be4783e803", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "People, Delhi Network of Positive", "{HIV/AIDS}, Manipur Network of People Living With", "{HIV/AIDS}, Network of Maharashtra by People Living With", "India, Positive Women\'s Network of South" ], "keywords" : "HIV/AIDS", "editor" : "{ILO}", "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{Socio-Economic} impact of {HIV/AIDS} on people living with {HIV/AIDS} and their families", "key" : "delhi_network_of_positive_people_socio-economic_2003" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4GRH797-1/1/8e84592f21da66ad6d830dbac6b67379", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:fabe39600080b344c50644d327aed58c", "pages" : "707--720", "date" : "2006-02", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Ranson, M. Kent", "Sinha, Tara", "Chatterjee, Mirai", "Acharya, Akash", "Bhavsar, Ami", "Morris, Saul S.", "Mills, Anne J." ], "volume" : "62", "month" : "February", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "How best to provide effective protection for the poorest against the financial risks of ill health remains an unanswered policy question. Community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} schemes, by pooling risks and resources, can in principal offer protection against the risk of medical expenses, and make accessible health care services that would otherwise be unaffordable. The purpose of this paper is to measure the distributional impact of a large {CBHI} scheme in Gujarat, India, which reimburses hospitalization costs, and to identify barriers to optimal distributional impact. The study found that the Vimo Self-employed Women\'s Association {(SEWA)} scheme is inclusive of the poorest, with 32\\% of rural members, and 40\\% of urban members, drawn from households below the 30th percentile of socio-economic status. Submission of claims for inpatient care is equitable in Ahmedabad City, but inequitable in rural areas. The financially better off in rural areas are significantly more likely to submit claims than are the poorest, and men are significantly more likely to submit claims than women. Members living in areas that have better access to health care submit more claims than those living in remote areas. A variety of factors prevent the poorest in rural and remote areas from accessing inpatient care or from submitting a claim. The study concludes that even a well-intentioned scheme may have an undesirable distributional impact, particularly if: (1) the scheme does not address the major barriers to accessing (inpatient) health care; and (2) the process of seeking reimbursement under the scheme is burdensome for the poor. Design and implementation of an equitable scheme must involve: a careful assessment of barriers to health care seeking; interventions to address the main barriers; and reimbursement requiring minimum paperwork and at the time/place of service utilization.", "label" : "Making health insurance work for the poor: Learning from the {Self-Employed} Women\'s Association\'s {(SEWA)} community-based health insurance scheme in India", "key" : "kent_ranson_making_2006" }, { "journal" : "{BMJ}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:d7580e1c6e4c57e8f9ab5bd6c339ea12", "pages" : "830--833", "date" : "2004", "number" : "7443", "author" : [ "Hossain, S. M. Moazzem", "Bhuiya, Abbas", "Khan, Alia Rhaman", "Uhaa, Iyorlumun" ], "keywords" : [ "Community development", "Health", "South Asia" ], "volume" : "328", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Community development and its impact on health: South Asian experience", "key" : "hossain_community_2004" }, { "label" : "Annex {1A} Community Profile And Asset Mapping - Interview Guide", "key" : "_annex_????-3", "keywords" : [ "Interview guide", "Questionnaire", "Research method" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:68f37f0e9b5b8f5f6f3ee7768075767f", "journal" : "Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool" }, { "journal" : "Health Care Financing Review", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ea6e78e0ee303400ebc083888e954f19", "pages" : "1--5", "date" : "2000", "number" : "3", "author" : "Greenwald, Leslie M.", "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk adjustment", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "21", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Medicare {Risk-Adjusted} Capitation Payments: From Research to Implementation", "key" : "greenwald_medicare_2000" }, { "publisher" : "{SPSS} Inc.", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:cd5c77e7364a3eceb2a66e11789a7b94", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Inc., {SPSS}", "keywords" : "SPSS", "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{SPSS} 14.0 - Command Syntax Reference", "address" : "Chicago, {IL}", "key" : "spss_inc._spss_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:11de50fd345a713b3466f6284fbba621", "date" : "1999", "keywords" : [ "Manual", "Quantitative research", "Research method", "Statistics" ], "editor" : "{SPSS}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "{SPSS} Interaktive Grafiken 9.0", "key" : "spss_spss_1999" }, { "journal" : "Health Econ", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ce6dfe0bbb965107f9fe7f1cd8b357cb", "date" : "2003", "author" : [ "Wagstaff, Adam", "Doorslaer, Eddy van" ], "volume" : "(in press)", "keywords" : [ "Catastrophic health care expenditure", "Fairness", "Health payments", "Poverty impact" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "This paper presents and compares two threshold approaches to measuring the fairness of health care payments, one requiring that payments do not exceed a pre-specified proportion of pre-payment income, the other that they do not drive households into poverty. We develop indices for \"catastrophe\" that capture the intensity of catastrophe as well as its incidence and also allow the analyst to capture the degree to which catastrophic payments occur disproportionately among poor households. Measures of poverty impact capturing both intensity and incidence are also developed. The arguments and methods are empirically illustrated with data on out-of-pocket payments from Vietnam in 1993 and 1998. This is not an uninteresting application given that 80\\% of health spending in that country was paid out-of-pocket in 1998. We find that the incidence and intensity of \"catastrophic\" payments - both in terms of pre-payment income as well as ability to pay - were reduced between 1993 and 1998, and that both incidence and intensity of \"catastrophe\" became less concentrated among the poor. We also find that the incidence and intensity of the poverty impact of out-of-pocket payments diminished over the period in question. Finally, we find that the poverty impact of out-of-pocket payments is primarily due to poor people becoming even poorer rather than the non-poor being made poor, and that it was not expenses associated with inpatient care that increased poverty but rather non-hospital expenditures.", "label" : "Catastrophe and impoverishment in paying for health care: with applications to Vietnam 1993-1998", "key" : "wagstaff_catastrophe_2003" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Public Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:468d8beb7f68aad4672d8ce9ea730fd3", "pages" : "248--256", "date" : "2005", "number" : "5", "author" : "G\\\"{o}pffarth, D.", "keywords" : [ "Germany", "GL", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "13", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Reforming Germany\'s risk structure equalization scheme-taking stock at the halfway point", "key" : "gpffarth_reforming_2005" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:75d637645b57e87c95689a15ee881084", "pages" : "1761--1799", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Philipson, Tomas", "keywords" : [ "Epidemiology", "Health", "HIV/AIDS", "Infectious disease", "Public health care" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "Infectious diseases are is currently the main cause of mortality in the world and have been even more important historically. This paper reviews recent research in economic epidemiology. Specifically, it discusses the occurrence of infectious diseases and the effects of public health interventions designed to control them. Several key points include: differences in the predictions regarding short- and long-run disease occurrence between rational and epidemiological epidemics, the nonstandard effects of interventions when epidemics are rational, the desirability and possibility of eradicating infectious diseases, as well as the components of the welfare loss induced by infectious diseases.", "label" : "Economic Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "philipson_economic_2000" }, { "publisher" : "International Thomson Publishing", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:84b9c4c0eef931294afe1f669bdae1ec", "author" : "Brosius, Felix", "keywords" : [ "Manual", "Quantitative research", "Research method", "Statistics" ], "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "{KAPITEL} 30 {Nicht-Parametrische} Tests", "label" : "{SPSS} 8", "key" : "felix_brosius_spss_????" }, { "journal" : "Strenghtening the Policy Research Connection - Health Policy Research - Bulletin", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ce1697af2a5e79f68eb859a43118da0f", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Health, Canada Minister of", "volume" : "12", "keywords" : [ "Canada", "Social capital" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Social Capital and health: Maximizing the benefits", "key" : "canada_minister_of_health_social_2006" }, { "label" : "Measuring inequity in health service delivery", "key" : "world_bank_measuring_????-1", "keywords" : [ "Inequalities in health", "Quantitative research", "Research method" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technical Note" ], "author" : "World\\, Bank", "uri" : "urn:db081227551b1164f6acedf27e500961", "number" : "13" }, { "url" : "http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/EIP_FER_DP.E_03.1.pdf", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Discussion Paper" ], "institution" : "World Health Organization {(WHO)}", "uri" : "urn:8e13b00015cb8d0fefeb1a495f0fde37", "date" : "2003", "number" : "1", "author" : "Carrin, G.", "keywords" : "Community-based health insurance", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "Scarce economic resources, low or modest economic growth, constraints on the public sector and low organisational capacity explain why the design of adequate health financing systems in developing countries, especially the low income ones1, remains cumbersome and the subject of significant debate. Earlier on, cost-recovery for health care via user fees was established in many developing countries usually as a response to severe constraints on government finance. However, most studies alert decision-makers to the negative effects of user fees on the demand for care, especially that of the poorest households2. Alternative health financing systems exist, de-linking utilisation from direct payment, and thereby protecting the population, especially the most vulnerable groups, from having to resort to various coping mechanisms3. Financing is based either on general tax revenues and/or social health insurance contributions. Risk-pooling is a core characteristic of these systems, enabling health services to be provided according to people\'s need rather than to their individual capacity to pay for health services. A tax funded health system may not be easy to develop, due to the lack of a robust tax base and a low institutional capacity to collect taxes and weak tax compliance. Social health insurance has traditionally started by insuring workers. A further nationally organized expansion of social health insurance to the self-employed and non-formal sector is especially demanding. Other financing methods which would circumvent these organisational difficulties are therefore explored, including the direct involvement of communities in health financing. In this paper, the focus will be on voluntary health insurance, organized at the level of the community, or community based health insurance {(CHI).} In the next section, we return to the issue of {CHI} as a response to obstacles to the implementation of universal coverage. In this paper, we look at how community based health insurance schemes {(CHIs)} have been performing in practice so far. This evidence is analyzed using a simple framework that is presented in section 3. In section 4, we discuss the international evidence, using this particular framework. We also analyze factors that influence the performance of {CHIs} in the same section. In section 5, we study the impact of {CHI} on goals of the health system. Perspectives regarding the future role of {CHIs} are offered in section 6. Concluding remarks are in section 7.", "label" : "Community based health insurance schemes in developing countries: facts, problems and perspectives/by Guy Carrin.", "address" : "Geneva, Switzerland", "key" : "carrin_community_2003" }, { "url" : "http://microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/53927", "journal" : "Munich, Germany: University of Munich", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:5d65c6e66f1ff117455d453a93501baa", "date" : "2008-11", "author" : "Lehner, M.", "keywords" : [ "Group lending", "Microcredit", "Microfinance" ], "month" : "November", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Microfinance is typically associated with joint liability of group members. How-ever, a large part of microfinance institutions rather offers individual instead of group loans. The paper analyze the incentive mechanisms in both individual and group contracts. Moreover, it shows that microfinance institutions offers group loans when the loan size is rather large, refinancing costs are high, and competition between microfinance institutions is low. Otherwise, individual loans are offered. Interestingly, the analysis predicts that individual lending in microfinance will gain in importance in the future if microfinance institutions continue to get better access to capital markets and if competition further rises. {[Based} on author\'s abstract]", "label" : "Group Lending Versus Individual Lending in Microfinance", "key" : "lehner_group_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "unpublished", "uri" : "urn:9c9d36b309dbe2e9260ce8c1a2311183", "date" : "2007", "author" : "{MeTA}", "keywords" : [ "Equity", "Ghana", "NHIS" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Equity Issues in {MeTA} Country Reports - Overview", "key" : "meta_equity_2007" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4SDH5SV-2/1/884608a754a05baab8904412a962f35d", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b2473cab7c1f1e7747f06e4ba4cdc77f", "date" : "2008", "author" : [ "Nam, Sara L.", "Fielding, Katherine", "Avalos, Ava", "Dickinson, Diana", "Gaolathe, Tendani", "Geissler, P. Wenzel" ], "volume" : "In Press, Corrected Proof", "keywords" : [ "Acceptance", "Adherence", "Africa", "Antiretrovirals", "Botswana", "HIV/AIDS", "Stigma" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among {HIV} patients is the most important patient-enabled factor related to virological failure and can lead to drug resistance. It is important to avoid virological failure, especially in resource-limited settings where treatment options are limited and the effects of treatment failure are profound. This qualitative study aimed to identify the psycho-social factors related to adherence behaviour in Gaborone, Botswana, a high prevalence setting in southern Africa. One-to-one, in-depth interviews were conducted with adult antiretroviral patients in the private and public health sectors who had been on antiretroviral therapy for a minimum of 6 months. A grounded theory approach was adopted and patients were selected purposively and theoretical sampling determined the final sample size. Thirty-two patients were interviewed, 22 from the public-sector, the mean age was 9.5 years and 53\\% were women. We found that acceptance of {HIV-status,} the ability to avoid internalising stigmatising attitudes and identification of an encouraging confidante were key factors related to good adherence. Encouraging confidantes (including clinicians) and contributed to promoting hope and acceptance of {HIV-status,} enabling patients to develop a positive therapeutic relationship with their antiretrovirals and make lifestyle changes that promoted adherence. Active participation in a social network and a desire to avoid being thin and visibly identifiable as {HIV-positive} were also adherence-motivating factors. Conversely, participants who expressed some degree of denial about their {HIV-status} tended to express emotions associated with depression, and internalised stigma that inhibited the development of a relationship with a confidante. We feel it is important to identify individuals with {HIV} who are still in some degree of denial about their status and to identify depression among patients on antiretrovirals. This will enable more targeted, individualised support in the management of individuals\' {HIV} disease.", "label" : "The relationship of acceptance or denial of {HIV-status} to antiretroviral adherence among adult {HIV} patients in urban Botswana", "key" : "nam_relationship_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Genesis Analytics {(Pty)} Ltd", "uri" : "urn:6a29ec01c79d4ffe359c4b695a81fb59", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Bester, Hennie", "Chamberlain, Doubell", "Hawthorne, Ryan", "Malherbe, Stephan", "Walker, Richard" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Botswana", "Insurance and poverty", "Lesotho", "Namibia", "Swaziland" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Making insurance markets work for the poor in Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland - scoping study - Final Report - {VERSION} 2.0", "address" : "Johannesburg, South Africa", "key" : "bester_making_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority", "uri" : "urn:3a0c6a69d890c46dfbd08b838b571ca3", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Bhawan, Parishrama", "keywords" : [ "India", "Microinsurance" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Concept Paper on Need for Developing {Micro-Insurance} in India", "address" : "Hyderabad, India", "key" : "parishrama_bhawan_concept_2004" }, { "journal" : "International Journal of Health Services", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f36368980f4472ae343e185a2795a5c3", "pages" : "65--78", "date" : "2004", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Woolhandler, S.", "Campbell, T.", "Himmelstein, D. U." ], "keywords" : [ "Canada", "Health care administration", "Macro cost", "Macro management", "United States" ], "volume" : "34", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Health care administration in the united states and canada: micromanagement, macro costs", "key" : "woolhandler_health_2004" }, { "url" : "http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011247814590", "journal" : "International Tax and Public Finance", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:5ffa4c104f440bb2a8b75bafcd8b5e42", "pages" : "529--556", "date" : "2001", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Holzmann, Robert", "J\\orgensen, Steen" ], "keywords" : [ "Risk", "Risk management", "Social protection", "Social risk management", "Strategies" ], "volume" : "8", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "abstract" : "This paper proposes a new definition and conceptual framework for Social Protection grounded in Social Risk Management. The concept repositions the traditional areas of Social Protection (labor market intervention, social insurance and social safety nets) in a framework that includes three strategies to deal with risk (prevention, mitigation and coping), three levels of formality of risk management (informal, market-based, public) and many actors (individuals, households, communities, {NGOs,} governments at various levels and international organizations) against the background of asymmetric information and different types of risk. This expanded view of Social Protection emphasizes the double role of risk management instruments- protecting basic livelihood as well as promoting risk taking. It focuses specifically on the poor since they are the most vulnerable to risk and typically lack appropriate risk management instruments, which constrains them from engaging in riskier but also higher return activities and hence gradually moving out of chronic poverty.", "label" : "Social Risk Management: A New Conceptual Framework for Social Protection, and Beyond", "key" : "holzmann_social_2001" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4T2S00P-2/2/b7a168c9a3088ddfe7a8117053e900ef", "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e9061a580b603cc743bf02002bda0a26", "pages" : "104--115", "date" : "2009", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Gupta, Sanjeev", "Pattillo, Catherine A.", "Wagh, Smita" ], "keywords" : [ "Financial development", "Poverty", "Remittances" ], "volume" : "37", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "Summary This paper assesses the effect of the steadily growing remittance flows to {sub-Saharan} Africa. Though the region receives only a small portion of the total recorded remittances to developing countries, and the volume of aid flows to {sub-Saharan} Africa swamps remittances, this paper finds that remittances, which are a stable, private transfer, have a direct poverty-mitigating effect, and promote financial development. These findings hold even after factoring in the reverse causality between remittances, poverty, and financial development. The paper posits that formalizing such flows can serve as an effective access point for \"unbanked\" individuals, and households.", "label" : "Effect of Remittances on Poverty and Financial Development in {Sub-Saharan} Africa", "issn" : "{0305-750X}", "key" : "gupta_effect_2009" }, { "publisher" : "{VS} Verlag f\\\"{u}r Sozialwissenschaften", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:54a33595a68007b2590b4c55ae56d12a", "date" : "2005-07", "author" : "Helfferich, Cornelia", "keywords" : [ "Qualitative interviews", "Qualitative research" ], "month" : "July", "edition" : "2", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Die Qualit\\\"{a}t qualitativer Daten - Manual fur die Durchfuhrung qualitativer Interviews", "address" : "Wiesbaden", "key" : "cornelia_helfferich_die_2005" }, { "url" : "http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=psychfacpub", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a6487600682a5b6efd10912b4467ea69", "pages" : "189--197", "date" : "1999", "author" : [ "Carlo, Gustavo", "Allen, James B.", "Buhman, Dion C." ], "keywords" : "Solidarity", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "abstract" : "Prior theorists and researchers have suggested that multiplicative models of prosocial behavior may account for weak and inconsistent relations between traits and prosocial behaviors. This study examined the multiplicative relations of trait personal distress, trait sympathy, and U{\\textasciicircum}it perspective taking on prosocial behaviors. Nonlinear, 2-way interactions were hypothesized, such that as trait personal distress decreased from moderate to low levels, and trait perspective taking or trait sympathy increased, volunteering would increase. One hundred and eighty-two undergraduate students completed a battery of trait measures that included trait perspective taking, trait sympathy, and trait personal distress. Approximately 6 weeks later, the students were given an opportunity to volunteer for a charity organization. Results indicated that there was a nonlinear multiplicative effect of trait perspective taking and trait personal distress on volunteering. Discussion focused on the implications of nonlinear, multiplicative trait models of prosocial behaviors.", "label" : "Facilitating and Disinhibiting Prosocial Behaviors: The Nonlinear Interaction of Trait Perspective Taking and Trait Personal Distress on Volunteering", "key" : "carlo_facilitating_1999" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4CYPYRJ-1/1/76b0185b2fc57c7e865b90a6ee3d9742", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4b81fc0a7feb6f4b8443d02441cfa943", "pages" : "649--660", "date" : "2005-02", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Smith, Kirsten P.", "Watkins, Susan Cotts" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "HIV/AIDS", "Malawi", "Perceived risk", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "volume" : "60", "month" : "February", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "This paper combines quantitative and qualitative data to investigate changes in perceived risk of contracting {HIV/AIDS} in rural Malawi. Using longitudinal survey data, we find that Malawians worried less about contracting {HIV/AIDS} in 2001 than in 1998. According to qualitative interviews and observational journal accounts, {HIV/AIDS} and strategies to prevent it are a frequent topic of conversation amongst married Malawians. Women report worrying most about their husbands as a possible source of infection, discussing with them the importance of avoiding infection, and, increasingly, using divorce to reduce their risk. Men report worrying most about their extramarital partners and adopting preventive strategies such as fewer partners and more careful partner selection. We show that the decline in perceived risk is significantly associated with declines in the behaviors that Malawians worry most about and perceptions of risk in individuals\' social networks. We interpret these findings as evidence that Malawians are changing their behavior in ways that may reduce the spread of {HIV/AIDS.}", "label" : "Perceptions of risk and strategies for prevention: responses to {HIV/AIDS} in rural Malawi", "key" : "smith_perceptions_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4NBR3KH-2/1/59fc3965481e6f4b23865b25a703bb8c", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1743bdb19bca33ae64f499613980bcdd", "pages" : "2268--2280", "date" : "2008-06", "number" : "11", "author" : [ "Engstr\\\"{o}m, Karin", "Mattsson, Fredrik", "J\\\"{a}rleborg, Anders", "Hallqvist, Johan" ], "keywords" : [ "Area effects", "Multi-level modelling", "Self-rated health", "Social capital", "Sweden" ], "volume" : "66", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "In this study, we critically examine whether contextual social capital {(CSC)} is associated with self-rated health, with an emphasis on the problem of confounding. We also examine different components of {CSC} and their association with self-rated health. Finally, we look at differences in susceptibility between different socio-demographic groups. We use the cross-sectional base line study of the Stockholm Public Health Cohort, conducted in 2002. A postal questionnaire was answered by 31,182 randomly selected citizens, 18-84 years old, in Stockholm County. We used four measures of social capital: horizontal (civic trust and participation), vertical (political trust and participation), cognitive (civic and political trust) and structural (civic and political participation). {CSC} was measured at parish level from aggregated individual data, and multilevel regression procedures were employed. We show a twofold greater risk of poor self-rated health in areas with very low {CSC} compared with areas with very high {CSC.} Adjustments for individual socio-demographic factors, contextual economic factors and individual social capital lowered the excess risk. Simultaneous adjustment for all three forms of confounding further weakened the association and rendered it insignificant. Cognitive and structural social capital show relatively similar associations with self-rated health, while horizontal {CSC} seems to be more strongly related to self-rated health than vertical {CSC.} In conclusion, whether there is none or a moderate association between {CSC} and self-rated health, depends on the extent to which individual social capital is seen as a mediator or confounder. The association with self-rated health is similar independent of the measure of {CSC} used. It is also similar in different socio-demographic groups.", "label" : "Contextual social capital as a risk factor for poor self-rated health: A multilevel analysis", "key" : "engstrm_contextual_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Commonwealth of Australia", "uri" : "urn:47da90f0535c7eb1838be107bbe0c481", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Ltd, Global Learning Services Pty", "keywords" : [ "Community participation", "Consumer participation" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Education and Training for Consumer Participation in Health Care - {FINAL} {REPORT} {OF} {PROJECT} -", "address" : "Canberra", "key" : "ltd_education_2000" }, { "journal" : "Social Science and Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:42da9c4ad8421d3eaccd221dbe3ed0aa", "pages" : "707--720", "date" : "2006", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Ranson, M. K.", "Sinha, T.", "Chatterjee, M.", "Acharya, A.", "Bhavsar, A.", "Morris, S. S.", "Mills, A. J." ], "keywords" : [ "Micro health insurance", "SEWA" ], "volume" : "62", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Making health insurance work for the poor: learning from the {Self-Employed} Women\'s Association\'s {(SEWA)} community-based health insurance scheme in India", "key" : "ranson_making_2006" }, { "journal" : "C. R. Biologies", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:53ad216aa31b58144618497a9a093689", "pages" : "952--963", "date" : "2008", "author" : "Letourmy, Alain", "volume" : "331", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health financing", "Health insurance", "Reforms" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "in most low-income countries promote social and micro health insurance, in order to reduce direct spending by patients. Three phases of development can be distinguished in African countries: at first, schemes were developed only for the formal sector, then micro health insurance targeted the informal sector, and finally, health insurance was included in larger plans to reach universal coverage. The impact of health insurance is, as yet, difficult to assess. If beneficiaries have a better access to health services, the financing of health sector is not significantly improved, and there is no change in professional behaviour, in particular, in public facilities. In spite of their limits, social health insurance schemes continue to be implemented, but as a part of hybrid financing system, fitting with the abilities of low-income countries.", "label" : "Revue: Le d\\\'{e}veloppement de l\'assurance maladie dans les pays \\`{a} faible revenu : l\'exemple des pays africains", "key" : "letourmy_revue:_2008" }, { "publisher" : "The Wolrd Bamk", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:0bc8865ec909a4ca3b2575a61ab6afbd", "date" : "2008", "author" : "{Demirg\'uc-Kunt}, Asl", "series" : "World Bank Policy Research Report", "keywords" : [ "Access to finance and development", "Firms\' Access to Finance", "Government\'s role in facilitating access", "Household access to finance", "Universal coverage" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "label" : "Finance for all? Policies and Pitfalls in Expanding Access", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "demirguc-kunt_finance_2008" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4NK47BM-7/1/c7951e5f52ddcb85f38b0e10e409bf2c", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:9cbcf5ac833cb4e6b5204648585eace8", "pages" : "2454--2463", "date" : "2007-06", "number" : "12", "author" : "Mtika, Mike Mathambo", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "AIDS epidemic", "Circular migration", "Economic insecurity", "HIV/AIDS", "Malawi", "Multi-partner sexual relations", "Political economy" ], "volume" : "64", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "This study examines how livelihood struggles push rural Malawians into {AIDS-risky} sexual behavior. The study involved in-depth interviews of 59 household guardians, four key informant group discussions, and after work observations and interviews of 19 people working, traveling, or running businesses. Findings reveal that circular migration has become a livelihood practice for adults aged 20-49 in rural Malawi through which they contract {AIDS.} This migration springs from the fragile political economy brought about by development strategies that did not build up and deploy human capital in rural communities. Doing so would advance local economic enterprise that would reduce prime age adults\' involvement in circular migration and improve their opportunities for self-determination thus increasing the adoption of {AIDS} prevention interventions in rural Malawi. The abstinence, being faithful, and condom use {(ABC)} interventions in controlling {AIDS} need to be complemented by developing human capital and using it to unlock the economic growth and problem-solving potential in rural communities.", "label" : "Political economy, labor migration, and the {AIDS} epidemic in rural Malawi", "key" : "mtika_political_2007" }, { "url" : "http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1726.2007.00022.x", "journal" : "Internationale Revue f\\\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:569e40f5f1a33287239bc42229c7ebf7", "pages" : "25--50", "date" : "2007-10", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Chikova, Henry N.", "Chinamasa, Camillo F." ], "volume" : "60", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "Zahlreiche Personen, die aufgrund einer {HIV/Aids-Erkrankung} vorzeitig in den Ruhestand gehen, verringern die Zahl der Erwerbstatigen und bedrohen die Tragfahigkeit der gesetzlichen Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit des Landesamtes fur soziale Sicherheit in Simbabwe. Die Wirtschaft leidet seit einem Jahrzehnt unter einer Rezession, verbunden mit hoher Inflation und bedeutenden Arbeitsplatzverlusten, die sich auch auf die Beitrage an das Nationale System fur Renten und andere Leistungen {(NPOBS)} negativ auswirken, und die Regierung setzt Obergrenzen fur das zu versichernde beitragsrelevante Einkommen. Es gibt gegenwartig keine konsistenten Ansatze, um die mit diesen Faktoren verbundene Aushohlung der Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit zu mildern. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die potenziellen Auswirkungen von {HIV/Aids} und den verbindlichen Obergrenzen auf die Einnahmen des {NPOBS} angesichts der hohen Inflationsraten fur die Zukunft abzuschatzen. Wir kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass {HIV/Aids} die vorgesehenen Beitragszahlungen an das System bis 2030 um mehr als 30 Prozent verringern wird. Politische Strategien zur Anpassung und haufigen Uberprufung der Hohe der Obergrenzen fur das versicherte Einkommen in Einklang mit der Inflationsentwicklung sowie Investitionen in die Pravention von {HIV/Aids} konnten dazu beitragen, die negativen Auswirkungen von {HIV/Aids} und/oder der Obergrenzen auf die Beitrage zur sozialen Sicherheit in Simbabwe zu verringern.", "label" : "Die Auswirkungen von {HIV/Aids} auf die Beitr\\\"{a}ge zur sozialen Sicherheit am Beispiel Simbabwes", "key" : "chikova_die_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{USAID}", "uri" : "urn:21672118138c92df3e808f9fb690f755", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Tien, Marie", "{LeBan}, Karen", "Winch, Peter" ], "keywords" : "Community participation", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Community Health Workers Incentives and Disincentives: How They Affect Motivation, Retention, and Sustainability", "key" : "tien_community_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:286737f03d4ccb1fec65a609a8cae6da", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Graziosi, Ascanio", "keywords" : [ "Microfinance", "Microfinance institutions" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "A New Approach in Evaluating Microfinance Institutions\' Performance", "key" : "ascanio_graziosi_new_2002" }, { "id" : "906247756a8cbc9e31a75dac6ba7526c", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{US} Agency for International Development {(USAID)}", "uri" : "urn:906247756a8cbc9e31a75dac6ba7526c", "date" : "1999", "keywords" : [ "Decentralization", "Health insurance", "Health sector reform", "Philippines" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Health Insurance and Decentralization in the Philippines", "key" : "_health_1999" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Discussion Paper" ], "institution" : "Munich Re Foundation - From Knowledge to Action", "uri" : "urn:1d405b7309f01661894d10560f2fc88e", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "Levin, Thomas", "Reinhard, Dirk" ], "keywords" : [ "Agricultural insurance", "Agriculture", "Microinsurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Microinsurance aspects in agriculture", "key" : "levin_microinsurance_2007" }, { "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:00b75717be25a1b10690e491b3034b8d", "pages" : "1559--1587", "date" : "2002", "number" : "10", "author" : [ "B\\\"{a}rnighausen, T.", "Sauerborn, R." ], "keywords" : [ "Germany", "Health insurance system" ], "volume" : "54", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle-and low-income countries", "key" : "brnighausen_one_2002" }, { "journal" : "Gesundheitswesen {(Bundesverband} der \\\"{A}rzte des \\\"{O}ffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes {(Germany))}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:5f768e87edf13b726eb7285b4d1e40d5", "pages" : "1--10", "date" : "2007", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Behrend, C", "Felder, S", "Busse, R" ], "keywords" : [ "Diagnosis-related groups", "Drug prescriptions", "Economic models", "Game theory", "Germany", "GL", "Insurance pools", "Risk adjustment", "Risk factors" ], "volume" : "69", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "note" : "{PMID:} 17347926", "abstract" : "{BACKGROUND:} A report commissioned by the German Ministry of Health recommends to the existing scheme for calculating risk-adjusted transfers to sickness funds supplement with the {IPHCC+RxGroups} method. The method is based on inpatient diagnoses and prescribed drugs as health status measures deduced from prior use. {OBJECTIVE:} The present study investigates the sickness fund\'s expected net return from gaming based on the drug component of the risk adjuster. {METHODS:} The study explores three possible strategies using the {RxGroups} method. For the stimulations, insurees are assigned to additional indications or to higher valued {RxGroups} within the same indication. Then, costs and financial benefits attributable to the altered drug use are estimated and compared with the status quo. The study uses 2000 and 2001 sample data of more than 370,000 insurees of Germany\'s company-based sickness funds system {(BKK).} {RESULTS:} While upgrading increases overall costs, it can be beneficial for the individual sickness funds. Their net return crucially depends on the number of sickness funds gaming the system: the more participating in the game, the smaller is the average net return. Moreover, not participating often is even worse, which in turn points to a prisoner\'s dilemma. {CONCLUSIONS:} When extending the risk adjustment scheme in social health insurance, the German legislator should take into account the perverse incentives of risk adjusters such as the described prescription drug model.", "label" : "Zur Strategieanf\\\"{a}lligkeit der Arzneimittelkomponente des {IPHCC+RxGroups-Klassifikationssystems} in einem morbidit\\\"{a}tsorientierten Risikostrukturausgleich - Eine konzeptionelle und datengest\\\"{u}tzte Analyse", "issn" : "14394421", "key" : "behrend_zur_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Westf\\\"{a}lische {Wilhelms-Universit\\\"{a}t} M\\\"{u}nster", "uri" : "urn:c4cda9ac84a862dfb11a36a16055bf2e", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Ebertz, Peter", "keywords" : [ "Cooperations", "Participation", "Risk management" ], "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Kooperationen als Instrument des Strategischen Risikomanagements", "address" : "M\\\"{u}nster", "key" : "ebertz_kooperationen_2006" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health" ], "institution" : "World Health Organization", "uri" : "urn:f67824411ec07f502068926c0489886b", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Sachs, Jeffrey D.", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Health and development", "Macroeconomics and health" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development", "address" : "Geneva, Switzerland", "key" : "sachs_macroeconomics_2001" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Joint {NGO} Briefing Paper" ], "uri" : "urn:c0efa69389631ebe309aada02d0a0911", "date" : "2008-05", "number" : "bp No. 112", "author" : [ "Oxfam", "health, Action for global", "monde, M\\\'{e}dicins du", "children, Save the", "international, Plan", "advocates, Global health", "Paris, Act up" ], "keywords" : [ "Impact", "Low-income countries", "Micro health insurance" ], "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "label" : "Health insurance in low-income countries. Where is the evidence that it works?", "key" : "oxfam_health_2008" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4TP1FFS-1/2/fd0b1a210b57f500695a06d1823cf6b2", "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e20f8c3e6dd4de1cc0bfedc22ff1862e", "pages" : "687--697", "date" : "2009-03", "number" : "3", "author" : "Jr., Eduardo Araral", "keywords" : [ "Collective action", "Commons", "Decentralization", "Free riding", "Irrigation", "Philippines" ], "volume" : "37", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "Summary I examine the factors that influence collective action in the commons using econometric analyses on a data set of 1958 irrigation associations in the Philippines. I find that collective action is associated with water scarcity, proximity to markets, group size, farm size, and governance structure. Water scarcity has a curvilinear effect on collective action and is mediated by the governance structure. The results suggest the need for a diagnostic approach in the analysis of institutional arrangements in diverse socio-ecological settings. These also suggest that collective action in the commons is more complex than is conventionally assumed in the decentralization literature.", "label" : "What Explains Collective Action in the Commons? Theory and Evidence from the Philippines", "issn" : "{0305-750X}", "key" : "araral_jr._what_2009" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/AF8FD93E-7483-4AE5-B68F-CC17CBF4DF83/0/Part2Microinsuranceproductsandservices.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:6328b9c57e74851e7d6aeeaaafdc3727", "pages" : "66--93", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Radermacher, Ralf", "Dror, Iddo", "Noble, Gerry" ], "keywords" : "Micro health insurance", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Product manufacturing; Product sales; Product servicing; Maintenance of long-term stability", "label" : "Challenges and strategies to extend health insurance to the poor", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "radermacher_challenges_2006" }, { "url" : "http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/hlthaff.w2.349v1/DC1", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Project {HOPE--The} {People-to-People} Health Foundation, Inc.", "uri" : "urn:4a7e73a0bcfa4fd9fbf4979dd76117d1", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Chollet, Deborah", "keywords" : [ "GL", "High risk pools" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Expanding Individual Health Insurance Coverage: Are {High-Risk} Pools The Answer?", "key" : "chollet_expanding_2002" }, { "journal" : "Journal of European Social Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:69daca655aa367756b5382d8be175528", "pages" : "123", "date" : "2002", "number" : "2", "author" : "Ullrich, Carsten G.", "keywords" : "Solidarity", "volume" : "12", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Reciprocity, justice and statutory health insurance in Germany", "key" : "ullrich_reciprocity_2002" }, { "journal" : "Review of Income and Wealth", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:146439fb218150c5556129f03b861f56", "pages" : "463--489", "date" : "2003", "number" : "4", "author" : "Sahn, David E.; Stifel", "keywords" : [ "Expenditure data", "Measuring welfare" ], "volume" : "49", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure data", "key" : "sahn_exploring_2003" }, { "journal" : "Briefing Paper for {OXFAM,} University of York, York", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0018015c9af34a72b08570e37203bf6c", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Witter, Sophie", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Health care financing", "Transitional countries" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Health Financing in Developing and Transitional Countries", "key" : "witter_health_2002" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4NHD9C7-3/1/48dc46b5595cf807119620ff599ae983", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:7a7f923b7d9daba4b9af606ccf62ae07", "pages" : "2427--2442", "date" : "2007-06", "number" : "12", "author" : [ "Jenkins, Marion W.", "Scott, Beth" ], "keywords" : [ "Adoption decision stages", "Africa", "Demand estimation", "Ghana", "Household sanitation", "Marketing", "Policy and planning" ], "volume" : "64", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "Household demand for improved sanitation in developing countries is an important social and behavioral process with implications for public health, sanitation policy and planning, and sanitation design and technology development. This paper develops a behavioral approach to assess household demand for improved sanitation in Ghana. Adoption decision stages of preference, intention, and choice to install a toilet in Ghana are defined, measured in a survey, and used to estimate sanitation demand, identify factors affecting demand at each stage, and classify households by adoption stage to identify targeted demand-stimulation strategies. Results from a representative national sample of 536 households indicate that of 74\\% of households without any home sanitation, 31\\% have some likelihood of installing a toilet within the next year, but only 6\\% are very likely to do so; 62\\% had not considered the idea. Motivating and constraining factors are compared at each adoption stage and strategies likely to increase toilet installation in Ghana discussed. The approach is useful for assessing behavioral indicators of sanitation demand in developing countries and suggesting where marketing approaches can and cannot work to accelerate adoption of household sanitation improvements.", "label" : "Behavioral indicators of household decision-making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana", "key" : "jenkins_behavioral_2007" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:866a84fc1f4d5a5c54d39de71631b5ea", "pages" : "47--58", "date" : "2003", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "{McIntyre}, di", "Doherty, Jane", "Gilson, Lucy" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "GL", "Risk equalization", "Social health insurance", "South Africa" ], "volume" : "18", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "A tale of two visions: the changing fortunes of Social Health Insurance in South Africa", "key" : "mcintyre_tale_2003" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Background Paper" ], "institution" : "Harvard College", "uri" : "urn:2ceaf25881189520b478987900c36bed", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Hsiao, Willian", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Health care financing" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Health Care Financing in Developing Nations - a background paper", "address" : "Massachusetts", "key" : "hsiao_health_2000" }, { "publisher" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance", "url" : "http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34163/4_Making%20Insurance%20Markets%20Work%20for%20the%20Poor_%20Microinsurance%20Policy,%20Regulation%20and%20Supervision_Philippines%20Case%20Study.pdf", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:351716f81fa55f207d450310b8f6fd4a", "date" : "2009", "author" : [ "Llato, G.", "Geron, M.", "Almario, J." ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "This document presents findings from the Philippines on the role of regulation in the development of microinsurance markets. The driving forces behind the development of microinsurance in the Philippines have been its strong mutual/cooperative tradition, informal risk pooling and underwriting, and microfinance growth. The Philippines\' insurance regulatory regime explicitly provides for microinsurance. Market characteristics include: * Market approach of monitoring market trends and tailoring regulation accordingly; * Creation of a special prudential tier for the underwriting of microinsurance policies and linking this to the allowance for Mutual Benefit Associations {(MBAs);} * Institutional flexibility for formal insurers; * Innovative mechanisms to facilitate formalization of informal insurance operators; * Group-based and microfinance driven microinsurance; * Financial inclusion policy that contributed to microfinance and microinsurance sector development. This study illustrates how {MFI-based} microinsurance can evolve beyond the provision of credit life insurance to also provide life, accident and capital health insurance to members. Despite some remaining obstacles, a number of policy and regulatory aspects bode well for the growth of microinsurance in the Philippines.", "label" : "Making Insurance Markets Work for the Poor: Microinsurance Policy, Regulation and Supervision - Philippines Case Study", "key" : "llato_making_2009" }, { "journal" : "International journal of health care finance and economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:90f36e5cc79469a0d1b11b0fedf75944", "pages" : "43--58", "date" : "2007-03", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Kleef, R C van", "Beck, K", "Ven, W P M M van de", "Vliet, R C J A van" ], "keywords" : [ "Choice Behavior", "Cost savings", "Deductibles and coinsurance", "Econometric models", "GL", "Health expenditures", "Health insurance", "Risk adjustment", "Voluntary programs" ], "volume" : "7", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "note" : "{PMID:} 17431767", "abstract" : "Theoretically, a risk avers consumer takes a deductible if the premium rebate (far) exceeds his/her expected out-of-pocket expenditures. In the absence of risk equalization, insurers are able to offer high rebates because those who select into a deductible plan have below-average expenses. This paper shows that, for high deductibles, such rebates cannot be offered if risk equalization would \"perfectly\" adjust for the effect of self selection. Since the main goal of user charges is to reduce moral hazard, some effect of self selection on the premium rebate can be justified to increase the viability of voluntary deductibles.", "label" : "Does risk equalization reduce the viability of voluntary deductibles?", "issn" : "13896563", "key" : "van_kleef_risk_2007" }, { "publisher" : "Africa Microfinance Action Forum", "url" : "http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34983/Diagnostic%20to%20Action_%20Microfinance%20in%20Africa.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:aa2777126f7dd143a4e04a4249bb37a4", "date" : "2008-10", "author" : "Banking, Women\'s World", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Microfinance" ], "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Examining major achievements, challenges and growth trends in the microfinance sector", "label" : "Diagnostic to Action: Microfinance in Africa", "key" : "womens_world_banking_diagnostic_2008" }, { "journal" : "Best\'s Review", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a4e0115588dfb5226534f3331377ec61", "pages" : "84--86", "date" : "2004", "number" : "1", "author" : "Phelan, John", "keywords" : "HIPAA", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Pulling it together - How riskpools can manage {HIPAA} compliance costs by taking a step-by-step apporach", "key" : "phelan_pulling_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{INDIAN} {COUNCIL} {FOR} {RESEARCH} {ON} {INTERNATIONAL} {ECONOMIC} {RELATIONS}", "uri" : "urn:630d0fd6407772576ea71bd3a5de6f90", "date" : "2003", "number" : "{NO.} 95", "author" : [ "Ahuja, R.", "J\\\"{u}tting, J." ], "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "Incentives" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Design of incentives in community based health insurance schemes", "key" : "ahuja_design_2003" }, { "journal" : "Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:abf6f793b2d6a5e63d5f7ea00e37ae0e", "pages" : "791--796", "date" : "2003", "number" : "9", "author" : [ "Yeung, Raymond {Y.T.}", "Smith, Richard D.", "{McGhee}, Sarah G." ], "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Willingness to pay" ], "volume" : "12", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Willingness to pay and size of health benefit: an integrated model to test for\'sensitivity to scale", "key" : "yeung_willingness_2003" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4C2FJCX-1/1/36c8f8af468c30fb16ae872c5dacfd15", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1a9a543bfa217101102adcb58ac2006f", "pages" : "97--108", "date" : "2004-10", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Asfaw, Abay", "Braun, Joachim von" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Community-based health insurance", "Double-bounded dichotomous choice format", "Economic reforms", "Ethiopia" ], "volume" : "70", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "Using household level data and double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method, the article investigates the prospect of community health insurance schemes in mitigating the health shock effects of economic reforms and deregulations on the poor rural households of Ethiopia. The results demonstrate that the introduction of such schemes can help to protect the poor against the adverse impacts of economic reforms on health. It is also demonstrated that enough and sustainable resources can be generated from such schemes without obstructing the current economic reforms and evicting the poor and the socially disadvantaged section of the population out of the health care market.", "label" : "Can community health insurance schemes shield the poor against the downside health effects of economic reforms? The case of rural ethiopia", "key" : "asfaw_can_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.elon.edu/ipe/Zephyr_Edited.pdf", "journal" : "Issues in Political Economy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:fa0024ea0b16eab6794f09781199c713", "date" : "2004-08", "author" : "Zephyr, A. M.", "volume" : "13", "keywords" : [ "Microcredit", "Social capital" ], "month" : "August", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Money is Not Enough: Social Capital and Microcredit", "key" : "zephyr_money_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Bank World\\", "uri" : "urn:f973d73ddf3b6cf07ec038e5ba2422ac", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Peters, D.", "Yazbeck, A.", "Ramana, G. N. V.", "Sharma, R." ], "keywords" : [ "Health and poverty", "Health care system", "Health sector reform", "India" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "India - raising the sights: better health systems for India\'s poor - overview", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "peters_india_2001" }, { "url" : "http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/2/174", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4f96417bf03ef6704d507004f7720f87", "pages" : "174--181", "date" : "1999-06", "author" : [ "Ogunbekun, I", "Ogunbekun, A", "Orobaton, N" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Nigeria", "Private health care", "Regulation" ], "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Private health care in Nigeria: walking the tightrope", "key" : "ogunbekun_private_1999" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\\\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit, {ProFi} - Promotion of small financial institutions", "uri" : "urn:5bf5b04133717c582aed0d14ed8a1a43", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Holloh, Detlev", "Prins, Hendrik" ], "keywords" : "MF Indonesia", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Regulation, Supervision \\& Support of {Non-Bank,} {Non-Cooperative} {Micro-Finance} Institutions", "key" : "holloh_regulation_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities", "uri" : "urn:46f4ddf0cc2b37e74c9f8252c15362e3", "date" : "2003", "number" : "3", "author" : "Communities, European", "keywords" : [ "1990ies", "Europe", "Health", "Survey" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Health in Europe: Results from 1997-2000 surveys", "key" : "european_communities_health_2003" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Private Health Insurance and Public Health Goals in India, Report on a National Seminar" ], "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:94394ddbdb8153ad2aaedcb558507dd3", "pages" : "79--82", "date" : "2000-05", "author" : "Ferreiro, Alejandro", "keywords" : [ "India", "Private health insurance", "Regulation" ], "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Private Health Insurance in India: Would its Implementation Affect the Poor?", "key" : "ferreiro_private_2000" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBF-497YSNG-1/1/474991199c2280be473ea76fc2a4b3a6", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f797b304c62163ac26bdccc8b84107ae", "pages" : "1609--1622", "date" : "2004-05", "number" : "9", "author" : [ "Gross, Revital", "{Brammli-Greenberg}, Shuli" ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Health system reform", "Israel", "Risk selection", "Supplemental insurance", "Vulnerable Populations" ], "volume" : "58", "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "In Israel, supplemental insurance, which covers services not included in the mandatory basic benefits package, is offered by sick funds and regulated by the Ministry of Health. In 1998, policy regulations were set to eliminate barriers that prevented the ill from purchasing supplemental insurance, thereby increasing equality and risk solidarity. In this paper, we examine whether these regulations have indeed changed the extent of ownership and characteristics of policyholders, using data from surveys conducted in 1995, 1997, 1999, and 2001. The findings indicate that while there were no significant changes between 1995 and 1997, there was a significant increase in ownership among those with poor health status after the new regulations came into effect. We conclude that administrative regulations can influence the structure of supplemental insurance to achieve desired social values, and discuss additional policy options that are currently under debate in Israel to further promote equality and solidarity in this market by increasing accessibility to low income and other underserved populations.", "label" : "Evaluating the effect of regulatory prohibitions against risk selection by health status on supplemental insurance ownership in Israel", "key" : "gross_evaluatingeffect_2004" }, { "booktitle" : "{SOCIO-CULTURAL} {DETERMINANTS} {AND} {IMPACT}", "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:33572513008c9ef37ff1b5db7bae4007", "date" : "2006-05", "author" : "Union, African", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "HIV/AIDS", "Malaria", "Tuberculosis" ], "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Special Summit of African Union on {HIV/AIDS,} Tuberculosis and Malaria {(ATM)}", "address" : "Abuja, Nigeria", "key" : "african_union_special_2006" }, { "url" : "file:///X:/Bibliography-Edulink/Neu-und-unsortiert/Lisa-Neu-2008-01-22/Neue%20Literatur%20von%20Pandora/OOPS-Equitable-Financing/Mastilica_OOPP_Health-Care-Croatia-Equity.htm", "journal" : "{CMJ} Onlina", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e478757792f581f87f766e94cd6ca69a", "date" : "1999", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Matilica, Miroslav", "Bo\\{z}ikov, Jadranka" ], "keywords" : [ "Croatia", "Health care" ], "volume" : "40", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "{Out-of-Pocket} Payments for Health Care in Croatia", "key" : "matilica_out-of-pocket_1999" }, { "url" : "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280608", "journal" : "Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands)", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e63b28eb17309bce85c246fbe3b452a1", "date" : "2008-02", "author" : [ "Basaza, Robert", "Criel, Bart", "Stuyft, Patrick Van der" ], "month" : "February", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "note" : "{PMID:} 18280608", "abstract" : "Community Health Insurance {(CHI)} in Uganda faces low enrolment despite interest by the Ugandan health sector to have {CHI} as an elaborate health sector financing mechanism. User fees have been abolished in all government facilities and {CHI} in Uganda is limited to the private not for profit sub-sector, mainly church-related rural hospitals. In this study, the reasons for the low enrolment are investigated in two different models of {CHI.} Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were carried out with members and non-members of {CHI} schemes in order to acquire more insight and understanding in people\'s perception of {CHI,} in their reasons for joining and not joining and in the possibilities they see to increase enrolment. This study, which is unprecedented in East Africa, clearly points to a mixed understanding on the basic principles of {CHI} and on the routine functioning of the schemes. The lack of good information is mentioned by many. Problems in ability to pay the premium, poor quality of health care, the rigid design in terms of enrolment requirements and problems of trust are other important reasons for people not to join. Our findings are grossly in line with the results of similar studies conducted in West Africa even if a number of context-specific issues have been identified. The study provides relevant elements for the design of a national policy on {CHI} in Uganda and other {sub-Saharan} countries.", "label" : "Community health insurance in Uganda: Why does enrolment remain low? A view from beneath", "issn" : "01688510", "key" : "basaza_community_2008" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "uri" : "urn:cef0f55aa20aacebc4e4b2c4c9186737", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Participation, National Resource Centre for Consumer", "keywords" : [ "Community participation", "Consumer participation" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Methods Of Consumer Participation", "key" : "national_resource_centre_for_consumer_participation_methods_2002" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4DPYH91-2&_user=2875156&_coverDate=12%2F01%2F2004&_alid=798144909&_rdoc=4&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=5946&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=7&_acct=C000056617&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2875156&md5=4a6d1fb4a7d421ce850ac1f94d453f87", "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:69bfdf94320709b23d602cb8ff1ca49d", "pages" : "2065--2081", "date" : "2004-12", "number" : "12", "author" : [ "Asfaw, Abay", "Braun, Joachim von", "Klasen, Stephan" ], "keywords" : [ "Ethiopia", "User fees for health services" ], "volume" : "32", "month" : "December", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "Using a nested multinomial logit model, this study investigates the demand \"reduction\" and \"diversion\" effects of user fees in rural areas of Ethiopia. The results reveal that an increase in user fees of public clinics, which are the most widely used alternative, can have a significant demand reduction effect on the poorest of the poor. This implies that despite cost recovery has been advocated as an alternative means of health care financing in most of the developing world, increasing user fees may drive the poorest segment of the population out of the health care market unless some protective measures are taken. Key words: Africa; Ethiopia; user fees; demand for health; demand reduction; demand diversion", "label" : "How Big is the {Crowding-Out} Effect of User Fees in the Rural Areas of Ethiopia? Implications for Equity and Resources Mobilization", "key" : "asfaw_big_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "National Bureau of Economic Research", "uri" : "urn:a922967d07669b9afb1767e6c27605bc", "date" : "1996", "number" : "5796", "author" : [ "Culter, David M.", "Reber, Sarah" ], "keywords" : [ "Adverse selection", "Competition", "Health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1996", "label" : "Paying for Health Insurance: The {Trade-Off} between Competition and Adverse Selection", "address" : "Cambridge, {MA}", "key" : "culter_paying_1996" }, { "journal" : "Zeitschrift f\\\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:227f65d065b01cbca7a26eac87830f25", "pages" : "17--41", "date" : "2008", "author" : "R\\\"{o}sner, Hans J\\\"{u}rgen", "volume" : "Sonderheft 2008", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Social risk management" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Der Beitrag analysiert einleitend die Struktur von Humanrisiken, um darauf aufbauend theoretische Optionen f\\\"{u}r die Gestaltung von Risikomanagementstrategien zu entwerfen. Dabei spricht sich der Verfasser hinsichtlich der Zielgruppe armer l\\\"{a}ndlicher Bev\\\"{o}lkerungsgruppen f\\\"{u}r eine differenzierte Anwendung des Versorgungs-, F\\\"{u}rsorge- und Versicherungsprinzips aus. Der genossenschaftlichen Selbsthilfe werden dabei sowohl f\\\"{u}r die Verbesserung des individuellen Risikobew\\\"{a}ltigungspotentials als auch bei der Entwicklung geeigneter Vorsorgeangebote wichtige Funktionen zugeschrieben.", "label" : "Risikomanagementstrategien f\\\"{u}r arme l\\\"{a}ndliche Bev\\\"{o}lkerungsgruppen", "key" : "rsner_risikomanagementstrategien_2008" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/index.html", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:0b52999da26e4ff65fcbf22f358debda", "date" : "2006", "keywords" : "World health report", "editor" : "World Health Organization, {(WHO)}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "The world health report 2006 - working together for health", "key" : "world_health_organization_who_world_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{MicroSave-Africa} - Market-led solutions for financial services", "uri" : "urn:75ff0a5944c4a8ec90be26b697a5d875", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Cracknell, David", "Sempangi, Henry", "Wright, Graham" ], "keywords" : [ "Costing", "Microfinance", "Pricing" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Costing and pricing of financial services- A toolkit", "address" : "Nairobi, Kenya", "key" : "cracknell_costing_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:ff99d0869aa97933cca4719e4c833690", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "L\\\"{u}ngen, Markus", "Stollenwerk, Bj\\\"{o}rn", "Gerber, Andreas", "Lauterbach, Karl W." ], "keywords" : [ "Germany", "GL", "Private health insurance", "Risk adjustment" ], "year" : "2007", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "Germany\'s risk-adjustment scheme {(RAS)} includes the statutory health insurance {(SHI),} but not the full private health insurance {(PHI).} We analyzed that the expansion of the {RAS} to the {PHI} would cause a transfer of 9.9 billion Euros per year from the {PHI} to the {SHI} (thresholds of relevant income of 2006) We used the {SOEP} Data set, which is assumed to be representative for Germany. However, we could not evaluate, which health plan within the {PHI} or {SHI} would face a financial burden or relief an how the transfer could be implemented in existing organizational frames.", "label" : "Einbeziehung der privaten Krankenvollversicherung in den Risikostrukturausgleich der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung in Deutschland. Absch\\\"{a}tzung der quantitativen Auswirkungen", "key" : "lngen_einbeziehung_2007" }, { "journal" : "Social science \\& medicine (1982)", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ae5ef51b0c29e322faba2424facd6102", "date" : "2008-05", "author" : [ "Molyneux, Sassy", "Geissler, P Wenzel" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ethics", "Medical research" ], "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "note" : "{PMID:} 18455856", "abstract" : "The ethics of medical research have grown as an area of expertise and debate in recent years, with two broad approaches emerging in relation to transnational research: (1) the refinement of guidelines and strengthening of review, processes primarily to protect the right of individual research participants and strengthen interpersonal relations at the micro-level; and (2) considering more centrally, as crucial ethical concerns, the wider interests of whole populations, the functioning of research institutions, the processes of collaboration, and the ethics of inequitable international relations. We see the two areas of debate and action as complementary, and believe that social science conducted in and around transnational medical research environments can bring these two perspectives together in a more \'situated ethics\' of research. To explore this idea for medical research in Africa, we organized a conference in December 2005 in Kilifi, Kenya. In this introduction we outline the two emerging approaches to medical ethics, summarise each of eight papers selected from the conference for inclusion in this special issue on ethics and ethnography, and finally highlight two areas of lively debate at the conference itself: the appropriateness and value of ethics guidelines and review boards for medical research; and the ethical review of social science research. Together, the papers and debates point to the importance of focusing on the ethics of relationships and on justice in both biomedicine and social science research, and on giving greater voice and visibility to the field staff who often play a crucial and under-supported role in \'doing ethics\' in the field. They also point to the potential value of social science research on the range of relationships operating at different levels and time scales in medical research, including those surrounding community engagement activities, and the role and functioning of ethics review boards. We conclude by highlighting the ethical priority of capacity strengthening in medical research, social science and research ethics in Africa to ensure that local and national priorities and concerns are considered at both the micro and macro levels.", "label" : "Ethics and the ethnography of medical research in Africa", "key" : "molyneux_ethics_2008" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/AF8FD93E-7483-4AE5-B68F-CC17CBF4DF83/0/Part2Microinsuranceproductsandservices.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:e04516a3b322d8f0224cf066e6b03d4b", "pages" : "111--129", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Enarson, Sven", "Wir\\\'{e}n, Kjell", "Almeyda, Gloria" ], "keywords" : [ "Credit-life insurance", "Insurance", "Microcredit", "Savings" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Loan-linked products; Savings-linked insurance; Product design and delivery issues", "label" : "Savings- and credit-linked insurance", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "enarson_savings-_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "World Trade Organization", "uri" : "urn:e297eb4deda350de8f8dbf05a69ea566", "date" : "2001", "number" : "{WG} 4: 7", "author" : "Lipson, Debra J.", "keywords" : "GATS and trade in health insurance service", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "{GATS} and Trade in Health Insurance Services: Background Note for {WHO} Commission on Macroeconomics and Health", "address" : "{GEneva}", "key" : "lipson_gats_2001" }, { "journal" : "The Lancet", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:335af142bebe0f8ffc5ffd43fc42cbed", "pages" : "1555--1556", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Ranson, Kent", "volume" : "358", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "India" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Health Insurance in India", "key" : "ranson_health_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "African Development Bank", "uri" : "urn:02b4136818d9f35578681cfb24abf114", "pages" : "75--97", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Mwabu, Germano; Wang\'ombe", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Insurance policy", "Kenya" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Financing medical care through Insurance: Policy lessons from Household- and {Community-Level} Analysis in Kenya", "key" : "mwabu_financing_2002" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{BSE}", "uri" : "urn:ae330833201d6206b9a34c9fd5f8badb", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Reddy, Pratap G.", "keywords" : "Health sector reform", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Health Care", "key" : "reddy_health_2003" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:169a13e5cb44fe44ba9a30b04622d26e", "pages" : "409--459", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Zweifel, Peter", "Manning, Willard G." ], "keywords" : [ "Consumer incentives", "Health care", "Moral hazard" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "Consumer incentives are reflected in a wide range of choices, many of which occur in both insurance- and tax-financed health care systems. However, health insurance and sick leave pay cause consumer incentives to be reflected in moral hazard effects of several types. Theoretically, ex ante moral hazard (a reduction of preventive effort in response to insurance coverage) is not unambiguously predicted, and there is very limited empirical evidence about it. The case for static ex post moral hazard (an increase in the demand for medical care of a given technology) is stronger. The empirical evidence reported comes from three sources, natural experiments, observational comparisons of individuals, and the Health Insurance Experiment {(HIE).} The distinguishing feature of the {HIE} is that participants were assigned to insurance plans, which forestalls the possibility of good risks self-selecting plans with substantial cost sharing, resulting in an overestimate of the effects of plan design on health care expenditure. While the values of estimated price elasticities vary widely among the three sources and less markedly according to the type of care (outpatient, hospital, dental, mental), the responsiveness of the demand for medical care to net price is beyond doubt. The pure price elasticity for medical care in excess of a deductible (i.e. where the marginal price is constant) was estimated by {HIE} at -0.2 overall. Finally, there may be a dynamic moral hazard effect (choice biased in favor of new, usually more expensive medical technology). Here, the empirical evidence is very scanty again. Another promising field for future research is the interplay between consumer incentives and rationing by the physician in managed care.", "label" : "Moral Hazard and Consumer Incentives in Health Care", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "zweifel_moral_2000" }, { "journal" : "The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:fafcbf58eb38164a44230d65ee230073", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Limited, The Economist Intelligence Unit", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "East Africa", "Health care system", "Middle Africa" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "{PART} 1: Regional and global perspectives Middle East and Africa: Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals {-Healthcare} and pharmaceuticals: In focus", "key" : "the_economist_intelligence_unit_limited_part_2004" }, { "url" : "http://jed.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/4/355", "journal" : "The Journal of Environment Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:5e590d594aaf80fe6ceb703d4765920c", "pages" : "355--374", "date" : "2007-12", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Ballet, Jerome", "Sirven, Nicolas", "{Requiers-Desjardins}, Melanie" ], "keywords" : "Social capital", "volume" : "16", "month" : "December", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "This article explores the reasons why community-based natural resource management is not necessarily a panacea. One reason may be that the communitarian benefits associated with social capital formation generally focus on the structural approach (e.g., network connections, group size) and too rarely take into consideration the underlying cultural context in which these relationships are embedded. Using Bourdieu\'s seminal framework for the different forms of capital (social, cultural, and symbolic), it indeed appears that (a) social capital is costly to produce and (b) its outcomes on resource management depend highly on the cultural capital (values, norms, etc.) in which it exists. The reference to Bourdieu\'s social capital helps to introduce the analysis of power relationships in community-based natural resource management.", "label" : "Social Capital and Natural Resource Management: A Critical Perspective", "key" : "ballet_social_2007" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4BC2M9G-1/1/14d860f19d00589bedfa92ee7daec978", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4f8b1bf281c835f6e1f52826c29cae8c", "pages" : "289--298", "date" : "2004-06", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Frew, Emma J.", "Wolstenholme, Jane L.", "Whynes, David K." ], "keywords" : [ "Bidding game", "Colorectal cancer", "Screening", "Willingness to pay" ], "volume" : "68", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "The willingness-to-pay technique is being used increasingly in the economic evaluation of new health care technologies. Clinical trials of two methods of screening for colorectal cancer are currently being conducted in the {UK} and willingness-to-pay for screening has already been estimated by means of a questionnaire survey, using open-ended {(OE)} and payment scale {(PS)} formats. This paper addresses the same medical issue, although it elicits willingness-to-pay values by means of a bidding game in an interview setting. Interviews were conducted with 106 subjects in Nottingham. The bidding game format produced considerably higher valuations than had either of the previous questionnaire formats, whilst the significant differences between agreed valuations obtained using different initial bids supported the existence of starting-point bias in the bidding game. As with the questionnaire study, the majority of interview subjects offered relative valuations of tests at variance with their expressed preferences over the same tests. Given the significant difference in valuations generated by different formats, it follows that the economic case for preferring any one technology over others will depend considerably upon whichever format happens to have been used to generate the valuations.", "label" : "Comparing willingness-to-pay: bidding game format versus open-ended and payment scale formats", "key" : "frew_comparing_2004" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health" ], "institution" : "World Health Organization", "uri" : "urn:626461de1dd580dde6a1564f0da3be9f", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Sachs, Jeffrey D.", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Health and development", "Macroeconomics and health" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Summary: Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development", "address" : "Geneva, Switzerland", "key" : "sachs_summary:_2001" }, { "publisher" : "Edwin Mellen Press", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:0778fbb778eb7d1172e56ea930dfa857", "date" : "1996", "author" : "Quaye, Randolph", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health care system" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1996", "label" : "Underdevelopment and Health Care in Africa", "address" : "Lewiston, New York, {USA/Queenston,} Ontario, Canada", "key" : "quaye_underdevelopment_1996" }, { "issn" : "13602276", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 39464529; De Allegri, Manuela 1; Email Address: manuela.de.allegri@urz.uni-heidelberg.de Sauerborn, Rainer 1 Kouyat, Bocar 2 Flessa, Steffen 3; Affiliation: 1: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tropical Hygiene and Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 2: Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 3: Faculty of Law and Economics, Department of Health Care Management, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Source Info: May2009, Vol. 14 Issue 5, p586; Subject Term: {POOR} -- Medical care; Subject Term: {HEALTH} insurance; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} policy; Subject Term: {COMMUNITY} health services; Subject Term: {AFRICA,} {Sub-Saharan;} {Author-Supplied} Keyword: \\ufffd?{A}frica {sub-Sahariana;} revisi\\\'{o}n; financiaci\\\'{o}n sanitaria; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: Afrique sub-saharienne; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: assurance sant\\\'{e} communautaire; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: community health insurance; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: financement de la sant\\\'{e}; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: health financing; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: review; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: revue; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: Seguro comunitario de salud; {Author-Supplied} Keyword: {sub-Saharan} Africa; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 621498 All Other Outpatient Care Centers; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 623220 Residential Mental Health and Substance Abuse Facilities; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 624190 Other Individual and Family Services; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 923120 Administration of Public Health Programs; Number of Pages: 11p; Illustrations: 1 chart; Document Type: Article{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}} {{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Au} cours des derni\\`{e}res ann\\\'{e}es, un certain nombre de revues ont g\\\'{e}n\\\'{e}r\\\'{e} des preuves sur le potentiel de l\'assurance en sant\\\'{e} communautaire {(ASC)} d\'accro??tre l\'acc\\`{e}s aux soins et d\'offrir une protection financi\\`{e}re contre le co??t de la maladie, pour les personnes pauvres exclues des syst\\`{e}mes formels d\'assurance. L\'exp\\\'{e}rience de terrain montre cependant qu\'en Afrique subsaharienne {(ASS),} une s\\\'{e}rie de difficult\\\'{e}s op\\\'{e}rationnelles constituent encore des obstacles au succ\\`{e}s du d\\\'{e}veloppement de {l\'ASC,} produisant des effets n\\\'{e}gatifs sur le potentiel du progr\\`{e}s vers l\'am\\\'{e}lioration de l\'acc\\`{e}s aux soins et l\'am\\\'{e}lioration de la protection financi\\`{e}re. Par une \\\'{e}valuation minutieuse de la documentation existante, comprenant des articles publi\\\'{e}s, des livres, des rapports d\'experts et des manuscrits provenant d\'organisations internationales, nous avons effectu\\\'{e} une analyse de ces difficult\\\'{e}s. Notre but est de fournir aux d\\\'{e}cideurs, les connaissances n\\\'{e}cessaires sur les probl\\`{e}mes en jeu et avec des propositions de politique, de pallier ces probl\\`{e}mes, ce qui renforceraient {l\'ASC} et son r??le au sein des syst\\`{e}mes de sant\\\'{e} de {l\'ASS.} Notre revue de la litt\\\'{e}rature r\\\'{e}v\\`{e}le que les principales difficult\\\'{e}s rencontr\\\'{e}es par {l\'ASC} en {ASS} sont de nature op\\\'{e}rationnelle et regroupent cinq domaines: a) absence d\'une structure l\\\'{e}gislative et r\\\'{e}glementaire claire, b) faible taux d\'enr??lement, c) insuffisance des mesures de gestion des risques, d) faible capacit\\\'{e} de gestion; e) frais g\\\'{e}n\\\'{e}raux \\\'{e}lev\\\'{e}s. Par cons\\\'{e}quent, notre revue fait appel \\`{a} des interventions de politiques, plus sp\\\'{e}cifiquement: a) un engagement plus important en vue de l\'\\\'{e}laboration d\'une l\\\'{e}gislation appropri\\\'{e}e \\`{a} l\'appui de {l\'ASC,} b) une augmentation de l\'adh\\\'{e}sion aux mesures visant \\`{a} accro??tre l\'enr??lement \\\'{e}quitable, c) l\'adoption de mesures ad\\\'{e}quates de gestion des risques dans tous les sch\\\'{e}mas, d) des investissements substantiels de la part des pays d\'accueil ainsi que des organismes sponsors afin d\'am\\\'{e}liorer les capacit\\\'{e}s de gestion; e) des efforts collectifs en vue de contenir les frais g\\\'{e}n\\\'{e}raux. {(French)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}}", "number" : "5", "type" : "Publication", "author" : [ "Allegri, Manuela De", "Sauerborn, Rainer", "Kouyat, Bocar", "Flessa, Steffen" ], "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=39464529&site=ehost-live", "uri" : "urn:5b4d9352b07468331f891723f01a0a45", "label" : "Community health insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa: what operational difficulties hamper its successful development?", "keywords" : [ "community health insurance", "Health care financing", "Micro health insurance", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "pages" : "586--596", "year" : "2009", "journal" : "Tropical Medicine \\& International Health", "abstract" : "In recent years, a number of reviews have generated evidence on the potential of community health insurance {(CHI)} to increase access to care and offer financial protection against the cost of illness for poor people excluded from formal insurance systems. Field experience, however, shows that in {sub-Saharan} Africa {(SSA),} a series of operational difficulties still hampers the successful development of {CHI,} yielding negative effects on potential progress towards increased access to care and improved financial protection. Through a careful assessment of the existing literature, including peer-reviewed articles, books, consultancy reports, and manuscripts from international organizations, we produce an analytical review of such difficulties. Our aim is to provide policy makers with the necessary knowledge on the problems at stake and with policy propositions to offset such problems, strengthening {CHI} and enhancing its role within {SSA} health systems. Our review of the literature reveals that the major difficulties currently faced by {CHI} in {SSA} are operational in nature and cluster around five areas: (i) lack of clear legislative and regulatory framework; (ii) low enrolment rates; (iii) insufficient risk management measures; (iv) weak managerial capacity; and (v) high overhead costs. Consequently, our review calls for appropriate policy interventions, specifically: (i) greater commitment towards the development of adequate legislation in support of {CHI;} (ii) increasing uptake of measures to expand equitable enrolment; (iii) the adoption of adequate risk management measures in all schemes; (iv) substantial investments from host countries as well as from sponsoring agencies to improve managerial capacity; and (v) collective efforts to contain overhead costs. {(English)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]}", "volume" : "14", "pub-type" : "article", "doi" : "10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02262.x", "date" : "2009-05", "month" : "May", "key" : "de_allegri_community_2009" }, { "url" : "www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/08288660810851469", "journal" : "Humanomics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3eb257b94ad87d8af78a7344cf647be3", "pages" : "49 -- 66", "date" : "2008", "number" : "1", "author" : "Dusuki, Asyraf Wajdi", "keywords" : [ "Banking", "Financial services", "Islam" ], "volume" : "24", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Purpose -- The main purpose of this paper is to review the microfinance scheme and discuss how Islamic banks can participate in such an endeavour without actually compromising the issue of institutional viability and sustainability. Design/methodology/approach -- The paper is based on an extensive review of microfinance with the objective of building a case for Islamic banking to participate in a microfinance initiative. Findings -- As reviewed in this paper, microfinance requires innovative approaches beyond the traditional financial intermediary role. Among others, building human capacity through social intermediation and designing group-based lending programmes are proven to be among the effective tools to reduce transaction costs and lower exposure to numerous financial risks in relation to providing credit to the rural poor. This paper also suggests the use of a special purpose vehicle {(SPV)} as one of the possible alternatives for Islamic banks channelling funds to the poor. Research limitations/implications -- Islamic banks may benefit from the spectrum of Shariah-compliant sources of funds and offer a wide array of financing instruments catering for different needs and demands of their clients. Furthermore, the use of a bankruptcy-remote entity like {SPV} can protect Islamic banks from any adverse effect of microfinance activities. Originality/value -- The analysis here is valuable in drawing the attention of Islamic banking practitioners to the fact that they can actually practise microfinance without undermining their institutional viability, competitiveness and sustainability. This is evident from the proposed model to incorporate {SPV} into their microfinance initiatives.", "label" : "Banking for the poor: the role of Islamic banking in microfinance initiatives", "key" : "dusuki_banking_2008" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:74313422ba8e63ab37637441fe938259", "pages" : "336--356", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Fischer, Klaus", "Qureshi, Zahid" ], "keywords" : "Micro health insurance - Institutional Options", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "What is a mutual insurer? The cooperative difference; Insurance development models and stages; Insurance products offered under the cooperative network model; Why mutuals develop networks and how they work; Advantages and disadvantages of the model", "label" : "Cooperatives and insurance: The mutual advantage", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "fischer_cooperatives_2006" }, { "url" : "http://www2.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.2118/47623_file_Poor_People_s_Savings_Q_As_with_Experts.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:ef97c9b3986ea20789ec98ec09f4683e", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Microinsurance, {CGAP} Working Group on", "keywords" : [ "Microfinance", "Microsavings" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Poor Peoples\' Savings: {Q\\&A} with Experts", "key" : "cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_poor_2006" }, { "journal" : "Zeitschrift f\\\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4d83cb4305de452300aae0d6c87fbcaf", "pages" : "104--116", "date" : "2008", "author" : [ "Leppert, Gerald", "M\\\"{u}ller, Verena" ], "volume" : "Sonderheft 2008", "keywords" : [ "Community-based health care", "Micro health insurance", "Participation" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Partizipation gilt als Schl\\\"{u}ssel zu erfolgreichem kooperativen Risikomanagement und ist gleicherma\\ssen ein grundlegendes Merkmal von Genossenschaften als Selbsthilfeorganisationen. Als Analyseraster von Partizipation wird ein Konzept der potentiellen Bereiche und m\\\"{o}glichen Intensit\\\"{a}ten sowie der realen Auswirkungen in Risikomanagementorganisationen vorgeschlagen. Dieses Konzept wird beispielhaft anhand empirischer Nachweise genossenschaftlich organisierter Mikrokrankenversicherungen dargestellt und mit Leben gef\\\"{u}llt.", "label" : "Stellenwert von Partizipation in kooperativen Formen des Risikomanagements in Entwicklungsgesellschaften - eine Analyse anhand von Mikrokrankenversicherungen", "key" : "leppert_stellenwert_2008" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:430897920c0fc3795c8223177dcff15f", "pages" : "153--162", "date" : "2003-05", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Dong, Hengjin", "Kouyate, Bocar", "Snow, Rachel", "Mugisha, Frederick", "Sauerborn, Rainer" ], "keywords" : [ "Contingent valuation", "Willingness to pay" ], "volume" : "64", "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "The purpose was to study gender\'s effect on willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} for community-based insurance {(CBI)} in order to provide information for deciding enrolment unit and setting premium in Burkina Faso. A two-stage cluster sampling was used in the household survey, with each household having the same probability of being selected. One thousand one hundred and seventy-eight men and 1236 women in the 800 households were interviewed. The bidding game approach was used to elicit {WTP.} We found that compared to male, female had less education, lower income and expenditure, less episodes of diseases and lower ratio of becoming household head, but higher marriage rate. These characteristics influenced the {WTP} difference between men and women. Men were willing to pay 3666 {CFA} (\\$4.89) to join {CBI,} 928 {CFA} higher than women were. Education and economic status positively influenced {WTP,} implying higher years of schooling and economic status and higher {WTP.} Age and distance to health facility negatively influenced {WTP,} thus higher age and longer distance and less {WTP.} Based on the results from this study, we suggest that {CBI} should be enrolled on the basis of households or villages in order to protect vulnerable persons, such as the aged, women and the poor. In setting premium a policy-maker needs to take into account costs of the {CBI} benefits package, possible subsidies from government and other agencies and {WTP} information. {WTP} should never be taken as a premium because it only provides some information for the respondents\' financial acceptability for a certain benefits package.", "label" : "Gender\'s effect on willingness-to-pay for community-based insurance in Burkina Faso", "key" : "dong_genders_2003" }, { "journal" : "Seminar on {SHG-bank} Linkage Programme, New Delhi, 25\\&26 November", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:7f3ecd10183707d34049142d886068ab", "date" : "2002", "author" : [ "Seibel, H. D.", "Dave, H. R." ], "keywords" : [ "India", "Microfinance", "SHG banking" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Commercial Aspects of {SHG} Banking in India", "key" : "seibel_commercial_2002" }, { "publisher" : "Verlag Breitenbach Publishers", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:9b4a8aedcd44a7b1aa25e6be07c2cfe1", "date" : "1987", "author" : "Anheier, Helmut K.; Seibel", "series" : "K\\\"{o}lner Beitr\\\"{a}ge zur Entwicklungsl\\\"{a}nderforschung - Cologne Development Studies - herausgegeben f\\\"{u}r die K\\\"{o}lner Gesellschaft zur F\\\"{o}rderung der Entwicklungsl\\\"{a}nderforschung {e.V.}", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Economic development", "Ghana", "Informal sector" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1987", "label" : "{Small-Scale} Industries and Economic Development in Ghana: Business Behaviour and Strategies in Informal Sector Economies", "address" : "Band 3", "key" : "anheier_small-scale_1987" }, { "journal" : "Deutsches \\\"{A}rzteblatt", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b13341a955630367122622ab094f3430", "pages" : "A--3245", "date" : "2002-11", "author" : "L\\\"{u}ftl, Stefan", "volume" : "48/99", "keywords" : "Malawi", "month" : "November", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Staatliche Entwicklungszusammenarbeit: Malawi - (k)ein hoffnungsloser Fall", "key" : "lftl_staatliche_2002" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4D5P3D3-2/1/9121cfe7a32abb7de655db20baab4728", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:79396cdaa0ff7fa5b7fecf0cabeb8235", "pages" : "1209--1218", "date" : "2005-03", "number" : "6", "author" : [ "Gruber, Janet", "Caffrey, Margaret" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Change management", "Community conflict", "HIV/AIDS", "Niger" ], "volume" : "60", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "This paper discusses how {HIV/AIDS} prevention, treatment and mitigation activities and funding for such work can lead to community conflict. The central role of communities in combating {HIV/AIDS} is widely agreed, with the contributions of social capital networks and civil society seen as pivotal; a rights-based approach to {HIV/AIDS} activities is considered essential. Yet experiences from a {UK} Department for International Development funded project in Nigeria suggest that greater critical attention must be given to the impacts and effects of {HIV/AIDS} on communities, and the ways in which conflict can develop, emerge and be sustained, resulting in severe breakdown of social cohesion and reduction or cessation of {HIV/AIDS} activities. It is argued here that conflict can be fuelled by the different priorities and perceptions of community members and groups vis-???-vis those of development organisations, and by the impact of funds on often desperately poor communities. Case studies analyse the development of the conflict, failed attempts at resolution, and two post-conflict project interventions whose design and implementation were informed by its experiences and outcome. The paper concludes by considering the potential input of participatory approaches, community psychology and change management in the development and implementation of {HIV/AIDS} interventions specifically so as to reduce potential for conflict. Its intention is to contribute to the debate on how best to implement genuinely community-based and managed {HIV/AIDS} interventions.", "label" : "{HIV/AIDS} and community conflict in Nigeria: implications and challenges", "key" : "gruber_hiv/aids_2005" }, { "label" : "Entwicklungsstand der privaten, nicht gewinnorientierten Organisationen des Sozialschutzes", "key" : "coheur_entwicklungsstand_????", "keywords" : "Social protection on health", "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "techreport", "author" : "Coheur, Alain", "uri" : "urn:92e46a9d96755a3e9d88b934789d7084", "institution" : "Fachausschuss f\\\"{u}r Hilfsvereine auf Gegenseitigkeit; Fachausschuss f\\\"{u}r Gesundheitsleistungen und Krankenversicherung" }, { "journal" : "International Social Security Review", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0049eb19a2fcce858b0cd51926b01fa0", "pages" : "65--90", "date" : "2004", "number" : "3", "author" : "R\\\"{o}sner, Hans J\\\"{u}rgen", "keywords" : [ "China", "GL", "High risk pools" ], "volume" : "57", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "China\'s health insurance system in transformation: Preliminary assessment, and policy suggestions", "key" : "rsner_chinas_2004" }, { "label" : "Financial Risk Protection in Kottayam District of Kerala : Is it Feasible", "key" : "_financial_????", "keywords" : [ "India", "Risk protection" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "unpublished", "uri" : "urn:5175be56a731380fa0b0a1b4fa6cfd83" }, { "url" : "http://hc.wharton.upenn.edu/impactconference/Zweifel%20Conference%20Paper%20030905.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:9f92ab161ca0564ac59d06c4d48cef0c", "date" : "2004-07", "author" : "Zweifel, Peter", "keywords" : [ "Insurance theory", "Micro health insurance", "Moral hazard", "Rating:1" ], "month" : "July", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Private voluntary health insurance in developing countries, Chapter 2: Supply. Report submitted to the World Bank. Background paper presented at Wharton impact conference on voluntary health insurance in developing countries, March 15-16 2005, University of Pennsylvania, {USA.}", "key" : "zweifel_private_2004" }, { "journal" : "Review of Income and Wealth", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:f58ec4638397f84edbdda83b80dd97f7", "pages" : "37--56", "author" : "Choudhury, Uma Datta Roy", "keywords" : [ "Income", "India", "Rural sector", "Savings" ], "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Income, Consumption and Saving in Urban and Rural India", "key" : "choudhury_income_????" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{BRS;} {CERA} foundation", "uri" : "urn:e702de514a4b4f75161a3071bdb2fc26", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Pollet, I.", "Develtere, P." ], "keywords" : [ "Cooperatives", "Microfinance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Development co-operation: how co-operatives cope: a survey of major co-operative development agencies", "key" : "pollet_development_2004" }, { "journal" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a0b052135dc69f6c80126b41e0e01245", "pages" : "755--845", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Ven, Wynand {P.M.M.} van de", "Ellis, R. P." ], "volume" : "1", "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk adjustment", "Risk equalization" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Risk adjustment in competitive health plan markets", "key" : "van_de_ven_risk_2000-1" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:326ae1bb280609360be7cdf3e23407f3", "pages" : "348--408", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Grossmann, Michael", "keywords" : [ "Human capital", "Human Capital index" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "This chapter contains a detailed treatment of the human capital model of the demand for health which was originally developed in 1972. Theoretical predictions are discussed, and theoretical extensions of the model are reviewed. Empirical research that tests the predictions of the model or studies causality between years of formal schooling completed and good health is surveyed. The model views health as a durable capital stock that yields an output of healthy time. Individuals inherit an initial amount of this stock that depreciates with age and can be increased by investment. The household production function model of consumer behavior is employed to account for the gap between health as an output and medical care as one of many inputs into its production. In this framework the \"shadow price\" of health depends on many variables besides the price of medical care. It is shown that the shadow price rises with age if the rate of depreciation on the stock of health rises over the life cycle and falls with education (years of formal schooling completed) if more educated people are more efficient producers of health. An important result is that, under certain conditions, an increase in the shadow price may simultaneously reduce the quantity of health demanded and increase the quantities of health inputs demanded.", "label" : "The Human Capital Model", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "grossmann_human_2000" }, { "journal" : "Zeitschrift f\\\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b928f1cc6930cd3b00993feb198b1189", "pages" : "3--16", "date" : "2008", "author" : "Fehl, Ulrich", "volume" : "Sonderheft 2008", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Nach einer knappen Bestimmung des Verh\\\"{a}ltnisses zwischen Risiko und Entwicklung wird aufgezeigt, dass Wahrnehmung und Bek\\\"{a}mpfung von Risiken zum Ausgangspunkt von Entwicklungsprozessen werden k\\\"{o}nnen, wodurch allerdings regelm\\\"{a}\\ssig -- oft erst sp\\\"{a}ter entdeckte -- neue Risiken entstehen, die dann wiederum \\\"{u}ber Innovationsprozesse den Entwicklungsprozess weiter vorantreiben. Wie die Langfristbetrachtung zeigt, kommt es hierbei zur Ver\\\"{a}nderung in der Struktur der Risiken. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie man mittels bestimmter Maximen versuchen kann, Risiken sowohl auf individueller wie auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene produktiv zu bew\\\"{a}ltigen.", "label" : "Risiko und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung", "key" : "fehl_risiko_2008" }, { "journal" : "International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:7dc261999f75300356feca336fa720db", "pages" : "241--253", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Asfaw, Abay", "Braun, Johann von" ], "volume" : "5", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Community-based health insurance", "Ethiopia", "Innovations in health care" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "It has become clear that due to market failure, state failure, and other reasons, the conventional sources of finance alone could not solve the health problem of the rural population, particularly that of the socially excluded and disadvantaged groups. Community Based Health Insurance Schemes {(CBHIS)} are one of the most recently mentioned options to narrow the existing inequalities in access to basic health services. This study assesses the prospect of {CBHIS} in the rural areas of Ethiopia using a double bounded dichotomous contingent valuation method. The results show that even in one of the poorest countries of the world, there is a promising prospect to introduce {CBHIS.}", "label" : "Innovations in Health Care Financing: New Evidence on the Prospect of Community Health Insurance Schemes in the Rural Areas of Ethiopia", "key" : "asfaw_innovations_2005" }, { "journal" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:76d338c2bd64d9c5f6fd194355831156", "date" : "2005-11", "author" : "Radermacher, Ralf", "volume" : "20", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Charitable model", "India", "Micro health insurance", "Mutual insurance" ], "month" : "November", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Yeshasvini Trust, Karnataka India", "key" : "radermacher_yeshasvini_2005" }, { "url" : "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1080", "journal" : "Journal of International Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3af31f757ab403e1a3956d472dcae0da", "pages" : "301--330", "date" : "2004", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Zohir, Sajjad", "Matin, Imran" ], "keywords" : "Microfinance", "volume" : "16", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "The paper distinguishes between a \"wider\" definition of wider impacts (which takes into account feedbacks from impacts to institutional performance) and a \"narrower\" definition, which does not. In respect of both definitions, the paper sets out a typology of the effects which need to be measured (cultural, economic, social and political) and of the levels at which each of these impacts needs to be assessed (local, regional and national). The purpose is not to set out a blueprint for specific studies but rather to offer a framework which may be useful for guiding the methodology of such studies. Copyright 2004 John Wiley \\& Sons, Ltd.", "label" : "Wider impacts of microfinance institutions: issues and concepts", "key" : "zohir_wider_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.oheschools.org/ohe.pdf", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "{E-Source}" ], "institution" : "Office of Health Economics, Industry Supports Education", "uri" : "urn:69b7ee3fde60226f81a574b67e894b9b", "date" : "1988", "author" : [ "Green, Martin", "Grammor, Watford" ], "keywords" : [ "Health and economics", "Health care system" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1988", "label" : "The economics of health care", "address" : "Great Britain", "key" : "green_economics_1988" }, { "url" : "http://ideas.repec.org/p/zur/iewwpx/016.html", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Institute for Empirical Research in Economics - {IEW}", "uri" : "urn:2a01f44a67edec2bd7a9272dea826cdd", "author" : [ "Fischbacher, Urs", "Gaechter, Simon", "Fehr, Ernst" ], "keywords" : [ "Cooperative behaviour", "Public goods" ], "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Are People Conditionally Cooperative? Evidence from a Public Goods Experiment", "key" : "urs_fischbacher_are_????" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:f8855e507424c2eb6d68e4840f4d7e51", "pages" : "1337--1404", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Danzon, Patricia", "keywords" : [ "Accidents", "Administrative costs", "Adverse events", "California", "Health care costs", "Insurance", "Insurance crisis", "Law and regulation", "United States" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "Physicians are traditionally liable under a negligence rule of liability. Economic analysis of liability rules, including malpractice, assumes that the primary function of liability is injury prevention (deterrence). Compensation can be provided more efficiently through other forms of social or private insurance. In theory, a negligence rule creates incentives for efficient care, hence there should be no negligence, no claims and no demand for liability insurance. In practice, the incidence of negligent injury has been estimated at roughly one per hundred hospital admissions in the {US} and about one in seven physicians is sued per year. These discrepancies between the theory and actual operation of the negligence system arise primarily because of imperfect information on the part of courts, doctors, patients, liability insurers and health insurers. Imperfect information and extensive health insurance lead to biased and uncertain legal standards. Uncertain legal standards create incentives for physicians to practice defensive medicine and incentives for plaintiffs and defendants to invest in litigation, leading to high overhead costs, such that compensation through the malpractice system carries a load of \\$1.50 per \\$1.00 of compensation. Nevertheless, the extreme criticisms of the malpractice system are exaggerated. Malpractice premiums are less than 1 percent of total health care costs. There are no comprehensive estimates of defensive medicine costs; in any case such costs are likely to decline with the growth of managed care. Although claim disposition exhibits both Type 1 and Type 2 errors, negligent injuries are much more likely to lead to a claim being filed and payment to the plaintiff than non-negligent injuries, and awards are strongly related to loss incurred. The limited empirical evidence of provider response to liability and the deterrent effect of claims suggests - but cannot prove - that the net benefits of the malpractice system may plausibly be positive. Nevertheless, reforms designed to reduce inappropriate compensation and deter excessive litigation and defensive practice would make the system more cost-effective. The empirical evidence, based primarily in the {US,} includes studies of malpractice injuries; physician response to liability; trends in claim frequency, severity (size), and claim disposition; and the malpractice insurance market. Analyses of actual and proposed reforms address tort reform, no fault, enterprise liability and optimal liability under managed care. More limited evidence is available on the negligence regimes in Canada and the {UK,} and the quasi no-fault regimes in Sweden and New Zealand.", "label" : "Liability for Medical Malpractice", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "danzon_liability_2000" }, { "label" : "Poverty impact of health care payments", "key" : "world_bank_poverty_????", "keywords" : [ "Quantitative research", "Research method" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technical Note" ], "author" : "World\\, Bank", "uri" : "urn:47b87942dfb4a65213d3aa5a05bda80d", "number" : "19" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Health Planning and Management", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4505d273075734241d2827a154b4da89", "pages" : "253--274", "date" : "1996", "author" : "Bhat, Ramesh", "volume" : "11", "keywords" : [ "Health sector reform", "India", "Primary health care" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1996", "label" : "Regulation of the Private Health Care Sector in India", "key" : "bhat_regulation_1996" }, { "url" : "http://ideas.repec.org/p/sol/wpaper/07-002.html", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Universit\\\'{e} Libre de Bruxelles, Solvay Business School, Centre Emile Bernheim {(CEB)}", "uri" : "urn:0883a352c78e6eef764395f502a933ae", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "Hudon, Marek", "Seibel, Hans Dieter" ], "keywords" : [ "Microfinance", "Post-conflict", "Post-disaster" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "In recent years, large numbers of developing and transitional countries have ex??peri??enced situations of crisis, following political, economic or natural disasters, or total crisis, triggered by war or totalitarian oppression. The goal of this article is to study the role of member-owned institutions {(MOIs)} in the provision of the reparations for victims of human rights abuses or reconstruction in post-conflict and post-disaster situations. We argue that grants usually awarded for reconstruction in post-conflict areas or for reparations payments in post-disaster areas could be best turned into equity and deposits to foster {MOIs.} {MOIs} are found to be an appropriate institutional framework, to make the benefits of one-off payments more sustainable and also reinforce the financial sector.", "label" : "Microfinance in post-disaster and post-conflict situations: Turning victims into shareholders", "key" : "marek_hudon_microfinance_2007" }, { "url" : "http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.2004.00259.x", "journal" : "Annals of Public \\& Cooperative Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:dbdb2d21dc2cffbb7011172c109081a4", "pages" : "465--495", "date" : "2004", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Birchall, Johnston", "Simmons, Richard" ], "volume" : "75", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "This article reports the findings of a project entitled {\'The} participation of members in mutual businesses\'. A previous project developed a theoretical model of what makes people participate, focusing on the participation of public service users in council housing and social care services. The current project builds on this work, applying the \'mutual incentives model\' to a population sample of area committee members and a random sample of non2010participant members of a very large {UK} consumer co2010operative, the Co2010operative Group. Two arguments are presented as to why such research is needed. First, member participation in co2010operative and mutual businesses is becoming an important issue both for this sector and more generally for public policy. Second, a comparison between a public services setting and a co2010operative setting enables us to extend and further test the theoretical model. Two main features of the model are outlined: a \'mutual incentives theory\' that goes beyond other models to combine individualistic and collectivistic motivations, and the \'participation chain\', a synthesis of existing knowledge that joins motivations to three \'links\' that we call \'resources\', \'mobilization\' and \'dynamics\'. The article then summarizes the project methodology, and reports the main findings. As in the public services project, on the \'demand\' side, collectivistic incentives prove to be dominant over individualistic, but with some individual \'internal\' benefits also being important. On the \'supply\' side, skills derived from previous experience were important, as were a positive evaluation of opportunities to participate, and recruitment through existing networks. We then compare the findings to those from the public service users and from a regional co2010operative society; Oxford, Swindon and Gloucester Co2010op. Collective motivations are dominant in all three datasets, but are shown to vary in interesting ways that have important implications for member participation strategies.", "label" : "What Motivates Members to Participate in Cooperative and Mutual Businesses?", "key" : "birchall_what_2004" }, { "publisher" : "Brandes \\& Apsel Verlag {GmbH}", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:671ea26017f77cd0f637acfbc0df4bc2", "date" : "1999", "author" : "Schicho, Walter", "series" : "Handbuch Afrika: In drei B\\\"{a}nden", "keywords" : "Africa", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Zentralafrika, S\\\"{u}dliches Afrika und die Staaten im Indischen Ozean - Band 1", "address" : "Frankfurt", "key" : "schicho_zentralafrika_1999" }, { "url" : "http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/15/4/368", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:08338d5116ffd703fa25c9611f039315", "pages" : "368--377", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Hongoro, Charles", "Kumaranayake, Lilani" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Formal providers", "Regulation", "Zimbabwe" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Do they work? Regulating for-profit providers in Zimbabwe", "key" : "hongoro_do_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{U.S.} Agency for International Development {(USAID)}", "uri" : "urn:55d37cb9ef09975e9f206afdf1e9766a", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Kimball, Richard", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Weather insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Note from the Field - Weather Insurance Mitigates Risk", "key" : "kimball_notefield_2006" }, { "url" : "http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/48563", "journal" : "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:70af030f01fa0c29e0cb12bd84002dae", "date" : "2008-02", "author" : [ "Sengupta, R.", "Aubuchon, C." ], "keywords" : "Microfinance", "month" : "February", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "This article tracks the rise of microfinance since its inception and the various mechanisms that make it an effective tool in reducing poverty. The article discusses: The evolution of the Grameen Bank; Grameen\'s innovation of group lending contracts; The current state of microfinance and services provided by Banco Solidario {(Bolivia),} Compartamos {(Mexico)} and Good Faith Fund {(United} States); Common perceptions in microfinance; The future of microfinance. It reviews questions related to microfinance based on numerous studies, technical surveys and newspaper reports. These include the following: Is microfinance a desirable alternative to informal, exploitative sources of finance? How are high are the repayment rates for {MFIs?} Is there more to microfinance than group lending or joint liability contracts? Is microfinance an important tool for poverty alleviation? Is microfinance sustainable or even profitable? Could competition among {MFIs} lead to better results? Does microfinance have any social impact in terms of female empowerment and education? Can the microfinance experiment be successfully replicated anywhere in the world? This article concludes that microfinance remains a viable solution to economic development and poverty alleviation.", "label" : "The Microfinance Revolution: An Overview", "key" : "sengupta_microfinance_2008" }, { "journal" : "Zeitschrift f\\\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:6a9d88cbfe795408b90ad367cd06bc37", "pages" : "42--57", "date" : "2008", "author" : "Seibel, Hans Dieter", "volume" : "Sonderheft 2008", "keywords" : [ "Microfinance", "Nigeria", "Self-help", "Social risk management" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "This article examines the Nigerian experiments of attempting to modernize indigenous savings and credit associations and of linking them to commercial banks. In a first part historical forms of self-help organizations are presented in a comparative perspective as they emerged in Germany. In a second part the various experiments in Nigeria during the last sixty years are presented. The article comes to the concluding observation that until today in Nigeria only the traditional esusu-type self-help organizations offered at least some opportunities for risk management, while cooperatives and banks largely failed in that respect.", "label" : "Changing patterns of risk management by self-help organizations of savings and credit: the Nigerian experience", "key" : "seibel_changing_2008" }, { "journal" : "International Journal for Equity in Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:27286df3f91b5306cea2000938f993af", "date" : "2004", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Nayar, K. R.", "Kyobutungi, C.", "Razum, O." ], "volume" : "3", "keywords" : "Self-help low income country", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Self-help: What future role in health care for low and middle-income countries", "key" : "nayar_self-help:_2004" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Report of the workshop" ], "institution" : "{AFMIM/Hivos}", "uri" : "urn:2bac43d59fd61668d0596dcab54ecbbe", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Gommans, Caroline", "Gatera, C\\\'{e}lestine" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "HIV/AIDS", "Microfinance", "Microinsurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "{HIV/AIDS} and microinsurance in the microfinance sector of Africa - report of the workshop - Addis Ababa, 25 - 27 April 2005", "key" : "gommans_hiv/aids_2005" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Discussion Paper" ], "institution" : "{EGDI} - Expert Group on Development Issues, United Nations University; {WIDER} - World Institute for Development Economics Research", "uri" : "urn:0eb8bf3755002dd420c884e5eb474fd4", "date" : "2005", "number" : "2005/02", "author" : "Nanavaty, Reema", "keywords" : [ "Cooperatives", "India", "Informal economy", "Institutions", "Poverty", "Women" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "From Local to Global and Informal to Formal - Entering Mainstream Markets", "key" : "nanavaty_local_2005" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4ac27ad156a0b7ec2c93ba45a0a5b3fa", "pages" : "5--11", "date" : "2002", "number" : "Suppl. 1", "author" : [ "Castano, Ramon A.", "Arbelaez, Jose J.", "Giedion, Ursula B.", "Morales, Luis G." ], "keywords" : [ "Colombia", "Equitable financing", "Health care reform" ], "volume" : "17", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Equitable financing, out-of-pocket payments and the role of health care reform in Colombia", "key" : "castano_equitable_2002" }, { "journal" : "East African journal of public health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:e548ee69ebf4c35a224c00dc466dcdde", "pages" : "28--32", "date" : "2007-04", "number" : "1", "author" : "Kiwara, Angwara D", "keywords" : [ "Adult", "Africa", "Attitude to Health", "Cost Sharing", "Educational Status", "Fees and Charges", "Females", "Financing", "Personal", "Focus Groups", "Health care expenditures", "Health care reform", "Health Services Accessibility", "Humans", "Insurance pools", "Male", "Medically underserved area", "Poverty Areas", "Prepaid health plans", "Quality of health care", "Questionnaire", "Residence characteristics", "Tanzania", "Urban Health Services" ], "volume" : "4", "month" : "April", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "note" : "{PMID:} 17907758", "abstract" : "{OBJECTIVE:} The main objective was to assess how group premiums can help poor people in the informal economy prepay for health care services. {METHODS:} A comparative approach was adopted to study four groups of informal economy operators (cobblers, welders, carpenters, small scale market retailers) focusing on a method of prepayment which could help them access health care services. Two groups with a total of 714 operators were organized to prepay for health care services through a group premium, while the other two groups with a total of 702 operators were not organized to prepay through this approach. They prepaid through individual premium, each operator paying from his or her sources. Data on the four groups which lived in the same city was collected through a questionnaire and focus group discussions. Data collected was focused on health problems, health seeking behaviour and payment for health care services. Training of all the groups on prepaid health care financing based on individual based premium payment and group based premium payment was done. Groups were then free to choose which method to use in prepaying for health care. Prepayment through the two methods was then observed over a period of three years. Trends of membership attrition and retention were documented for both approaches. {RESULTS:} Data collected showed that the four groups were similar in many respects. These similarities included levels of education, housing, and social services such as water supplies, health problems, family size and health seeking behaviour. At the end of a period of three years 76\\% of the members from the two groups who chose group premium payment were still members of the prepayment health scheme and were receiving health care. For the two groups which opted for individual premium payment only 15\\% of their members were still receiving health care services at the end of three years. {CONCLUSION:} Group premium is a useful tool in improving accessibility to health care services in the poorer segments of the population especially the informal economy operators", "label" : "Group premiums in micro health insurance experiences from Tanzania", "issn" : "08568960", "key" : "kiwara_group_2007" }, { "url" : "http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34324/56905.pdf", "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "University of Oxford", "uri" : "urn:3da20521ee77e839a16f3fe8e6731aa4", "date" : "2009", "number" : "421", "author" : [ "Bold, Tessa", "Dercon, Stefan" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "In many rural settings, informal mutual support networks have evolved into semiformal insurance groups, such as funeral societies. Using detailed panel data for six villages in Ethiopia, we can distinguish two types of contracts, in terms of whether payments are only made at the time of death or savings are accumulated by the group based on premiums paid ex-ante. We characterize these contracts as the coalition-proof equilibria of a symmetric and stationary risk-sharing game, and we show numerically that a contract with savings makes higher demands on enforceability, leading to less cohesive groups finding it in their interest to choose the contract without savings and that coalition-proofness is a necessary condition for the coexistence of both contract types. We show in the data that the type of contract chosen by groups is correlated with the level of trust and other enforcement improving factors. We also predict that among the observed contracts, those with group-based savings and ex-ante payments will attain higher welfare in terms of consumption smoothing than those observed using no group savings. Using panel data, and controlling for household effects and time-varying village level effects, we show that funeral groups are vehicles for risk-sharing and that contract type matters for performance in line with these predictions. The results appear robust to endogeneity of group formation and endogenous selection into contract types.", "label" : "Contract Design in Insurance Groups", "address" : "Oxford", "key" : "bold_contract_2009" }, { "url" : "http://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/eujhet/v7y2000i3p407-422.html", "journal" : "European Journal of the History of Economic Thought", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:38e25293fc0bc8d204e04b0d41a8bbbe", "pages" : "407--422", "date" : "2000", "number" : "3", "author" : "Fontaine, Philippe", "series" : "European Journal of the History of Economic Thought", "keywords" : "Altruism", "volume" : "7", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Making use of the past: theorists and historians on the economics of altruism", "key" : "philippe_fontaine_making_2000" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:02472d7b2f3f08f6af1854eea78be19d", "pages" : "237--258", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Ryan, Mandy", "Scott, David A.", "Donaldson, Cam" ], "volume" : "23", "keywords" : [ "Dichotomous choice methods", "Payment card", "Person-trade-off", "Willingness to pay" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "This paper compares willingness to pay {(WTP)} estimates generated from the dichotomous choice {(DC)} and payment card {(PC)} approaches. In a split-sample {WTP} experiment concerned with allocating scarce health care resources across three health care interventions, the {DC} approach is shown consistently to generate larger welfare estimates than the {PC.} Observed difference between {PC} and {DC} experiments cannot be explained by the inclusion of non-demanders or methods of statistical analysis but may be partly explained by \"yea-saying\". No evidence of range bias or mid-point bias was found with {PC} responses. Data were also collected on respondents\' ordinal rankings of the three interventions and person-trade-offs {(PTOs).} Neither of these approaches converged with {WTP.} Future work must address the decision heuristics individuals employ when responding to valuation experiments.", "label" : "Valuing health care using willingness to pay: a comparison of the payment card and dichotomous choice methods", "key" : "ryan_valuing_2004" }, { "label" : "National Health Insurance Scheme", "key" : "_national_????-1", "keywords" : [ "Ghana", "NHIS" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "unpublished", "uri" : "urn:77cecff3d19d00e8e5f7f8f442d249e8" }, { "journal" : "Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c22c84e01cab8dff47883167832ea849", "pages" : "509--19", "date" : "2008-06", "number" : "6", "author" : "Molyneux, David H", "keywords" : [ "Diseases and poverty", "Millennium development goals", "Poverty reduction" ], "volume" : "102", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "note" : "{PMID:} 18413278", "abstract" : "This paper suggests that the \'other diseases\' of Millennium Development Goal 6 {(MDG} 6) are ignored by policy-makers and politicians who overfocus on unachievable objectives and targets around the \'big three\' diseases of {HIV,} tuberculosis {(TB)} and malaria, which if the planet was viewed by aliens would be seen as the only diseases that existed on the planet. The diseases of the majority of the poor represent \'low hanging fruit\' for control and elimination and opportunities are ignored despite the availability of cheap or donated drugs and ample evidence that such interventions are effective and reduce incidence, as well as mortality and morbidity. The time frame available to achieve the {MDGs} of some 7-8 years requires a re-evaluation of what can be done with the tools available now and which can address the problems faced by the majority of poor people afflicted by disabling conditions which together represent a global burden greater than malaria or {TB.} The author considers also the volume of research relevant to the {MDGs} and their achievement is distorted by the focus on high tech end research which cannot be delivered by 2015 and that in terms of the 90:10 gap in research relevant to the problems of the poorest the real gap is 99:1. The concepts of distortion of donor funding for diseases of {MDG} 6 for implementation of largely curative interventions which do not reduce incidence as well as research which addresses problems that cannot reach poor people in the time frame to 2015 is emphasised. New paradigms are required if any impact on {MDG} 6 is to be achieved recognising the needs of the majority via an equitable distribution of funding.", "label" : "Combating the \"other diseases\" of {MDG} 6: changing the paradigm to achieve equity and poverty reduction?", "issn" : "00359203", "key" : "molyneux_combatingother_2008" }, { "journal" : "The Gerontologist", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:5bfe410bc0c863843cf6985c568f1156", "pages" : "58--67", "date" : "2004", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Danis, Marion", "Biddle, Andrea", "Gold, Susan Dorr" ], "keywords" : "Medicare enrollees", "volume" : "44", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Enrollees Choose Priorities for Medicare", "key" : "danis_enrollees_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:ebe368b40e151bc2855de3e61521a840", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Hsiao, William", "keywords" : "Health care system", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "A Strategic Framework in Mobilizing Domestic Resources for Health", "key" : "hsiao_strategic_2000" }, { "journal" : "The American Economic Review", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:df32a052c354532a4f08a8da7ef2fa6e", "pages" : "891--904", "date" : "1995", "number" : "4", "author" : "Andreoni, J.", "keywords" : [ "Cooperations", "Public goods" ], "volume" : "85", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1995", "label" : "Cooperation in {Public-Goods} Experiments: Kindness or Confusion", "key" : "andreoni_cooperation_1995" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:ea88557e31955c7e75ed7e4d1ef94657", "date" : "2001", "author" : "{Arhin-Tenkorang}, Dyna", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health insurance", "Informal sector", "Low-income countries", "Risk protection" ], "year" : "2001", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "Studies and literature reviews of health insurance schemes targeting rural or informal sector populations in developing countries (often called \"community insurance schemes\") frequently conclude that schemes have design weaknesses, yet do not explore in detail the effect of design features on performance. This paper presents a conceptualization of how performance in the areas of risk protection and resource mobilization is determined by the interaction of design features with institutional and technical factors. Design features refer to scheme specifications (e.g., required contribution) and to operating modalities (e.g., procedures for enrolment or obtaining benefits. Performance, with respect to risk protection and resource mobilization, of several potential \"high population schemes\" for the informal sector in Africa, is assessed. The outcome suggests that the design of community health insurance schemes may be improved by: (1) design specifications that utilize data on willingness to pay {(WTP)} of the target population and projected health care costs; (2) incorporating modalities of operations that facilitate costeffective exchange between a formal organization and individuals acting in an informal environment", "label" : "Health Insurance for the Informal Sector in Africa - Design Features, Risk Protection, and Resource Mobilization", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "arhin-tenkorang_health_2001" }, { "journal" : "Child Welfare", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:91e50c5f85671dd7b9cf662294b0b3b8", "date" : "1997", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Bandawe, Chiwoza", "Louw, Johann" ], "volume" : "76", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Family foster care", "Malawi" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1997", "label" : "The Experience of Family Foster Care in Malawi: A Preliminary Investigation", "key" : "bandawe_experience_1997" }, { "booktitle" : "World Health Report 2000", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:ae2eca45a42c540912ac29cdfb083e31", "pages" : "93--115", "date" : "2000", "author" : "{WHO}", "keywords" : [ "External assistance health sector", "Subsidies" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Who pays for health systems?", "key" : "who_who_2000" }, { "pub-type" : [ "phdthesis", "Research Center of {\"International} technical and economical Co-operation\" - Faculty of Business Administration" ], "uri" : "urn:a96be0eab9e9bbad4e519b537c6b45df", "date" : "2004", "school" : "{RWTH} Aachen", "author" : "Range, Matthias", "keywords" : [ "Islamic microfinance", "MF Indonesia" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Islamic Microfinance", "key" : "matthias_range_islamic_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:a9058f69aa931f64cfa50b0cacf457b9", "date" : "2000", "author" : "World Health Organization, {(WHO)}", "keywords" : [ "Health care system", "WHO", "World health report" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The World health report 2000 - Health Systems: Improving Performance", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "world_health_organization_who_world_2000" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T1B-4NYSH9K-2/1/0993af91ae754aa99a6e510e18420cb4", "journal" : "The Lancet", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:dfdc68ab3af576847c038c3f8abdd1e1", "pages" : "2158--2163", "date" : "2007-06", "number" : "9605", "author" : [ "Mullan, Fitzhugh", "Frehywot, Seble" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health care provider", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "volume" : "370", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "Summary Many countries have health-care providers who are not trained as physicians but who take on many of the diagnostic and clinical functions of medical doctors. We identified non-physician clinicians {(NPCs)} in 25 of 47 countries in {sub-Saharan} Africa, although their roles varied widely between countries. In nine countries, numbers of {NPCs} equalled or exceeded numbers of physicians. In general {NPCs} were trained with less cost than were physicians, and for only 3-4 years after secondary school. All {NPCs} did basic diagnosis and medical treatment, but some were trained in specialty activities such as caesarean section, ophthalmology, and anaesthesia. Many {NPCs} were recruited from rural and poor areas, and worked in these same regions. Low training costs, reduced training duration, and success in rural placements suggest that {NPCs} could have substantial roles in the scale-up of health workforces in {sub-Saharan} African countries, including for the planned expansion of {HIV/AIDS} prevention and treatment programmes.", "label" : "Non-physician clinicians in 47 {sub-Saharan} African countries", "key" : "mullan_non-physician_2007" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network", "uri" : "urn:05385d95d3af324bebdcb1a4647be99d", "date" : "1999", "author" : [ "Feldman, Tine Rossing", "Assaf, Susan" ], "keywords" : "Social capital", "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Social Capital: Conceptual Frameworks and Empirical Evidence - An annotated Bibliography - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 5", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "rossing_feldman_social_1999" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:50d2468813e3cfce51deef23dbb5127d", "date" : "2003", "keywords" : [ "Manual", "Quantitative research", "Research method", "Statistics" ], "editor" : "{SPSS}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "{SPSS} 12.0 Schneller Einstieg", "key" : "spss_spss_2003-2" }, { "journal" : "Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:93dac808d81d4710f9e623a2202f7033", "pages" : "477--489", "date" : "2002", "number" : "2", "author" : "Ven, Wynand {P.M.M.} van de", "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk adjustment", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "71", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Was ist die beste Strategie eines \"solidarischen\" Ausgleichs der Krankheitslasten in einem wettbewerblichen Krankenversicherungssystem: Obergrenzen f\\\"{u}r Versicherungsbeitr\\\"{a}ge oder risikobezogene Pr\\\"{a}miensubventionen?", "key" : "van_de_ven_was_2002" }, { "pub-type" : [ "unpublished", "{IDS} Working Paper 58" ], "uri" : "urn:fcf9644c352d7e74756178fea662cc75", "date" : "1997", "author" : [ "Wilkes, Andreas", "Hao, Yo", "Bloom, Gerald", "Xingyuan, Gu" ], "keywords" : [ "Health care financing", "Severe illness" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1997", "label" : "Coping with the costs of severe illness in rural China", "key" : "wilkes_coping_1997" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Social Enterprise Associates", "uri" : "urn:a2da2f53dd836a269a75592f6cf0aa19", "date" : "2004", "number" : "4", "author" : "Ohri, Chandni Gupta", "keywords" : [ "Health", "Microfinance", "Service delivery" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Working Paper on Microfinance \\& Health, A Case for Integrated Service Delivery", "key" : "gupta_ohri_working_2004" }, { "journal" : "Health Care Financing Review", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:116a7a45bac1db406658005ac0c442cc", "pages" : "93--118", "date" : "2000", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Pope, G. C.", "Ellis, R. P.", "Ash, A. S.", "Liu, C. F.", "Ayanian, J. Z.", "Bates, D. W.", "Burstin, H.", "Iezzoni, L. I.", "Ingber, M. J." ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "21", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Principal Inpatient Diagnostic Cost Group Model for Medicare Risk Adjustment", "key" : "pope_principal_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Deutsche Gesellschaft f\\\"{u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit {(GTZ)} {GmbH} - Division 41 - Economic Development and Employment Promotion", "uri" : "urn:9ed8c7084860f45b90f66e17c87b5390", "date" : "2002", "author" : "{Al-Bagdadi}, Hayder", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "GHAMFIN", "Ghana", "Microfinance", "Microfinance associations" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Microfinance Associations - The case of the Ghana Microfinance Institutions Network {(GHAMFIN)}", "address" : "Eschborn", "key" : "al-bagdadi_microfinance_2002" }, { "journal" : "{MEDICA}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ddfa18693c64cc721731b9e5cc970720", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Schulz, Oliver", "keywords" : [ "Health care system", "India", "Insurance policy" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Auslandsm\\\"{a}rkte: Indien - Medizintechnik: Das ungenutzte Potenzial", "key" : "schulz_auslandsmrkte:_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4DSPYTK-2/1/2e70c4cad894712bc125c04f6c7dac8e", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:25a1adf88dc9ddc1e3181e298b557f55", "pages" : "2059--2071", "date" : "2005-05", "number" : "9", "author" : "Veenstra, Gerry", "keywords" : [ "Long-term limiting illness", "Multilevel modelling", "Place", "Rating:2", "Self-rated health" ], "volume" : "60", "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "After decades of epidemiological exploration into individual-level risk factors for ill health, a recent surge of interest in the health effects of socially patterned attributes of geographically defined [`]places\' has given the structural side of the agency-structure debate new prominence in population health research. Utilizing two original data sets, one pertaining to features of communities in British Columbia, Canada and the other to characteristics of individuals living in them, this article distinguishes the health effects of socially patterned attributes of communities, including the social capital of communities, from the health effects of characteristics of residents that contribute to social capital, e.g., trust and participation in voluntary associations. Results from multilevel analysis demonstrated that, of three different individual-level measures of health and well-being (and including measures of long-term limiting illness and self-rated health), only a measure of depressive symptoms had variability that could be reasonably attributed to the level of the community. The social capital of communities in the form of the availability of public spaces explained some of this variability, but in the direction contrary to expectations. Overall, location (community of residence) did little to explicate health inequalities in this context. The strongest predictors of health in multivariate and multilevel models were characteristics of individual survey respondents, namely, income, trust in politicians and governments, and trust in other members of the community. Breadth of participation in networks of voluntary association was not significantly related to health in multivariate models.", "label" : "Location, location, location: contextual and compositional health effects of social capital in British Columbia, Canada", "key" : "veenstra_location_2005" }, { "journal" : "Economic and Political Weekly", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c359c59f015d3557400cd27b0dfe0ea1", "pages" : "559--71", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Mahal, Ajay", "volume" : "37", "keywords" : [ "India", "Private health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Assessing private health insurance in India", "key" : "mahal_assessing_2002" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{OECD}", "uri" : "urn:be32247b8470d432bbc5f5eb5e015bfe", "date" : "2004", "number" : "12", "author" : [ "Buchmueller, Thomas C.", "Couffinhal, Agnes" ], "keywords" : [ "France", "Private health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Private Health Insurance in France", "address" : "Paris, France", "key" : "buchmueller_private_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4V936RM-2/2/f18b3cc7f43b31611c4b972e2d965a81", "journal" : "World Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:bb03b6f6ce2c151b5054249bdb97c65c", "date" : "2009", "author" : "Mazzucato, Valentina", "volume" : "In Press, Corrected Proof", "keywords" : [ "Ghana", "Remittances", "Transnational networks" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "Summary Risk pooling literature argues the need for geographic proximity to ensure the functioning of informal insurance arrangements. This paper investigates whether these arrangements exist between migrants and their network members back home and, if so, how they work in the absence of geographic proximity. Analysis of a simultaneous matched sample of migrants in the Netherlands and network members in Ghana reveals the existence of reverse remittances. These remittances show that there is risk pooling between migrants and network members. The paper elaborates on the institutional arrangements that make such a system possible.", "label" : "Informal Insurance Arrangements in Ghanaian Migrants\' Transnational Networks: The Role of Reverse Remittances and Geographic Proximity", "issn" : "{0305-750X}", "key" : "mazzucato_informal_2009" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:154ac702edb7c2a9af6976f35842e7cc", "pages" : "254--269", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Garand, Denis", "Wipf, John" ], "keywords" : "Microinsurance operations", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "The risks inherent in insurance products; Capital requirements; Reserves; Reinsurance; Investment management; Profit distribution", "label" : "Risk and financial management", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "garand_risk_2006" }, { "url" : "http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/1/1/6", "journal" : "Human Ressources for Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:96914e85a83564109762c5dc64f32b9c", "date" : "2003-07", "number" : "6", "author" : [ "Carrin, Guy", "Hanvoravongchai, Piya" ], "keywords" : [ "Patient charges", "Provider payment" ], "volume" : "1", "month" : "July", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "In this paper, we focus on those policy instruments with monetary incentives that are used to contain public health expenditure in high-income countries. First, a schematic view of the main cost-containment methods and the variables in the health system they intend to influence is presented. Two types of instruments to control the level and growth of public health expenditure are considered: (i) provider payment methods that influence the price and quantity of health care, and (ii) cost-containment measures that influence the behaviour of patients. Belonging to the first type of instruments, we have: fee-for-service, per diem payment, case payment, capitation, salaries and budgets. The second type of instruments consists of patient charges and reference price systems for pharmaceuticals. Secondly, we provide an overview of experience in high-income countries that use or have used these particular instruments. Finally, the paper assesses the overall potential of these instruments in cost-containment policies.", "label" : "Provider payments and patient charges as policy tools for cost-containment: How successful are they in high-income countries?", "key" : "carrin_provider_2003" }, { "url" : "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1149134", "id" : "6b21a1f3afec9611e6d142ffcdd51382", "journal" : "{SSRN} {eLibrary}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:6b21a1f3afec9611e6d142ffcdd51382", "date" : "2008-05", "author" : [ "Hochrainer, S.", "Mechler, R.", "Pflug, G.", "Lotsch, Alexander" ], "keywords" : [ "Banks \\& Banking Reform", "Climate change", "Debt Markets", "HazardRisk Management", "Malawi" ], "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "sis explores the potential impact of climate change on the viability of the Malawi weather insurance program making use of scenarios of climate change-induced variations in rainfall patterns. The analysis is important from a methodological and policy perspective. By combining catastrophe insurance modeling with climate modeling, the methodology demonstrates the feasibility, albeit with large uncertainties, of estimating the effects of climate change on the near and long-term future of microinsurance schemes serving the poor. By providing a model-based estimate of the incremental role of climate change, along with the associated uncertainties, this methodology can quantitatively demonstrate the need for financial assistance to protect micro-insurance pools against climate-change induced insolvency. This is of major concern to donors, nongovernmental organizations, and others supporting these innovative systems; those actually at-risk; and insurers. A quantitative estimate of the additional burden that climate change imposes on weather insurance for poor regions is of interest to organizations funding adaptation.", "label" : "Investigating the Impact of Climate Change on the Robustness of {Index-Based} Microinsurance in Malawi", "key" : "hochrainer_investigatingimpact_2008-1" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Health and Population in Developing Countries", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1185bca1091cf143974361fc9e0fb420", "pages" : "16--43", "date" : "1997", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Gumber, Anil", "Berman, Peter" ], "keywords" : [ "Disease pattern", "Health care expenditures", "Health care utilization", "India" ], "volume" : "1", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1997", "label" : "Measurement and Patterns of Morbidity and the Utilization of Health Services: Some Emerging Issues from Recent Health Interview Surveys in India", "key" : "gumber_measurement_1997" }, { "journal" : "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:81f6e0a452ee711ca828d67f2b6b8b59", "pages" : "612", "date" : "2002", "number" : "8", "author" : [ "Kawabata, Kei", "Xu, Ke", "Carrin, Guy" ], "series" : "Editorial", "keywords" : "Catastrophic health care expenditure", "volume" : "80", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Preventing impoverishment through protection against catastrophic health expenditure", "key" : "kawabata_preventing_2002" }, { "issn" : "00429686", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 24765494; Mendis, Shanti 1; Email Address: mendiss@who.int Fukino, Keiko 1 Cameron, Alexandra 2 Laing, Richard 2 Filipe Jr., Anthonio 3 Khatib, Oussama 4 Leowski, Jerzy 3 Ewene, Margaret 5; Affiliation: 1: Department of Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion, World Health Organization, 20 avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland 2: Department of Medicines, Policy and Standards, {WHO,} Geneva, Switzerland 3: {South-East} Asia Regional Office, {WHO,} New Delhi, India 4: Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, {WHO,} Cairo, Egypt 5: Health Action International - Europe, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Source Info: Apr2007, Vol. 85 Issue 4, p279; Subject Term: {MEDICINE;} Subject Term: {CHRONIC} fatigue syndrome; Subject Term: {CHRONIC} leukemia; Subject Term: {CHRONIC} lymphocytic leukemia; Subject Term: {CHRONIC} diseases; Subject Term: {WORLD} health; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} health; Subject Term: {INVALIDS;} Subject Term: {DISEASES;} Subject Term: {DRUGS;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 424210 Drugs and Druggists\\' Sundries Merchant Wholesalers; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; Number of Pages: 11p; Document Type: Article{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}} {{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Copyright} of Bulletin of the World Health Organization is the property of World Health Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "number" : "4", "type" : "Publication", "author" : [ "Mendis, Shanti", "Fukino, Keiko", "Cameron, Alexandra", "Laing, Richard", "Jr., Anthonio Filipe", "Khatib, Oussama", "Leowski, Jerzy", "Ewene, Margaret" ], "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=24765494&site=ehost-live", "uri" : "urn:0847b51b3f0de84da1e5758aa6059870", "label" : "The availability and affordability of selected essential medicines for chronic diseases in six low- and middle-income countries.", "keywords" : [ "CHRONIC diseases", "CHRONIC fatigue syndrome", "CHRONIC leukemia", "CHRONIC lymphocytic leukemia", "DISEASES", "DRUGS", "INVALIDS", "Malawi", "MEDICINE", "PUBLIC health", "WORLD health" ], "pages" : "{279--A}", "year" : "2007", "journal" : "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "abstract" : "Objective To assess the availability and affordability of medicines used to treat cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and glaucoma and to provide palliative cancer care in six low- and middle-income countries. Methods A survey of the availability and price of 32 medicines was conducted in a representative sample of public and private medicine outlets in four geographically defined areas in Bangladesh, Brazil, Malawi, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. We analysed the percentage of these medicines available, the median price versus the international reference price (expressed as the median price ratio) and affordability in terms of the number of days\' wages it would cost the lowest-paid government worker to purchase one month of treatment. Findings In all countries ???7.5\\% of these 32 medicines were available in the public sector, except in Brazil, where 30\\% were available, and Sri Lanka, where 28\\% were available. Median price ratios varied substantially, from 0.09 for losartan in Sri Lanka to 30.44 for aspirin in Brazil. In the private sector in Malawi and Sri Lanka, the cost of innovator products (the pharmaceutical product first given marketing authorization) was three times more than generic medicines. One month of combination treatment for coronary heart disease cost 18.4 days\' wages in Malawi, 6.1 days\' wages in Nepal, 5.4 in Pakistan and 5.1 in Brazil; in Bangladesh the cost was 1.6 days\' wages and in Sri Lanka it was 1.5. The cost of one month of combination treatment for asthma ranged from 1.3 days\' wages in Bangladesh to 9.2 days\' wages in Malawi. The cost of a one-month course of intermediate-acting insulin ranged from 2.8 days\' wages in Brazil to 19.6 in Malawi. Conclusion Context-specific policies are required to improve access to essential medicines. Generic products should be promoted by educating professionals and consumers, by implementing appropriate policies and incentives, and by introducing market competition and/or... {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]}", "volume" : "85", "pub-type" : "article", "doi" : "{10.2471/BLT.06.033647}", "date" : "2007-04", "month" : "April", "key" : "mendis_availability_2007" }, { "label" : "{CHAPTER} 2: Microeconomics and market failure in health", "key" : "ensor_chapter_????", "keywords" : [ "Market failure in health", "microeconomics" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "inbook", "author" : "Ensor, Tim", "uri" : "urn:f4810212f129b5261c04da8a720cd471" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network", "uri" : "urn:4efdc3b70bb90eb2f413d16bc6235c67", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Grootaert, Christiaan", "Narayan, Deepa" ], "keywords" : [ "Bolivia", "Local level institutions" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The Local Level Insititutions Study: Local Institutions, Poverty and Household Welfare in Bolivia - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 9", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "grootaert_local_2000" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4GMS9GY-1/1/fc9ca5a38eae970fea92096a67731460", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:fb15530a6674842863f9a2a86fd11eb6", "pages" : "292--302", "date" : "2006", "number" : "2", "author" : "Poortinga, Wouter", "keywords" : [ "European social survey", "Multilevel modelling", "Self-rated health", "Social trust" ], "volume" : "62", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Although it is now widely acknowledged that the social environment plays an important role in people\'s health and well-being, there is considerable disagreement about whether social capital is a collective attribute of communities or societies, or whether its beneficial properties are associated with individuals and their social relationships. Using data from the European Social Survey (22 countries, N=42,358), this study suggests that, rather than having a contextual influence on health, the beneficial properties of social capital can be found at the individual level. Individual levels of social trust and civic participation were strongly associated with self-rated health. At the same time, the aggregate social trust and civic participation variables at the national level were not related to people\'s subjective health after controlling for compositional differences in socio-demographics. Despite the absence of a main contextual effect, the current study found a more complex cross-level interaction for social capital. Trusting and socially active individuals more often report good or very good health in countries with high levels of social capital than individuals with lower levels of trust and civic participation, but are less likely to do so in countries with low levels of social capital. This suggests that social capital does not uniformly benefit individuals living in the same community or society.", "label" : "Social capital: An individual or collective resource for health?", "key" : "poortinga_social_2006" }, { "journal" : "International Nursing Review", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1f8afde65653bf44b7a6ddeeb4e6016b", "pages" : "173--178", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "Seloilwe, {E.S}", "{Thupayagale-Tshweneagae}, G." ], "volume" : "54", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Botswana", "Community-based health care", "Mental health" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Community mental health care in Botswana: approaches and opportunities", "key" : "seloilwe_community_2007" }, { "url" : "http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34957/Migrant%20Remittances,%20a%20Development%20Challenge.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:c7ae94b2df1e9656c72cd0d80324315a", "date" : "2009", "author" : "Bank, African Development", "keywords" : "Remittances", "year" : "2009", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "Understanding mechanisms governing the remittances market", "label" : "Migrant Remittances: A Development Challenge", "key" : "african_development_bank_migrant_2009" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{PHRplus} Resource Center, Abt Associates Inc.", "uri" : "urn:315a4a744c54a5be2951d84550c8fe93", "date" : "2004", "author" : "{PHRplus}", "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "Micro health insurance", "Overview" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "21 questions on {CBHF} - An overview of community-based health financing", "address" : "Bethesda, Maryland", "key" : "phrplus_21_2004" }, { "journal" : "{IAF}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:fae40e3573cd3dabbec84cf6942753c4", "pages" : "277--296", "date" : "2002", "number" : "2002", "author" : "Kappel, Robert", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Economic growth" ], "volume" : "3", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Die Ursachen der Wachstumsschw\\\"{a}che Afrikas", "key" : "kappel_die_2002" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank", "uri" : "urn:9be50fb7a4e24599e6016fbd2622087b", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Belli, Paolo Carli", "Preker, Alexander" ], "keywords" : [ "Equity", "Health care financing", "Health sector reform", "Payment systems", "Resource allocation", "Resource allocation and purchasing" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "This paper introduces a conceptual framework to investigate the equity consequences of resource allocation, strategic purchasing and payment system reforms {(RAP)} in health, and reviews the empirical literature that has analyzed the impact of these reforms on equity. In the first part, the paper reviews the existing evidence on the distribution of health and health care utilization across socio-economic groups in developing countries. Such evidence shows a striking consistency in the association between poverty and poor health, and that the distribution of health benefits across socio-economic groups is highly unequal, favoring the wealthier segments of the population. At the same time it shows that the issue of quality of services is as important as the issue of their accessibility. Then the paper addresses the meaning of equity in health care: we argue that the concept of equity and that of an equitable distribution of resources in health are not as straightforward as they appear. In the second part, the paper reviews the core elements of {RAP} reforms, and it presents a survey of the empirical literature that has investigated the impact of {RAP} reforms from an equity perspective. We argue that some {RAP} reform components, such as the new resource allocation mechanisms, bear a strong pro-poor potential, but that other components can lead to the emergence of trade-offs between conflicting objectives, such as efficiency and equity. For instance, the new purchasing contracts and payment systems devised to enhance efficiency can create adverse equity effects. Conceptually, these trade-offs are significant and operating at several levels.", "label" : "The Impact of Resource Allocation and Purchasing Reforms on Equity", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "belli_impact_2004" }, { "url" : "http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009835429630", "journal" : "European Finance Review", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:81b7f9743cfc21e8076f624f001d7706", "pages" : "113--124", "date" : "1998", "number" : "2", "author" : "Geman, H\\\'{e}lyette", "keywords" : [ "Insurance", "Risk" ], "volume" : "2", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "abstract" : "This paper argues that in the fundamental subject of financial risk analysis, some valuable lessons may be drawn from insurance. The probability of ruin, defined as a first passage time, carries a dynamic element whose absence in Value at Risk is one liability, among others. Extreme value theory, which has been successfully applied to insurance shortly after it was introduced in probability, may offer a coherent framework for analyzing the extreme moves such as the ones observed in recent foreign exchange and financial crises. Lastly, we show that the genuine hazards generated by global capital markets and illustrated by the events of summer 1998, generate a market incompleteness that existing models of defaultable bonds do not fully address. However, the long experience of risk premium analysis in the insurance and reinsurance industry, as well as the existence of historical data on natural disasters, render the valuation of catastrophe bonds less perilous than that of defaultable bonds.", "label" : "Learning about Risk: Some Lessons from Insurance", "key" : "geman_learning_1998" }, { "pub-type" : "phdthesis", "uri" : "urn:313810893b9a7d4edda63cc0b1cbe19e", "date" : "2007", "school" : "University of Malawi, Chancellor College, Economics Department", "author" : [ "Makoka, Donald", "Kaluwa" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Malawi", "Private health insurance" ], "year" : "2007", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The Demand for Private Health Insurance in Malawi - {MPRA} Paper No. 4974", "key" : "makoka_demand_2007" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "id" : "6afed761031d6f6515fa850c0d1eb560", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:6afed761031d6f6515fa850c0d1eb560", "pages" : "1863--1910", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Williams, Alan", "Cookson, Richard" ], "keywords" : [ "Distribution", "Economic methodology", "Equity", "Government expenditures and health", "Government policy", "Inequality", "Justice", "Other normative criteria and measurement", "Public goods", "Public health care", "Regulation", "Relationship of economics to social values" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "Equity in health has to be distinguished from equity in access to health care, or equity in the distribution of health care resources. We take as a working definition of health for our purposes the number of quality adjusted life years that a person may expect to enjoy over his or her lifetime. Although we mostly follow the economists\' custom of regarding equity as synonymous with reducing inequalities in health, we also consider the much richer variety of concepts employed by philosophers when discussing distributive justice. Here however we have distinguished notions of justice which are essentially procedural from those which are substantive, concentrating mainly on the latter. What we have sought to do is to identify the implications of various philosophical theories of justice for the way in which a welfare economist might appraise a particular distribution of health within a community. To do this we distinguish theories which place constraints on admissible outcomes (the health opportunity set), from theories which require the social welfare function (or maximand) to have particular properties. This classification is summarised in the Table 1, which is the key exhibit around which the analysis and exposition is organised", "label" : "Equity in Health", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "williams_equity_2000" }, { "journal" : "Public Choice", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:98f56ebd18060e77c906e2f49d246158", "pages" : "283--308", "date" : "2005", "number" : "3", "author" : "Kifmann, Mathias", "keywords" : [ "Democracy", "Income relation", "Premiums", "Public health insurance" ], "volume" : "124", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Health insurance in a democracy: Why is it public and why are premiums income related?", "key" : "kifmann_health_2005" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:c1a6b87af4a687820e55fcfd8fc83625", "date" : "2006-11", "author" : "{ILO}", "keywords" : [ "Ghana", "NHIS" ], "month" : "November", "year" : "2006", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Republic of Ghana - Technical Note, Financial assessment of the National Health Insurance Fund", "key" : "ilo_republic_2006" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBV-4S7SV6G-1/2/5c791b23f18cab11ac76e1316d958666", "journal" : "Journal of Development Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:2b6a1e07af7d58f35e02b0cbe7d5157a", "pages" : "301--313", "date" : "2009-03", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Ree, Joppe de", "Nillesen, Eleonora" ], "keywords" : [ "Civil conflict", "Development cooperation", "Foreign aid", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "volume" : "88", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "This paper considers the impact of foreign aid flows on the risk of civil conflict. We improve on earlier studies on this topic by addressing the problem of the endogenous aid allocation using {GDP} levels of donor countries as instruments. A more structural addition to the literature is that we efficiently control for unobserved country specific effects in typical conflict onset and conflict continuation models by first differencing. The literature often overlooks the dynamic nature of these types of models, thereby forcing unlikely i.i.d. structures on the error terms implicitly.1 As a consequence, malfunctioning institutions, deep-rooted political grievances, or any other obvious, yet unobserved and time persistent determinants of war are simply assumed away. We find a statistically significant and economically important negative effect of foreign aid flows on the probability of ongoing civil conflicts to continue (the continuation probability), such that increasing aid flows tends to decrease civil conflict duration. We do not find a significant relationship between aid flows and the probability of civil conflicts to start (the onset probability).", "label" : "Aiding violence or peace? The impact of foreign aid on the risk of civil conflict in {sub-Saharan} Africa", "issn" : "0304-3878", "key" : "de_ree_aiding_2009" }, { "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:00f1db6adc7d2ade7fb0d386062f710b", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Promotion, Committee for the", "{COPAC}, Advancement of Cooperatives" ], "keywords" : [ "Cooperatives", "COPAC" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{COPAC} Directory of Agencies Assisting Cooperatives", "address" : "Geneva, Switzerland", "key" : "committee_for_the_promotion_and_advancement_of_cooperatives_copac_copac_2000" }, { "publisher" : "World Bank Publications", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:a7095e9e6e2311d65faed16cd2f273cc", "date" : "2006-08", "author" : "Ledgerwood, Victoria White Joanna", "keywords" : [ "Financial development", "Microcredit", "Microfinance", "Microinsurance", "Microsavings" ], "month" : "August", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "isbn" : "0821366157", "label" : "Transforming Microfinance Institutions: Providing Full Financial Services to the Poor", "key" : "ledgerwood_transforming_2006" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MD9KF0-2/1/ce57bc23bc804881c97d1dc58720fad6", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:97a99e2e7328336392c174d5ff1e4f2a", "pages" : "1090--1101", "date" : "2007-03", "number" : "5", "author" : [ "Tawfik, Linda", "Watkins, Susan Cotts" ], "keywords" : [ "Political economy of sex", "Sex perceptions" ], "volume" : "64", "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "This paper compares three interpretations of women and the transmission of {HIV} in rural Malawi. One is disseminated world-wide by institutions with a global reach such as the World Health Organization in Geneva and United States Agency for International Development {(USAID);} the second is provided by urban Malawians situated in the capital of Lilongwe, the seat of government and the site of the many international and national non-governmental agencies; the third is articulated by rural women and men in Balaka District, Malawi. We focus on women\'s motivations for extramarital sex, using qualitative interview data. We find that whereas in Geneva and Lilongwe women from rural Malawi are said to engage in sexual relationships outside of marriage because they need money for survival, in Balaka they are said to be motivated not only by money for survival but also for attractive consumer goods as well as by passion and by revenge for a husband\'s infidelity. We also find that data collection procedures influence explanations for women\'s affairs, as does the respondent\'s gender. An implication of this study is that {AIDS-prevention} policies based on the view from Geneva and Lilongwe need modification for Balaka, and by implication for rural Africa more generally.", "label" : "Sex in Geneva, sex in Lilongwe, and sex in Balaka", "key" : "tawfik_sex_2007" }, { "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=34936824&site=ehost-live", "journal" : "International Journal for Equity in Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:42adb3cc5eb68ef4570185386d388bc3", "pages" : "22--27", "date" : "2007", "author" : [ "Mathanga, Don P.", "Bowie, Cameron" ], "keywords" : [ "HEALTH surveys", "MALARIA -- Prevention", "Malawi", "MEDICAL policy", "POOR -- Health \\& hygiene", "PUBLIC health" ], "volume" : "6", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 34936824; Mathanga, Don P. 1,2; Email Address: dmathang@mac.medcol.mw Bowie, Cameron 1; Email Address: cam.bowie@malawi.net; Affiliation: 1: Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi 2: Malaria Alert Centre, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Source Info: 2007, Vol. 6, p22; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} policy; Subject Term: {MALARIA} -- Prevention; Subject Term: {HEALTH} surveys; Subject Term: {POOR} -- Health \\& hygiene; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} health; Subject Term: {MALAWI;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 923120 Administration of Public Health Programs; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; Number of Pages: 6p; Document Type: Article{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}} {{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Copyright} of International Journal for Equity in Health is the property of {BioMed} Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "doi" : "10.1186/1475-9276-6-22", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "Background: In Africa, national governments and international organizations are focusing on rapidly \"scaling up\" malaria control interventions to at least 60 percent of vulnerable populations. The potential health and economic benefits of \"scaling up\" will depend on the equitable access to malaria control measures by the poor. This paper analyses the present inequalities in access to malaria interventions in Malawi. Methods: Equity in access to malaria control measures was assessed using the Malawi Demographic Health Survey {(DHS)} 2000 and the 2004 national survey on malaria control. Utilisation of malaria control methods was compared across the wealth quintiles, to determine whether the poor were being reached with malaria control measures. Results: Overall {ITN} coverage increased from 5\\% in 2000 to 35\\% in 2004. However, there was a disproportionate concentration of {ITNs} amongst the least poor compared to the poorest group. Effective treatment of fever remains unacceptably low with only 17\\% of the under-five children being promptly treated with an effective antimalarial drug. And only 29 percent of pregnant women received the recommended dose of at least two doses during the pregnancy. No income related inequalities were associated with prompt treatment and {IPT} use. Conclusion: The present distribution strategies for {ITNs} are not addressing the needs of the vulnerable groups, especially the poor. Increasing access to {ITNs} by the poor will require innovative distribution models which deliberately target the poorest of the poor. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]}", "label" : "Malaria control in Malawi: are the poor being served?", "issn" : "14759276", "key" : "mathanga_malaria_2007" }, { "journal" : "Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:fe4b1fd113600c760b686167c421da37", "pages" : "167--189", "date" : "1980-06", "number" : "2", "author" : "Edgerton, Robert B.", "volume" : "4", "month" : "June", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1980", "abstract" : "The publication of The Quest for Therapy in Lower Zaire {(University} of California Press) by John M. Janzen (with the collaboration of William Arkinstall), and African Therapeutic Systems {(Crossroads} Press), edited by Z. A. Ademuwagun, John A. A. Ayoade, Ira E. Harrison and Dennis M. Warren, calls attention to recent research findings which indicate that mentally ill persons, particularly schizophrenics, may recover more rapidly and fully in non-industrialized societies than they do in industrialized ones. The books by Janzen and Ademuwagen et al. will be examined as contributions to a growing body of information on native African therapeutic practices. Evidence relating to the apparently benign course of psychosis in Africa will be examined, and various explanations for this pattern will be evaluated. Finally, some guidelines for future research will be suggested.", "label" : "Traditional treatment for mental illness in Africa: A review", "key" : "edgerton_traditional_1980" }, { "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=28743564&site=ehost-live", "journal" : "Globalization \\& Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:dbd63ef679298a9e3cf6bcb2334aca50", "pages" : "12--8", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Record, Richard", "Mohiddin, Abdu" ], "keywords" : [ "BRAIN drain", "Developing countries", "Malawi", "MEDICAL care", "MEDICAL policy", "PHYSICIANS", "PUBLIC health" ], "volume" : "2", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 28743564; Record, Richard 1; Email Address: richardrecord@hotmail.com Mohiddin, Abdu 2; Email Address: abdumohiddin@doctors.org.uk; Affiliation: 1: Trade and Private Sector Development, Ministry of Industry, {PO} Box 30366, Capital City, Lilongwe 3, Malawi 2: Division of Health and Social Care Research, Guy\\'s, King\\'s and St Thomas\\' School of Medicine, Kings College London, London {SE1} {3QD,} {UK;} Source Info: 2006, Vol. 2, p12; Subject Term: {BRAIN} drain; Subject Term: {PHYSICIANS;} Subject Term: {MEDICAL} care; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} health; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} policy; Subject Term: {DEVELOPING} countries; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 923120 Administration of Public Health Programs; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 621111 Offices of Physicians (except Mental Health Specialists); {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; Number of Pages: 8p; Illustrations: 2 charts; Document Type: Article{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}} {{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Copyright} of Globalization \\& Health is the property of {BioMed} Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "doi" : "10.1186/1744-8603-2-12", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Background: The medical \"brain drain\" has been described as rich countries \"looting\" doctors and nurses from developing countries undermining their health systems and public health. However this \"brain-drain\" might also be seen as a success in the training and \"export\" of health professionals and the benefits this provides. This paper illustrates the arguments and possible policy options by focusing on the situation in one of the poorest countries in the world, Malawi. Discussion: Many see this \"brain drain\" of medical staff as wrong with developed countries exploiting poorer ones. The effects are considerable with Malawi facing high vacancy rates in its public health system, and with migration threatening to outstrip training despite efforts to improve pay and conditions. This shortage of staff has made it more challenging for Malawi to deliver on its Essential Health Package and to absorb new international health funding. Yet, without any policy effort Malawi has been able to demonstrate its global competitiveness in the training (\"production\") of skilled health professionals. Remittances from migration are a large and growing source of foreign exchange for poor countries and tend to go directly to households. Whilst the data for Malawi is limited, studies from other poor countries demonstrate the power of remittances in significantly reducing poverty. Malawi can benefit from the export of health professionals provided there is a resolution of the situation whereby the state pays for training and the benefits are gained by the individual professional working abroad. Solutions include migrating staff paying back training costs, or rich host governments remitting part of a tax (e.g. income or national insurance) to the Malawi government. These schemes would allow Malawi to scale up training of health professionals for local needs and to work abroad. Summary: There is concern about the negative impacts of the medical \"brain-drain\". However a closer look at the... {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]}", "label" : "An economic perspective on Malawi\'s medical \"brain drain.\".", "issn" : "17448603", "key" : "record_economic_2006" }, { "label" : "A Handbook for Microfinance Institutions {thatWish} to Add Micro-insurance Products to their Activities", "key" : "french_microfinance_network_handbookfor_????", "keywords" : [ "From microfinance to microinsurance", "Microfinance", "Microinsurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "techreport", "author" : "Network, French Microfinance", "uri" : "urn:48aaca63410b751b3a7e8fafcdd615be", "institution" : "Epargne sans frontiers" }, { "url" : "http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/13545700210125167", "journal" : "Feminist Economics", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:282931bb3598f4905b9485055c4ed64e", "pages" : "1", "date" : "2002", "number" : "1", "author" : "Rankin, Katherine N.", "keywords" : [ "Microfinance", "Social capital" ], "volume" : "8", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Social Capital, Microfinance, and the Politics of Development", "issn" : "1354-5701", "key" : "rankin_social_2002" }, { "publisher" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance", "url" : "http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34170/10_Making%20Insurance%20Markets%20Work%20for%20the%20Poor_Microinsurance%20Policy,%20Regulation%20and%20Supervision_India%20Case%20Study.pdf", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:317327b09d1ff762ac915005d701338b", "date" : "2009", "author" : [ "Sinha, Sanjay", "Sagar, Swetan" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2009", "abstract" : "This document presents findings from India on the role of regulation in microinsurance market development. There is a strong political imperative for financial inclusion in India, resulting in regulation that mandates low-income market expansion, as well as a dedicated microinsurance space. Yet, microinsurance penetration in India remains small. State-owned insurance monopolizes the market. Private insurers as well as the insurance regulatory authority are recent entrants in the sector, and as such have found it difficult to prioritize microinsurance. Characteristics of the market include: * High share of compulsory products; * Low share of microinsurance agents in distribution; * Endowment products dominate voluntary sales; * There are virtually no completely informal insurance programs operating in India; * Low consumer awareness restricts market development. The regulatory strategy to compel insurers to reach down-market has triggered some action, but rarely beyond that required by law. Further, general insurance regulation and the specific provisions for microinsurance impose restrictions that limit the success of microinsurance.", "label" : "Making Insurance Markets Work for the Poor: Microinsurance Policy, Regulation and Supervision -- India Case Study", "key" : "sinha_making_2009" }, { "journal" : "Tropical Medicine \\& International Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:4c454e028fed0c4bc07c6668f8737d1b", "pages" : "1041--1043", "date" : "2004-10", "number" : "10", "author" : [ "Criel, Bart", "Atim, Chris", "Basaza, Robert", "Blaise, Pierre", "Waelkens, Maria Pia" ], "keywords" : [ "Access to care", "Community-based health insurance", "Context", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "volume" : "9", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Community health insurance {(CHI)} in {sub-Saharan} Africa: researching the context.", "key" : "criel_community_2004" }, { "journal" : "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:77b25385f4ecd25ce13e08b367ba81bd", "pages" : "292--297", "date" : "2003", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Palmer, Natasha", "Mills, Anne", "Wadee, Haroon", "Gilson, Lucy", "Schneider, Helen" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Comparative study", "Delivery of health care", "Primary health care", "Private sector", "Public sector", "Quality of health care", "South Africa" ], "volume" : "81", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "The use of private health care providers in low- and middle-income countries {(LMICs)} is widespread and is the subject of considerable debate. We review here a new model of private primary care provision emerging in South Africa, in which commercial companies provide standardized primary care services at relatively low cost. The structure and operation of one such company is described, and features of service delivery are compared with the most probable alternatives: a private general practitioner or a public sector clinic. In a case study of cost and quality of services, the clinics were popular with service users and run at a cost per visit comparable to public sector primary care clinics. However, their current role in tackling important public health problems was limited. The implications for public health policy of the emergence of this new model of private provider are discussed. It is argued that encouraging the use of such clinics by those who can afford to pay for them might not help to improve care available for the poorest population groups, which are an important priority for the government. Encouraging such providers to compete for government funding could, however, be desirable if the range of services presently offered, and those able to access them, could be broadened. However, the constraints to implementing such a system successfully are notable, and these are acknowledged. Even without such contractual arrangements, these companies provide an important lesson to the public sector that acceptability of services to users and low-cost service delivery are not incompatible objectives.", "label" : "A new face for private providers in developing countries: what implications for public health?", "key" : "palmer_new_2003" }, { "journal" : "American Journal of Public Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ecc4bc544eedc05bec1eaeb2d226ebf5", "pages" : "196--199", "date" : "2005", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Geltman, Paul L.", "Cochran, Jennifer" ], "keywords" : [ "Monitoring", "Provider network model", "Public health screening", "Public-private partnerships", "Refugees" ], "volume" : "95", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "{US} law and regulations stipulate a process for the health screening of refugees. The responsibility of caring for refugees resettled in the United States rests, in part, with public health or welfare departments. Massachusetts has met its screening responsibilities through the innovative creation of a network of private preferred providers. We explore the Massachusetts model of public--private collaboration within the context of federal refugee health priorities and current state fiscal restraints affecting public health programs, and demonstrate the model\'s accomplishments.", "label" : "A {Private-Sector} Preferred Provider Network Model for Public Health Screening of Newly Resettled Refugees", "key" : "geltman_private-sector_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4GNKR3V-1/1/750518c50a48747ee2694d49115f6a33", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:6542712d47b0bffde30984bc2e40ff2a", "pages" : "233--242", "date" : "2006-04", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Zhang, Licheng", "Wang, Hong", "Wang, Lushang", "Hsiao, William" ], "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "Micro health insurance", "Rating:1", "Rural China", "Willingness-to-join (WTJ)" ], "volume" : "76", "month" : "April", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "In 2002, China announced a new funding strategy that would reestablish community-based health insurance {(CHI)} in rural areas, whereby the Chinese government will entice farmers\' participation by providing each participant an annual subsidy of 10-20 Yuan {(US\\$???1.25-2.50).} However, there is no evidence demonstrating how many farmers would be willing-to-join {(WTJ)} such newly developed government subsidized voluntary-based {CHI} scheme and what factors influence farmers\' willingness-to-join. In this study, we examine the probability of farmers\' willingness-to-join such {CHI} under the different scenarios of government subsidy and individual contribution, and also explore factors that influence farmers\' willingness-to-join with the emphasis on social capital. The study is based on data collected from a 2002 household survey conducted in Fengsan Township, located in China\'s Guizhou Province. Logistic regression is used in the analysis. The findings from this study show that even with the government subsidy to the premium, the probability of {WTJ} the new voluntary-based {CHI} only reach 50\\%. The results also indicate that community level social capital, as measured by reciprocity index, and individual level social capital, as measured by trust index, are significantly and positively associated with the probability of farmers\' {WTJ} newly developed government subsidized {CHI.} Policy recommendations have been made based on those findings.", "label" : "Social capital and farmer\'s willingness-to-join a newly established community-based health insurance in rural China", "key" : "zhang_social_2006" }, { "journal" : "Soc. Sci. Med.", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:868384ceb33e73814245e062ce87b18d", "pages" : "743--753", "date" : "1995", "number" : "6", "author" : "Haddad, Slim; Fournier", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Health Services", "Zaire" ], "volume" : "40", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1995", "label" : "Quality, coast and utilization of health services in developing countries. A longitudinal study in Zaire", "key" : "haddad_quality_1995" }, { "journal" : "Health Administrator", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:9a2cd22ce575ffa6ac970eb79405e59e", "pages" : "14--15", "number" : "1", "author" : "Sahni, A.", "volume" : "{XVII}", "keywords" : [ "Cancer", "Epidemiology" ], "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Cancer Epidemiology", "key" : "sahni_cancer_????" }, { "label" : "Bibliographic microinsurance database", "howpublished" : "http://www.microhealthinsurance-india.org/cgi-bin/recherche?r=0", "url" : "http://www.microhealthinsurance-india.org/cgi-bin/recherche?r=0", "key" : "_bibliographic_????", "keywords" : "Microfinance", "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:ec28b449290520ad6ffa3842ef055280" }, { "journal" : "Housing Policy Debate", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:15962f8ecf75f51512a457d259095e8e", "date" : "2001", "number" : "4", "author" : "{DeFilippis}, James", "volume" : "12", "keywords" : [ "Community participation", "Social capital" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "The Myth of Social Capital in Community Development", "key" : "defilippis_myth_2001" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID}", "uri" : "urn:d6d9faa72c3d430ffb833bcd6a59e144", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "{Kiwanuka-Mukiibi}, P.", "Derriennic, Y.", "Karungi, G." ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Case study", "Community participation", "Uganda" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "The Good Practice Model: community participation in Luweero district, Uganda", "address" : "Bethesda, {MD}", "key" : "kiwanuka-mukiibi_good_2005" }, { "publisher" : "The World Bank", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:970117e3146ab1be56cfb24fac9627b3", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Honohan, P.", "keywords" : [ "Cross-country data", "Microfinance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Measuring Microfinance Access: Building on Existing Cross-country Data", "key" : "honohan_measuring_2005" }, { "url" : "http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~cemapre/ime2002/main_page/papers/RagnarNorberg.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:ddf46201b3e614b9d0f0f27193af8829", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Norberg, Ragnar", "keywords" : [ "Financial mathematics", "Research method" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "Since the pioneering days of Black, Merton and Scholes financial mathematics has developed rapidly into a flourishing area of science. Its impacts on insurance are great by any calculation: applications are virtually countless and even the basic paradigms are being rethought. This talk focuses on life insurance and shows how the mathematics of finance and of insurance dovetail into a consistent model-based approach to measurement and management of combined insurance risk and finance risk.", "label" : "Life insurance mathematics 2002", "key" : "norberg_life_2002" }, { "journal" : "Boston {MA:} Harvard School of Public Health, Data for Decision Making Project", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:536cfbf1ff59899b106cf76eca424de1", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Berman, P.", "Bossert, T. J." ], "keywords" : "Health sector reform", "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "A Decade of Health Sector Reform in Developing Countries: What Have We Learned", "key" : "berman_decade_2000" }, { "journal" : "Journal of General Internal Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:543c62a7c626b86afc45eee5dcfc3bd4", "pages" : "125--133", "date" : "2002", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Danis, Marion", "Biddle, Andrea K.", "Goold, Susan Dorr" ], "keywords" : "Low-income insurance", "volume" : "17", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Insurance benefit preferences of the low-income uninsured", "key" : "danis_insurance_2002" }, { "publisher" : "International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation", "url" : "http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf", "booktitle" : "Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:28ad38c6c32a1038e910dfd80e54377b", "pages" : "524--544", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Dror, David M.", "Wiechers, Thomas" ], "keywords" : "Microinsurance other stakeholders", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "The value proposition of reinsurance; Involvement of commercial insurers and reinsurers in microinsurance; What part of this value proposition can insurers and reinsurers deliver? Recommendations", "label" : "The role of insurers and reinsurers in supporting insurance for the poor", "address" : "Geneva / Munich", "key" : "dror_role_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "New York University, Oxford University Press", "uri" : "urn:801a6a00727a891b6220431390b2881d", "date" : "2002", "author" : "Morduch, Jonathan", "keywords" : [ "Microinsurance", "Revolution" ], "year" : "2002", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Microinsurance: The Next Revolution?", "address" : "New York", "key" : "morduch_microinsurance:next_2002" }, { "journal" : "Health Affairs", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a3748056876eea07fa5d0dcad6853a34", "pages" : "45", "date" : "2004", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Ven, Wynand {P.M.M.} van de", "Vliet, {R.C.J.A.} van", "Lamers, L. M." ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Netherlands", "Premium subsidies", "Risk adjustment", "Risk equalization" ], "volume" : "23", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "{Health-Adjusted} Premium Subsidies In The Netherlands", "key" : "van_de_ven_health-adjusted_2004" }, { "publisher" : "Zen Books Ltd.", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:897ca9fb1838143622baf3f434228574", "date" : "1996", "author" : [ "Koning, Korrie De", "Marion, Martin" ], "series" : "Participatory Research in Health: Issues and Experiences", "keywords" : "Participatory research", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1996", "label" : "Part {IV:} Participatory Research methods: First steps in a Participatory Process", "address" : "London", "key" : "de_koning_part_1996" }, { "journal" : "Microfinance Insights", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:9944014047193a3f04a1cbe4ab0f5f8a", "pages" : "22--24", "date" : "2007-12", "author" : "Dror, Iddo", "volume" : "Vol. 5", "keywords" : [ "India", "Microinsurance", "Social capital" ], "month" : "December", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "This article examines the linkages between social capital and microinsurance using evidences obtained from a 2005 household survey conducted across several locations in India. The current body of literature suggests that micro health insurance schemes are in fact able to mobilize social capital for the purpose of encouraging voluntary affiliation of resource-poor persons operating within the space of the informal economy. Despite a dearth of field-evidence measuring social capital in relation to microinsurance units {(MIUs),} it appears that the cohesiveness of such units is made possible through a combination of internal community trust, social networks, and punitive measures related to information flows. To evaluate these linkages in further depth, the preferences of respondents to borrow and seek advice from formal versus informal sources, levels of trust towards community members versus outsiders, and the factors influencing respondents\' decision to affiliate voluntarily to a scheme or not were examined. The findings conclude that observed preferences are highly context and location specific. It also found that overall, respondents cite the quality of healthcare as the primary reason for participating in an {MIU,} with the level of trust present at the time of enrollment, and level of financial protection provided ranking secondary reason depending on location.", "label" : "Social Capital and Microinsurance - Insights from Field Evidence in India", "key" : "dror_social_2007" }, { "journal" : "Soc Sci Med", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:247dd93c985e0c51fc17300632313c43", "pages" : "859--64", "date" : "1999", "number" : "7", "author" : [ "Carrin, Guy", "Graeve, Diana De", "Deville, Leo" ], "keywords" : [ "Low-income insurance", "Middle income insurance" ], "volume" : "48", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Introduction to special issue on the economics of health insurance in low and middle-income countries", "key" : "carrin_introduction_1999" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Deutsche Gesellschaft f\\\"{u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit {(GTZ)} {GmbH}", "uri" : "urn:234649d98010909c1e952c0ef64e0343", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Tschoetschel, Ulla; Erber", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Botswana", "HIV/AIDS" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "{GTZ} {HIV/AIDS} Practice Collection - Mainstreaming {HIV/AIDS} in the Vocational Training Sector in Botswana", "key" : "tschoetschel_gtz_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4JMM5JC-1/1/86f105fd292c0c230157316ffa423e1b", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:d279a54676f02b73dc422efec3e3a9b4", "pages" : "51--68", "date" : "2007", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Ciss\\\'{e}, Boubou", "Luchini, St\\\'{e}phane", "Moatti, Jean Paul" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Progressivity", "Stochastic dominance" ], "volume" : "80", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "This paper applies concentration curves and indices, that have been previously used to analyze progressivity in health care finance and horizontal equity in health care delivery in developed countries, to a 1998-1999 household survey about health care expenditures and utilization carried out in four francophone West African capitals {(Abidjan,} Bamako, Conakry and Dakar). The paper also uses statistical inference for testing stochastic dominance relationship between curves, a technique already applied in the literature about equity in taxation, as the criterion for making rigorous inequality comparisons. In all four capitals, the results strongly suggest a regressive pattern of payments for health care, with lower income groups bearing an higher burden of health expenditures as a proportion of their income than do the higher income segments of the population. As soon as dominance between concentrations curves is statistically tested, results appear less conclusive, notably for the groups of population affected by severe morbidity, on the issue of horizontal inequity in health care delivery, which requires that persons with similar medical need be treated equally. Some recommendations are made for the use of equity measurements in access to care for future evaluations of the impact of health care reforms in Africa.", "label" : "Progressivity and horizontal equity in health care finance and delivery: What about Africa?", "key" : "ciss_progressivity_2007" }, { "publisher" : "World Bank [u.a.]", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:ce231bcc7d49c37c37c37e9d1e085086", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Robinson, Marguerite S", "keywords" : "Microfinance", "edition" : "1. printing", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "isbn" : "0-8213-4524-9", "label" : "The microfinance revolution", "address" : "Washington, {DC}", "key" : "robinson_microfinance_2001" }, { "url" : "http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/1/26", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:d0ee9a8495b34a20352675cbb5dcebb3", "pages" : "26--37", "date" : "1999-03", "author" : "Bhat, R", "keywords" : [ "India", "Primary health care" ], "month" : "March", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1999", "label" : "Characteristics of private medical practice in India: a provider perspective", "key" : "bhat_characteristics_1999" }, { "label" : "Decomposing the Redistributive Effect of Health Care Payments", "key" : "world_bank_decomposingredistributive_????", "keywords" : [ "Quantitative research", "Research method" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Technical Note" ], "author" : "Bank, World", "uri" : "urn:9b2187d956a8f6d0d05ba2d2bf61df8e", "number" : "17" }, { "journal" : "Health Promotion International - Oxford University Press", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:37bab7341f67f20e9192f8b1289f8784", "pages" : "115--121", "date" : "2004", "number" : "1", "author" : "Labonte, Ronald", "keywords" : [ "Social exclusion", "Universal coverage" ], "volume" : "19", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Social inclusion/exclusion: dancing the dialectic", "key" : "labonte_social_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/reports/crying/cry10.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:d0e3b4d24f0b17c998546307cb36f602", "author" : "World\\, Bank", "keywords" : "Governance", "type" : "Publication", "howpublished" : "http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/reports/crying/cry10.pdf", "label" : "Governance: Poor People\'s Scorecards", "key" : "world_bank_governance:_????" }, { "publisher" : "The World Bank", "url" : "http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/phcf/publications/Hsiao.Shaw.2007.SHI.developing.countries.1.2.pdf", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:047af5fd276813ac051cd0378663005f", "date" : "2007", "series" : "{WBI} {DEVELOPMENT} {STUDIES}", "keywords" : [ "Developing countries", "Micro health insurance" ], "editor" : "William Hsiao and Paul Shaw", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Social Health Insurance for Developing Nations", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "hsiao_social_2007" }, { "label" : "Transaction formats for the health insurance sector", "key" : "_transaction_????", "keywords" : [ "Health insurance", "Transaction formats" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "unpublished", "uri" : "urn:0cbe1c16d3c4e097748d63fe989750cd" }, { "publisher" : "{GTZ} - Projekt Krankenversicherung", "booktitle" : "Gesundheitswesen", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:d5b20d1ed8d399b967a92243ca243ffb", "pages" : "89--100", "author" : [ "Deshpande, Satish", "{Grosse-Tebbe}, Susanne" ], "keywords" : [ "Health care system", "India", "Private health care", "Private health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "Indien ist gepr\\\"{a}gt durch gro\\sse regionale {Gegens\\\"{a}tze:Die} Bev\\\"{o}lkerungsstruktur ist heterogen; verschiedene Religionen sowie 325 verschiedene Sprachen mit unz\\\"{a}hligen Dialekten sind verbreitet. Mit einer Armutsbev\\\"{o}lkerung von 350 Millionen Menschen - bei einer Gesamtbev\\\"{o}lkerung von mittlerweile \\\"{u}ber 1 Milliarde Menschen - geh\\\"{o}rt das Land zu den \\\"{a}rmsten Staaten der Welt. Rund 315 Millionen Personen sind erwerbst\\\"{a}tig,davon arbeiten jedoch nur 26 Millionen im formellen {Sektor.Somit} erhalten nur etwa 8\\% der Erwerbsbev\\\"{o}lkerung regelm\\\"{a}\\ssige Lohnzahlungen, haben arbeitsrechtlichen Schutz und gesetzlichen Anspruch auf soziale Sicherung. Mehr als 90\\% sind im informellen Sektor besch\\\"{a}ftigt. Sie arbeiten entweder als Selbstst\\\"{a}ndige oder als Lohnarbeiter, meistens als Tagel\\\"{o}hner mit unregelm\\\"{a}\\ssigen Einkommen, und haben keinerlei Anspruch auf soziale Sicherung. Dennoch hat der informelle Sektor einen hohen arbeitsmarktpolitischen Stellenwert und tr\\\"{a}gt bis zu 60\\% zum indischen Bruttosozialprodukt bei.", "label" : "3.4 Indien - Private Dienstleister als St\\\"{u}tze des Gesundheitssystems", "address" : "Bonn", "key" : "deshpande_3.4_????" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{USAID}", "uri" : "urn:75b7de5f16ea009c41f9549fb071dd9c", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Brown, Warren", "keywords" : "From microfinance to microinsurance", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Prospects and Perils of Microfinance: Four Questions {MFI\'s} Should Ask Before Developing a Microinsurance Product", "key" : "brown_prospects_2000" }, { "publisher" : "Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:4e4f131c2a4150df65688c351b516257", "date" : "1994", "author" : [ "Klimm, Ernst", "Schneider, {Karl-G\\\"{u}nther}", "Wiese, Bernd", "Storkebaum, Werner" ], "series" : "Wissenschaftliche L\\\"{a}nderkunden", "volume" : "39", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Botswana", "Namibia", "South Africa" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1994", "label" : "Das s\\\"{u}dliche Afrika - {II.} Namibia - Botswana", "key" : "klimm_das_1994" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:cc101b6cf7d862e3b30067fa9694b26a", "author" : "Stich, Andreas", "keywords" : [ "Germany", "Life cycle", "Poverty" ], "note" : "preliminary version", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "Most empirical studies on poverty consider the extent of poverty either for the entire society or for separate groups like elderly people. However these papers do not show what the situation looks like for persons of a certain age. In this paper poverty measures depending on age are derived using the joint density of income and age. The density is nonparametrically estimated by weighted Gaussian kernel density estimation. Applying the conditional density of income to several poverty measures provides an insight into the extent of poverty over the life cycle. Furthermore convidence bands for the poverty age proviles were computed.", "label" : "Poverty and life cycle efects. A nonparametric analysis for Germany", "key" : "stich_poverty_????" }, { "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:3b1639446f0ac7467775c4055bb2a183", "date" : "2000-09", "series" : "{ILO/STEP} Working papers, Special Studies", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Micro health insurance" ], "editor" : "International Labour Organization", "month" : "September", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "This compendium provides key information on 130 health micro-insurance systems {(HIMS)} from 26 countries and 3 continents. Its main aim is to serve as a facilitating tool for interested parties who would like to initiate contact with {HIMS} operators and developers.", "isbn" : "92-2-112267-0", "label" : "Health micro-insurance: A Compendium", "address" : "Geneva, Switzerland", "key" : "international_labour_organization_health_2000" }, { "publisher" : "World Health Organization {(WHO)}", "booktitle" : "Health systems in transition: learning from experience. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Copenhagen. World Health Organization", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:12de1946ef037b7314fb86588982d38b", "date" : "2004", "author" : [ "Dixon, Anna", "Langenbrunner, Jack", "Mossialos, Elias" ], "series" : "The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies", "keywords" : [ "Health care financing", "Health care system", "Health sector reform" ], "editor" : "Joseph Figueras and Martin {McKee} and Jennifer Cain and Suszy Lessof", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Facing the challenges of health care financing", "address" : "Scherfigsvej, {DK}", "key" : "dixon_facingchallenges_2004" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development", "uri" : "urn:d0297b807f7ef39a32c1a6787a220e54", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Team, {ECSSD} Microfinance", "keywords" : [ "Asia", "Microfinance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "label" : "Microfinance and the Poor in Central Asia - Challenges and Opportunities", "key" : "ecssd_microfinance_team_microfinance_2004" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4PKX5HV-1/1/24f6eccba56b37ff5b2a34608aa1638c", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:7bb2b2f5698581cc6940b0fdb0ca3f4e", "pages" : "218--227", "date" : "2008-02", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Ottersen, Trygve", "Mbilinyi, Deogratius", "Maestad, Ottar", "Norheim, Ole Frithjof" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Health care rationing", "Tanzania" ], "volume" : "85", "month" : "February", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Background Maximising health as the guiding principle for resource allocation in health has been challenged by concerns about the distribution of health outcomes. There are few empirical studies that consider these potentially divergent objectives in settings of extreme resource scarcity. The aim of this study is to help fill this knowledge gap by exploring distributional preferences among health planners in {Tanzania.Methods} A deliberative group method was employed. Participants were health planners at district and regional level, selected by strategic sampling. The health planners alternated between group discussion and individual tasks. Respondents ranked health programmes with different target groups, and selected and ranked the reasons they thought should be given most importance in priority {setting.Results} A majority consistently assigned higher rankings to programmes where the initial life expectancy of the target group was lower. A high proportion of respondents considered \"affect those with least life expectancy\" to be the most important reason in priority {setting.Conclusions} Distribution of health outcomes, in terms of life-years, matters. Specifically, the lower the initial life expectancy of the target group, the more important the programme is considered. Such preferences are compatible, within the sphere of health, with what ethicists call \"prioritarianism\".", "label" : "Distribution matters: Equity considerations among health planners in Tanzania", "key" : "ottersen_distribution_2008" }, { "url" : "http://www.who.int/whr/2007/en/index.html", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:947d08c8e96d4dcec6ef0e853686a38c", "date" : "2007", "author" : "World Health Organization, {(WHO)}", "keywords" : "World health report", "year" : "2007", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "At a time when the world faces many new and recurring threats, the ambitious aim of this year\'s World Health Report is to show how collective international public health action can build a safer future for humanity. This is the overall goal of global public health security. For the purposes of this report, global public health security is defined as the activities required, both proactive and reactive, to minimize vulnerability to acute public health events that endanger the collective health of populations living across geographical regions and international boundaries. As the events illustrated in this report show, global health security, or the lack of it, may also have an impact on economic or political stability, trade, tourism, access to goods and services and, if they occur repeatedly, on demographic stability. It embraces a wide range of complex and daunting issues, from the international stage to the individual household, including the health consequences of poverty, wars and conflicts, climate change, natural catastrophes and man-made disasters. All of these are areas of continuing {WHO} work and will be the topics of forthcoming publications. The 2008 World Health Report, for example, will be concerned with individual health security, concentrating on the role of primary health care and humanitarian action in providing access to the essential prerequisites for health. This report, however, focuses on specific issues that threaten the collective health of people internationally: infectious disease epidemics, pandemics and other acute health events as defined by the revised International Health Regulations, known as {IHR} (2005), which came into force in June of this year. The purpose of these Regulations is to prevent the spread of disease across international borders. They are a vital legislative instrument of global public health security, providing the necessary global framework to prevent, detect, assess and, if necessary, provide a coordinated response to events that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern. Meeting the requirements in the revised {IHR} (2005) is a challenge that requires time, commitment and the willingness to change. The Regulations are broader and more demanding than those they replace, with a much greater emphasis on the responsibility of all countries to have in place effective systems for detection and control of public health risks -- and to accomplish this by 2012. A strategic plan has been developed by {WHO} to guide countries in the implementation of the obligations in the Regulations and to help them overcome the inherent challenges.", "label" : "The world health report 2007 - A safer future: global public health security in the 21st century", "key" : "world_health_organization_who_world_2007" }, { "url" : "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1090", "journal" : "Journal of International Development", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:3a54137b54a56bf12792104881188e49", "pages" : "467--500", "date" : "2004", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Mosley, Paul", "Rock, June" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Labour market", "Microfinance", "Poverty" ], "volume" : "16", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2004", "abstract" : "We examine a range of six African microfinance institutions with a view to assessing and if possible enhancing their poverty impact. The impact of microfinance loans is variable between institutions, with a tendency in particular for savings services to be taken up by people well below the poverty line, especially in South Africa and {Kenya.However,} many benefits to the poor from microfinance programmes, in Africa at least, are likely to come via an indirect route, via lsquowider impactsrsquo or lsquospin-offsrsquo, rather than by through direct impacts on borrowers. We examine, here, three of these indirect {routes:We} examine, in a non-rigorous way, the magnitude of these lsquowider impactsrsquo, and in a concluding section examine how they may be developed and expanded by means of institutional and policy initiatives. Copyright 2004 John Wiley \\& Sons, Ltd.", "label" : "Microfinance, labour markets and poverty in Africa: a study of six institutions", "key" : "mosley_microfinance_2004" }, { "journal" : "Health Care Systems: Major Themes in Health and Social Welfare", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:305cbbecdb1df27eec567fd74ac80101", "pages" : "171--204", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Kutzin, Joseph", "volume" : "56", "keywords" : [ "Analysis of health care financing", "Benefit package", "Beveridge system", "Bismarckian system", "Developing countries", "Health care financing", "Health care system", "Insurance", "Market structure", "Pooling", "Purchasing", "Regulation and information" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "abstract" : "Health financing policies are marked by confusion between policy tools and policy objectives, especially in low and middle income countries. This paper attempts to address this problem by providing a conceptual framework that is driven by the normative objective of enhancing the \"insurance function\" (access to needed care without financial impoverishment) of health care systems. The framework is proposed as a tool for descriptive analysis of the key functions, policies, and interactions within an existing health care system, and equally as a tool to assist the identification and preliminary assessment of policy options. The aim is to help to clarify the policy levers that are available to enhance the insurance function for the population as efficiently as possible, given the \"starting point\" of a country\'s existing institutional and organizational arrangements. Analysis of health care financing systems using this framework highlights the interactions of various policies and the need for a coherent package of coordinated reforms, rather than a focus on particular organizational forms of \"health insurance\". The content of each main health care system function (revenue collection, pooling of funds, purchasing of services, provision of services) and the market structure with which the implementation of each is organized are found to be particularly important, as are policies with respect to the benefit package and user fees. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label" : "A descriptive framework for country-level analysis of health care financing arrangements", "key" : "kutzin_descriptive_2001" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:7490069bc1b881f46d10af4b1fadbef8", "pages" : "1488--1535", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Salkever, David S.", "keywords" : [ "Certificate of need", "Demand for regulation", "Economic stabilization program", "Investment regulation", "Prospective payment", "Rate regulation", "Rate setting" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "With the spread of cost-based hospital payment systems in the United States in the 1960s, and the implementation of the Medicare and Medicaid programs in 1966, rapidly rising hospital costs imposed unexpected pressures on Federal and state budgets and generated a demand for regulatory interventions. Large numbers of states responded with regulatory controls on hospital investment and a significant minority of states enacted hospital price regulation (rate-setting) laws. As strong hospital sector inflation continued into the 1970s, Federal efforts to regulate prices (through the Economic Stabilization Program) and to encourage additional state regulation were also enacted. This chapter reviews the economic research on the impact of these regulatory interventions, focusing on econometric studies in particular. Several conclusions emerge from this review. First, studies of adoption of regulation show that pressure on state budgets and pro-regulation political views were more influential than \"provider capture\" or \"rentseeking\" factors. Second, cost-containment impacts of state rate-setting programs varied over time, with changes in the national health care economy and major Federal policy thrusts. Third, there is little evidence that investment controls reduced the rate of cost growth though inconsistent reports of constraining effects on numbers of beds and diffusion of some specialized services did appear. Fourth, econometric studies of the Medicare Prospective Payment System {(PPS)} supported the presumption that {PPS} would constrain the growth in cost per case, but concomitant increases in case-mix intensity and declines in admissions raised questions about (1) the extent to which {PPS} truly induced efficiency gains and (2) the adequacy of our analytic models of hospital behavior. Fifth, as cost-based payment was replaced by prospective payment in Medicare, Medicaid and the private sector, and as managed care encouraged price competition, the evidence of regulatory cost savings dwindled and rate regulation virtually disappeared. While investment regulation is still widespread, its role and effect in the new hospital marketplace is still unclear.", "label" : "Regulation of Prices and Investement in Hospitals in the {U.S.}", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "salkever_regulation_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network", "uri" : "urn:681617147588845a94fb703f78fcc07a", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Bastelaer, Thierry van", "keywords" : [ "Credit accessibility", "Microeconomic literature review", "Poverty", "Social capital" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Does Social Capital faciliate the Poor\'s Access to Credit? - A Review of the Microeconomic Literature - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 8", "address" : "Washington, {D.C.}", "key" : "van_bastelaer_social_2000" }, { "publisher" : "Health Development International", "url" : "http://www.healthdevelopment.org/pdfs/Building%20Community%20Health.pdf", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:28471c22c52be08cfdc7116e156aaf46", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Nugroho, G.", "Macagba, R.", "Dorros, G." ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Building Community Health: A Practical Handbook for Practitioners.", "key" : "nugroho_building_2001" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4S8TW0B-1/1/0fe0c929aee95938c781232150557b11", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ad98eb1ffed11167fbf79d548d507368", "author" : [ "Heijink, Richard", "Noethen, Manuela", "Renaud, Thomas", "Koopmanschap, Marc", "Polder, Johan" ], "volume" : "In Press, Corrected Proof", "keywords" : [ "Cost of illness", "International comparison" ], "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "Objectives To assess international comparability of general cost of illness {(COI)} studies and to examine the extent to which {COI} estimates differ and {why.Methods} Five general {COI} studies were examined. {COI} estimates were classified by health provider using the system of health accounts {(SHA).} Provider groups fully included in all studies and matching {SHA} estimates were selected to create a common data set. In order to explain cost differences descriptive analyses were carried out on a number of {determinants.Results} In general similar {COI} patterns emerged for these countries, despite their health care system differences. In addition to these similarities, certain significant disease-specific differences were found. Comparisons of nursing and residential care expenditure by disease showed major variation. Epidemiological explanations of differences were hardly found, whereas demographic differences were influential. Significant treatment variation appeared from hospital {data.Conclusions} A systematic analysis of {COI} data from different countries may assist in comparing health expenditure internationally. All cost data dimensions shed greater light on the effects of health care system differences within various aspects of health care. Still, the study\'s objectives can only be reached by a further improvement of the {SHA,} by international use of the {SHA} in {COI} studies and by a standardized methodology.", "label" : "Cost of illness: An international comparison: Australia, Canada, France, Germany and The Netherlands", "key" : "heijink_cost_????" }, { "publisher" : "Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine", "pub-type" : "inbook", "uri" : "urn:ab4d7453d2ac24d08e2c4a0c7af94882", "pages" : "366--374", "date" : "2005", "author" : [ "Wang, Hong", "Yip, Winnie", "Zhang, Licheng", "Wang, Lusheng", "Hsiao, William" ], "volume" : "20", "keywords" : [ "China", "Community-based health insurance", "Net benefits", "Rural sector" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Community-based health insurance in poor rural China: the distribution of net benefits", "key" : "wang_community-based_2005" }, { "journal" : "Tropical Medicine and International Health", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1667ab34bc64bdedeb7c7e83abf6f95f", "pages" : "581--584", "date" : "2003", "number" : "7", "author" : [ "Meessen, Bruno", "Zhenzhong, Zhang", "Damme, Wim Van", "Devadasan, Narayanan", "Criel, Bart", "Bloom, Gerald" ], "keywords" : [ "Asia", "Catastrophic health care expenditure", "Health insurance", "Iatrogenesis", "Poverty", "Social assistance", "Transition" ], "volume" : "8", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "label" : "Iatrogenic poverty", "key" : "meessen_iatrogenic_2003" }, { "label" : "Health-seeking behavior in urban Delhi: an exploratory study", "key" : "gupta_health-seeking_????", "keywords" : [ "Delhi", "Health seeking behaviour", "India", "Urban area" ], "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "unpublished", "author" : [ "Gupta, Indrani", "Dasgupta, Purnamita" ], "uri" : "urn:3b21105e82a1a21b802bc40f3447af78" }, { "url" : "http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1726.2007.00013.x", "journal" : "Internationale Revue f\\\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:a3e9045e5e4afe63c7b11db39ee040cc", "pages" : "95--114", "date" : "2007-04", "number" : "2-3", "author" : [ "Baeza, Cristian C.", "Packard, Truman G." ], "volume" : "60", "month" : "April", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "abstract" : "{\"Mit} dem Begriff {\'Versicherung\'} bezeichnen unterschiedliche Menschen unterschiedliche Dinge: ein Instrument, das Individuen Schutz vor Risiken bietet, oder einen versicherungsmathematischen Mechanismus. Im ersten Fall wird Versicherung in Bezug auf ihre Ziele de finiert, im zweiten mit Blick auf einen Mechanismus, mit d em dieses Ziel erreicht werden konnte. Selbst dort, wo Institutionen keine Versicherung im zweiten Sinne sind, konnen sie insofern immer noch als Versicherung betrachtet werden, als sie Schutz vor Risiken bieten.\"", "label" : "Erweiterung des Risikopools in der Gesundheitsversorgung von Entwicklungslandern: Probleme beim \\\"{U}bergang zur Steuerfinanzierung", "key" : "baeza_erweiterung_2007" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Case Study" ], "institution" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance", "uri" : "urn:7541c950e39718f146ec6ab346a3d6af", "date" : "2005", "number" : "11", "author" : "Leftley, Richard", "keywords" : [ "Microinsurance", "Oppurtunity International" ], "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study No. 11{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Technical Assistance for the Promotion of Microinsurance - The Experience of Opportunity International", "key" : "leftley_technical_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V84-42VV88K-J-8&_cdi=5860&_user=2875156&_orig=na&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2001&_sk=999289996&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkzk&md5=d568c794b6a952034b9994dc5c72459b&ie=/sdarticle.pdf", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ba270490a6513d885458270002663f85", "pages" : "397--404", "author" : [ "Fischbacher, U.", "G\\\"{a}chter, S.", "Fehr, E." ], "keywords" : [ "Cooperative behaviour", "Public goods" ], "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "We study the importance of conditional cooperation in a one-shot public goods game by using a variant of the strategy-method. We find that a third of the subjects can be classified as free riders, whereas 50\\% are conditional cooperators.", "label" : "Are people conditionally cooperative? Evidence from a public goods experiment", "key" : "fischbacher_are_????" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:b82785be7c240ba9f2dee7bcca5a26b5", "pages" : "270--278", "date" : "2003", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Ogawa, Sumiko", "Hasegawa, Toshihiko", "Carrin, Guy", "Kawabata, Kei" ], "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "Health and poverty", "Inclusion", "Japan", "National health insurance", "Social health insurance" ], "volume" : "18", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2003", "abstract" : "Interest in community health insurance has grown rapidly in many developing countries, usually as a result of the weak capacity of governments to raise sufficient tax revenues and then to secure an adequate share for health care. There are many pitfalls, however, and only under specific conditions do community health insurance schemes appear to succeed in effectively improving access to care and enhancing financial protection against health care costs. In this paper, we focus on the initial experience with community health insurance in 19th century Japan, called {\"Jyorei\".} Whereas Jyorei began in 1835 in one village in Fukuoka Prefecture, it gradually expanded and the basic ideas came under government stewardship. It was scaled up as the core model of the National Citizen\'s Health Insurance Fund, one of the pillars of the Japanese social health insurance system. Several Jyorei success points are relevant today for developing countries wishing to support community health insurance. One of the key characteristics was social cohesion and the acceptance of equity goals with transfers between the rich and the poor", "label" : "Scaling up community health insurance: Japan\'s experience with the 19th century Jyorei scheme", "key" : "ogawa_scaling_2003" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:d979cc40988e182d586406905f073e69", "pages" : "120--180", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Berndt, Ernst R.", "Cutler, David M.", "Frank, Richard G.", "Griliches, Zvi", "Newhouse, Joseph P.", "Triplett, Jack E." ], "keywords" : [ "Episode", "MCPIs", "MPPIs", "Outcomes", "Price indexes" ], "volume" : "Part 1", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "We review in considerable detail the conceptual and measurement issues that underlie construction of medical care price indexes in the {US,} focusing in particular on the medical care consumer price indexes {(MCPIs)} and medical-related producer price indexes {(MPPIs).} We outline salient features of the medical care marketplace, including the impacts of insurance, moral hazard, principal-agent relationships, technological progress and organizational changes. Since observed data are unlikely to correspond with efficient outcomes, we discuss implications of the failure of transactions data in this market to reveal reliable marginal valuations, and the consequent need to augment traditional transactions data with information based on cost-effectiveness and outcomes studies. We describe procedures currently used by the {US} Bureau of Labor Statistics in constructing {MCPIs} and {MPPIs,} including recent revisions, and then consider alternative notions of medical care output pricing that involve the price or cost of an episode of treatment, rather than prices of fixed bundles of inputs. We outline features of a proposed new experimental price index - a medical care expenditure price index - that is more suitable for evaluation and analyses of medical care cost changes, than are the current {MCPIs} and {MPPIs.} We discuss the ways in which medical care transactions enter national economic accounts, including inter-industry flows and national health accounts, as well as aggregate economy implications of possible mismeasurement of prices in the medical sector. We conclude by suggesting future research and measurement issues that are most likely to be fruitful.", "label" : "Medical Care Prices and Output", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "berndt_medical_2000" }, { "publisher" : "International Social Security Association", "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:a29b23129a729130e7118026866dc637", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Ramadhani, Dau K.", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Microinsurance", "Social security", "Tanzania" ], "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Extending social security coverage - Social security coverage through micro-insurance schemes in Tanzania", "address" : "Banjul, the Gambia", "key" : "ramadhani_extending_2003" }, { "issn" : "00995355", "number" : "9676", "type" : "Publication", "author" : [ "Costello, Anthony", "Abbas, Mustafa", "Allen, Adriana", "Ball, Sarah", "Bell, Sarah", "Bellamy, Richard", "Friel, Sharon", "Groce, Nora", "Johnson, Anne", "Kett, Maria", "Lee, Maria", "Levy, Caren", "Maslin, Mark", "{McCoy}, David", "{McGuire}, Bill", "Montgomery, Hugh", "Napier, David", "Pagel, Christina", "Patel, Jinesh", "Oliveira, Jose Antonio Puppim de" ], "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=39887722&site=ehost-live", "uri" : "urn:cce4fba20554f9b74f70b3a7fc447d3e", "label" : "Managing the health effects of climate change. {(Cover} story)", "keywords" : [ "CLIMATIC changes", "Developing countries", "DISEASE incidence", "ENVIRONMENTAL health", "GLOBAL warming", "Government policy", "Health", "HEALTH disparities", "POPULATION", "WATER-supply" ], "pages" : "1693--1733", "year" : "2009", "journal" : "Lancet", "abstract" : "The article discusses the management of the health effects of climate change. The authors explain that inputs from all sectors of government and civil society, collaboration between academic disciplines, and new ways of international cooperation will be needed. The importance of reducing poverty and health inequities is discussed. The greenhouse effect, anthropogenic climate change, and global warming are examined. Six ways that link climate change to health are examined: changing patterns of disease and mortality, extreme events, food, water, shelter, and population and migration. Challenges associated with the generation and dissemination of information are discussed. The technological challenge to address the negative health consequences of climate change in poor countries is examined.", "volume" : "373", "pub-type" : "article", "doi" : "Article", "date" : "2009-05", "month" : "May", "key" : "costello_managinghealth_2009" }, { "issn" : "00032409", "comment" : "{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Accession} Number: 27091290; Nambiar, B. 1 Lewycka, S. 1 Mwansambo, C. 2 Costello, A. 1; Email Address: a.costello@ich.ucl.ac.uk; Affiliation: 1: Centre for International Health and Development, Institute of Child Health, University College London {(UCL),} 30 Guilford St, {WC1N} {1EH,} {UK} 2: Department of Paediatrics, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; Source Info: Dec2007 Supplement 1, Vol. 62, p5; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} care -- United States; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} sciences; Subject Term: {PREVENTIVE} health services; Subject Term: {HEALTH} education; Subject Term: {UNITED} States; Number of Pages: 6p; Document Type: Article{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}} {{{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}Copyright} of Anaesthesia is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}", "type" : "Publication", "author" : [ "Nambiar, B.", "Lewycka, S.", "Mwansambo, C.", "Costello, A." ], "url" : "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=27091290&site=ehost-live", "uri" : "urn:dadae7c6ba61b798b8d54447e31a48cc", "label" : "Planning health care in developing countries.", "keywords" : [ "HEALTH education", "Malawi", "MEDICAL care -- United States", "MEDICAL sciences", "PREVENTIVE health services", "United States" ], "pages" : "5--10", "year" : "2007", "journal" : "Anaesthesia", "abstract" : "The major challenge for health care planners lies in integrating health promotion and disease prevention on the one hand and treatment of acute illness and chronic care on the other. This has to be done at all levels of the health system with the aim of delivering quality services equitably and efficiently to the whole population. This is a particular problem as many governments spend less than {US} \\$10 per person per year on health. Acute sector healthcare, including anaesthesia, is often deficient under these circumstances. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]}", "volume" : "62", "pub-type" : "article", "doi" : "10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05290.x", "date" : "2007-12", "month" : "December", "key" : "nambiar_planning_2007" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:64aed2cea053343cda8277a606dc872b", "pages" : "1536--1627", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Chaloupka, Frank J.", "Warner, Kenneth E." ], "keywords" : [ "Addiction", "Advertising", "Cigarettes", "Counter-advertising", "Economic contribution", "Externalities", "Price", "Public health care", "Public policy", "Smoking", "Smoking restrictions", "Social costs", "Taxation", "Tobacco", "Tobacco agriculture" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "While the tobacco industry ranks among the most substantial and successful of economic enterprises, tobacco consumption is associated with more deaths than any other product. Economic analysis of the markets for tobacco products, particularly cigarettes, has contributed considerable insight to debates about the importance of the industry and the appropriate roles of public policy in grappling with the health consequences of tobacco. Certainly the most significant example of this phenomenon has been the rapidly expanding and increasingly sophisticated body of research on the effects of price increases on cigarette consumption. Because excise tax comprises an important component of price, the resultant literature has played a prominent role in legislative debates about using taxation as a principal tool to discourage smoking. In addition to informing legislative debates, this literature has contributed both theory and empirical evidence to the growing interest in modeling the demand for addictive products. This chapter examines this body of research in detail, as well as a variety of equity and efficiency concerns accompanying debates about cigarette taxation. Coverage also includes economic analysis of the role of other tobacco control policies, such as restrictions on advertising, of special interest due to their prominence in debates about tobacco control. The chapter concludes with consideration of research addressing the validity of the tobacco industry\'s argument that its contributions to employment, tax revenues, and trade balances are vital to the economic health of states and nations. This argument is one of the industry\'s principal weapons in its battle against policy measures intended to reduce tobacco product consumption.", "label" : "The Economics of Smoking", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "chaloupka_economics_2000" }, { "journal" : "Medical Benefits", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:389cec275083e569a19bd13850a1c751", "date" : "2004", "author" : "Owen, Mindy", "keywords" : [ "GL", "High risk pools" ], "year" : "2004", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "State {High-Risk} Pools - A Weighty Health Care Burden", "key" : "owen_state_2004" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:0f4b8946c8345427c00477d607514173", "pages" : "1721--1760", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Dolan, Paul", "keywords" : [ "Cost-utility analysis", "Health", "Health-related quality-of-life", "Health state valuation", "Healthy-years equivalents", "Quality-adjusted life-years", "Utility measurement" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "An important consideration when establishing priorities in health care is the likely effect that alternative allocations will have on the health-related quality of life {(HRQoL)} of the relevant population. This chapter considers some of the important issues surrounding the description and valuation of {HRQoL.} It discusses six main questions that need to be addressed when measuring {HRQoL:} What is to be valued?; How is it to be described?; How is it to be valued?; Who is to value it?; How are values for all health states to be generated?; and How are valuations to be aggregated? Since it is difficult to answer many of these questions on theoretical grounds alone, the chapter considers whether the existing empirical evidence can provide more definitive answers. Many important yet unresolved issues emerge and directions for future research are suggested. It is argued that this research agenda should have the gathering and analysis of qualitative data at its forefront", "label" : "The Measurement of Health-related Quality of Life", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "dolan_measurement_2000" }, { "url" : "http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/3/771", "journal" : "Health Aff", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:461976a8fc5ec77a183c6e43739c2840", "pages" : "771--781", "date" : "2008-05", "number" : "3", "author" : [ "Ven, Wynand {P.M.M.} van de", "Schut, Frederik T." ], "keywords" : [ "GL", "Mandatory health insurance system", "Netherlands", "Risk adjustment", "Social health insurance", "United States" ], "volume" : "27", "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "Policy analysts consider the Netherlands health system a possible model for the United States. Since 2006 all Dutch citizens have to buy standardized individual health insurance coverage from a private insurer. Consumers have an annual choice among insurers, and insurers can selectively contract or integrate with health care providers. Subsidies make health insurance affordable for everyone. A Risk Equalization Fund compensates insurers for enrollees with predictably high medical expenses. The reform is a work in progress. So far the emphasis has been on the health insurance market. The challenge is now to successfully reform the market for the provision of health care.", "label" : "Universal Mandatory Health Insurance In The Netherlands: A Model For The United States?", "key" : "van_de_ven_universal_2008" }, { "journal" : "Internationale Revue fur Soziale Sicherheit", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:04248b984ce7df62d0e3bd4a9f39c00a", "pages" : "95--114", "date" : "2007", "number" : "2-3", "author" : [ "Baeza, C. C.", "Packard, T. G." ], "volume" : "60", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Erweiterung des Risikopools in der Gesundheitsversorgung von Entwicklungsl\\\"{a}ndern: Probleme beim \\\"{U}bergang zur Steuerfinanzierung", "key" : "baeza_erweiterung_2007-1" }, { "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:bc5299a4ddf64d60743969fe833484c6", "date" : "1999", "keywords" : [ "Glossary", "Insurance policy" ], "editor" : "{OECD} {CENTRE} {FOR} {CO-OPERATION} {WITH} {NON-MEMBERS}", "year" : "1999", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "This glossary aims at providing simple and easily comprehensible explanations of the main regulatory and supervisory insurance terms used in most {OECD} countries. Readers will also find helpful illustrations of important, related policy and technical issues. The publication is intended as a practical tool for government insurance officials, academic and business communities as well as journalists worldwide. It is hoped that it will contribute to mutual understanding and policy dialogue, two key objectives of {OECD\'s} co-operation with {non-Member} economies. It is one of the many significant initiatives undertaken by the {OECD} Insurance Committee, under the aegis of the Centre for Co-operation with {Non-Member} countries {(CCNM).} Readers will find specific references to individual {OECD} countries and cross references to the {OECD} Insurance Guidelines for Economies in Transition and related {OECD} publications (see the annex and bibliography). The glossary complements the publication Insurance Regulation and Supervision in {OECD} Countries (1999) which contains an extensive analysis of regulatory and supervisory systems in {OECD} countries. The {OECD} Insurance and Private Pensions Unit prepared this glossary, based on contributions from Professor Harold D. Skipper, Jr. {(Georgia} State University) and Professor Guy Simonet {(Institut} libre des finances et des assurances). Mr. Hidekatsu Sekiguchi {(Insurance} and Private Pensions Unit) edited and compiled the glossary with the editorial assistance of Mr. Edward Smiley. It also benefited from the expertise of the Task Force of the Insurance Committee on Insurance Regulation. The {OECD} Internet Site, www.oecd.org contains more information on {OECD} insurance activities. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of the Insurance Committee or the Member countries. It is published on the responsibility of the {Secretary-General} of the {OECD.}", "label" : "Glossary of insurance policy terms", "address" : "Paris, France", "key" : "oecd_centre_for_co-operation_with_non-members_glossary_1999" }, { "booktitle" : "{Health/Nutrition/Population} and Poverty seminar report", "pub-type" : "inproceedings", "uri" : "urn:f074ad51401badc1383c7a7206ee6e7d", "date" : "2000", "author" : "Narayan, Deepa", "keywords" : [ "Community participation", "Health and poverty", "India" ], "year" : "2000", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "The seminar was the eighteenth in a series sponsored by the World Bank\'s {HNP/Poverty} Thematic Group. The approximately forty participants included representatives from five of the Bank\'s six geographic regions; from the Bank\'s {HNP} anchor unit; and from the {U.S.} Agency for International Development. Dave Gwatkin, {HNP/Poverty} Thematic Group Coordinator, served as moderator. The speaker was Deepa Narayan. She reported on findings related to {HNP} emerging from a Bank-initiated project, entitled {\"Consultations} with the Poor\", that she is leading. The consultations had been undertaken in order to provide background information about poverty from the perspective of those who are poor, for use in preparing the Bank\'s poverty-oriented 2000/01 World Development Report. The consultation project was in two parts. The first was a review of over 75 participatory studies undertaken in the mid to late 1990s, covering some 40,000 people in 41 countries. The second was a series of new studies executed in 1999. These new studies, each with a similar design, took place in 23 countries and included interviews with around 20,000 poor men and women. The studies were qualitative in nature and relied primarily on small group discussions and individual interviews.", "label" : "What Do the Poor Have to Say about Health, Nutrition, and Population?", "address" : "India", "key" : "narayan_what_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:117b273bbe2af3725bdf1cac8281db7d", "date" : "2008-04", "author" : "Ghana, Ministry of Health", "keywords" : [ "Ghana", "NHIS" ], "month" : "April", "year" : "2008", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Independent Review - Health Sector Programme of Work 2007, Draft Report", "key" : "ministry_of_health_ghana_independent_2008" }, { "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ff53186905eab94168553cff693d289e", "pages" : "1173--1182", "date" : "2008-10", "number" : "7", "author" : [ "Zhang, Licheng", "Wang, Hong" ], "keywords" : [ "Community-based health insurance", "Rural China" ], "volume" : "67", "month" : "October", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2008", "abstract" : "This article examines the changes of adverse selection over time during a 3-year subsidized, voluntary-based Community Health Insurance {(CHI)} scheme in rural China. The data came from a 4-year longitudinal social experimental study (2002-2006) on the {CHI} in Fengsan Township, Guizhou Province of China. A panel of 8198 observations (average of 2730 individuals) was analyzed using random effect logit model. We found that the effect of health status on the enrollment choice of the {CHI} scheme was significant. People with chronic condition history, with fair health, and with poor health were more likely to enroll in the scheme than those without chronic condition and with good health status. In addition, we found that almost all of the interaction terms of the health status variables and {CHI} wave variable were not significant, which indicates that the effects of adverse selection have not significantly changed over time. Furthermore, people with medium income and high income were more likely to enroll in the scheme compared to those with low income. This shows that adverse selection persisted in the subsequent enrollments of the {CHI} scheme, even with the government subsidy to the premium. However, adverse selection did not become more or less severe over time and worked through to a steady state. In addition, inequity of enrollment still exists under the current premium subsidy policy. Based on the findings, relevant policy implications are put forward to further improve the {CHI} scheme.", "label" : "Dynamic process of adverse selection: Evidence from a subsidized community-based health insurance in rural China", "key" : "zhang_dynamic_2008" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4J2VYFR-2/1/fc2489a1f1fda3d661ad4bed364c71d0", "journal" : "Social Science \\& Medicine", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:493d67c0b6cd249aaa584bcc98aa9549", "pages" : "255--270", "date" : "2006-07", "number" : "1", "author" : "Poortinga, Wouter", "keywords" : [ "Health survey for England", "Multilevel modelling", "Self-rated health", "UK" ], "volume" : "63", "month" : "July", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "abstract" : "Social capital has become one of the most popular topics in public health research in recent years. However, even after a decade of conceptual and empirical work on this subject, there is still considerable disagreement about whether bonding social capital is a collective resource that benefits communities or societies, or whether its health benefits are associated with people, their personal networks and support. Using data from the 2000 and 2002 Health Survey for England this study found that, in line with earlier research, personal levels of social support contribute to a better self-reported health status. The study also suggests that social capital is additionally important for people\'s health. In both datasets the aggregate social trust variable was significantly related to self-rated health before and after controlling for differences in socio-demographics and/or individual levels of social support. The results were corroborated in the second dataset with an alternative indicator of social capital. These results show that bonding social capital collectively contributes to people\'s self-rated health over and above the beneficial effects of personal social networks and support.", "label" : "Social relations or social capital? Individual and community health effects of bonding social capital", "key" : "poortinga_social_2006-1" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "Social Analysis and Reporting Division", "uri" : "urn:4b958e477fe49ae62f9b29ba9cc76e7e", "date" : "2001", "author" : "Statistics, Office for National", "keywords" : [ "Literature review", "Social capital" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Social Capital - A Review of the Literature", "key" : "statistics_social_2001" }, { "journal" : "Health policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:c10fc62078690d845e806d7e327ae9d0", "pages" : "29--42", "date" : "1995", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Peabody, John W.", "Lee, {Sung-Woo}", "Bickel, Stephen R." ], "keywords" : [ "Delivery of health care", "Health care costs", "Health for all", "Health policy", "Health sector reform", "Insurance", "Korea", "Social values", "Universal health care" ], "volume" : "31", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1995", "label" : "Health for all in the Republic of Korea: one country\'s experience with implementing universal health care", "key" : "peabody_health_1995" }, { "publisher" : "{JCB} Mohr", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:8925d3283fa9f8eb5275fba60162bbb6", "date" : "1998", "author" : "Ripperger, Tanja", "keywords" : [ "Economics of trust", "Trust" ], "year" : "1998", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "\\\"{O}konomik des Vertrauens - Analyse eines Organisationsprinzips", "address" : "T\\\"{u}bingen", "key" : "ripperger_konomik_1998" }, { "publisher" : "Verlag f\\\"{u}r Entwicklungspolitik Saarbr\\\"{u}cken", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:f74e73e9a7efc6bd928e0bfc409b8167", "date" : "2006", "author" : "Bender, Katja", "series" : "Bochumer Schriften zur entwicklungsforschung und Entwicklungspolitik", "volume" : "54", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Institutionelle Reformen f\\\"{u}r dezentrale Entwicklung: Die Rolle gemeinschaftsbasierter Organisationen am Beispiel kooperativer Versicherungsarrangements", "key" : "bender_institutionelle_2006" }, { "journal" : "Public Finance and Management", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:32da06b03a81c3cba35297b4ea480c0a", "pages" : "488--504", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Luft, H. S.", "Dudley, Adams" ], "volume" : "2", "keywords" : [ "Condition-specific quality", "GL", "Health care sector", "HIV/AIDS", "Risk adjustment", "Risk equalization", "United States" ], "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Improving health care by linking risk adjustment and condition-specific quality measurement", "key" : "luft_improving_????" }, { "journal" : "{Ethno-Med.}", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:016f78023cf73a055fcf474552109a62", "pages" : "27--35", "date" : "2007", "number" : "1", "author" : [ "Mubyazi, Godfrey M.", "Mushi, Adiel K.", "Shayo, Elizabeth", "Mdira, Kassembe", "Ikingura, Joyce", "Mutagwaba, Didas", "Malecela, Mwele", "Njunwa, Kato J." ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Community-based health insurance", "Primary health care", "Tanzania" ], "volume" : "1", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "label" : "Local Primary Health Care Committees and {Community-Based} Health Workers in Mkuranga District, Tanzania: Does the Public Recognise and Appreciate Them?", "key" : "mubyazi_local_2007" }, { "url" : "http://econ.ucsd.edu/~jsobel/Papers/IPRdraft.pdf", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:96c4c9858df728424e6d475dac8b31d1", "pages" : "392--436", "date" : "2005", "author" : "Sobel, J.", "keywords" : [ "Reciprocity", "Solidarity" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "label" : "Interdependent Preferences and Reciprocity", "key" : "sobel_interdependent_2005" }, { "label" : "Sustainable Banking With The Poor", "key" : "bennett_sustainable_????", "keywords" : "Banking with the poor", "type" : "Publication", "pub-type" : "misc", "author" : [ "Bennett, Lynn", "Cuevas, Carlos E." ], "uri" : "urn:8687b9ecc930cb19b35fd59a24762fbd" }, { "url" : "http://wbro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/20/2/177", "journal" : "The World Bank Research Observer", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:1d8c7fbbd844fdf769271835d5793650", "pages" : "177--199", "date" : "2005", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Deaton, A.", "Kozel, V." ], "keywords" : [ "India", "Measurement", "Poverty" ], "volume" : "20", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "What happened to poverty in India in the 1990s has been fiercely debated, politically and statistically. The Indian debate has run parallel to, and is itself a large part of, the wider debate about globalization and poverty in the 1990s. The economic reforms of the early 1990s were followed by rates of economic growth that were high by Indian historical standards. The effects on poverty remain controversial, and the official numbers published by the Government of India, showing a reduction of poverty from 36 percent of the population in 1993--94 to 26 percent of the population in 1999--00, have been challenged both for showing too little and too much poverty reduction. The various claims have often been frankly political, but there are also many important statistical issues, and the Indian debate, of which this paper is a review, provides an excellent example of how politics and statistics interact in an important, largely domestic debate. Although there is no full consensus on what happened to Indian poverty in the 1990s, there is good evidence that the official estimates of poverty reduction are too optimistic, particularly for rural India. This overoptimism was amplified by statistical uncertainty that created space for some commentators to argue that poverty had been virtually eliminated in India in the wake of the economic reforms. Although this paper is concerned with the measurement of poverty in India, all of the issues-discrepancies between surveys and national accounts, the effects of questionnaire design, reporting periods, survey non-response, repairing imperfect data, the choice of poverty lines, and the interplay between statistics and politics-have wide resonance elsewhere.", "label" : "Data and Dogma: The Great Indian Poverty Debate", "key" : "deaton_data_2005" }, { "url" : "http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/FR-175-MW04.pdf", "pub-type" : "misc", "uri" : "urn:21d0f4110ee04941c6757c59b7cd2ec6", "date" : "2005", "author" : "{(Malawi}, National Statistical Office", "keywords" : "Malawi", "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "abstract" : "This final report presents the major findings of the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey {(MDHS)} carried out from October 2004 to January 2005. It is the third of its kind to be conducted in Malawi; the first was in 1992 and the second was in 2000. The 2004 {MDHS} included for the first time testing of blood samples to provide national rates for anaemia and {HIV.} It collected information on fertility levels, nuptiality, fertility preferences, knowledge and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of mothers and children, childhood illnesses and mortality, use of maternal and child health services, malaria, maternal mortality, and {HIV/AIDS-related} knowledge and behaviours. {(D\\\"{U}I-Hff)}", "label" : "Malawi demographic and health survey 2004", "key" : "national_statistical_office_malawi_malawi_2005" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:0331ed2de891ae1d225e910d595481a4", "pages" : "362--377", "date" : "2002", "number" : "4", "author" : [ "Fiedler, John L.", "Suazo, Javier" ], "keywords" : "Health care financing", "volume" : "17", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Ministry of Health user fees, equity and decentralisation: lessons from Honduras", "key" : "fiedler_ministry_2002" }, { "publisher" : "{RAND} Technical Report {TR-150BF.} Santa Monica 2004. www. rand. {org/publications/TR/TR105}", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:4456b349286c2f81d3d0c3133a4861b2", "date" : "2006", "author" : [ "Beusekom, I. Van", "T\\\"{o}nshoff, S.", "Vries, H. De", "Spreng, C.", "Keeler, E. B." ], "keywords" : [ "Consumers\' preferences", "Health care" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2006", "label" : "Possibility or {Utopia--Consumer} Choice in Health Care: A Literature Review", "key" : "van_beusekom_possibility_2006" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "uri" : "urn:f26324ada19a28dffe293acb72dc8445", "date" : "2001", "author" : [ "Tikare, S.", "Youssef, D.", "{Donnelly-Roark}, P.", "Shah, P." ], "keywords" : [ "Community participation", "PRSP" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Organizing Participatory Processes in the {PRSP}", "key" : "tikare_organizing_2001" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Working Paper" ], "institution" : "European Parliament", "uri" : "urn:12aa322917fe9fe2f72d6b641fca49a0", "date" : "1998", "author" : [ "Jakubowski, Elke", "Busse, Reinhard", "Chambers, Graham R." ], "keywords" : [ "Europe", "Health care system" ], "year" : "1998", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Health Care Systems in the {EU:} A Comparative Study", "address" : "Luxembourg", "key" : "jakubowski_health_1998" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "uri" : "urn:2186b71334efc91eab9690625efb601a", "date" : "2001", "author" : "{USAID}, {ILO}", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Ghana CHI", "Micro health insurance" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2001", "label" : "Contribution of Mutual Health Organizations to Financing, Delivery, and Access to Health Care Ghana Case Study", "key" : "usaid_contribution_2001" }, { "journal" : "Afr. J. Health Sci.", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:d4921a18f52e2f187fb2cf1f0a303f67", "pages" : "41--50", "date" : "2002", "author" : [ "Edoh, Dominik", "Branya, Ampofo" ], "volume" : "9", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Community-based health insurance", "Ghana", "Ghana CHI", "Micro health insurance", "NHIS" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "A Community-based feasibility study of National Health Insurance scheme in Ghana", "key" : "edoh_community-based_2002" }, { "publisher" : "Elsevier Science B. V.", "booktitle" : "Handbook of Health Economics", "pub-type" : "incollection", "uri" : "urn:c6712c4caf4034b3c5ad2f9bb066448d", "pages" : "893--956", "date" : "2000", "author" : [ "Frank, Richard G.", "{McGuire}, Thomas G." ], "keywords" : [ "Adverse selection", "Carve-out", "Demand and reimbursement for medical services", "Economics and menthal health", "Equity and health", "Health economics", "Health habits", "Insurance", "Mental health", "Moral hazard", "Risk adjustment" ], "volume" : "Part 2", "editor" : "Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "label" : "Economics and Mental Health", "address" : "Amsterdam (a.o.)", "key" : "frank_economics_2000" }, { "pub-type" : "techreport", "institution" : "{CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance", "uri" : "urn:344095b996bcbad3e41a4acb83686054", "date" : "2005", "number" : "6", "author" : "Microinsurance, {CGAP} Working Group on", "keywords" : [ "Case study", "Microinsurance", "Mutual insurance" ], "year" : "2005", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "Lessons Learnt the Hard Way", "key" : "cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_lessons_2005" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Microfinance", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:7592506adbb839416517f85ed330279f", "pages" : "37--58", "date" : "2002", "number" : "1", "author" : "Afrane, S.", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ghana", "Microfinance", "South Africa" ], "volume" : "4", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2002", "label" : "Impact Assessment of Microfinance Interventions in Ghana and South Africa", "key" : "afrane_impact_2002" }, { "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:569413fa9a322d64b245a896e42b1169", "pages" : "29--42", "date" : "1995", "author" : "Peabody, {J.W.}", "volume" : "31", "keywords" : [ "Health sector reform", "Korea" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1995", "label" : "Health for all in the Republik of Korea: one country\'s experience with implementing universal health care", "key" : "peabody_health_1995-1" }, { "journal" : "Journal of Political Economy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:ccbe4cbfd93322a72753625ca83e54a4", "pages" : "688--727", "date" : "2000", "number" : "4", "author" : "Dercon, Stefan; Krishnan", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Ethiopia", "Risk management", "Risk sharing" ], "volume" : "108", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2000", "abstract" : "Much of the literature on consumption smoothing and on risk sharing has focused on the ability of the household as a unit to protect its consumption. Little is known about the ability of individual members of the household to keep consumption smooth over time or relative to other members of the household. We use data on adult nutrition in Ethiopia to investigate whether individuals are able to smooth their consumption over time and within the {household.We} find that poorer households are not able to do so. Furthermore, poor southern households do not engage in complete risk sharing; women in these households bear the brunt of adverse shocks. This result implies that the collective model of household organization, which imposes Pareto efficiency on allocations, is rejected for these households. Finally, we obtain estimates of the relative Pareto weights in household allocation. We find that a wife\'s relative position is better if customary laws on settlements at divorce are favorable or if she comes from a relatively wealthy background and that poor southern women have lower Pareto weights in allocation.", "label" : "In Sickness and in Health: Risk Sharing within Households in Rural Ethiopia", "key" : "dercon_in_2000" }, { "pub-type" : [ "techreport", "Second Consultation on Macroeconomics and Health" ], "institution" : "{WHO}", "uri" : "urn:19a0125481580a32c2cee123ab00c686", "date" : "2003", "author" : "Misra, Rajiv", "keywords" : "Health sector reform", "year" : "2003", "type" : "Publication", "label" : "{Pro-Poor} Health {Reforms-Why,} What and How", "address" : "Geneva", "key" : "misra_pro-poor_2003" }, { "publisher" : "{ITG} Press", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:21df62350c6ed1dd91d2e5d316632537", "date" : "1998", "author" : "Criel, Bart", "series" : "Studies in health services oragnisation \\& policy", "volume" : "9", "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Community-based health insurance", "Sub-Saharan Africa" ], "type" : "Publication", "year" : "1998", "label" : "District-based Health Insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa - Part I: From Theory to Practise", "address" : "Antwerpen", "key" : "criel_district-based_1998-2" }, { "publisher" : "Radcliffe Publishing", "pub-type" : "book", "uri" : "urn:c6c450e65cb788822e8742dc419960db", "date" : "2007-06", "author" : "Jones, Andrew", "month" : "June", "edition" : "2", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2007", "isbn" : "1846191718", "label" : "Applied Econometrics for Health Economists: A Practical Guide", "key" : "jones_applied_2007" }, { "url" : "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4D2FRFW-1/1/e27a954e824321ef4d862678b9eb7a1c", "journal" : "Health Policy", "pub-type" : "article", "uri" : "urn:720bf5b196fb218fef5382bc59e49db1", "pages" : "149--156", "date" : "2005-05", "number" : "2", "author" : [ "Dong, Hengjin", "Kouyate, Bocar", "Cairns, John", "Sauerborn, Rainer" ], "keywords" : [ "Africa", "Burkina Faso", "Contingent valuation", "Rating:1", "West Africa", "Willingness to pay" ], "volume" : "72", "month" : "May", "type" : "Publication", "year" : "2005", "abstract" : "The purpose was to provide information for devising community-based health insurance {(CBI)} policies that reduce inequality in enrolment and further inequality in acce