abd_el_fattah_health_1997 techreport Partnerships for Health Reform and the Working Group on Financing and Provider Payment analyzed the Health Insurance Organization {(HIO)} of Egypt, as it is one of the key players in the country's health sector and would be an integral part of the reform process. The {HIO} manages several separate social health insurance programs for formal sector workers, pensioners, widows, and school children. Financing of the {HIO} is fragile due to generous benefit packages, low roductivity of {HIO} providers, and stagnant premium and co-payment levels even as expenses have increased. A reform strategy proposed for the {HIO} is to achieve universal coverage, equity, efficiency, quality, and sustainability. A single basic package of benefits should be developed; financing should be restructured to improve equity and sustainability; and coverage and service delivery should be reorganized to achieve efficiency and quality. The {HIO} will need to be strengthened as an organization for these changes to succeed. The Health Insurance Organization of Egypt: An Analytical Review and Strategy for Reform Administration Africa Cost analysis Egypt Health economics Health insurance Health planning Health sector reform Insurance coverage Provider payment 1997 43 Technical Report Partnerships for Health Reform {(PHR)} 1997 john_john_snow_inc._contracting_2004 techreport Contracting for Health Care Service Delivery - A Manual for Policy Makers Contracting health care Health care delivery Manual Service delivery June 2004 John Snow Inc, {USAID} 2004-06 abt_associations_inc._african_2004 book International Perspectives African Women's Health: Why Mutual Health Organizations are Making a Difference Africa Ghana Ghana CHI Micro health insurance Women and health 2004 2004 ada_asbl._performance_2006 misc Performance Indicators for Microinsurance Practitioners Microinsurance Performance indicators 2006 2006 ada_asbl._transversal_2008 misc Transversal Analysis of mfi performance in africa {\textbar} second edition Africa Microfinance Transversal analysis September 2008 2008-09 adams_jr._determinants_2009 article World Development Summary What causes developing countries to receive different levels of international remittances? This paper addresses this question by using new data on such variables as the skill composition of migrants, poverty, and interest and exchange rates to examine the determinants of remittances. The paper finds that the skill composition of migrants does matter in remittance determination. Countries which export a larger share of high-skilled (educated) migrants receive less per capita remittances than countries which export a larger proportion of low-skilled migrants. It also finds that the level of poverty in a labor-sending country does not have a positive impact on the level of remittances received. The Determinants of International Remittances in Developing Countries International remittances Poverty Remittances Skill composition of migrants {0305-750X} 93--103 January 37 2009 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4SWP267-8/2/484df2c66243f0c50d34fda9cac285f9 2009-01 adato_methodological_2007 article World Development Summary This article presents the qualitative methodology used in a mixed methods longitudinal study of poverty dynamics in {KwaZulu-Natal} province in South Africa. The study opened up the definition of "the household," and developed an innovative participatory method called "household events mapping," using family trees, visual family histories, and detailed stories to trace and explain changes in household poverty status over time. These methods stimulated recall, uncovered meanings, ambiguities, and under-reporting in survey data, and led to more nuanced information about the dynamics of poverty. The article is reflexive on the research process, emphasizing the importance of giving back to research communities in longitudinal research. Methodological Innovations in Research on the Dynamics of Poverty: A Longitudinal Study in {KwaZulu-Natal,} South Africa Longitudinal survey Mixed methods Participatory methods Poverty Qualitative methods Research methodology 247--263 February Methodological Innovations in Research on the Dynamics of Poverty 35 2007 2 2007-02 adelman_who_2009 misc Who Does Formal Finance Reach in Rural Malawi? Malawi Microfinance Outreach Sub-Saharan Africa December 2009 http://www.fsassessment.umd.edu/publications/Malawi%20Outreach%20Paper%2006APR10.pdf 2009-12 adongo_microfinance_2006 misc This report analyzes the microfinance sector in Namibia and provides recommendations for advancing the industry. This report presents a synthesis of selected issues contributing to the microfinance gap in Namibia and associated solutions. The selected issues include: * Financial sustainability, * Affinity toward lending to the public sector, * Ability to assess credit applications, * Perceptions, * Level of formal sector knowledge, * Legal status, * Collateral, * Ability to meet basic necessities, * Competition. It highlights the fact that Namibia has show significant microfinance activity over the past few years. The report make the following suggestions to reduce transaction costs: * Sharing, for a fee, existing distribution networks currently owned by disparate microfinance players to reduce transaction costs; * Separating financial and non-financial service provision in the auditing of microfinance performance; * Incorporating strategies to reduce risk exposure from social factors such as {HIV/AIDS;} * Embracing technological innovations including credit and risk management systems; * Developing cost-friendly enabling infrastructure to promote financial sustainability. In addition, the report suggests that: * Policy intervention should only be undertaken with a proper understanding of its effect on society. * Make timely and full reporting of an institution????\^{a}???\^{a}???s activities and results, as Namibia must improve the quality of operational information before policy intervention is considered. Finally, the report concludes that based on reliable information, an accurate picture of microfinance in Namibia can be presented periodically, which will enable the tracking of dynamics over time. The Microfinance Gap: Selected Issues for Namibia Africa Microfinance Namibia 2006 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.27552 2006 afenyadu_adolescent_2003 misc Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Behaviour in Dodowa, Ghana Africa Behaviour Ghana Reproductive medicine April 2003 2003-04 afrane_impact_2002 article Journal of Microfinance Impact Assessment of Microfinance Interventions in Ghana and South Africa Africa Ghana Impact studies Microfinance South Africa 37--58 4 2002 1 2002 african_development_bank_migrant_2009 misc Understanding mechanisms governing the remittances market Migrant Remittances: A Development Challenge Remittances 2009 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34957/Migrant%20Remittances,%20a%20Development%20Challenge.pdf 2009 african_development_fund_health_development_division_appraisal_2005 misc {APPRAISAL} {REPORT} - {SUPPORT} {TO} {THE} {HEALTH} {SECTOR} {PROGRAMME} {REPUBLIC} {OF} {MALAWI} Africa Health sector Malawi Sub-Saharan Africa September 2005 2005-09 african_union_report_2005 misc {REPORT} {OF} {THE} {EXPERT} {CONSULTATION} {ON} {BAMAKO} {INITIATIVE} {ON} {ESSENTIAL} {MEDICINES} {AND} {ON} {AFRICAN} {TRADITIONAL} {MEDICINE} {ADDIS} {ABABA,} {ETHIOPIA,} 5 - 7 {SEPTEMBER} 2005 Africa Bamako initiative Traditional medicine October 2005 http://www.africa-union.org/Social%20Affairs/African%20Ministers%20of%20Health%202005/Bamako%20Experts%20meeting%20Final%20DRAFT%20REPORT%20-%209.9.05%20Rev%2011.pdf 2005-10 african_union_universal_2006 inproceedings Universal Access to {HIV/AIDS,} Tuberculosis and Malaria Services by a United Africa by 2010 - Health Financing in Africa Africa Health care financing HIV/AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis Abuja, Nigeria 2006 African Union 2006 african_union_socio-cultural_2006 inproceedings Socio-cultural determinants and impact Africa HIV/AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis Abuja, Nigeria May 2006 2006-05 african_union_health_2006 inproceedings Health Financing in Africa Africa African Union Health care financing HIV/AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis May 2006 http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/conferences/past/2006/may/summit/doc/en/SP_PRC_ATM5_Financial_factors.pdf 2006-05 agarwal_financial_2010 article Delhi Business Review Making {MFIs} sustainable in India This study analyzes the financial performance of Indian {MFIs.} {MFIs} must be able to sustain themselves financially in order to continue pursuing their objectives. Lack of a working model, absence of dedicated legislation on {MFI} management and lack of a regulatory mechanism for {MFI} financial disclosure hamper measurement of the financial performance and sustainability of Indian {MFIs.} The study examines the financial performance of 22 best performing Indian {MFIs,} analyzing them on parameters of financial performance that include financial structure, revenue, expenses, efficiency, productivity and risk. The study also analyzes overall performance based on the {MFIs'} return on assets, return on equity and operational self-sufficiency. Study findings indicate that: * {MFIs} in India use different business models; * Risk coverage, debt equity ratio, productivity, cost per borrower, and operational self sufficiency are similar among the best performing {MFIs;} * Similarity in performance is due to use of a business model that focuses on group lending and rural outreach; * {MFIs} in India seem to be following a time tested way of doing business; * Managerial capability of different Indian {MFIs} is different. Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions of India: A Cross-sectional Study Asia Cross-sectional studies Financial performance India Microfinance Microfinance institutions Performance 37--46 July 11 2010 2 {(July} - December 2010) http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.44300 2010-07 ager_patterns_2005 article Health Policy and Planning Despite emphasis on strengthening local health care provision, concern remains regarding the rates of utilization of state-provided services within Orissa. The reported study examined patterns of service utilization across the rural population of four districts of Orissa, with special reference to perceptions of the availability and quality of state services at the primary care level. Within the selected districts, 219 interviews were conducted across 66 villages. Households reported utilizing a wide range of health care providers, although hospitals constituted the most frequently--and primary health care centres {(PHCs)} the least frequently--accessed services. Private practitioners (qualified and unqualified) represented a major sector of provision. This included high rates of access by scheduled tribes and castes (running at approximately twice the rate of access to both local and {PHC} provision). Key factors guiding patterns of utilization were reputation of the provider, cost and physical accessibility. Local health provision through assistant nurse midwives and male health workers was generally perceived of poor quality, with the lowest rates of resolution of health problems of all service providers. The location of a subcentre base for assistant nurse midwives within a village had no demonstrable impact on access to services. Acknowledging constraints on broader generalization, the implications of the findings for informing health policy and programming within Orissa are noted. This includes support for current efforts to strengthen the capacity of {PHC} and sub-centre level provision within the state, and acknowledgement of the potentially growing role of effectively regulated private provision in meeting the needs of the rural poor. Patterns of health service utilization and perceptions of needs and services in rural Orissa Access to health care Costs Health care provider Health seeking behaviour Orissa Reputation Rural sector Rural services 176--184 Patterns of health service utilization and perceptions of needs and services in rural Orissa 20 2005 3 2005 agyeman_social_2002 article Policy Research Division Working Papers Social Organization and Reproductive Behavior in Southern Ghana Africa Behaviour Ghana Reproductive medicine 167 2002 2002 agyepong_public_2008 article Health Policy Plan. The public social policy and programme decisions that are made in low-income countries have critical effects on human social and development outcomes. Unfortunately, it would appear that inadequate attention is paid to analysing, understanding and factoring into attempts to reshape or change policy, the complex historical, social, cultural, economic, political, organizational and institutional context; actor interests, experiences, positions and agendas; and policy development processes that influence policy and programme choices. Yet these can be just as critical as the availability of research or other evidence in influencing decision making on policies and their accompanying programmes and the resulting degree of success or failure in achieving the original objectives. Ghana, a low-income developing country in {sub-Saharan} Africa, embarked on a national policy process of replacing out-of-pocket fees at point of service use with national health insurance in 2001. This paper uses a case study approach to describe and reflect on the complex interactions of context with actors and processes including political power play; and the effects on agenda setting, decision making and policy and programme content. This case study supports observations from the literature that although availability of evidence is critical, major public social policy and programme content can be heavily influenced by factors other than the availability or non-availability of evidence to inform content decision making. In the low-income developing country context there can be imbalances of policy decision-making power related to strong and dominant political actors combined with weak civil society engagement, accountability systems and technical analyst power and position. Efforts at major reform need to consider and address these issues alongside efforts to provide evidence for content decision-making. Without an analysis and understanding of the politics of reform and how to work within it, researchers and other technical actors may find their information to support reform is not applied effectively. Similarly, without an appreciation of the need for critical technical analysis to support decision making rather than an indiscriminate use of political approaches, political actors may find that even with the best of intentions, desired policy objectives may not be attained. Public social policy development and implementation: a case study of the Ghana National Health Insurance scheme Africa Case study Ghana National health insurance NHIS Public health insurance Public health service Public social policy 150--160 March Public social policy development and implementation 23 2008 2 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/2/150 2008-03 aheto_rural_2005 article Health Policy The paper compares rural perspectives in Thailand and Ghana on the level of condom acceptance in sexual relations, willingness to test oneself for {HIV} before and in marriage and sources of information on {HIV/AIDS.} We also compared the policy approaches to combating {HIV/AIDS} in both countries. The results indicates that in the villages studied in Thailand, all single men and the majority of the single women were in favour of using condoms in sexual relations. This group also showed a positive attitude to {HIV/AIDS} test before and in marriage. However, married men in rural Thailand disapproved of the use of condoms with their wives but married women in the sample population were open to the possibility of using condoms. Both married men and women were strongly against {HIV/AIDS} test in marriage. In contrast to Thailand, most single men in the communities studied in Ghana showed a disapproval to the use of condoms in sexual relations. However, they condoned {HIV} test before marriage. Married men and women in rural Ghana were against the use of condoms in sexual relations as well as {HIV/AIDS} test in marriage. In order to mitigate mother-to-child transmission, the Thais applied anti-retroviral drug care for {HIV} positive pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. In Ghana on the other hand, pregnant women were subject to {HIV} test and counselling. The mode of information acquisition on {HIV/AIDS} in both countries were through the media, campaigns and village volunteers. Finally, we observed that fighting poverty is a sine qua non for the success of any {HIV/AIDS} eradication programme. Rural perspectives on {HIV/AIDS} prevention: a comparative study of Thailand and Ghana Africa Asia Ghana HIV/AIDS Prevention Thailand 25--40 April Rural perspectives on {HIV/AIDS} prevention 72 2005 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4D58G1P-1/2/779529390bde2ec7c35810e0812a7556 2005-04 ahlin_where_2010 article Journal of Development Economics We study whether and how the success of microfinance institutions {("MFI"s)} depends on the country-level context, in particular macroeconomic and macro-institutional features. Understanding these linkages can make {MFI} evaluation more accurate and, further, can help to locate microfinance in the broader picture of economic development. We collect data on 373 {MFIs} and merge it with country-level economic and institutional data. Evidence arises for complementarity between {MFI} performance and the broader economy. For example, {MFIs} are more likely to cover costs when growth is stronger; and {MFIs} in financially deeper economies have lower default and operating or rivalry. For example, more manufacturing and higher workforce participation are associated with slower growth in {MFI} outreach. Overall, the country context appears to be an important determinant of {MFI} performance; {MFI} performance should be handicapped for the environment in which it was achieved. Where Does Microfinance Flourish? Microfinance Institution Performance in Macroeconomic Context Development Macroeconomic context Macroeconomic performance Microfinance Performance 0304-3878 Where Does Microfinance Flourish? 2010 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.04.004 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBV-4YY8N3M-1/2/5645e7f9e2734c2c6e8f7d24aa833b89 2010 ahmadou_inventaire_2003 misc Inventaire des syst\`{e}mes d'assurance maladie en Afrique - Rapport de la Guin\'{e}e Guinea Micro health insurance August 2003 http://www.ilo.org/gimi/concertation/resource.do?page=/concertation/publications/carte/guinee/Etudes_3330372383_19480.pdf 2003-08 ahmed_health_2004 unpublished Health is Wealth: How {Low-Income} People Finance Health Care Developing countries Health care financing Low-income population 2004 Health Care Financing Project, {KDA} 2004 ahmed_health_2005 book {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Health Microinsurance - A Comparative Study of Three Examples in Bangladesh Bangladesh Case study Micro health insurance Mutual insurance September 2005 Case Study No. 13 2005-09 ahmed_meeting_2006 incollection Special risks affecting women and children (girls and boys); Microinsurance to address the special needs of women and children; Policy tasks to improve the strategic situation of women and children Craig Churchill Meeting the special needs of women and children Children Microinsurance Needs Women Geneva / Munich 130--144 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/AF8FD93E-7483-4AE5-B68F-CC17CBF4DF83/0/Part2Microinsuranceproductsandservices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 ahuja_micro-insurance_2003 article Economic and Political Weekly Having a clear idea of what choice to follow and, based on that, devising appropriate macro policies is extremely important to achieve the objective of extending the reach of insurance to the poor. Other steps include building capacity (creating information tools, setting up the knowledge base, imparting training to the {NGOs,} etc) at various levels. The kind of capacity to build depends very much on what particular policy is chosen, which calls for some capacity building at the government level to weigh different policy choices. {Micro-Insurance} for the Poor: Policy Choices Microinsurance Policy recommendations 5034--5036 {Micro-Insurance} for the Poor 38 2003 November 29 2003 ahuja_health_2005 techreport Health insurance for the poor in india - an analytical study Case study Health insurance India Poverty New Delhi Health insurance for the poor in india 2005 161 working paper {INDIAN} {COUNCIL} {FOR} {RESEARCH} {ON} {INTERNATIONAL} {ECONOMIC} {RELATIONS} 2005 ahuja_design_2003 techreport Community based health insurance is an emerging and promising concept that has attracted the attention of policy makers as it addresses health care challenges faced by the poor. This paper discusses solutions to important incentive problems in micro-health insurance schemes which threaten their sustainability. In particular, three issues explored are : (i) if defining household as unit of insurance always mitigates adverse selection problem; (ii) how ex ante moral hazard problem can be circumvented through group insurance contract; and (iii) how to set incentives for scheme managers. Various public policies are discussed that help to set appropriate incentives to better manage health insurance schemes in low-income country environments. Design of incentives in community based health insurance schemes Community-based health insurance Incentives 2003 {NO.} 95 {INDIAN} {COUNCIL} {FOR} {RESEARCH} {ON} {INTERNATIONAL} {ECONOMIC} {RELATIONS} 2003 ahuja_are_2003 inproceedings Community based micro insurance has aroused much interest and hope in meeting health care challenges facing the poor. In this paper we explore how institutional rigidities such as credit constraint impinge on demand for health insurance and how insurance could potentially prevent poor households from falling into poverty trap. In this setting, we argue that the appropriate public intervention in generating demand for insurance is not to subsidise premium but to remove these rigidities (easing credit constraint in the present context). Thus from insurance perspective as well, our analysis highlights the importance of having appropriate savings and borrowing instruments for the poor. Are the poor to poor to demand health insurance? Demand Health insurance Poor Poverty Durban, South Africa August 2003 2003-08 ahuja_regulation_2001 article The Asian Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Regulation in the Insurance Sector Insurance sector Regulation 24--39 8 2001 1 2001 aiga_reasons_2006 article Health Policy The reasons for participation in continuing professional education {(CPE)} programs among health workers importantly determine the level of {post-CPE} application in daily servicing practice and finally the quality of health services. To categorize and distinguish type of reasons in an evidence-based manner, background factors associated with reasons were identified through conducting a census targeting the health workers in three regions of Ghana {(N=6696).} The total number of subjects where health workers found {CPE} needs produced significantly positive odds ratios {(OR{\textgreater}1)} with three reasons ([`]to maintain and improve professional knowledge and skills', [`]to interact and exchange views with colleagues', and [`]to obtain a higher job status') of four employed for this study. That implies that health workers with those reasons have more quantities of {CPE} needs. Conversely, the total number of subjects where health workers found {CPE} needs produced significantly negative odds ratio with [`]to gain relief from routine' indicating it is an extrinsic reason. Therefore, whether [`]to gain relief from routine' is chosen as a reason for participation could be criterion of differentiating between the types of reason. Reasons for participation in and needs for continuing professional education among health workers in Ghana Africa Continuing professional education Ghana Health workers Human resources development 290--303 August 77 2006 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4H0S156-1/1/fec2fb5a6fbc2c2edae597277e126b7c 2006-08 aikins_utilization_2006 misc Utilization and Cost of Health Care under the District Health Insurance Schemes: A case study of {Brong-Ahafo} and Eastern Regions. {(September} 2005 - June 2006). Second Report Africa DWMHIS Ghana NHIS Utilization December 2006 2006-12 ainsworth_measuring_1992 techreport This paper describes the development and content of a household questionnaire designed to measure the economic impact of adult morbidity and mortality in an African country. The questionnaire is the main data collection instrument of the research project on {"The} Economic Impact of Fatal Adult Illness due to {AIDS} and Other Causes in {Sub-Saharan} Africa", conducted by a research team from the World Bank and the University of Dar es Salaam. The main objectives of the project are: (1) to measure the impact of fatal adult illness on individuals, households and communities; and (2) to estimate the costs and effects of alternative policies to assist the survivors. The household questionnaire was adapted from the questionnaire of the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Survey {(LSMS)} to measure the well-being and coping behaviors of individuals and households in response to fatal illness among adults. Key innovations in the household questionnaire include: adaptation for a longitudinal research design, including "inter-wave" consistency checks; an expanded set of questions on acute and chronic illness and their costs; a module on the mortality ofhousehold members and relatives; a consumption module that allows for seasonality; and collection of more data at the individuall evel, to facilitate analysis of intra-householdd distribution of resources. Measuring the Impact of Fatal Adult Illness in {Sub-Saharan} Africa; An Annotated Household Questionnaire. Africa Catastrophic health care expenditure Questionnaire 1992 World Bank - Living Standards Measurement 1992 ajzen_explaining_2004 article Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin An experiment was designed to account for intention-behavior discrepancies by applying the theory of planned behavior to contingent valuation. College students {(N} = 160) voted in hypothetical and real payment referenda to contribute \$8 to a scholarship fund. Overestimates of willingness to pay in the hypothetical referendum could not be attributed to moderately favorable latent dispositions. Instead, this hypothetical bias was explained by activation of more favorable beliefs and attitudes in the context of a hypothetical rather than a real referendum. A corrective entreaty was found to eliminate this bias by bringing beliefs, attitudes, and intentions in line with those in the real payment situation. As a result, the theory of planned behavior produced more accurate prediction of real payment when participants were exposed to the corrective entreaty Explaining the Discrepancy between Intentions and Actions: The Case of Hypothetical Bias in Contingent Valuation Attitude Contingent valuation Hypothetical bias Intention Theory of planned behavior Willingness to pay 1108--1121 Explaining the Discrepancy between Intentions and Actions 30 2004 9 2004 akazili_perception_2002 misc The perception and demand for mutual health insurance in the {Kassena-Nankana} district of Northern Ghana, the {Ghanaian-Dutch} Collaboration for Health Research and Development, Projekt Nr.: {2002/GD/17.} Ghana Ghana CHI Mutual health organisations 2002 2002 akazili_using_2008 article {BMC} International Health and Human Rights {BACKGROUND:Data} Envelopment Analysis {(DEA)} has been used to analyze the efficiency of the health sector in the developed world for sometime now. However, in developing economies and particularly in Africa only a few studies have applied {DEA} in measuring the efficiency of their health care {systems.METHODS:This} study uses the {DEA} method, to calculate the technical efficiency of 89 randomly sampled health centers in Ghana. The aim was to determine the degree of efficiency of health centers and recommend performance targets for the inefficient {facilities.RESULTS:The} findings showed that 65\% of health centers were technically inefficient and so were using resources that they did not actually {need.CONCLUSION:The} results broadly point to grave inefficiency in the health care delivery system of public health centers and that significant amounts of resources could be saved if measures were put in place to curb the waste. Using data envelopment analysis to measure the extent of technical efficiency of public health centres in Ghana Africa Efficiency Ghana Health centres Public health care {1472-698X} 11 8 2008 1 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/8/11 2008 al-bagdadi_microfinance_2002 techreport Microfinance Associations - The case of the Ghana Microfinance Institutions Network {(GHAMFIN)} Africa GHAMFIN Ghana Microfinance Microfinance associations Eschborn 2002 Deutsche Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit {(GTZ)} {GmbH} - Division 41 - Economic Development and Employment Promotion 2002 aldermann_insurance_2007 book Insurance Against Covariate Shocks: The Role of {Index-Based} Insurance in Social Protection in {Low-Income} Countries of Africa Index-based risk transfer products Weather insurance 0821370367 April Insurance Against Covariate Shocks 2007 World Bank Publications 2007-04 alexandre_who_1988 book Who are the high cost cases in a health benefits plan? GL High cost cases Risk adjustment Risk pooling USA Brookfield, Wisc. 0-89154-359-7 1988 1988 aliber_microinsurance_2002 techreport Microinsurance in Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Microinsurance 2002 {ILO} 2002 allianz_group_learning_2010 misc Aiming to share its experience in how to design, deliver and scale sustainable microinsurance products and to help set the right course for next steps, Allianz has published a new microinsurance report, {"Learning} to insure the poor". The new report is based on research, conducted in collaboration with the Emergia Institute, to consolidate the wealth of insights Allianz has gained in the first years of developing its microinsurance business. Key facts on the state of microinsurance today, case studies on existing Allianz microinsurance projects and perspectives from experts on the future of microinsurance round out the report. Today, half of the world's population comprises the market for microinsurance. Four billion people live on incomes of less than eight dollars per day. Of that number, 2.6 billion get by on less than two dollars per day. With few assets, these individuals are more vulnerable to risk and less able to cope with loss. Shocks like natural disaster, loss of property or harvests, and the illness or death of a family's breadwinner can quickly lead to destitution. A learning process Microinsurance could be a part of the remedy. Premiums are small enough to afford, and microinsurance provides protection against loss to those who need it most, when they need it most. Yet, while micro-loans are more widely understood and widespread in developing countries, the concept of microinsurance is not as familiar. From the provider perspective, it is often considered to be too complex and cost-intensive to be marketed successfully in the world's poorest rural regions. Not so, according to Allianz. The company first began to look into the market of low-income households six years ago. In 2004, it launched a small credit life insurance portfolio in India. Fast forward to today and Allianz has sold life insurance, property insurance and health insurance to 3.8 million microinsurance customers in India, Indonesia, Africa and Latin America. In June, Allianz announced that it will launch a microinsurance division in Brazil next year, citing a rapidly growing microinsurance market in the country with potentially 50 to 60 million Brazilians needing life and housing coverage. Despite this success, Allianz still sees insuring the poor as a learning process. A considerable number of challenges remain unresolved, such as how to calculate risks in the absence of data, how to sell and administer policies efficiently and how to get more people, who live in deep poverty, to understand insurance benefits and to invest in them. Learning to insure the poor Insurance companies Microinsurance June 2010 https://www.allianz.com/static-resources/www.allianz.com/_assets/homepage/de/microinsurancereport_2010/em-al-weblinked.pdf 2010-06 almeyda_equidad_2005 techreport La Equidad Seguros - Colombia Case study Colombia Life insurance Microinsurance 2005 12 Case Study {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 alsop_measuring_2005 techreport This paper presents an analytic framework that can be used to measure and monitor empowerment processes and outcomes. The measuring empowerment {(ME)} framework, rooted in both conceptual discourse and measurement practice, illustrates how to gather data on empowerment and structure its analysis. The framework can be used to measure empowerment at both the intervention level and the country level, as a part of poverty or governance monitoring. The paper first provides a definition of empowerment and then explains how the concept can be reduced to measurable components. Empowerment is defined as a person\&\#8217;s capacity to make effective choices; that is, as the capacity to transform choices into desired actions and outcomes. The extent or degree to which a person is empowered is influenced by personal agency (the capacity to make purposive choice) and opportunity structure (the institutional context in which choice is made). Asset endowments are used as indicators of agency. These assets may be psychological, informational, organizational, material, social, financial, or human. Opportunity structure is measured by the presence and operation of formal and informal institutions, including the laws, regulatory frameworks, and norms governing behavior. Degrees of empowerment are measured by the existence of choice, the use of choice, and the achievement of choice. Following the conceptual discussion and the presentation of the analytic framework, this paper illustrates how the {ME} framework can be applied, using examples from four development interventions. Each example discusses how the framework guided analysis and development of empowerment indicators. The paper also presents a draft module for measuring empowerment at the country level. The module can be used alone or be integrated into country-level poverty or governance monitoring systems that seek to add an empowerment dimension to their analysis. Measuring Empowerment in Practice: Structuring Analysis and Framing Indicators Development theory Empowerment Measurement Poverty 2005 3510 Bank World\ 2005 alyanak_collaborating_2006 techreport Collaborating with Traditional Healers for {HIV} Prevention and Care in {sub-Saharan} Africa: suggestions for Programme Managers and Field Workers Africa Collaborating with traditional healers HIV/AIDS Geneva, Switzerland 2006 {UNAIDS} - Joint United Nations Programm on {HIV/AIDS} 2006 amin_contingent_2004 article Health Research Policy and Systems We used contingent valuation technique to estimate the parental willingness to pay for an episode of diarrhoea among 324 children of both sexes aged between five and seven years in two rural villages of Chennai in India. The aim was to examine if there was any gender bias in the parental willingness to treat children for a diarrhoeal episode, and if so to what extent. The willingness to pay was specified as a hedonic function of the duration and severity of an episode, and of parents' socioeconomic characteristics. The findings suggest that parents were willing to pay more to protect their male child compared to the female child suffering from a diarrhoeal episode. The median willingness to pay to avoid an episode for male and female children were calculated at Rs. 33.7 (approx. {US\$} 0.72) and Rs. 25.2 (approx. {US\$} 0.54) respectively -- a difference of around 34\%. After adjusting for the greater duration and severity of the illness, it was found that the difference between the two medians increased to 51\%. A contingent valuation study to estimate the parental willingness-to-pay for childhood diarrhoea and gender bias among rural households in India Childhood diarrhoea Contingent valuation Gender bias India Rural India Willingness to pay 2 2004 http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content/2/1/3 2004 andersen_villagers:_2004 article Social Science \& Medicine Differential treatment of patients by health workers in African medical institutions is acknowledged by patients, health workers and policy-makers alike to be an obstacle in the realization of government objectives of equity in health care. This qualitative study understands the production and legitimization of differential treatment from the perspective of health workers. On the basis of qualitative field material from a hospital in Northern Ghana the relation between socio-cultural, biomedical and bureaucratic aspects of hospital practice is explored through a focus on categorizations of patients. It is concluded that to blame the "bad attitudes" of health workers for differential treatment is not an adequate explanation. It is important to acknowledge that differential treatment can be understood as a form of agency, and is related to the conditions of hospital work and to the professional and social identities of health workers. {"Villagers":} Differential treatment in a Ghanaian hospital Africa Bureaucracy Differential treatment Ghana Patient categories 2003--2012 November Villagers 59 2004 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4C9YYHJ-1/1/f92b4e0f261deb3b534f8e608c59acb9 2004-11 andreoni_impure_1990 article The Economic Journal When people make donations to privately provided public goods, such as charity, there may be many factors influencing their decision other than altruism. Social pressure, guilt, sympathy, or simply a desire for a "warm glow" may all be important. This paper considers such impure altruism formally and develops a wide set of implications. In particular, this paper discusses the invariance proposition of public goods, solves for the sufficient conditions for neutrality to hold, examines the optimal tax treatment of charitable giving, and calibrates the model based on econometric studies in order to consider policy experiments. Impure altruism is shown to be more consistent with observed patterns of giving than the conventional pure altruism approach, and to have policy implications that may differ widely from those of the conventional models. Impure Altruism and Donations to Public Goods: A Theory of {Warm-Glow} Giving Altruism Public goods 464--477 Impure Altruism and Donations to Public Goods 1990 1990 andreoni_cooperation_1995 article The American Economic Review Cooperation in {Public-Goods} Experiments: Kindness or Confusion Cooperations Public goods 891--904 Cooperation in {Public-Goods} Experiments 85 1995 4 1995 andreoni_building_2006 article Experiments have shown that people have a natural taste for cooperation. This paper takes a first step in understanding how formal and informal institutions might be designed to utilize these private tastes to facilitate more efficient economic interactions. We examine a twice-played prisoners' dilemma in which the total of the stakes in the two periods is fixed, but the distribution of these stakes can be varied across periods. We verify experimentally that it is best to "start small," reserving most of the stakes for the second period. Building rational cooperation Cooperation 117--154 March 2006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJ3-4F7Y93X-1/2/61f2551a522c03264a73e894f031ceea 2006-03 andrzejewski_does_2009 article This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual's education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person's health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and {sub-Saharan} Africa. Africa Child health Community effects Ghana Health knowledge Multilevel modeling 1353-8292 228--238 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VH5-4SK631Y-2/2/3a5e65365eefdaecc1adec3adac3c654 Health \& Place Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana 15 Does where you live influence what you know? March 2009 2009-03 anheier_small-scale_1987 book K\"{o}lner Beitr\"{a}ge zur Entwicklungsl\"{a}nderforschung - Cologne Development Studies - herausgegeben f\"{u}r die K\"{o}lner Gesellschaft zur F\"{o}rderung der Entwicklungsl\"{a}nderforschung {e.V.} {Small-Scale} Industries and Economic Development in Ghana: Business Behaviour and Strategies in Informal Sector Economies Africa Economic development Ghana Informal sector Band 3 1987 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Verlag Breitenbach Publishers 1987 anie_mutual_2001 techreport Mutual health organizations {(MHOs),} community-based health financing schemes, are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative financing mechanism in {sub-Saharan} Africa. One concern about these organizations is how they monitor quality of care provided. The survey reported on here was carried out in nine {MHOs} in Ghana in 2001 by the Partners for Health Reformplus project as part of a three-country study that looks at {MHO} conceptions of quality of care and how quality is built into {MHO--provider} agreements. This Ghana study found that several of the schemes studied are so young that they have not yet begun to administer benefits and thus had no historical data to report; but even those in full operation lacked record-keeping capacity. Five of the nine schemes operate without contracts, i.e., without record-keeping and monitoring requirements; in some cases, groups feel that quality monitoring and improvement is the responsibility of the central Ministry of Health. Nevertheless, the study found that many {MHO} managers are concerned about the issue of quality of care. There is need to help them implement steps to ensure a certain minimum standard of care. Mutual Health Organisations: A Quality Information Survey in Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Micro health insurance Mutual insurance Bethesda, Maryland Mutual Health Organisations 2001 Working Paper {PHRplus} - Partners for Health Reformplus Project, Abt. Associates Inc. 2001 annycke_senegal:_2008 misc This report analyses the figures from the {ILO} Social Security Inquiry for 2003 and 2004. {SPER} Senegal is an eight-chapter analysis. The first chapter describes demographic and socio-economic conditions in Senegal. These factors have a large impact on the development and the implementation of social security policies. The next chapter defines social security and the different types of risks covered by the country's social security programmes. The rest of the report focus on existing programmes: the third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh chapters analyse Senegalese social security programmes. The last chapter explains what is at stake for Senegal as a whole and gives a glimpse of future demographic trends and possible extensions of social security to the informal sector. S\'{e}n\'{e}gal: L'analyse des prestations et des indicateurs de r\'{e}sultats de la protection sociale Africa Senegal Social protection May 2008 http://www.ilo.org/gimi/gess/RessFileDownload.do?ressourceId=6271 2008-05 appiah-denkyira_reaching_2007 incollection {GTZ,} {ILO,} {WHO} Reaching the Poor in Ghana with National Health Insurance -- An Experience from the Districts of the Eastern Region of Ghana Africa Ghana NHIS NHIS and poverty 2007 Extending Social Protection in Health: Developing Countries' Experiences, Lessons Learnt and Recommendations 2007 appleton_impact_???? article Journal of African Economics The Impact of Public Services on Health Care and Illness: A Treatment Effects Model with Sample Selectivity Public health care Public services 1--33 7 1 araral_jr._what_2009 article Summary I examine the factors that influence collective action in the commons using econometric analyses on a data set of 1958 irrigation associations in the Philippines. I find that collective action is associated with water scarcity, proximity to markets, group size, farm size, and governance structure. Water scarcity has a curvilinear effect on collective action and is mediated by the governance structure. The results suggest the need for a diagnostic approach in the analysis of institutional arrangements in diverse socio-ecological settings. These also suggest that collective action in the commons is more complex than is conventionally assumed in the decentralization literature. Collective action Commons Decentralization Free riding Irrigation Philippines {0305-750X} 687--697 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4TP1FFS-1/2/fd0b1a210b57f500695a06d1823cf6b2 World Development What Explains Collective Action in the Commons? Theory and Evidence from the Philippines 37 What Explains Collective Action in the Commons? March 2009 2009-03 arhinful_solidarity_2003 book The solidarity of self-interest: social and cultural feasibility of rural health insurance in Ghana Ghana Health insurance Self-interest Solidarity The solidarity of self-interest 2003 African Studies Centre, Leiden 2003 arhinful_solidarity_2003-1 book African Studies Centre - Research Report The solidarity of self-interest: Social and cultural feasibility of rural health insurance in Ghana Africa Ghana Micro health insurance Traditional arrangements Leiden 2003 2003 {PrintPartners} Ipskamp {B.V.,} Enschede 2003 arhin-tenkorang_health_2001 techreport Studies and literature reviews of health insurance schemes targeting rural or informal sector populations in developing countries (often called "community insurance schemes") frequently conclude that schemes have design weaknesses, yet do not explore in detail the effect of design features on performance. This paper presents a conceptualization of how performance in the areas of risk protection and resource mobilization is determined by the interaction of design features with institutional and technical factors. Design features refer to scheme specifications (e.g., required contribution) and to operating modalities (e.g., procedures for enrolment or obtaining benefits. Performance, with respect to risk protection and resource mobilization, of several potential "high population schemes" for the informal sector in Africa, is assessed. The outcome suggests that the design of community health insurance schemes may be improved by: (1) design specifications that utilize data on willingness to pay {(WTP)} of the target population and projected health care costs; (2) incorporating modalities of operations that facilitate costeffective exchange between a formal organization and individuals acting in an informal environment Health Insurance for the Informal Sector in Africa - Design Features, Risk Protection, and Resource Mobilization Africa Health insurance Informal sector Low-income countries Risk protection Willingness to pay Washington, {D.C.} 2001 The World Bank 2001 armbruster_zwischen_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen In vielen Entwicklungs- und Transforma??tionsl\"{a}ndern wird immer noch, insbesondere hinsichtlich der genossenschaftlich organisierten Finanzinstitutionen, die Frage gestellt, ob und in welcher Weise diese reguliert und einer Aufsicht unterstellt werden sollen. Dies stellt eine zentrale Frage dar, die auch im Zusammenhang mit dem starken Aufkommen von Mikrofinanzbanken diskutiert wird und zu der verschiedene Standpunkte vertreten werden. Sollen alle, auch ganz kleine Institutionen, die sich im Finanzsektor bewegen, der Bankenaufsicht unterstellt werden? Sollen ihre Gr\"{o}\sse und/oder die Aktivit\"{a}ten (z. B. Entgegennahme von Spareinlagen) Kriterien f\"{u}r die Unterstellung unter die Bankenaufsicht sein? Dieser Beitrag basiert auf den Erfahrungen aus der Praxis der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit seit \"{u}ber 30 Jahren. Zwischen \"{U}ber- und Unterregulierung: Reduzierung von Risiken f\"{u}r Mitglieder durch ma\ssvolle Rahmenbedingungen Regulation Risk 93--103 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 armendariz_de_aghion_microfinance_2000 article Economics of Transition Microlending is growing in Eastern Europe, Russia and China as a flexible means of widening access to financial services, both to help alleviate poverty and to encourage private-sector activity. We describe mechanisms that allow these programmes to successfully penetrate new segments of credit markets. These features include direct monitoring, regular repayment schedules, and the use of non-refinancing threats. These mechanisms allow the programmes to generate high repayment rates from low-income borrowers without requiring collateral and without using group lending contracts that feature joint liability. Microfinance beyond group lending Collatoral Group lending Microfinance 401--420 8 2000 2 2000 armendariz_economics_2007 book The Economics of Microfinance Microfinance 0262512017 October 2007 Mit Pr 2007-10 armstrong_report_2004 techreport Report to the South African Risk Equalization fund target group - The International Review Panel Africa GL Risk Risk adjustment South Africa 2004 2004 arrow_evaluating_2003 techreport Evaluating Projects and Assessing Sustainable Development in Imperfect Economies Accounting Development Evaluation Imperfect economies Management Public policy Sustainable development December 2003 http://ideas.repec.org/p/fem/femwpa/2003.109.html Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei 2003-12 arun_micro-insurance_2008 techreport {Micro-Insurance} in the Context of Social Protection Ghana Microinsurance NHIS Social protection Social security Sri Lanka Manchester, United Kingdom 2008 55 {BWPI} Working Paper Brooks World Poverty Institute 2008 aryeetey_recent_2003 article Journal of african economies Recent Developments in African Financial Markets: Agenda for Further Research Africa Financial market 12 2003 2 2003 aryeetey_household_2004 misc {HOUSEHOLD} {ASSET} {CHOICE} {AMONG} {THE} {RURAL} {POOR} {IN} {GHANA} Africa Asset choice Assets Ghana Rural poor January 2004 http://www.isser.org/publications/older/Poor%20Household%20Asset%20Choice%20in%20Ghana%201.pdf 2004-01 asante_getting_2006 article {BMC} Health Services Research Background: District health systems in Africa depend largely on public funding. In many countries, not only are these funds insufficient, but they are also released in an untimely fashion, thereby creating serious cash flow problems for district health managers. This paper examines how the untimely release of public sector health funds in Ghana affects district health activities and the way district managers cope with the situation. Methods: A qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews was adopted. Two regions {(Northern} and Ashanti) covering the northern and southern sectors of Ghana were strategically selected. Sixteen managers (eight directors of health services and eight district health accountants) were interviewed between 2003/2004. Data generated were analysed for themes and patterns. Results: The results showed that untimely release of funds disrupts the implementation of health activities and demoralises district health staff. However, based on their prior knowledge of when funds are likely to be released, district health managers adopt a range of informal mechanisms to cope with the situation. These include obtaining supplies on credit, borrowing cash internally, prepurchasing materials, and conserving part of the fourth quarter donor-pooled funds for the first quarter of the next year. While these informal mechanisms have kept the district health system in Ghana running in the face of persistent delays in funding, some of them are open to abuse and could be a potential source of corruption in the health system. Conclusion: Official recognition of some of these informal managerial strategies will contribute to eliminating potential risks of corruption in the Ghanaian health system and also serve as an acknowledgement of the efforts being made by local managers to keep the district health system functioning in the face of budgetary constraints and funding delays. It may boost the confidence of the managers and even enhance service delivery. Getting by on credit: how district health managers in Ghana cope with the untimely release of funds Africa District health managers Ghana Release of funds Getting by on credit 6 2006 105 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/6/105 2006 asante_equity_2006 article Health Policy Debate over the equitable allocation of financial resources in the health sector has focused overwhelmingly on allocation from national to regional levels. More equitable allocation of such resources within regions has been virtually ignored, creating a vacuum in knowledge regarding how resources are allocated intra-regionally and their potential influence on promoting health equity. In this paper, we report an empirical study examining progress towards equity in intra-regional resource allocation in the Ashanti and Northern regions of Ghana. Relative deprivation across the 31 districts of the two regions was measured as a proxy of health needs. The result was used to develop an equity-adjusted share index {(EAS)} applied as a yardstick against which progress towards equity was assessed. The study found a significant correlation between districts' share of donor pooled funds {(DPF)} and the {EAS} in the Northern region for three of the 4 years investigated. In Ashanti region, a worsening trend in relation to equity in {DPF} allocation was discovered. The proportion of variance in the share of {DPF} that could be explained by the {EAS} reduced incrementally from 56\% in 1999 to less than 1\% in 2002. The study highlights the need for more emphasis on intra-regional equity in resource allocation in Ghana. Equity in resource allocation for health: A comparative study of the Ashanti and Northern Regions of Ghana Africa Ashanti Decision-making Deprivation Ghana Resource allocation 135--148 October Equity in resource allocation for health 78 2006 2-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4JYKP5K-1/1/e1f04fbfdf289f8ab6fc5bca6d015737 2006-10 asante_does_2008 misc Does the {NHIS} cover the poor? Ghana NHIS NHIS and poverty NHIS coverage NHIS implementation {http://www.moh-ghana.org/moh/docs/NHIS\%20issue/NHIS\%20pro-poor\%20research.pdf} 2008 http://www.moh-ghana.org/moh/docs/NHIS%20issue/NHIS%20pro-poor%20research.pdf 2008 asenso-okyere_financing_1995 article World Health Forum Financing health care in Ghana Africa Ghana Ghana CHI Health care Micro health insurance 86--91 16 1995 1995 asenso-okyere_willingness_1997 article Health Policy Willingness to pay for health insurance in a developing economy. A pilot story of the informal sector of Ghana using contingent valuation Africa Ghana Ghana CHI Micro health insurance Willingness to pay 223--237 42 1997 1997 asfaw_modeling_2004 techreport Over the last two decades, many countries around the world have been enthusiastically embarking on the path of decentralization. Decentralization has been advocated as a powerful means to improve the provision of health care services and health outcomes in developing countries. However, due to a preconceived idea that decentralization will result in efficient allocation of public resources and lack of an analytical framework to systematically analyze its impact on health outcomes, very little empirical works have been done in this area. Scant attention has also been given to analyze factors enabling or constraining its outcomes. In this paper, we develop a theoretical model and use it to test empirically the impact of fiscal decentralization on rural infant mortality rates in India between 1990 and 1997. The random effect regression results show that fiscal decentralization plays a statistically significant role in reducing rural infant mortality rate in India and the results are robust to the way the decentralization variable is measured and to different model specifications. The results also show that the effectiveness of fiscal decentralization can be affected by other complementary factors such as the level of political decentralization. States who have good fiscal and political decentralization index are twice more effective in reducing infant mortality rates than states with high fiscal but low political decentralization index. Modeling the impact of fiscal decentralization on Health outcomes: empirical evidence from India Decentralization and health Health sector reform India Bonn Modeling the impact of fiscal decentralization on Health outcomes 2004 87 {ZEF} - Zentrum f\"{u}r Entwicklungsforschung 2004 asfaw_how_2004 article World Development Using a nested multinomial logit model, this study investigates the demand "reduction" and "diversion" effects of user fees in rural areas of Ethiopia. The results reveal that an increase in user fees of public clinics, which are the most widely used alternative, can have a significant demand reduction effect on the poorest of the poor. This implies that despite cost recovery has been advocated as an alternative means of health care financing in most of the developing world, increasing user fees may drive the poorest segment of the population out of the health care market unless some protective measures are taken. Key words: Africa; Ethiopia; user fees; demand for health; demand reduction; demand diversion How Big is the {Crowding-Out} Effect of User Fees in the Rural Areas of Ethiopia? Implications for Equity and Resources Mobilization Ethiopia User fees for health services 2065--2081 December How Big is the {Crowding-Out} Effect of User Fees in the Rural Areas of Ethiopia? 32 2004 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4DPYH91-2&_user=2875156&_coverDate=12%2F01%2F2004&_alid=798144909&_rdoc=4&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=5946&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=7&_acct=C000056617&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2875156&md5=4a6d1fb4a7d421ce850ac1f94d453f87 2004-12 asfaw_can_2004 article Health Policy Using household level data and double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method, the article investigates the prospect of community health insurance schemes in mitigating the health shock effects of economic reforms and deregulations on the poor rural households of Ethiopia. The results demonstrate that the introduction of such schemes can help to protect the poor against the adverse impacts of economic reforms on health. It is also demonstrated that enough and sustainable resources can be generated from such schemes without obstructing the current economic reforms and evicting the poor and the socially disadvantaged section of the population out of the health care market. Can community health insurance schemes shield the poor against the downside health effects of economic reforms? The case of rural ethiopia Africa Community-based health insurance Double-bounded dichotomous choice format Economic reforms Ethiopia 97--108 October Can community health insurance schemes shield the poor against the downside health effects of economic reforms? 70 2004 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4C2FJCX-1/1/36c8f8af468c30fb16ae872c5dacfd15 2004-10 asfaw_innovations_2005 article International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics It has become clear that due to market failure, state failure, and other reasons, the conventional sources of finance alone could not solve the health problem of the rural population, particularly that of the socially excluded and disadvantaged groups. Community Based Health Insurance Schemes {(CBHIS)} are one of the most recently mentioned options to narrow the existing inequalities in access to basic health services. This study assesses the prospect of {CBHIS} in the rural areas of Ethiopia using a double bounded dichotomous contingent valuation method. The results show that even in one of the poorest countries of the world, there is a promising prospect to introduce {CBHIS.} Innovations in Health Care Financing: New Evidence on the Prospect of Community Health Insurance Schemes in the Rural Areas of Ethiopia Africa Community-based health insurance Ethiopia Innovations in health care 241--253 5 2005 2005 asfaw_mutual_2002 article Center for Development Research {(ZEF),} Bonn: {ZEF} Mutual Health Insurance {(MHI)} - A Viable Solution to Increase Access to Health Care? An Ethiopian Case Study Africa Ethiopia Mutual health insurance Mutual Health Insurance {(MHI)--A} Viable Solution to Increase Access to Health Care? 2002 2002 asfaw_role_2007 article This study analyzes the potential role of health insurance for poverty reduction taking Senegal as an example. The results suggest that health insurance plays a significant role in enhancing health care utilization and in protecting households from catastrophic out-of-pocket health payment. However, most of the population especially the poor and rural households are not covered by any health insurance plans. Given these findings, policy makers and donors should pay more attention to expand the coverage of health insurance, in particular to embrace the poorest section of the population in the country. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Catastrophic health care costs Health care utilization Health insurance Health services accessibility Poverty Poverty reduction Rural poor Senegal Social aspects Social protection 01900692 835--858 8/9 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=25728950&site=ehost-live International Journal of Public Administration The Role of Health Insurance in Poverty Reduction: Empirical Evidence From Senegal. 30 The Role of Health Insurance in Poverty Reduction July 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of International Journal of Public Administration is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts.){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1080/01900690701227396 2007-07 asgary_estimating_2004 article The European Journal of Health Economics Estimating rural households' willingness to pay for health insurance Health insurance Rural households Willingness to pay 209--215 5 2004 3 2004 ash_finding_2001 article Health Serv Res Finding future high-cost cases: comparing prior cost versus diagnosis-based methods Costs GL Risk equalization 194--206 Finding future high-cost cases 36 2001 6 Pt 2 2001 ashley_hubka_impact_2005 techreport Impact of Government Regulation on Microfinance Microfinance Regulation 2005 Prepared for the World Development Report 2005 2005 asibuo_final_2001 misc {DANISH} {INTERNATIONAL} {DEVELOPMENT} {AGENCY} {(DANIDA)} {FINAL} {REPORT} - {REVIEW} {STUDY} {OF} {HEALTH} {SECTOR} {REGULATION} {IN} {GHANA} Africa Ghana Health sector regulation November 2001 2001-11 asomadu-kyereme_extending_2006 unpublished {EXTENDING} {PRO-POOR} {SOCIAL} {SECURITY} {IN} {GHANA} -- {THE} {ROLE} {OF} {MUTUAL} {INSURANCE} {ORGANISATIONS} {(MIOs)} Ghana MHO NHIS Social security Bielefeld 2006 Doctoral Seminar Paper - Presented at a Doctoral Seminar, On 23 June 2006 2006 ataguba_estimating_2008 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} e financing in Nigeria is dominated by private out-of-pocket payment that is not affordable to the poor. This has greatly reduced access to quality health care for the predominantly rural poor. Insurance schemes as options for increasing access to health care services have not received considerable attention in Nigeria. In this regard, a community health prepayment scheme is proposed, and the Contingent Valuation Method is used to investigate the willingness of rural households to pay for this scheme. Contributing through agricultural commodities produced statistically higher estimates than through direct cash. Also, by incorporating uncertainty in responses using the Random Valuation Model, higher contribution amounts were obtained. This provides an option for its use in healthcare contingent valuation studies where respondents are uncertain about their true responses. The groups that are willing to pay lesser amounts into the scheme as compared with their counterparts are women, the less educated, and the less wealthy households. Estimating the Willingness to Pay for Community Healthcare Insurance in Rural Nigeria Community-based health insurance Dichotomous choice Micro health insurance Nigeria Payment card Random valuation Stochastic payment card Uncertainty Willingness to pay September 2008 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1266163 2008-09 atim_contribution_1998 techreport The Contribution of Mutual Health Organizations to Financing, Delivery, and Access to Health Care: Synthesis of Research in Nine West and Central African Countries Accessibility Access to health care Africa Case study Central Africa Community participation Delivery Financing Micro health insurance Mutual health organisations Mutual insurance Participation West Africa Bethesda, {MD} The Contribution of Mutual Health Organizations to Financing, Delivery, and Access to Health Care 1998 18 Partnerships for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates Inc., {USAID} 1998 atim_social_1999 article Social Science \& Medicine Social movements and health insurance: a critical evaluation of voluntary, non-profit insurance schemes with case studies from Ghana and Cameroon Africa Cameroon Ghana Ghana CHI Health insurance Micro health insurance 881--896 48 1999 1999 atim_training_2000 techreport Training of Trainer Manuals for Micro Health Insurance in Ghana Africa Curriculum Ghana Micro health insurance Training manual 2000 Partnerships for Health Reform {(PHR),} Abt. Associates Inc 2000 atim_contribution_1998-1 article {PHR} Technical Report The Contribution of Mutual Health Organizations to Financing, Delivery, and Access in Health Care in West and Central Africa: Summaries of Synthesis and Case Studies in Six Countries Access to health care Central Africa Equity and health Micro health insurance Mutual health organisations West Africa May 19 1998 1998-05 atim_survey_2001 techreport This report looks at health care financing schemes in Ghana, in the public, private commercial, and community sectors. Government schemes examined were an abortive pilot of national insurance, a User Exemptions scheme, and a program for public sector employees. The first private sector insurance company collapsed, though more recently company set-ups have increased greatly in number. Schemes in both sectors have struggled or failed due to non-compliance and abuse by users and providers, and poor communication between different kinds of schemes, which leads to overlap and wastage. Community schemes (mutual health organizations, or {MHOs)} have gained in popular and donor support especially in the past two years. While they are not a panacea for resolving health care financing and delivery issues, many of their limitations -- small size, limited benefits, and inability to cover all segments of the population, especially the poorest - can be overcome with appropriate design and management. The report recommends ways to encourage sustainability of {MHOs,} such as regulation, coordination, and reinsurance, and a national underwriting fund. These issues and recommendations are intended to inform policymakers who must decide financing and other matters regarding the schemes. A Survey of Health Financing Schemes in Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Ghana CHI Health care financing Health financing schemes Micro health insurance Mutual insurance Bethesda, Maryland 2001 {PHRplus} - Partners for Health Reformplus Project, Abt. Associates Inc., {USAID} 2001 atim_social_2006 techreport Social Participation in the development of mutual health organizations in senegal Africa Development of MHOs Micro health insurance Mutual health organisations Participation Senegal Social participation Bethesda, {MD} 2006 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2006 atim_external_2000 techreport An External Evaluation of the Nkoranza Community Financing Health Insurance Scheme, Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Micro health insurance Nkoranza Scheme Provider model Maryland 2000 50 {PHRplus} - Partners for Health Reformplus 2000 atta_preprah_linking_2008 misc This paper proposes a conceptual framework that establishes the relationship between microfinance, poverty and {HIV/AIDS.} This paper argues that if microfinance can reduce poverty then it could also be used as a powerful tool for preventing {HIV/AIDS.} It reviews theoretical and empirical literature about poverty, {HIV/AIDS} and microfinance. The paper states that: * Microfinance institutions can assist clients in protecting their income and assets from the impact {HIV/AIDS} and related diseases; * The people most at risk from {HIV/AIDS} are the poor, in general, and women, in particular; * High levels of poverty force women to seek alternative means of livelihood, as a result of which they contact {HIV/AIDS.} The paper proposes a conceptual framework that links microfinance, poverty and {HIV/AIDS.} In this model: * Poverty plays an intermediary role. * A combination of financial and non-financial services reduces poverty levels; this has a trickle down effect on the family as well as on society. * The right wing of the model comprises financial services that benefit the poor in a variety of ways, increasing their income, making them self-sufficient, empowering women, etc. * The left wing of the model comprises non-financial services such as education, counseling, business advisory services etc. * Together, they result in a reduction in social exclusion and sexual exploitation that are the risk factors for {HIV/AIDS.} The paper concludes with policy recommendations to help microfinance institutions support the prevention of {HIV/AIDS,} and mitigate its economic impact on affected households. Linking Microfinance, Poverty and {HIV/AIDS:} Theoretical and Empirical Review HIV/AIDS Microfinance January 2008 2008-01 aubert_designing_2008 article Journal of Development Economics Designing Credit Agent Incentives to Prevent Mission Drift in {Pro-Poor} Microfinance Institutions Microfinance Mission drift 0304-3878 In Press, Accepted Manuscript 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBV-4TWVX2N-1/2/119e0faba452880d4bdb37352baa6554 2008 avery_measuring_1988 article Review of Income and Wealth Measuring wealth with survey data: an evaluation of the 1983 survey of consumer finances Measuring wealth Research method 339--369 34 1988 4 1988 awortwi_riddle_1999 book The Riddle of Community Development: Factors Influencing Organisation, Participation and Self-management in 29 African and Latin American Communities Africa Community development Participation South America The Riddle of Community Development 1999 Institute of Social Studies 1999 badasu_implementation_2006 article African Population Studies Supplement A Implementation of Ghana's Health User Fee Policy and the Exemption of the Poor: Problems and Prospects Africa Ghana Health care system Health sector reform 286--302 19 2006 2006 baeza_extending_2002 book Discussion Paper Extending Social Protection in Health Through Community Based Health Organizations. Evidence and Challenges Community-based health insurance Social protection Geneva 2002 International Labour Organization {(ILO)} 2002 baeza_beyond_2006 book Beyond survival - protecting households from health shocks in Latin America Catastrophic health care expenditure Health care costs Health insurance Latin America South America Palo Alto, Calif. [u.a.] 0-8213-6571-1 2006 Stanford Economics and Finance [u.a.] 2006 baeza_erweiterung_2007 article Internationale Revue f\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit {"Mit} dem Begriff {'Versicherung'} bezeichnen unterschiedliche Menschen unterschiedliche Dinge: ein Instrument, das Individuen Schutz vor Risiken bietet, oder einen versicherungsmathematischen Mechanismus. Im ersten Fall wird Versicherung in Bezug auf ihre Ziele de finiert, im zweiten mit Blick auf einen Mechanismus, mit d em dieses Ziel erreicht werden konnte. Selbst dort, wo Institutionen keine Versicherung im zweiten Sinne sind, konnen sie insofern immer noch als Versicherung betrachtet werden, als sie Schutz vor Risiken bieten." Erweiterung des Risikopools in der Gesundheitsversorgung von Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern: Probleme beim \"{U}bergang zur Steuerfinanzierung Developing countries Health care Universal coverage 95--114 April Erweiterung Des Risikopools in Der Gesundheitsversorgung Von Entwicklungslandern 60 2007 2-3 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1726.2007.00013.x 2007-04 baku_evaluation_2006 techreport An evaluation of informal mutual health organisations {(MHOs)} in southern Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Micro health insurance NHIS 2006 7 The {Ghanaian-Dutch} Collaboration for Health Research and Development 2006 balabanova_understanding_2002 article {INTRODUCTION:} Throughout the 1990s, in response to funding deficits, out-of-pocket payment has grown as a share of total expenditure in countries in transition. A clear policy response to informal payments is, however, lacking. The current study explores informal payments in Bulgaria within a conceptual framework developed by triangulating information using a variety of methodologies. {OBJECTIVE:} To estimate the scale and determinants of informal payments in the health sector of Bulgaria and to identify who benefits, the characteristics and timing of payments, and the reasons for paying. {DESIGN:} Data were derived from a national representative survey of 1547 individuals complemented by in-depth interviews and focus groups with over 100 respondents, conducted in Bulgaria in 1997. Informal payments are defined as a monetary or in-kind transaction between a patient and a staff member for services that are officially free of charge in the state sector. {RESULTS:} Informal payments are relatively common in Bulgaria, especially if in the form of gifts. Informal cash payments are universal for operations and childbirth, clear-cut and life-threatening procedures, in hospitals or elite urban facilities or well-known physicians. Most gifts were given at the end of treatment and most cash payments-before or during treatment. Wealthier, better educated, younger respondents tend to pay more often, as a means of obtaining better-quality treatment in a de facto two-tier system. Since the transition, informal payments had become frequent, explicit, solicited by staff, increasingly in cash, and less affordable. Informal payments stem from the low income of staff, patients seeking better treatment; acute funding shortages; and from tradition. Attitudes to informal payments range from strongly negative (if solicited) to tolerant (if patient-initiated), depending on the circumstances. {CONCLUSIONS:} The study provides important new insights into the incidence and nature of informal payments in the health sector in Bulgaria. Payments were less than expected, very complex, organised in a chaotic, although adaptive, system, and relatively equitable. The timing of payment and the presence of compulsion is a key factor in distinguishing between informal payments given in gratitude or as a bribe, and the latter are seen as problematic, needing to be addressed. Paying informally appeared to be a product of socio-economic reality rather than culture and tradition. The study showed that the principle of comprehensive free coverage existing in Bulgaria until 1989 has been significantly eroded. Initiating a public debate on informal payments is important in a health care reform process that purports to increase accountability. Bulgaria Female Financing Focus groups Gift giving Health care expenditure Health policy Informal payments Interviews Male Quality of health care 0168-8510 243--273 3 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12385850 Health Policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) Understanding informal payments for health care: the example of Bulgaria 62 Understanding informal payments for health care December 2002 {PMID:} 12385850 2002-12 ballet_social_2007 article The Journal of Environment Development This article explores the reasons why community-based natural resource management is not necessarily a panacea. One reason may be that the communitarian benefits associated with social capital formation generally focus on the structural approach (e.g., network connections, group size) and too rarely take into consideration the underlying cultural context in which these relationships are embedded. Using Bourdieu's seminal framework for the different forms of capital (social, cultural, and symbolic), it indeed appears that (a) social capital is costly to produce and (b) its outcomes on resource management depend highly on the cultural capital (values, norms, etc.) in which it exists. The reference to Bourdieu's social capital helps to introduce the analysis of power relationships in community-based natural resource management. Social Capital and Natural Resource Management: A Critical Perspective Natural resource management Social capital 355--374 December Social Capital and Natural Resource Management 16 2007 4 http://jed.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/4/355 2007-12 baltes-gaetz_logistische_2005 article {AWS.} {SPSS} Logistische Regressionsanalyse mit {SPSS.(Universit\"{a}ts-Rechenzentrum} Trier SPSS 19 2005 2005 baltussen_priority_2006 article Health Policy Background Public spending on health care in many developing countries falls short to provide a comprehensive set of essential health services, which indicates the need to target and prioritize resources. However, governments often attempt to provide free services to the whole population, and often spend resources on low-impact services. This results in an inequitable and inefficient use of {resources.Methods} This paper presents a rational approach to targeting and prioritization of public spending, with an application to Ghana. First, interventions were tested against the economic justification for public funding, to define to whom spending should be targeted. Second, resulting interventions were prioritized on the basis of medical and non-medical {criteria.Results} The step-wise approach led to a rank ordering of interventions with a specification whether public spending should be targeted at the whole population or the poor only. Disease control priorities are prevention of mother-to-child {HIV/AIDS} transmission and oral rehydration therapy to treat diarrhea in childhood, and public funding of these interventions is warranted for the whole population. Case-management of pneumonia in childhood is also a priority but public funding should be targeted at the poor only. Low priorities for public funding are certain interventions to control blood pressure, tobacco and alcohol abuse, be it for the whole population or the poor {only.Conclusion} Governments should not try to provide everything for everybody. This may help health systems to move towards a more equitable and efficient use of resources. Priority setting of public spending in developing countries: Do not try to do everything for everybody Economic analysis Public finance 149--156 October Priority setting of public spending in developing countries 78 2006 2-3 2006-10 baltussen_management_2006 article Tropical Medicine and International Health Management of mutual health organizations in Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Ghana CHI Management Micro health insurance Mutual insurance NHIS 654--659 11 2006 5 2006 banda_public/private_1994 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press The public/private mix in the health care system in Malawi Africa Health care system Malawi 63--71 9 1994 1 1994 banda_private_1995 article Journal of International Development {THE} {PRIVATE} {HEALTH} {SECTOR} {IN} {MALAWI:} {OPENING} {PANDORA'S} {BOX?} Africa Malawi Primary health care 403--421 7 1995 3 1995 bandawe_experience_1997 article Child Welfare The Experience of Family Foster Care in Malawi: A Preliminary Investigation Africa Family foster care Malawi 76 1997 4 1997 banks_consumers_1999 incollection Consumers' Willingness to Pay for {MOH-Sponsored} Voluntary Health Insurance in Jordan: A Focus Group Analysis. Group analysis Jordan Voluntary health insurance Willingness to pay {Consumers'Willingness} to Pay for {MOH-Sponsored} Voluntary Health Insurance in Jordan 1999 Partnerships for Health Reform, Abt Associates 1999 banthia_microinsurance_2009 article Microinsurance paper {MICROINSURANCE} {THAT} {WORKS} {FOR} {WOMEN:} {MAKING} {GENDER-SENSITIVE} {MICROINSURANCE} {PROGRAMS} Curriculum Gender sensitive Microinsurance Women 3 2009 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/mifacility/download/mpaper3_gender.pdf 2009 barden-ofallon_factors_2004 article {AIDS} and Behavior Measures of {HIV/AIDS} knowledge and risk perception are important because they are often linked to behavioral change both in theory and in practice. This study examines knowledge and risk perception by assessing their relationship with demographic characteristics, first source of {HIV/AIDS} information, and behavioral and cognitive risk exposures among men and women in a rural district of Malawi. The data come from a panel study of 940 women aged 15--34 years and 661 men aged 20--44 years. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression models are used for the analysis. The results indicate that knowledge of {HIV/AIDS} does not necessarily translate into perceived risk. In addition, there appears to be a gender difference in the influence of cognitive and behavioral factors on perceived risk. Factors Associated with {HIV/AIDS} Knowledge and Risk Perception in Rural Malawi HIV/AIDS Malawi Risk perception 131--140 June 8 2004 2 10.1023/B:AIBE.0000030244.92791.63 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:AIBE.0000030244.92791.63 2004-06 barnett_prepayment_2000 techreport Prepayment Scheme in Rwanda accepts {Sero-Positive} Members Africa Micro health insurance Prepayment scheme Rwanda Bethesda, Maryland 2000 {PHRplus,} {USAID} 2000 barnett_poverty_2008 article World Development Summary A growing literature suggests that in low-income countries, households with few assets can be trapped in chronic poverty. This article reviews relevant threads of the poverty traps literature to motivate a description of the opportunities presented by innovative index-based risk transfer products. These products can be used to address some insurance and credit market failures that contribute to the persistence of poverty among households in low-income countries. Applications are considered at the micro, meso, and macro levels. Poverty Traps and {Index-Based} Risk Transfer Products Index-based risk transfer products Poverty trap Risk management {0305-750X} 1766--1785 October 36 2008 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4SWG0MJ-6/2/935f1c94c854c78083fb30e6e54f4994 2008-10 barnett_guidelines_2000 techreport Guidelines for Studies of the Social and Economic Impact of {HIV/AIDS} HIV/AIDS Impact Geneva, Switzerland 2000 {UNAIDS} - Joint United Nations Programm on {HIV/AIDS} 2000 baernighausen_willingness_2007 article {BMC} Health Services Research Background: Most of the about 140 million informal sector workers in urban China do not have health insurance. A 1998 central government policy leaves it to the discretion of municipal governments to offer informal sector workers in cities voluntary participation in a social health insurance for formal sector workers, the so-called 'basic health insurance' {(BHI).} Methods: We used the contingent valuation method to assess the maximum willingness to pay {(WTP)} for {BHI} among informal sector workers, including unregistered rural-to-urban migrants, in Wuhan City, China. We selected respondents in a two-stage self-weighted cluster sampling scheme. Results: On average, informal sector workers were willing to pay substantial amounts for {BHI} (30 Renminbi {(RMB),} 95\% confidence interval {(CI)} 27-33) as well as substantial proportions of their incomes (4.6\%, 95\% {CI} 4.1-5.1\%). Average {WTP} increased significantly when any one of the copayments of the {BHI} was removed in the valuation: to 51 {RMB} (95\% {CI} 46-56) without reimbursement ceiling; to 43 {RMB} (95\% {CI} 37-49) without deductible; and to 47 {RMB} (95\% {CI} 40- 54) without coinsurance. {WTP} was higher than estimates of the cost of {BHI} based on past health expenditure or on premium contributions of formal sector workers. Predicted coverage with {BHI} declined steeply with the premium contribution at low contribution levels. When we applied equity weighting in the aggregation of individual {WTP} values in order to adjust for inequity in the distribution of income, mean {WTP} for {BHI} increased with inequality aversion over a plausible range of the aversion parameter. Holding other factors constant in multiple regression analysis, for a 1\% increase in income {WTP} for {BHI} with different copayments increased by 0.434-0.499\% (all p {\textless} 0.0001), and for a 1\% increase in past health care expenditure {WTP} increased by 0.076-0.148\% (all p {\textless} 0.0004). Being male, a migrant, or without permanent employment significantly decreased {WTP} for {BHI.} Education was not a significant determinant of {WTP} for {BHI.} Willingness to pay for social health insurance among informal sector workers in Wuhan, China: a contingent valuation study China Contingent valuation Informal sector Social health insurance Willingness to pay 114 Willingness to pay for social health insurance among informal sector workers in Wuhan, China 7 2007 1 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/7/114 2007 baernighausen_one_2002 article Social Science \& Medicine One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle-and low-income countries Germany Health insurance system 1559--1587 One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system 54 2002 10 2002 barnum_incentives_1995 article The International Journal of Health Planning and Management The mode of payment creates powerful incentives affecting provider behavior and the efficiency, equity and quality outcomes of health finance reforms. This paper examines provider incentives as well as administrative costs, and institutional conditions for successful implementation associated with provider payment alternatives. The paper focus on payments by institutions (third parties) to providers. The alternatives considered are budget reforms, capitation, fee-for-service, and case-based reimbursement. We conclude that competition, whether through a regulated private sector or within a public system, has the potential to improve the performance of any payment method. All methods generate both adverse and beneficial incentives. Systems with mixed forms of provider payment can provide tradeoffs to offset the disadvantages of individual modes. Low income countries should avoid complex payment systems requiring higher levels of institutional development. Incentives and Provider Payment Methods Health sector reform Reimbursement 23--45 10 1995 1 1995 bar-on_poverty_1999 article International Journal of Social Welfare Poverty amid plenty: lessons from Botswana's social assistance scheme Africa Botswana Poverty Social assistance schmeme 97--110 8 1999 1999 barr_microfinance_2005 article Michigan, {US:} University of Michigan In this paper, the author presents a case with focus on microfinance as a crucial strategy for financial development that ultimately leads to reduction in poverty levels. The paper is structured as follows: Financial development and poverty alleviation: The author cites examples and studies to establish the link between financial development and poverty alleviation through the medium of economic growth. The basics of microfinance. Financial development by focusing on microfinance: The article describes the reasons why microfinance could be an effective tool for financial development to reduce poverty. The author presents the following reasons why microfinance can contribute effectively to financial development: Financially sustainable institutions can contribute to poverty alleviation on a large scale and aid in market deepening; hence, in financial development. In countries with bad governance environment, microfinance may prove to be an effective and useful strategy over other strategies. Microfinance can help in maturing of financial markets by indirectly developing the banking sector. Microfinance could contribute in creating an atmosphere conducive to building and implementing domestic economic reforms in a country. The paper concludes with the restatement of the case for microfinance being used for financial development. The author also points out to the need for further research in each area explored to present a stronger case. Microfinance and Financial Development Financial development Microfinance April 2005 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/35724 2005-04 barrientos_reforming_2000 article The paper examines the recent reforms of health insurance in Chile and Argentina. These partially replace social health insurance with individual insurance administered through the private sector. In Chile, reforms in the early 1980s allowed private health insurance funds to compete for affiliates with the social health insurance system. In Argentina, reforms in the 1990s aim to open up the union-administered social insurance system to competition both internally and from private insurers. The paper outlines the specific articulation of social and individual health insurance produced by these reforms, and discusses the implications for health insurance coverage, inequalities in access to healthcare, and health expenditures. Adult Aged Argentina Child Chile Health insurance Infant Insurance coverage Middle aged National health programs Preschool child Reform South America 0268-1080 417--423 4 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11124245 Health Policy and Planning Reforming health insurance in Argentina and Chile 15 December 2000 {PMID:} 11124245 2000-12 basaza_community_2008 article Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) Community Health Insurance {(CHI)} in Uganda faces low enrolment despite interest by the Ugandan health sector to have {CHI} as an elaborate health sector financing mechanism. User fees have been abolished in all government facilities and {CHI} in Uganda is limited to the private not for profit sub-sector, mainly church-related rural hospitals. In this study, the reasons for the low enrolment are investigated in two different models of {CHI.} Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were carried out with members and non-members of {CHI} schemes in order to acquire more insight and understanding in people's perception of {CHI,} in their reasons for joining and not joining and in the possibilities they see to increase enrolment. This study, which is unprecedented in East Africa, clearly points to a mixed understanding on the basic principles of {CHI} and on the routine functioning of the schemes. The lack of good information is mentioned by many. Problems in ability to pay the premium, poor quality of health care, the rigid design in terms of enrolment requirements and problems of trust are other important reasons for people not to join. Our findings are grossly in line with the results of similar studies conducted in West Africa even if a number of context-specific issues have been identified. The study provides relevant elements for the design of a national policy on {CHI} in Uganda and other {sub-Saharan} countries. Community health insurance in Uganda: Why does enrolment remain low? A view from beneath Africa Community-based health insurance Enrolment Micro health insurance Uganda 01688510 February Community health insurance in Uganda 2008 {PMID:} 18280608 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280608 2008-02 basher_empowerment_2007 article Journal of Developing Areas This paper analyzes how participation in microcredit program helps to reduce the fertility rate. By using the data from the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, the paper also examines whether the accomplished empowerment of the microcredit borrower remains limited only to economic activities or also reflected in their non-economic activities. The results show that the Grameen Bank transforms its participants from a passive recipient of credit to a well responsive and active agent in economic and non-economic aspects of life. This transformation sets up an encouraging context for the effective public policies for economic and social changes at a reduced transaction cost. Empowerment of Microcredit Participants and Its Spillover Effects: Evidence from the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh Asia Bangladesh Empowerment Fertility Behavior Grameen Bank Microcredit Microfinance 173--183 Empowerment of Microcredit Participants and Its Spillover Effects 40 2007 2 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=983363 2007 bassett_frameworks_2005 inproceedings Frameworks for analyzing health systems, health financing and the regulation of health insurance Health care financing Health care system Regulation Research method March 2005 http://hc.wharton.upenn.edu/impactconference/basset_paper_%20031005.pdf 2005-03 basu_scaling-up_2005 book This paper reviews the current level and pattern of access to finance for India's rural poor and examines some of the key microfinance approaches in India, taking a close look at the most dominant among these, the Self Help Group {(SHG)} Bank Linkage initiative. It empirically analyzes the success with which {SHG} Bank Linkage has been able to reach the poor, examines the reasons behind this, and the lessons learned. The analysis in the paper draws heavily on a recent rural access to finance survey of 6,000 households in India, undertaken by the authors. The main findings and implications of the paper are as follows: India's rural poor currently have very little access to finance from formal sources. Microfinance approaches have tried to fill the gap. Among these, the growth of {SHG} Bank Linkage has been particularly remarkable, but outreach remains modest in terms of the proportion of poor households served. The paper recommends that, if {SHG} Bank Linkage is to be scaled-up to offer mass access to finance for the rural poor, then much more attention will need to be paid towards: the promotion of high quality {SHGs} that are sustainable, clear targeting of clients, and ensuring that banks linked to {SHGs} price loans at cost-covering levels. At the same time, the paper argues that, in an economy as vast and varied as India's, there is scope for diverse microfinance approaches to coexist. Private sector microfinanciers need to acquire greater professionalism, and the government, too, can help by creating a flexible architecture for microfinance innovations, including through a more enabling policy, legal and regulatory framework. Finally, the paper argues that, while microfinance can, at minimum, serve as a quick way to deliver finance to the poor, the medium-term strategy to scale-up access to finance for the poor should be to 'graduate' microfinance clients to formal financial institutions. The paper offers some suggestions on what it would take to reform these institutions with an eye to improving access for the poor. Scaling-up Microfinance for India's Rural Poor India Microfinance Poor 2005 http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN024231.pdf World Bank, South Asia Region, Finance and Private Sector Development Unit 2005 bauchet_randomized_2009 article Microfinance Insights Discussing the merits and limitations of randomized experiments for microfinance evaluations Randomized Experiments in Microfinance Experimental design Microfinance Randomization 27--28 12 2009 may/june 2009 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.1.4366/Randomized%20Experiments%20in%20Microfinance.pdf 2009 baumol_unbalanced_1985 article The article presents a study that concluded that all the empirical data examined seem consistent with the predictions of the amended unbalanced growth model. The increasing share of services turns out to be somewhat illusory. The output shares of the progressive and stagnant sectors have remained fairly constant in the postwar period, so that with rising relative prices, the share of total expenditures on the stagnant services and their share of the labor force have increased dramatically, i.e. their prices rose at about the same rate as their productivity lagged behind the progressive sectors, just as the model indicates. The same trends are also found internationally. Economic forecasting Labour productivity Labour supply Prices Service industries 00028282 806--817 4 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=4501481&site=ehost-live American Economic Review Unbalanced Growth Revisited: Asymptotic Stagnancy and New Evidence. 75 Unbalanced Growth Revisited 1985 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 4501481; Baumol, William J. 1,2; Blackman, Sue Anne Batey 1; Wolff, Edward N. 2; Affiliations: 1: Princeton University; 2: New York University; Issue Info: Sep85, Vol. 75 Issue 4, p806; Thesaurus Term: {ECONOMIC} forecasting; Thesaurus Term: {ECONOMIC} development; Thesaurus Term: {PRICES;} Thesaurus Term: {SERVICE} industries; Thesaurus Term: {LABOR} supply; Thesaurus Term: {LABOR} productivity; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 333319 Other Commercial and Service Industry Machinery Manufacturing; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 423850 Service Establishment Equipment and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers; Number of Pages: 12p; Illustrations: 3 charts, 4 graphs; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Article 1985 baza_health_1993 article International Journal of Health Planning and Management Despite its a priori attractiveness, health insurance schemes are rare in developing countries. A recent external review of the Bamako Initiative in Burundi considered the extent to which the {lsquoCarte} {d'Assurance} Maladiersquo {(CAM)} has the potential to improve the quality of, and access to, health services. Although utilization of the {CAM} was found to be low overall, most of those visiting the health centres were in possession of a card, leading the team to conclude that health service utilization for curative care is extremely low. Focus group discussion revealed that users perceive the quality of health services to be poor, and that frequent shortages of basic drugs and supplies create uncertainty as to whether the {CAM} will provide good value for money, the shortage of basic drugs, the lack of community participation in the management of health services, and the fact that very little of the revenue from sales of the {CAM} is spent on health service provision provide possible explanations for the weak uptake of health insurance. Closing the link between the payment for health services and the financing of those services would contribute to an improvement in the quality and the confidence of the population in government health services. Health insurance and the bamako initiative in Burundi: Value for money? Bamako initiative Burundi 129--135 Health insurance and the bamako initiative in Burundi 8 1993 2 10.1002/hpm.4740080206 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.4740080206 1993 beauliere_access_2010 article Background In low- and middle-income countries, access to combination antiretroviral therapy for all people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome {(HIV/AIDS)} in need of treatment is a major public health challenge. The objective of this paper was to provide an overview of the different financing modalities of {HIV/AIDS} care at the microeconomic level and an analysis of their advantages and {limitations.Methods} A review of the published literature using mainly the Medline and Science Direct databases for the 1990-2008 period in English and French made it possible to explore different financing strategies for the access to combination antiretroviral therapy using as case studies specific countries from different regions: Ivory Coast, Uganda, Senegal, and Rwanda for {sub-Saharan} Africa, Brazil and Haiti in the Latin {America/Caribbean} region, and Thailand for {Asia.Results} In these settings, direct payment through user fees is the most frequent financing mechanism in place for {HIV/AIDS} care and treatment, including combination antiretroviral therapy. Nevertheless, other mechanisms are being implemented to improve access to treatment such as community-based health insurance schemes with free care for the poor and vulnerable households and public-private {partnerships.Conclusion} The type of financing strategy for {HIV/AIDS} care and treatment depends on the context. As direct payment through user fees limits access to care and does not enable program sustainability, national and donor agencies are introducing alternative strategies such as community financing systems (mutual health organizations, micro insurance, community health funds) and public-private partnerships. Finally, access to combination antiretroviral therapy has improved in resource-limited settings; however, there is a need to introduce alternative financial mechanisms to ensure long-term universal and equitable access to treatment and care, including combination antiretroviral therapy. Access Antiretroviral therapy Developing countries Financing strategies 0398-7620 171--179 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8JDP-4YYGYTG-4/2/4137407037a676b8b2f4ee7861e98da2 Revue d'\ufffd?{E}pid\'{e}miologie et de Sant\'{e} Publique Access to antiretroviral treatment in developing countries: Which financing strategies are possible? 58 Access to antiretroviral treatment in developing countries June 2010 10.1016/j.respe.2010.03.002 2010-06 beck_reformstau_2004 misc Reformstau beim Risikoausgleich? Internationale Erfahrungen und konkrete L\"{o}sungen f\"{u}r die Schweiz GL Risk adjustment Switzerland 2004 2004 beck_risiko_2004 book Risiko Krankenversicherung - Risikomanagement in einem regulierten Krankenversicherungsmarkt Health insurance Risk management Bern 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Haupt Verlag 2004 beck_risk_2003 article Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) In Switzerland the new law on Health Insurance, effective since 1996, introduced pro competitive changes in the market of sickness funds. The legislator expected high mobility between sickness funds of both healthy and sick insured as open enrolment was introduced with the new law. That is why the risk adjustment scheme, that was already introduced 1993, was limited until 2005. However, consumer mobility remained low and risk selection strategies are still profitable, since risk-adjustment is based only on demographic variables. This paper describes risk adjustment, consumer mobility, risk selection activities of sickness funds and the impact of imperfect risk adjustment on the development of {HMO} and {PPO} models. The paper concludes with a description of the current political and scientific discussion in Switzerland. Risk adjustment in Switzerland Cost control GL Health care expenditure Health sector reform Insurance selection bias Managed competition Risk adjustment Switzerland 01688510 63--74 July 65 2003 1 {PMID:} 12818746 2003-07 beck_auswirkungen_2007 article Schriften des {CSS-Instituts} f\"{u}r empirische Gesundheits\"{o}konomie Auswirkungen eines Hochrisikopools auf die Risikoselektion im Schweizer {Krankenversicherungs-Wettbewerb:} Eine empirische Kl\"{a}rung GL High risk pools Risk selection Switzerland April 2007 2007-04 bedard_armutsbekaempfung_1988 inproceedings Armutsbek\"{a}mpfung durch Selbsthilfe Poverty Self-help Feldafing, Germany 1988 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Deutsche Stiftung f\"{u}r internationale Entwicklung in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Bundesministerium f\"{u}r wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und den \"{u}brigen Institutionen der Gemeinsamen Arbeitsgruppe 1988 behrend_zur_2007 article Gesundheitswesen {(Bundesverband} der \"{A}rzte des \"{O}ffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes {(Germany))} {BACKGROUND:} A report commissioned by the German Ministry of Health recommends to the existing scheme for calculating risk-adjusted transfers to sickness funds supplement with the {IPHCC+RxGroups} method. The method is based on inpatient diagnoses and prescribed drugs as health status measures deduced from prior use. {OBJECTIVE:} The present study investigates the sickness fund's expected net return from gaming based on the drug component of the risk adjuster. {METHODS:} The study explores three possible strategies using the {RxGroups} method. For the stimulations, insurees are assigned to additional indications or to higher valued {RxGroups} within the same indication. Then, costs and financial benefits attributable to the altered drug use are estimated and compared with the status quo. The study uses 2000 and 2001 sample data of more than 370,000 insurees of Germany's company-based sickness funds system {(BKK).} {RESULTS:} While upgrading increases overall costs, it can be beneficial for the individual sickness funds. Their net return crucially depends on the number of sickness funds gaming the system: the more participating in the game, the smaller is the average net return. Moreover, not participating often is even worse, which in turn points to a prisoner's dilemma. {CONCLUSIONS:} When extending the risk adjustment scheme in social health insurance, the German legislator should take into account the perverse incentives of risk adjusters such as the described prescription drug model. Zur Strategieanf\"{a}lligkeit der Arzneimittelkomponente des {IPHCC+RxGroups-Klassifikationssystems} in einem morbidit\"{a}tsorientierten Risikostrukturausgleich - Eine konzeptionelle und datengest\"{u}tzte Analyse Diagnosis-Related Groups Drug prescriptions Economic models Game theory Germany GL Insurance pools Risk adjustment Risk factors 14394421 1--10 January 69 2007 1 {PMID:} 17347926 2007-01 behrend_risk-adjusted_2007 article The European journal of health economics : {HEPAC} : health economics in prevention and care Five models of risk adjusters were tested as a (proxy) measure for health status with data from a large German sickness fund. The first two models use standard demographic and socio-demographic variables. One model incorporates a simple binary indicator for hospitalization and the last two are based on the hierarchical coexisting conditions {(HCCs:} {DxCG((R))} Risk Adjustment Software Release 6.1) using in-patient diagnoses. Special investigations were done on the subgroups of insurees who left, joined or stayed with the fund over the observation period. Age and gender grouping accounted for 3.2\% of the variation in total expenditure for concurrent as well as prospective models. The current German risk adjusters age, sex, and invalidity status account for 5.1 and 4.5\% of the variance in the concurrent and prospective models, respectively. Age, gender, invalidity status and in-patient {HCC} covariates explain about 37\% of the variations of the total expenditures in a concurrent model and roughly 12\% of the variations of total expenditures in a prospective model. Only modest improvement can be achieved with the long-term-care {(LTC)} indicator. For high-risk (cost) groups, substantial under-prediction remains; conversely, for the low-risk group, represented by enrolees who did not show any health care expense in the base year, all of the models over-predict expenditure. Special investigations were done on the subgroups of insurees who left, joined or stayed with the fund over the observation period. Risk-adjusted capitation payments: how well do principal inpatient diagnosis-based models work in the German situation? Results from a large data set Capitation fee Germany GL Risk adjustment 16187598 January Risk-adjusted capitation payments 2007 {PMID:} 17260150 2007-01 behrman_social_2003 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} ing the determinants of individuals' perceptions of their risk of becoming infected with {HIV} and their perceptions of acceptable strategies of prevention is an essential step towards curtailing the spread of this disease. We focus in this paper on learning and decision-making about {AIDS} in the context of high uncertainty about the disease and appropriate behavioral responses, and we argue that social interaction is an important determinant of risk perceptions and the acceptability of behavioral change. Using longitudinal survey data from rural Kenya and Malawi, we test this hypothesis. We investigate whether social interactions' and especially the extent to which social network partners perceive themselves to be at risk "exert causal influences on respondents" risk perceptions and on one approach to prevention, spousal communication about the threat of {AIDS} to the couple and their children. The study explicitly allows for the possibility that important characteristics, such as unobserved preferences or community characteristics, determine not only the outcomes of interest but also the size and composition of networks. The most important empirical result is that social networks have significant and substantial effects on risk perception and the adoption of new behaviors even after controlling for unobserved factors. Social Networks, {HIV/AIDS} and Risk Perceptions HIV/AIDS Malawi Risk perception Social networks February 2003 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=382844 2003-02 bell_long-run_2003 techreport The Long-run Economic Costs of {AIDS:} Theory and an Application to South Africa Africa HIV/AIDS Long-run economic costs South Africa The Long-run Economic Costs of {AIDS} 2003 Bank World\ 2003 belli_impact_2004 techreport This paper introduces a conceptual framework to investigate the equity consequences of resource allocation, strategic purchasing and payment system reforms {(RAP)} in health, and reviews the empirical literature that has analyzed the impact of these reforms on equity. In the first part, the paper reviews the existing evidence on the distribution of health and health care utilization across socio-economic groups in developing countries. Such evidence shows a striking consistency in the association between poverty and poor health, and that the distribution of health benefits across socio-economic groups is highly unequal, favoring the wealthier segments of the population. At the same time it shows that the issue of quality of services is as important as the issue of their accessibility. Then the paper addresses the meaning of equity in health care: we argue that the concept of equity and that of an equitable distribution of resources in health are not as straightforward as they appear. In the second part, the paper reviews the core elements of {RAP} reforms, and it presents a survey of the empirical literature that has investigated the impact of {RAP} reforms from an equity perspective. We argue that some {RAP} reform components, such as the new resource allocation mechanisms, bear a strong pro-poor potential, but that other components can lead to the emergence of trade-offs between conflicting objectives, such as efficiency and equity. For instance, the new purchasing contracts and payment systems devised to enhance efficiency can create adverse equity effects. Conceptually, these trade-offs are significant and operating at several levels. The Impact of Resource Allocation and Purchasing Reforms on Equity Equity Health care financing Health sector reform Payment systems Resource allocation Resource allocation and purchasing Washington, {D.C.} The Impact of Resource Allocation and Purchasing Reforms on Equity 2004 The World Bank 2004 bender_institutionelle_2006 book Bochumer Schriften zur entwicklungsforschung und Entwicklungspolitik Institutionelle Reformen f\"{u}r dezentrale Entwicklung: Die Rolle gemeinschaftsbasierter Organisationen am Beispiel kooperativer Versicherungsarrangements Community-based development Cooperatives Decentralization Institutional reform Mutual insurance 54 2006 Verlag f\"{u}r Entwicklungspolitik Saarbr\"{u}cken 2006 bendig_savings_2009 article German Institute of Global and Area Studies {(GIGA)} There is currently no abstract available for this document. Savings, Credit and Insurance: Household Demand for Formal Financial Services in Rural Ghana Ghana Microfinance Microinsurance Microsavings January Savings, Credit and Insurance 2009 http://microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/55867 2009-01 bennett_role_2004 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press The role of community-based health insurance within the health care financing system: a framework for analysis Community-based health insurance GL Risk equalization 147--158 19 2004 3 2004 bennett_health_1998 techreport Health insurance schemes for people outside formal sector employment Health insurance Informal sector 1998 16 {ARA} Paper World Health Organization {(WHO),} Division of Analysis, Research and Assessment {(ARA)} 1998 bennett_21_2004 techreport 21 Questions on {Community-Based} Health Financing - An Overview of {Community-Based} Health Financing Community-based health financing Community-based health insurance Micro health insurance Microinsurance Overview Bethesda, Maryland March 21 questions on {CBHF} 2004 Abt Associates, Partners for Health Reform Plus 2004-03 bennett_sustainable_2008 misc Sustainable Banking With The Poor Banking with the poor Microfinance January 2008 2008-01 bere/kabore_etat_2005 misc {ETAT} {DES} {LIEUX} {DES} {MUTUELLES} {DE} {SANTE} {AU} {BURKINA} {FASO} Africa Burkina Faso Micro health insurance West Africa April 2005 http://learning.itcilo.org/ilo/step/clones/doc/mutuellesdesante/Diagnostic%20mutuelles%202005%20BURKINA.pdf 2005-04 berg_can_2008 misc This paper analyzes the eect of natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions on the demand and approval of micronance loans using data from Banco {ProCredit} Ecuador. We nd that high volcanic activity leads to a signicantly higher demand for credit while, at the same time, the probability to receive a loan decreases. Yet, this result holds only for new credit applicants whereas returning clients are equally likely to be approved for loans after volcanic eruptions occurred. The ndings suggest that microcredit can have an insurance function, yet only if the relationship with the bank has already been established. Can Microcredit Help to Cope with Aggregate Shocks? Evidence from Ecuador Aggregated shocks Microcredit Risk coping strategies Microcredit and Aggregate Shocks 2008 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1346565 2008 berman_decade_2000 article Boston {MA:} Harvard School of Public Health, Data for Decision Making Project A Decade of Health Sector Reform in Developing Countries: What Have We Learned Health sector reform A Decade of Health Sector Reform in Developing Countries 2000 2000 berndt_medical_2000 incollection We review in considerable detail the conceptual and measurement issues that underlie construction of medical care price indexes in the {US,} focusing in particular on the medical care consumer price indexes {(MCPIs)} and medical-related producer price indexes {(MPPIs).} We outline salient features of the medical care marketplace, including the impacts of insurance, moral hazard, principal-agent relationships, technological progress and organizational changes. Since observed data are unlikely to correspond with efficient outcomes, we discuss implications of the failure of transactions data in this market to reveal reliable marginal valuations, and the consequent need to augment traditional transactions data with information based on cost-effectiveness and outcomes studies. We describe procedures currently used by the {US} Bureau of Labor Statistics in constructing {MCPIs} and {MPPIs,} including recent revisions, and then consider alternative notions of medical care output pricing that involve the price or cost of an episode of treatment, rather than prices of fixed bundles of inputs. We outline features of a proposed new experimental price index - a medical care expenditure price index - that is more suitable for evaluation and analyses of medical care cost changes, than are the current {MCPIs} and {MPPIs.} We discuss the ways in which medical care transactions enter national economic accounts, including inter-industry flows and national health accounts, as well as aggregate economy implications of possible mismeasurement of prices in the medical sector. We conclude by suggesting future research and measurement issues that are most likely to be fruitful. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Medical Care Prices and Output Episode MCPIs MPPIs Outcomes Price indexes Amsterdam (a.o.) 120--180 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 berner_left_2005 article Community Development Journal Left to their own devices? - Community self-help between alternative development and neo-liberalism Community development Self-help 17--29 40 2005 1 2005 bester_making_2004 techreport Making insurance markets work for the poor in Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland - scoping study - Final Report - {VERSION} 2.0 Africa Botswana Insurance and poverty Lesotho Namibia Swaziland Johannesburg, South Africa 2004 Genesis Analytics {(Pty)} Ltd 2004 bester_making_2008 book The need to facilitate positive market discovery beyond funeral insurance. Effective market provision of microinsurance requires the distribution of products with low value premiums. Although the cost of distribution can be substantially increased by regulation it can also be substantially reduced through distribution innovations, as the application of "tick of the box" models has shown. This has however only been successful in funeral insurance, due to the high awareness of and natural demand for it that makes it possible to sell it as a "commodity" without active sales effort. Now the market faces the challenge of also selling other life and non-life insurance to their funeral insurance clients. Beyond funeral insurance the awareness amongst low-income persons of the value of insurance remains low, implying that such products need to be actively sold. Active, advice-based selling to the low-income market has however thus far been inhibited by onerous market conduct regulation. Need to facilitate entry and formalisation. There is currently no effective space for memberbased entities to formalise into for the provision of insurance. The friendly society space that currently exists may pose risks to consumers and is also limited in terms of the benefits it can provide. Proposed new microinsurance regime takes on board lessons. The current proposed regulatory reform (initiated by the South African National Treasury to correct market imperfections) is encouraging in that it suggests an active engagement of the regulatory authorities to address the challenges highlighted by the case study. It also forms part of a broader policy to empower the previously disadvantaged citizens of the country. Should the proposal for regulatory reform be accepted and enacted, it will provide a valuable case study on the impact of regulatory change on the development of a icroinsurance market. Making insurance markets work for the poor: microinsurance policy, regulation and supervision: South Africa case study Africa Case study Microinsurance Regulation South Africa Supervision Making insurance markets work for the poor 2008 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34173/15_Making%20Insurance%20Markets%20Work%20for%20the%20Poor_Microinsurance%20Policy,%20Regulation%20and%20Supervision_South%20Africa%20Case%20Study.pdf {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance, Good and Bad Practices Case Study 2008 betz_indische_2002 article {Nord-S\"{u}d} aktuell, {XV} Das indische Gesundheitswesen: Struktur, Defizite und die Rolle externer Akteure External assistance health sector Health care system India 462--468 Das indische Gesundheitswesen 3 2002 2002 bevan_exploring_2004 techreport The dominant forms of international poverty research involve statistical analyses of household surveys and 'qualitative' information produced using 'participatory' techniques. The expertises of other social scientists are rarely used to inform development policy. The paper critiques the muddled conceptualisations of 'chronic poverty' in the World Development Special Issue on Chronic Poverty, and outlines a Dynamic {Actor/Structure} framework for analysing poverty processes based on human and social ontologies, which are clearly spelled out. The framework combines three structural levels, actor, lifeworld, and 'big structure', with the different conceptualisations of time implicit in the concepts of calendars and clocks, rhythms and histories, and is used to analyse and understand four episodes of chronic poverty in Brazil, Sierra Leone and Haiti. The sociological analysis of these anthropological studies reveals some of the complex structures and processes involved in the generation of poverty. A crossdisciplinary approach to poverty research would result in more realistic development policies and practices. Exploring the Structured Dynamics of Chronic Poverty: A Sociological Approach Brazil Haiti Poverty Sierra Leone Exploring the Structured Dynamics of Chronic Poverty 2004 {WeD} Working Paper 06. Wellbeing in Developing Countries {ESRC} research group, University of Bath. 2004 bhat_regulation_1996 article Journal of Health Planning and Management Regulation of the Private Health Care Sector in India Health sector reform India Primary health care 253--274 11 1996 1996 bhat_characteristics_1999 article Characteristics of private medical practice in India: a provider perspective India Primary health care 26--37 March Characteristics of private medical practice in India 1999 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/1/26 1999-03 bhattamishra_community-based_2010 article Summary Risk and its consequences pose a formidable threat to poverty reduction efforts. This article reviews a plethora of community-based risk management arrangements across the developing world. These types of arrangements are garnering greater interest in light of the growing recognition of the relative prominence of household- or individual-specific idiosyncratic risk as well as the increasing shift towards community-based development funding. The article discusses potential advantages (such as targeting, cost and informational) and disadvantages (such as exclusion and inability to manage correlated risk) of these arrangements, and their implications for the design of community-based social protection programs and policies. Community-based development Community-based risk management Developing countries Risk management Social risk management {0305-750X} 923--932 7 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4YDR2MH-2/2/470b7d1714b51ae0345c74da08f21bd6 World Development {Community-Based} Risk Management Arrangements: A Review 38 {Community-Based} Risk Management Arrangements July 2010 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.12.017 2010-07 bhat_health_2003 techreport Health insurance and third party administrators: issues and challenges Health insurance Third party administrators Ahmedabad 2003 No. 2003-05-02 Indian Institute of Management 2003 bhole_group_2010 article Papers that compare group lending and individual lending in the presence of strategic default suggest that unless group members can impose costly social sanctions on one another, or unless the bank uses cross-reporting mechanisms group lending may do worse than individual lending. In this paper, we show that if, (1) the amount that a successful borrower owes for his defaulting partner is optimally determined, and (2) the penalty is allowed to vary across group members, then even in the absence of any social sanctions or cross-reporting, (1) expected borrower welfare is strictly higher with group lending when both group lending and individual lending are feasible and (2) group lending is feasible for a greater range of opportunity cost of capital. These results are robust to collusion between borrowers. Collusion Group lending Individual lending Joint liability Strategic default 0304-3878 348--363 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBV-4WJBC16-2/2/37380e69b773f7ea4715c2e497dbe582 Journal of Development Economics Group lending and individual lending with strategic default 91 March 2010 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.06.004 2010-03 bicego_dimensions_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine This study uses recent Demographic and Health Survey {(DHS)} data to examine levels, trends, and differentials in orphan prevalence in {sub-Saharan} Africa. The first part of the analysis presents direct estimates of orphan prevalence in 17 countries during the period 1995-2000. We find a strong correlation between orphanhood prevalence and national adult {HIV} prevalence estimates lending support to the interpretation of the orphan crisis as, in large part, {AIDS-related.} The second part of the analysis consists of an in-depth study of trends and age-patterns in orphan prevalence and welfare in the 1990s for five countries that have had widely divergent {HIV} prevalence levels {(Zimbabwe,} Kenya, Tanzania, Ghana, and Niger). The vulnerability of orphans with respect to their situation in households and educational opportunities is evaluated in relation to non-orphans' experience. The results of the analysis indicate that losing one or both parents is significantly associated with diminished chances of being at the appropriate grade level for age. Our results are interpreted in the context of societal responses to the crisis, and potential recommendations for intervention. Dimensions of the emerging orphan crisis in {sub-Saharan} Africa Africa HIV/AIDS Mortality Orphans Sub-Saharan Africa 1235--1247 March 56 2003 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-45NY293-2/1/e63f271ee51619aa6dd0c16b36da9542 2003-03 biener_performance_2009 misc The Performance of Microinsurance Programs: A Frontier Efficiency Analysis Frontier efficiency analysis Microinsurance 2009 http://numerik.uni-ulm.de/preprints/2009/Microinsurance2009-11-20.pdf 2009 binswanger_willingness_2003 article The Lancet Willingness to pay for {AIDS} treatment: myths and realities HIV/AIDS Willingness to pay 1152--1153 October Willingness to pay for {AIDS} treatment 362 2003 9390 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T1B-49NV339-10/1/fd0c1a8dde3a72e82ff94eec467e0113 2003-10 birchall_rediscovering_2003 misc Rediscovering the cooperative advantage- Poverty reduction through self-help Cooperatives Poverty reduction Self-help 2003 http://service.gmx.net/de/cgi/derefer?TYPE=3&DEST=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oit.org%2Fdyn%2Fempent%2Fdocs%2FF1406653842%2Fpoverty%2520-%2520coops%2520birchall%2520090103.pdf International Labour Office, Geneva 2003 birchall_cooperatives_2004 book Cooperatives and the Millennium Development Goals Africa Cooperatives Millennium development goals Geneva {92-2-116148-X} 2004 International Labour Office 2004 birchall_what_2004 article Annals of Public \& Cooperative Economics This article reports the findings of a project entitled {'The} participation of members in mutual businesses'. A previous project developed a theoretical model of what makes people participate, focusing on the participation of public service users in council housing and social care services. The current project builds on this work, applying the 'mutual incentives model' to a population sample of area committee members and a random sample of non2010participant members of a very large {UK} consumer co2010operative, the Co2010operative Group. Two arguments are presented as to why such research is needed. First, member participation in co2010operative and mutual businesses is becoming an important issue both for this sector and more generally for public policy. Second, a comparison between a public services setting and a co2010operative setting enables us to extend and further test the theoretical model. Two main features of the model are outlined: a 'mutual incentives theory' that goes beyond other models to combine individualistic and collectivistic motivations, and the 'participation chain', a synthesis of existing knowledge that joins motivations to three 'links' that we call 'resources', 'mobilization' and 'dynamics'. The article then summarizes the project methodology, and reports the main findings. As in the public services project, on the 'demand' side, collectivistic incentives prove to be dominant over individualistic, but with some individual 'internal' benefits also being important. On the 'supply' side, skills derived from previous experience were important, as were a positive evaluation of opportunities to participate, and recruitment through existing networks. We then compare the findings to those from the public service users and from a regional co2010operative society; Oxford, Swindon and Gloucester Co2010op. Collective motivations are dominant in all three datasets, but are shown to vary in interesting ways that have important implications for member participation strategies. What Motivates Members to Participate in Cooperative and Mutual Businesses? Cooperatives Mutual insurance Participation 465--495 75 2004 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.2004.00259.x 2004 biswas_making_2008 article Icfai Journal of Risk \& Insurance Although Micro Health Insurance {(MHI)} is meant for people who live below or just above the poverty line, those who cannot afford the traditional health insurance schemes, it is not giving the desired results. These schemes are not sustainable in the long run due to several limitations in the product design. To overrun this problem a feasibility study including the data collection and analysis phase, scheme design phase, and a phase to prepare for implementation of the scheme is required. Designing a client demand oriented product is a must for the successful implementation of the scheme, and stages such as client requirement analysis, prototype design, pricing, final product design, staff training and pilot test are to be considered. The performance of the scheme can be measured through a set of indicators - growth ratio, coverage ratio and liquidity ratio. Making Health Microinsurance Work Coverage Coverage ratio Growth ratio Liquidity ratio Micro health insurance 50--59 January Vol. 5, No. 1 2008 {\textless}p{\textgreater}http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\_id=1082986{\textless}/p{\textgreater} http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1082986 2008-01 bitran_promoting_1998 misc Promoting Health Equity through Social Security Programs: The Implications of Chile's Experience Chile Equity and health Health insurance Social security Socio-economic factors South America 1998 Bank World\ 1998 bitran_waivers_2003 techreport In response to shortages in public budgets for government health services, many developing countries around the world have adopted formal or informal systems of user fees for health care. In most countries user fee proceeds seldom represent more than 15 percent of total costs in hospitals and health centers, but they tend to account for a significant share of the resources required to pay for non-personnel costs. The problem with user fees is that the lack of provisions to confer partial or full waivers to the poor often results in inequity in access to medical care. The dilemma, then, is how to make a much needed system of user fees compatible with the goal of preserving equitable access to services. Different countries have tried different approaches. Those which have carefully designed and implemented waiver systems (e.g., Thailand and Indonesia) have had much greater success in terms of benefits incidence than countries that have improvised such systems {(Ghana,} Kenya, Zimbabwe). Key to the success of a waiver system is its financing. Systems that compensate providers for the revenue forgone from granting exemptions {(Thailand,} Indonesia, and Cambodia) have been more successful than those who expect the provider to absorb the cost of exemptions {(Kenya).} Where waiver systems exist, performance will improve with the timeliness of the reimbursement. Other success factors include the widespread dissemination of information among potential beneficiaries about waiver availability and procedures; the awarding of financial support to poor patients for non-fee costs of care, such as food and transportation (as in Cambodia); and the existence of clear criteria for the granting of waivers, thereby reducing confusion and ambiguity among those responsible for managing the system and among potential recipients. Those facing the task of adopting a system of waivers face multiple design options. These include the following, among others: should exemptions be granted to whole groups or on the basis of individual targeting (the review finds that most systems are based on the latter)? Should waivers or exemptions be permanent or temporary? How frequently should eligibility be reassessed? Should waiver eligibility be determined ex-ante, in the household, or when individuals seek care in the facility? The review examines various approaches taken by countries, but assessing their relative practical merits is difficult, as the evidence is scattered and mixed. Waivers and Exemptions for Health Services in Developing Countries Africa Cambodia Chile Developing countries Effect of fees Exemptions Financing of waivers and exemptions Ghana Indonesia Kenya Lessons and best practice NHIS Performance of protection mechanisms Thailand User fees for health services Zimbabwe Washington, {D.C.} Waivers and Exemptions for Health Services in Developing Countries 2003 0308 Social Protection Discussion Paper Series The World Bank 2003 blanchard-horan_health_2007 article Low-income and rural populations often delay seeking treatment for malaria. Delays in seeking treatment increase the likelihood of mortality and add to the cost of treatment. Delaying health care can also increase hospital admissions and add further burden to strained health systems in developing countries. Interventions that prompt early diagnosis and treatment can reduce delays and rates of hospital admission, resulting in decreased costs to the clients, the health system, and health microinsurance {(HMI)} schemes. Further, understanding determinants of health seeking behavior would be useful in planning malaria control strategies. Case study reports and anecdotal information obtained through interviews revealed certain benefits to the use of healthcare microinsurance. {HMI} users are less likely to be financially vulnerable to health crisis when the {HMI} system works. However, there was no scientific evidence to suggest that participation in a {HMI} plan made a difference in healthcare behavior. Whether {HMI} clients would seek healthcare sooner likely would influence improved health outcomes over their {non-HMI} user counterparts. Hence, this case study explores ways that health care microinsurance influences malaria treatment-seeking behavior in Uganda. Using concepts from the Health Belief Model researchers developed a questionnaire made of semi-structured interviews that were conducted at three sites in Uganda. A multi-site case comparison study provided qualitative and quantitative results from 234 interviews conducted over a three-month period in 2003 in Kisiizi, Kampala, and Ishaka, Uganda. These were conducted with {HMI} users and non-users. The interviews consisted of open and closed-ended questions. Quantitative data were analyzed using {SAS} software. The qualitative data were analyzed using {NVIVO} software. Results from the study indicate that users and non-users of {HMI} felt malaria was serious, that they were susceptible to the illness, and that there were benefits to going for care early in the disease cycle. However, there was a significant difference in how long it took users versus non-users of {HMI} to access care. Findings showed that people who had {HMI} were more likely to go for care earlier once they realized they were ill, compared to those without {HMI.} Further, people who had microinsurance were less likely to be admitted to the hospital than non-users. Users were more likely than non-users to mention transportation as a barrier to access. Conversely, non-users were more likely to indicate cost of care caused them to delay seeking care when they felt that they should go for biomedical services. The implications of this study are far reaching. The results of this study suggest that, in addition to reducing financial vulnerability, {HMI} has the potential to reduce malaria morbidity and the cost of care through early treatment. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Africa Malaria Malaria treatment Micro health insurance Uganda 01900692 765--789 8/9 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=25728944&site=ehost-live International Journal of Public Administration Health Microinsurance in Uganda: Affecting Malaria Treatment Seeking Behavior. 30 Health Microinsurance in Uganda July 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of International Journal of Public Administration is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts.){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1080/01900690701226646 2007-07 bliss_participation_2008 techreport Participation has become one of the most important buzzwords in the international development discourse since at least the middle of the 1990s. In the same way as older key terms such as gender and socio-cultural conditions of development, or new concepts such as good governance and ownership, the increasing claims for participation (of target groups, of beneficiaries, of stake-holders etc.) are usually accompanied by a critical assessment of previous development cooperation which needs to be improved by stronger, more comprehensive or target-oriented participation. However, this positive connotation of participation shared by almost all actors in the field is increasingly challenged through critical remarks forwarded by theoreticians and practitioners alike. In this article the authors provide a critical overview of the dimensions and meanings of "participation" for different actors and in different contexts, and they summarize and analyze the current controversy surrounding the concept and its implementation. One important finding is that in many development programmes (from the project level to sector-wide approaches) and Poverty Reduction Strategy processes, participation is seen and implemented in a functional and utilitarian way to achieve predefined objectives, and not as a tool for empowerment. The same holds for the actors from bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, including many Nongovernmental Organisations. From this review current challenges of participation and development are derived and discussed, including key issues such as legitimacy and representation of various groups of stakeholders, participation and decentralisation, participation and civil society, participation and the poor, and participation and conflict. Participation in International Development Discourse and Practice. {'State} of the Art' and Challenges Development Participation Duisburg 67 pp. 2008 94 http://inef.uni-due.de/page/documents/Report94.pdf Institut f\"{u}r Entwicklung und Frieden 2008 blome-drees_leistungen_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird untersucht, welche Beitr\"{a}ge Genossenschaftsverb\"{a}nde f\"{u}r die Identifikation, Analyse und Handhabung von Unternehmungsrisiken angeschlossener Prim\"{a}rgenossenschaften leisten k\"{o}nnen. Leistungen der Genossenschaftsverb\"{a}nde f\"{u}r das Risikomanagement von Prim\"{a}rgenossenschaften Cooperative societies Risk management 81--92 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 bloom_rural_1999 article A large majority of China's rural population were members of health prepayment schemes in the 1970's. Most of these schemes collapsed during the transition to a market economy. Some localities subsequently reestablished schemes. In early 1997 a new government policy identified health prepayment as a major potential source of rural health finance. This paper draws on the experience of existing schemes to explore how government can support implementation of this policy. The decision to support the establishment of health prepayment schemes is part of the government's effort to establish new sources of finance for social services. It believes that individuals are more likely to accept voluntary contributions to a prepayment scheme than tax increases. The voluntary nature of the contributions limits the possibilities for risk-sharing and redistribution between rich and poor. This underlines the need for the government to fund a substantial share of health expenditure out of general revenues, particularly in poor localities. The paper notes that many successful prepayment schemes depend on close supervision by local political leaders. It argues that the national programme will have to translate these measures into a regulatory system which defines the responsibilities of scheme management bodies and local governments. A number of prepayment schemes have collapsed because members did not feel they got value for money. Local health bureaux will have to cooperate with prepayment schemes to ensure that health facilities provide good quality services at a reasonable cost. Users' representatives can also monitor performance. The paper concludes that government needs to clarify the relationship between health prepayment schemes and other actors in rural localities in order to increase the chance that schemes will become a major source rural health finance. Cost sharing Financing Health policy Health services accessibility Marketing of health services Organizational innovation Prepaid health plans Quality of health care Rural health services 02779536 951--60 7 Social science \& medicine (1982) Rural health prepayment schemes in China: towards a more active role for government 48 Rural health prepayment schemes in China April 1999 {PMID:} 10192561 1999-04 bloom_pluralism_2001 techreport Pluralism and marketisation in the health sector: meeting health needs in contexts of social change in low and middle-income countries Health sector reform Low-income countries Marketisation in health sector Middle income countries Pluralism in health sector Social change and health Brighton, Sussex, England Pluralism and marketisation in the health sector 2001 136 {IDS} Working Paper Institute of Development Studies 2001 boateng_nhis_2007 unpublished {NHIS} Presentation at the Health Summit Ghana NHIS NHIS implementation Ghana 2007 2007 bocognano_which_2000 misc Which Coverage for whom? Equity of Access to Health Insurance in France Access to health insurance Coverage Equity Europe France Health insurance 2000 2000 bold_contract_2009 techreport In many rural settings, informal mutual support networks have evolved into semiformal insurance groups, such as funeral societies. Using detailed panel data for six villages in Ethiopia, we can distinguish two types of contracts, in terms of whether payments are only made at the time of death or savings are accumulated by the group based on premiums paid ex-ante. We characterize these contracts as the coalition-proof equilibria of a symmetric and stationary risk-sharing game, and we show numerically that a contract with savings makes higher demands on enforceability, leading to less cohesive groups finding it in their interest to choose the contract without savings and that coalition-proofness is a necessary condition for the coexistence of both contract types. We show in the data that the type of contract chosen by groups is correlated with the level of trust and other enforcement improving factors. We also predict that among the observed contracts, those with group-based savings and ex-ante payments will attain higher welfare in terms of consumption smoothing than those observed using no group savings. Using panel data, and controlling for household xed eects and time-varying village level xed eects, we show that funeral groups are vehicles for risk-sharing and that contract type matters for performance in line with these predictions. The results appear robust to endogeneity of group formation and endogenous selection into contract types. Contract Design in Insurance Groups Contracting Group insurance Oxford 2009 421 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34324/56905.pdf University of Oxford 2009 bolle_reciprocity_2006 article Theory and Decision Reciprocity is a decisive behavioural rule resulting in successful co-operation or deterrence. In this paper, a dynamic model is proposed, where reciprocity is described by changes in altruistic (or malevolent) ties. Multiple steady states may exist in one of which there may be general cooperation (solidarity) and the other being one of universal malice (war of each individual against all other individuals). We apply our theory to a number of examples, illustrating that the agents' initial preferences determine whether a steady state of solidarity, selfishness or malice will emerge. Reciprocity, Altruism, Solidarity: A Dynamic Model Altruism Reciprocity Solidarity 371--394 Reciprocity, Altruism, Solidarity 60 2006 4 2006 booysen_using_2008 article World Development Summary Using comparable, nationally representative surveys and extending the work of {[Sahn,} D. E., \& Stifel, D. C. (2000). Poverty comparisons over time and across countries in Africa. World Development, 28(12), 2123-2155], an asset index is used to investigate changes in poverty in seven African countries. Poverty declined in five of the seven countries. Improvements in the asset index are driven by progress in the accumulation of private assets, while access to public services has deteriorated. However, the method has some shortcomings. Assets are slow-changing and discrete. The index therefore may not capture changes in well-being accurately. The poor discrimination ability of the index at the lower end of the scale also makes it an inappropriate tool for studying ultra-poverty. Using an Asset Index to Assess Trends in Poverty in Seven {Sub-Saharan} African Countries Asset index Multiple correspondence analysis Poverty 1113--1130 June 36 2008 6 2008-06 borah_mixed_2006 article In order to address the persistent problems of access to and delivery of health care in rural India, a better understanding of the individual provider choice decision is required. This paper is an attempt in this direction as it investigates the determinants of outpatient health care provider choice in rural India in the mixed multinomial logit {(MMNL)} framework. This is the first application of the mixed logit to the modeling of health care utilization. We also use the multiple imputation technique to impute the missing prices of providers that an individual did not visit when she was ill. Using data from National Sample Survey Organization of India, we find the following: price and distance to a health facility play significant roles in health care provider choice decision; when health status is poor, distance plays a less significant role in an adult's provider choice decision; price elasticity of demand for outpatient care varies with income, with low-income groups being more price-sensitive than high-income ones. Furthermore, outpatient care for children is more price-elastic than that for adults, which reflects the socio-economic structure of a typical household in rural India where an adult's health is more important than that of a child for the household's economic sustenance. Asia Choice behaviour Health care provider Health personnel India Logistic models Logit model 1057-9230 915--932 9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16929482 Health Economics A mixed logit model of health care provider choice: analysis of {NSS} data for rural India 15 A mixed logit model of health care provider choice September 2006 10.1002/hec.1166 {PMID:} 16929482 2006-09 borghi_methodological_2009 article Methodological challenges in evaluating health care financing equity in data Equity and health Health care financing Methodology Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2009 www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/S0731-2199(2009)0000021009 2009 borghi_measuring_2008 article Health Policy Economic evaluation of health promotion programmes presents well documented challenges. These programmes often generate significant non-health benefits which are typically ignored within economic evaluation. This study explored the use of the contingent valuation {(CV)} method to value the broader benefits of a women's group programme to improve maternal and newborn health in Nepal. Interviews were conducted with 93 women's group members, 70 women non-members and 33 men. Respondents were asked to give reasons for their willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} in terms of health and/or non-health benefits. {WTP} was regressed against socio-economic and demographic variables using ordinary least squares. Seventy eight percent of respondents were willing-to-pay for the women's groups. There was no significant difference between the {WTP} of women's group members compared to female non-members. Men were willing-to-pay significantly more than women. {WTP} reflected non-health benefits in over 80\% of cases. At least 11\% of women attending meetings and 38\% of those not attending were {WTP} for altruistic motives. Future research should address the relative value of non-health compared to health benefits; and motivations behind non-user values and their consistency across settings. Measuring the benefits of health promotion programmes: Application of the contingent valuation method Contingent valuation Economic evaluation Health promotion Non-health benefit Willingness to pay Measuring the benefits of health promotion programmes In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4S02JR9-3/1/32e126081feb5d62de312c041145331b 2008 bornemisza_promoting_2010 article Issues around health equity in conflict-affected fragile states have received very little analysis to date. This paper examines the main factors that threaten health equity, the populations that are most vulnerable and potential strategies to improve health equity. The methods employed are a review of the published and grey literature, key informant interviews and an analysis of data on social determinants of health indicators. A new conceptual framework was developed outlining types of inequity, factors that influence equity and possible strategies to strengthen equity. Factors that affect equity include displacement, gender and financial barriers. Strategies to strengthen health equity include strengthening pro-equity policy and planning functions; building provider capacity to provide health services; and reducing access and participation barriers for excluded groups. In conclusion, conflict is a key social determinant of health. More data is needed to determine how conflict affects within-country and between-country equity, and better evaluated strategies are needed to reduce inequity. Conflict Equity and health Fragile states Violence 0277-9536 80--88 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4XH9W3S-2/2/7be717a68d0604b51c1200cfc5077147 Social Science \& Medicine Promoting health equity in conflict-affected fragile states 70 January 2010 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.032 2010-01 borzecki_identifying_2004 article American Journal of Medical Quality The objective was to determine the best strategy for identifying outpatients with hypertension-related diagnoses using Veterans Affairs {(VA)} administrative databases. We reviewed 1176 outpatient charts from 10 {VA} sites in 1999, taking the presence of 11 diagnoses relevant to hypertension management as the "gold standard" for identifying the comorbidity. We calculated agreement, sensitivity, and specificity for the chart versus several administrative data-based algorithms. Using 1999 data and requiring 1 administrative diagnosis, observed agreement ranged from 0.98 (atrial fibrillation) to 0.85 (hyperlipidemia), and kappas were generally high. Sensitivity varied from 38\% (tobacco use) to 97\% (diabetes); specificity exceeded 91\% for 10 of 11 diagnoses. Requiring 2 years of data and 2 diagnoses improved most measures, with minimal sensitivity decrease. Agreement between the database and charts was good. Administrative data varied in its ability to identify all patients with a given diagnosis but identified accurately those without. The best strategy for case-finding required 2 diagnoses in a 2-year period. Identifying {Hypertension-Related} Comorbidities From Administrative Data: What's the Optimal Approach? Comorbidities Hypertension 201--206 September Identifying {Hypertension-Related} Comorbidities From Administrative Data 19 2004 5 http://ajm.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/5/201.pdf 2004-09 bossert_ghana:_2004 misc Ghana: Decentralization and the Health Logistics Systems Africa Decentralization and health Ghana 2004 2004 botero_future_2006 incollection Microinsurance customers of the future; Microinsurance providers of the future; The regulatory landscape; The environment for microinsurance; Embracing the future Craig Churchill The future of microinsurance Microinsurance Geneva / Munich 583--602 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 boutayeb_developing_2007 article International journal for equity in health {ABSTRACT:} It is now commonly admitted that the so-called (most) neglected tropical diseases have been given little attention. According to World Health Organization, neglected diseases are hidden diseases as they affect almost exclusively extremely poor populations living in remote areas beyond the reach of health service. The European Parliament recognised that, to our shame, Neglected Diseases have not received the attention they deserve from {EU} actions. In the Millennium Development Goals they were given very little attention and mentioned just as other disease. Investing in drugs for these diseases is thought to be not marketable or profitable. However, despite their low mortality, neglected diseases are causing severe and permanent disabilities and deformities affecting approximately 1 billion people in the world, yielding more than 20 millions of Disability Adjusted Life Years (56.6 million according to Lancet's revised estimates) and important socio-economic losses. Urgent pragmatic and efficient measures are needed both at international and national levels. Developing countries and neglected diseases: challenges and perspectives GL Tropical diseases 14759276 20 Developing countries and neglected diseases 6 2007 {PMID:} 18036265 2007 boutayeb_burden_2005 article International journal for equity in health {BACKGROUND:} By the dawn of the third millennium, non communicable diseases are sweeping the entire globe, with an increasing trend in developing countries where, the transition imposes more constraints to deal with the double burden of infective and non-infective diseases in a poor environment characterised by ill-health systems. By 2020, it is predicted that these diseases will be causing seven out of every 10 deaths in developing countries. Many of the non communicable diseases can be prevented by tackling associated risk factors. {METHODS:} Data from national registries and international organisms are collected, compared and analyzed. The focus is made on the growing burden of non communicable diseases in developing countries. {RESULTS:} Among non communicable diseases, special attention is devoted to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and chronic pulmonary diseases. Their burden is affecting countries worldwide but with a growing trend in developing countries. Preventive strategies must take into account the growing trend of risk factors correlated to these diseases. {CONCLUSION:} Non communicable diseases are more and more prevalent in developing countries where they double the burden of infective diseases. If the present trend is maintained, the health systems in low-and middle-income countries will be unable to support the burden of disease. Prominent causes for heart disease, diabetes, cancer and pulmonary diseases can be prevented but urgent (preventive) actions are needed and efficient strategies should deal seriously with risk factors like smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity and western diet. The burden of non communicable diseases in developing countries GL Non communicable diseases 14759276 2 January 4 2005 1 {PMID:} 15651987 2005-01 brau_insurance_2009 techreport Insurance Theory and Challenges Facing the Development of Microinsurance Markets Insurance theory Microinsurance 2009 Working Paper, Brigham Young University and Colorado State University 2009 brehm_individual-level_1997 article American Journal of Political Science {Individual-Level} Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital Participation Social capital 999--1023 41 1997 3 1997 brockmeier_wirtschaftsordnung_2007 incollection Thomas Brockmeier and Ulrich Fehl Wirtschaftsordnung und Genossenschaften - Ordnungs-, transformations- und wettbewerbstheoretische \"{U}berlegungen Cooperatives Economic development G\"{o}ttingen 619--740 3-525-86081-1 2007 Volkswirtschaftliche Theorie der Kooperation in Genossenschaften Vandenhoeck \& Ruprecht 2007 brosius_spss_???? book {KAPITEL} 30 {Nicht-Parametrische} Tests {SPSS} 8 Manual Quantitative research Research method SPSS Statistics International Thomson Publishing brown_prospects_2000 techreport Prospects and Perils of Microfinance: Four Questions {MFI's} Should Ask Before Developing a Microinsurance Product From microfinance to microinsurance Microfinance Microinsurance 2000 {USAID} 2000 browne_health_1997 misc Health Insurance for the "uninsurable" GL High risk pools Micro health insurance Uninsurability 1997 1997 brown_cautionary_2000 techreport A Cautionary Note for Microfinance Institutions and Donors Considering Developing Microinsurance Products From microfinance to microinsurance Microfinance Microfinance institutions Microinsurance Bethesda, Maryland 2000 {USAID,} Development Alternatives Inc. 2000 brown_providing_1999 techreport Providing Insurance to {Low-Income} Households: Part I: Primer on Insurance Principles and Products Distribution GL Insurance principles Low-income households Microinsurance Poverty reduction Risk coping strategies Risk management Risks Bethesda, Maryland Providing Insurance to {Low-Income} Households 1999 {USAID,} Development Alternatives Inc. 1999 brown_insurance_2000 article Microentreprise Best Practices, {USAID's} Microentreprise Innovation Project Insurance Provision in {Low-Income} Communities. Part {II:} Initial Lessons from {Micro-Insurance} Experiments for the Poor Low-income insurance Micro health insurance Microinsurance Insurance Provision in {Low-Income} Communities. Part {II} 2000 2000 brown_potential_2000 techreport The potential market for insurance among poor households Efficiency Financing Health economics Health insurance Insurance Insurance coverage Market Risk coping strategies 2000 1 Briefing Paper {USAID} {MBP's} Virtual Conference on Microinsurance 2000 bryceson_risking_2006 article World Development Summary Malawi registers the eighth highest {HIV/AIDS} prevalence in the world. The rural population's increasing {HIV} prevalence is analyzed in relation to the impact of the country's 2001-02 famine. Villagers are assessing survival risks on the basis of perceptions of relative manageability. A sense of powerlessness concerning their vulnerability to {HIV/AIDS} leads to concentration on the more immediate concern of trying to ensure their day-to-day staple food needs. Changing rural land and labor patterns are militating for more transaction-based rural livelihoods, some involving high-risk sexual encounters, as a means of alleviating hunger. Risking death for survival: Peasant responses to hunger and {HIV/AIDS} in Malawi Famine Malawi Occupational risks Rural livelihoods 1654--1666 September Risking death for survival 34 2006 9 2006-09 buchmueller_private_2004 techreport Private Health Insurance in France France Private health insurance Paris, France 2004 12 {OECD} 2004 buchner_self-centered_2007 article This paper revisits the experiment on the solidarity game by Selten and Ockenfels {[Selten,} R., Ockenfels, A., 1998. An experimental solidarity game. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 34, 517-539]. We replicate the basic design and extend it to test the robustness of the `fixed total sacrifice' effect and the applied strategy method. Our results only partially confirm the validity of the fixed total sacrifice effect. In a treatment with constant group endowment rather than constant winner endowment, the predominance of `fixed total sacrifice' behavior is replaced by `fixed relative gift' behavior. We do not find correlations between actual gift behavior and measures of empathy-driven pro-social behavior used in social science. Self-centered and other-regarding behavior in the solidarity game Game theory Solidarity 293--303 February 2007 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8F-4HVDJ98-1/2/d7a7e48bd897893da3ec7a394e3362ab 2007-02 buchner_needs_2003 article The German risk adjustment mechanism is used only within the public system. It was introduced in two steps, 1994 and 1995. Because of the income-related contribution, which the insured pay directly to their sickness fund, income of the insured is equalized by the mechanism and causes the biggest part of the payments among the sickness funds. On the expenditure side age, gender, disability and entitlement for sickness allowances are used as risk adjusters. The mechanism is retrospective, calculating average costs for each of the 670 risk cells defined by the risk adjusters and using these "standardized expenditures" as a base for the payment a single sickness fund gets because of its risk structure. There do still exist incentives for risk selection. The experience shows that mostly the young and healthy are willing to change sickness funds motivated by lower contribution rates. This can be used and is used for self-selection. Another cause of risk selection is regional differences. The central suggestion of an expertise on behalf of the German Ministry of Health on experiences and improvement proposals is the change to a direct modeling of morbidity. Actuarial analysis Disability evaluation Econometric models Germany GL Health care expenditure Insurance pools Insurance selection bias Managed competition Morbidity National health programs Risk adjustment 01688510 21--35 1 Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) Needs for further improvement: risk adjustment in the German health insurance system 65 Needs for further improvement July 2003 {PMID:} 12818743 2003-07 bundesministerium_fuer_wirtschaftliche_zusammenarbeit_und_entwicklung_bmz_mit_2004 techreport Mit Mikrofinanzierung aus der Armut - der deutsche Beitrag zum internatioanlen Jahr des Kleinkredits Germany Microcredit Microfinance Poverty Bonn 2004 143 {BMZ} 2004 bundesministerium_fuer_wirtschaftliche_zusammenarbeit_und_entwicklung_bmz_sektorkonzept_2004 book Sektorkonzept Finanzsystementwicklung Financial system Financial system development Bonn January 2004 http://www.bmz.de/de/service/infothek/fach/konzepte/Finanzsystementwicklung.pdf 2004-01 buntin_role_2004 article The individual market is the only source of health insurance for the more than 20 percent of Americans not eligible for group or public health insurance; yet participation rates are low and shrinking. This paper examines this market's structural features and assesses the likelihood that it will play an expanded role in the future. We describe how pressures such as cost growth, new technologies, and changes in the nature of the workplace are shaping the individual market. We conclude that the future of the market will depend largely on whether there are policy interventions that balance the problems of affordability, risk sharing, and adverse selection. Adolescent Adult Health insurance Health policy Health services needs and demand Middle aged Policy making 0278-2715 79--90 6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15584101 Health Affairs {(Project} Hope) The role of the individual health insurance market and prospects for change 23 December 2004 {PMID:} 15584101 2004-12 buor_mothers_2003 article Health Policy The significant extent to which maternal education affects child health has been advanced in several sociodemographic-medical literature, but not much has been done in analysing the spatial dimension of the problem; and also using graphic and linear regression models of representation. In Ghana, very little has been done to relate the two variables and offer pragmatic explanations. The need to correlate the two, using a regression model, which is rarely applied in previous studies, is a methodological necessity. The paper examines the impact of mothers' education on childhood mortality in Ghana using, primarily, Ghana Demographic and Health Survey data of 1998 and World Bank data of 2000. The survey has emphatically established that there is an inverse relationship between mothers' education and child survivorship. The use of basic health facilities that relate to childhood survival shows a direct relationship with mothers' education. Recommendations for policy initiatives to simultaneously emphasise the education of the girl-child, and to ensure adequate access to maternal and child health services, have been made. The need for an experimental project of integrating maternal education and child health services has also been recommended. A linear regression model that illustrates the relationship between maternal education and childhood survival has emerged. Mothers' education and childhood mortality in Ghana Africa Child mortality Ghana Mothers' education Postnatal care Vaccination 297--309 June 64 2003 3 2003-06 buor_determinants_2004 article {GeoJournal} Determinants of utilisation of health services by women in rural and urban areas in Ghana Africa Ghana Health services 89--102 61 2004 1 2004 buor_gender_2004 article Health Policy The survey seeks to structure a model for gender-based health services utilisation for the Ashanti Region of Ghana, and in addition, recommend intervention measures to ensure gender equity in the utilisation of health services. A sample size of 650 covered over 3108 houses, and the main research instruments were the questionnaire and formal interview. A multiple regression model is used for the analysis of the relationship between the complex independent variables and utilisation by gender. Results show that although females have a greater need for health services than males, they do not utilise health services as much. Secondly, whereas quality of service, health status, service cost and education have greater effect on male utilisation than females, distance and income have higher impact on female utilisation. It is recommended that, to ensure equity in health care utilisation, females be empowered through increased access to formal education and sustainable income opportunities. The introduction of a national health insurance scheme is also recommended to ensure adequate access by both sexes. Gender and the utilisation of health services in the Ashanti Region, Ghana Africa Ashanti Ghana Health services Males Utilization 375--388 September 69 2004 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4BT7JDR-1/1/e6464f9d98189f57d4475dcd7730c743 2004-09 bureau_international_du_travail_micro-assurance_2002 techreport Micro-assurance sant\'{e} - Guide d'introduction aux mutuelles de sant\'{e} en Afrique Africa Micro health insurance 2002 2002 bureau_international_du_travail_geneve_guide_2003 techreport Guide de Gestion des mutuelles de Sant\'{e} en Afrique Africa Guide Micro health insurance Gen\`{e}ve 2003 Bureau international du Travail 2003 burritt_expanding_2005 misc How to build an inclusive financial sector in Malawi? This report assesses the achievements and challenges for microfinance delivery in Malawi, with particular attention to agricultural and rural markets. It: * Identifies key elements that influence the development of Malawi????\^{a}???\^{a}???s financial system; * Provides recommendations for investors, donors, government and private sector entities to support the development of an inclusive financial system; * Defines basic microfinance concepts. The report discusses: * Microfinance institutions {(MFIs)} as commercially viable institutions that are an integral part of the financial system; * The growing demand for microfinance. The report also presents the following features of the financial sector in Malawi: * High interest rates and an uncertain future are major impediments to economic growth; * The absence of broad-based market solutions has resulted in donor and government-affiliated projects; * Significant disincentives exist for companies that invest in research and development {(R\&D).} The paper proposes the ????\^{a}??????frontier of finance????\^{a}?????? approach to understand the demand for and supply of financial services. The approach focuses on: * The dynamic aspect of markets; * Developing an inclusive financial system by strengthening current players; * Extensive operational and financial restructuring; * The idea of a new, scalable financial institution that can effectively serve rural markets. The paper also discuses the following microfinance issues: * Achievements and challenges; * Technical support; * Emergence of new companies; * Transparency in reporting; * Establishment of common performance benchmarks. The paper lists legal and regulatory environment issues. It concludes by listing key recommendations for the development of an inclusive financial system in Malawi. Expanding Access to Financial Services in Malawi Access to finance Africa Malawi October 2005 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.26302 2005-10 caceres_making_2009 book This document presents findings of a study that explored the role of regulation in microinsurance market development in Columbia. It illustrates that microinsurance can develop even in the absence of a dedicated regulatory regime, if the external circumstances are favorable and the regulator has a fairly open stance. Increasing competition due to financial liberalization forced banks and insurance companies to look for a new niche market in low income market segments. Further, the existence of a significant cooperative {MFI} sector facilitated the expansion of services in the low-income market. Characteristics of the Columbian microinsurance market include: * Lack of an official microinsurance definition; * Funeral entities providing unregulated insurance; * Demarcation rules that are favorable to market development; * Flexible market conduct regime; * Active government encouragement of low-income market activity. The study finds that while the absence of specific regulation has not hampered development, overall microinsurance penetration remains low. The creation of a microinsurance definition may serve to align policies and efforts for the development of the market and close regulatory gaps that do exist. Making Insurance Markets Work for the Poor: Microinsurance Policy, Regulation and Supervision - Colombia Case Study Colombia Microinsurance Regulation Supervision 2009 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2009 cai_microinsurance_2009 article {NBER} Working Paper Series We report results from a large randomized natural field experiment conducted in southwestern China in the context of insurance for sows. Our study sheds light on two important questions about microinsurance. First, how does access to formal insurance affect farmers' production decisions? Second, what explains the low takeup rate of formal insurance, despite substantial premium subsidy from the government? We find that providing access to formal insurance significantly increases farmers' tendency to raise sows. We argue that this finding also suggests that farmers are not previously insured efficiently through informal mechanisms. We also provide several pieces of evidence suggesting that trust, or lack thereof, for government-sponsored insurance products is a significant barrier for farmers' willingness to participate in the insurance program. Microinsurance, Trust and Economic Development: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Field Experiment Economic development Microinsurance Randomized trials Trust October 15396 2009 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.40519/05.pdf 2009-10 calogero_validity_1999 article Drawing data from four different integrated household surveys in rural areas of Mali, Malawi, and two national surveys in C??te {d'Ivoire,} this paper tests the validity of proxy measures of household wealth and income that can be readily implemented in health surveys in rural Africa. The assumptions underlying the choice of wealth proxy are described, and correlations with the true value are assessed in two different settings. The expenditure proxy is developed and then tested for replicability in two independent data sets representing the same population. The study found that in both Mali and Malawi, the wealth proxy correlated highly (r \$ 0.74) with the more complex monetary value method. For rural areas of C??te {d'Ivoire,} it was possible to generate a list of just 10 expenditure items, the values of which, when summed, correlated highly with expenditures on all items combined (r = 0.74, development data set; r = 0.72, validation data set). Total household expenditure is an accepted alternative measure of household wealth and income in developing country settings. This paper thus shows that it can be feasible to approximate both household wealth and expenditures in rural African settings without dramatically lengthening questionnaires whose primary focus is on health. Validity Of Rapid Estimates Of Household Wealth And Income For Health Surveys In Rural Africa Africa Assets Income Measurement Wealth 1999 10.1.1.58.3485 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.58.3485 1999 canada_minister_of_health_social_2006 article Strenghtening the Policy Research Connection - Health Policy Research - Bulletin Social Capital and health: Maximizing the benefits Canada Social capital 12 2006 2006 care_international_ghana_anidaso_2004 unpublished {"ANIDASO"} - insurance policy for low-income market segment in Ghana - product guide - Prepared by {CARE} International in Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Low-income insurance Micro health insurance Mutual insurance 2004 2004 carlo_facilitating_1999 article Prior theorists and researchers have suggested that multiplicative models of prosocial behavior may account for weak and inconsistent relations between traits and prosocial behaviors. This study examined the multiplicative relations of trait personal distress, trait sympathy, and U{\textasciicircum}it perspective taking on prosocial behaviors. Nonlinear, 2-way interactions were hypothesized, such that as trait personal distress decreased from moderate to low levels, and trait perspective taking or trait sympathy increased, volunteering would increase. One hundred and eighty-two undergraduate students completed a battery of trait measures that included trait perspective taking, trait sympathy, and trait personal distress. Approximately 6 weeks later, the students were given an opportunity to volunteer for a charity organization. Results indicated that there was a nonlinear multiplicative effect of trait perspective taking and trait personal distress on volunteering. Discussion focused on the implications of nonlinear, multiplicative trait models of prosocial behaviors. Facilitating and Disinhibiting Prosocial Behaviors: The Nonlinear Interaction of Trait Perspective Taking and Trait Personal Distress on Volunteering Solidarity 189--197 Facilitating and Disinhibiting Prosocial Behaviors 1999 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=psychfacpub 1999 carpiano_toward_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine Within the past several years, a considerable body of research on social capital has emerged in public health. Although offering the potential for new insights into how community factors impact health and well being, this research has received criticism for being undertheorized and methodologically flawed. In an effort to address some of these limitations, this paper applies Pierre Bourdieu's (1986) {[Bourdieu,} P. (1986). Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). New York: Greenwood] social capital theory to create a conceptual model of neighborhood socioeconomic processes, social capital (resources inhered within social networks), and health. After briefly reviewing the social capital conceptualizations of Bourdieu and Putnam, I attempt to integrate these authors' theories to better understand how social capital might operate within neighborhoods or local areas. Next, I describe a conceptual model that incorporates this theoretical integration of social capital into a framework of neighborhood social processes as health determinants. Discussion focuses on the utility of this Bourdieu-based neighborhood social capital theory and model for examining several under-addressed issues of social capital in the neighborhood effects literature and generating specific, empirically testable hypotheses for future research. Toward a neighborhood resource-based theory of social capital for health: Can Bourdieu and sociology help? Bourdieu Neighborhoods Social determinants Social epidemiology Theory 165--175 January Toward a neighborhood resource-based theory of social capital for health 62 2006 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4GHRC84-2/1/66b28fae551cf3f1a153013e1caf6fdb 2006-01 carrin_social_2002 article International Social Security Review addresses the issue of the feasibility of 'social' health insurance {(SHI)} in developing countries. {SHI} aims at protecting all population groups against financial risks due to illness. There are substantial difficulties in implementation, however, due to lack of debate and consensus about the extent of financial solidarity, problems with health service delivery, and insufficient managerial capacity. The transition to universal coverage is likely to take many years, but it can be speeded up. Adopting a 'family' approach to financial protection, sustained financial support from governments and donors, and deconcentrating the development of {SHI} may slash several years from the time needed to achieve full universal protection against healthcare costs. Social Health Insurance in Developing Countries: A Continuing Challenge Developing countries Social health insurance 57--69 Social health insurance in developing countries 55 2002 2 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=309075 2002 carrin_community_2003 techreport Scarce economic resources, low or modest economic growth, constraints on the public sector and low organisational capacity explain why the design of adequate health financing systems in developing countries, especially the low income ones1, remains cumbersome and the subject of significant debate. Earlier on, cost-recovery for health care via user fees was established in many developing countries usually as a response to severe constraints on government finance. However, most studies alert decision-makers to the negative effects of user fees on the demand for care, especially that of the poorest households2. Alternative health financing systems exist, de-linking utilisation from direct payment, and thereby protecting the population, especially the most vulnerable groups, from having to resort to various coping mechanisms3. Financing is based either on general tax revenues and/or social health insurance contributions. Risk-pooling is a core characteristic of these systems, enabling health services to be provided according to people's need rather than to their individual capacity to pay for health services. A tax funded health system may not be easy to develop, due to the lack of a robust tax base and a low institutional capacity to collect taxes and weak tax compliance. Social health insurance has traditionally started by insuring workers. A further nationally organized expansion of social health insurance to the self-employed and non-formal sector is especially demanding. Other financing methods which would circumvent these organisational difficulties are therefore explored, including the direct involvement of communities in health financing. In this paper, the focus will be on voluntary health insurance, organized at the level of the community, or community based health insurance {(CHI).} In the next section, we return to the issue of {CHI} as a response to obstacles to the implementation of universal coverage. In this paper, we look at how community based health insurance schemes {(CHIs)} have been performing in practice so far. This evidence is analyzed using a simple framework that is presented in section 3. In section 4, we discuss the international evidence, using this particular framework. We also analyze factors that influence the performance of {CHIs} in the same section. In section 5, we study the impact of {CHI} on goals of the health system. Perspectives regarding the future role of {CHIs} are offered in section 6. Concluding remarks are in section 7. Community based health insurance schemes in developing countries: facts, problems and perspectives Community-based health insurance Developing countries Geneva, Switzerland Community based health insurance schemes in developing countries 2003 1 Discussion Paper http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/EIP_FER_DP.E_03.1.pdf World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2003 carrin_introduction_1999 article Soc Sci Med Introduction to special issue on the economics of health insurance in low and middle-income countries Low-income insurance Middle income insurance 859--64 48 1999 7 1999 carrin_reform_1999 article During the 1960's and 1970's the Chinese government encouraged the 'rural cooperative medical systems' {(RCMS),} in order to ensure access to basic health care among the rural population. There was a break in the development of the {RCMS} in the early 1980's, as a consequence of market economic reforms. These reforms involved a shift from a communal to a household production system. As a result the collective way of financing rural health care was more or less abandoned. However, the government of the People's Republic of China was aware of the need to provide social protection against health care expenses. In March 1994 the government initiated a project to reestablish the {RCMS.} This project was implemented on a pilot basis in 14 counties of seven provinces. The reestablishment of the {RCMS} would be guided by the basic principles of health insurance. In October 1995, a first mid-term evaluation of the {RCMS} Project was held. One of the major research questions concerned the extent to which the {RCMS} had reduced the risk of paying health care bills that would otherwise be a burden on families. This article addresses this question and assesses the results obtained after two years of {RCMS} experimental work. A general finding is that the population structure by occupation and income varies, and that the {RCMS} has adapted itself to this variety. It is also confirmed that the burden of health care costs on families was reduced, more so in some counties than in others, but this reduction has been modest. The research results indicate that there is ample room for improvement. The outlook is hopeful, however. At the national level, there is now systematic thinking about {RCMS.} The current {RCMS} work is also having a considerable influence on other counties that are keen to reestablish the {RCMS.} Asia China Cooperative medical scheme Health services accessibility Health services research Marketing of health services Organizational innovation Organizational objectives Pilot projects Program evaluation 0277-9536 961--972 7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10192562 Social Science \& Medicine The reform of the rural cooperative medical system in the People's Republic of China: interim experience in 14 pilot counties 48 The reform of the rural cooperative medical system in the People's Republic of China April 1999 {PMID:} 10192562 1999-04 carrin_social_2000 misc Social health insurance development in low-income developing countries: new roles for Government and Non-profit health insurance organisations with reference to selected experiences from Africa and Asia Africa Asia Developing countries Government policy Micro health insurance Social health insurance July 2000 http://www.ilo.org/gimi/concertation/resource.do?page=/concertation/publications/carte/autrespublications/Monographies_3237117967_2189.PDF 2000-07 carrin_impact_2001 techreport A simple econometric analysis is undertaken concerning the impact of the degree of risk sharing in countries' health financing organization on the goals of the health system, as defined in the World Health Report 2000, i.e., the level of health and its distribution across the population, the level of responsiveness and its distribution across the population, and fair financing. The degree of risk sharing varies according to whether countries have a universal coverage system, financed via social health insurance or general taxation, or systems with less well-developed coverage including variants of social health insurance and/or general taxation benefiting specific population groups. We undertook a classification of countries according to the degree of risk sharing, based primarily on the health care financing legislation of the World Health Organization's 191 member states and on its data base of Health System Profiles. The results obtained give empirical support to the hypothesis that the degree of risk sharing in health financing organizations impacts positively on health system attainment, as measured by the five goals indicators. The effects found prove to be quite robust, after introducing the {GINI} index among the set of explanatory variables in the models for the distributional measures. The impact of the degree of risk-sharing in health financing on health system attainment Health care financing Health care system Risk sharing Geneva, Switzerland 2001 3 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1095698140167/Carrin-TheImpactOf-whole.pdf The World Bank 2001 carrin_community-based_2005 article We studied the potential of community-based health insurance {(CHI)} to contribute to the performance of health financing systems. The international empirical evidence is analysed on the basis of the three health financing subfunctions as outlined in the World Health Report 2000: revenue collection, pooling of resources and purchasing of services. The evidence indicates that achievements of {CHI} in each of these subfunctions so far have been modest, although many {CHI} schemes still are relatively young and would need more time to develop. We present an overview of the main factors influencing the performance of {CHI} on these financing subfunctions and discuss a set of proposals to increase {CHI} performance. The proposals pertain to the demand for and the supply of health care in the community; to the technical, managerial and institutional set-up of {CHI;} and to the rational use of subsidies. Community-based health insurance Developing countries Financing GL Health care costs Health care expenditure Health services administration Micro health insurance Quality of health care 1360-2276 799--811 8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16045467 Tropical Medicine \& International Health: {TM} \& {IH} Community-based health insurance in developing countries: a study of its contribution to the performance of health financing systems 10 Community-based health insurance in developing countries August 2005 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01455.x {PMID:} 16045467 2005-08 carrin_universal_2008 article In 2005, the Member States of {WHO} adopted a resolution encouraging countries to develop health financing systems capable of achieving and/or maintaining universal coverage of health services - where all people have access to needed health services without the risk of severe financial consequences. In doing this, a major challenge for many countries will be to move away from out-of-pocket payments, which are often used as an important source of fund collection. Prepayment methods will need to be developed or expanded but, in addition to questions of revenue collection, specific attention will also have to be paid to pooling funds to spread risks and to enable their efficient and equitable use. Developing prepayment mechanisms may take time, depending on countries' economic, social and political contexts. Specific rules for health financing policy will need to be developed and implementing organizations will need to be tailored to the level that countries can support and sustain. In this paper we propose a comprehensive framework focusing on health financing rules and organizations that can be used to support countries in developing their health financing systems in the search for universal coverage. Health plan implementation Health policy Health services accessibility Health services research Private sector Program development Social justice Universal coverage World Health Organization 1564-0604 857--863 11 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19030691 Bulletin of the World Health Organization Universal coverage of health services: tailoring its implementation 86 Universal coverage of health services November 2008 {PMID:} 19030691 2008-11 carrin_exploring_2008 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Exploring the features of universal coverage Financing Health policy Health services accessibility Social justice Universal coverage Universal health care 1564-0604 818 November 86 2008 11 {PMID:} 19030678 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19030678 2008-11 carrin_provider_2003 article Human Ressources for Health In this paper, we focus on those policy instruments with monetary incentives that are used to contain public health expenditure in high-income countries. First, a schematic view of the main cost-containment methods and the variables in the health system they intend to influence is presented. Two types of instruments to control the level and growth of public health expenditure are considered: (i) provider payment methods that influence the price and quantity of health care, and (ii) cost-containment measures that influence the behaviour of patients. Belonging to the first type of instruments, we have: fee-for-service, per diem payment, case payment, capitation, salaries and budgets. The second type of instruments consists of patient charges and reference price systems for pharmaceuticals. Secondly, we provide an overview of experience in high-income countries that use or have used these particular instruments. Finally, the paper assesses the overall potential of these instruments in cost-containment policies. Provider payments and patient charges as policy tools for cost-containment: How successful are they in high-income countries? Patient charges Provider payment July 1 2003 6 http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/1/1/6 2003-07 carrin_reaching_2004 techreport Reaching universal coverage via social health insurance: Key design features in the transition period Asia Austria Belgium Central America Costa Rica Europe Financial management Financing Germany Health economics Health insurance Insurance Insurance coverage Japan Luxembourg Provider payment Public policy Social control policies Social health insurance Universal coverage 2004 World Health Organization 2004 carroll_risk_2001 book 3rd edition Risk Management Handbook for Health Care Organizations Health care exposures Monitoring and evaluating Providers and managed care Risk financing Risk management and health care Risk management treatments and techniques San Francisco 2001 {Jossey-Bass} 2001 cassar_does_2009 misc Does social capital matter to economic decision-making? We address this broad question through an artefactual group lending experiment carried out in five countries: India, Kenya, Guatemala, Armenia, and the Philippines, obtaining data from 10,673 contribution decisions on simulated group loans from 1,554 participants in 259 experimental borrowing groups. We carry out treatments for social homogeneity, group monitoring, and group self-selection. Results show that societal trust has a positive and significant impact on group loan contribution rates, that group lending appears to create as well as harness social capital, and that peer monitoring can have perverse as well as beneficial effects. Does Social Capital Matter? Evidence from a {Five-Country} Group Lending Experiment Experimental design Group lending Social capital May 2009 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.38495/41.pdf 2009-05 casson_formal_2010 article Summary Our paper presents a critical review of the literature on institutional change and the role of institutions in economic development. We discuss the roles and interrelationships of formal and informal institutions and introduce a collection of papers addressing this topic in a variety of development settings. Development Institutions Intra-country studies {0305-750X} 137--141 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4XSKCPH-2/2/0c382e5034d0ae7fac6bfb6a779e6b8d World Development Formal and Informal Institutions and Development 38 February 2010 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.10.008 2010-02 castano_equitable_2002 article Health Policy and Planning Equitable financing, out-of-pocket payments and the role of health care reform in Colombia Colombia Equitable financing Health sector reform 5--11 17 2002 Suppl. 1 2002 castro-leal_public_2000 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Public spending on health care in Africa: do the poor benefit? Africa Health care accessibility Health care expenditure Health care system Poverty Social justice Socio-economic factors 66--74 Public spending on health care in Africa 78 2000 1 2000 catherine_chanfreau_costing_2005 techreport Costing {HIV/AIDS} Services for Community Health Fund Members and Non-members in Hanang District, Tanzania Africa Community health fund HIV/AIDS Tanzania May 2005 {TE} 062 Technical Report {MD:} The Partners for Health Reformplus Project, Abt Associates Inc. 2005-05 catrinescu_remittances_2009 article World Development Summary There is considerable debate regarding the relative contribution of international migrants' remittances to sustainable economic development. While officially recorded remittances to developing countries have increased over the last decade, research has not come to a consensus over whether remittances have a positive or negative impact on long-run growth. This paper argues that contradictory findings have emerged when looking at the remittances-growth link because of an omitted variable bias: specifically, remittances will be more likely to contribute to longer-term growth in countries with higher quality political and economic policies and institutions. Remittances, Institutions, and Economic Growth Growth Growth regressions Institutions International migration Remittances {0305-750X} 81--92 January 37 2009 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4SWG0MJ-5/2/2b27f58ab1e4bd37a479dac9f2bcc115 2009-01 cgap/the_world_bank_group_microfinance_2003 misc Microfinance Consensus Guidelines - {GUIDING} {PRINCIPLES} {ON} {REGULATION} {AND} {SUPERVISION} {OF} {MICROFINANCE} Microfinance Regulation Supervision July 2003 2003-07 cgap/the_world_bank_group_microfinance_2003-1 misc Microfinance Consensus Guidelines - {DEFINITIONS} {OF} {SELECTED} {FINANCIAL} {TERMS,} {RATIOS,} {AND} {ADJUSTMENTS} {FOR} {MICROFINANCE} Financial ratios Glossary Microfinance September 2003 2003-09 cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_preliminary_2003 techreport Preliminary Donor Guidelines for Supporting Microinsurance Donors Financial support Microinsurance Technical assistance 2003 The World Bank 2003 cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_lessons_2005 techreport Lessons Learnt the Hard Way Case study Microinsurance Mutual insurance 2005 6 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_poor_2006 misc Poor Peoples' Savings: {Q\&A} with Experts Microfinance Microsavings 2006 http://www2.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.2118/47623_file_Poor_People_s_Savings_Q_As_with_Experts.pdf 2006 cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_regulating_2008 book Regulating Transformational Branchless Banking: Mobile Phones and Other Technology to Increase Access to Finance Access to finance Branchless banking 2008 2008 cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_who_2009 misc Analyzing regional trends in funding This report examines data from a 2008 {CGAP} survey of leading microfinance donors and investors in {Sub-Saharan} Africa {(SSA).} It ascertains regional trends, and aims to support future collaboration among funders. The 2008 {CGAP} funder survey shows that 41 donors and investors support microfinance in {SSA.} Scarcity of funding remains a challenge in the region, but there have been positive developments. Findings include: * {SSA} has the attention of the donor and investor community, and it ranks third in terms of funding compared to other regions; * Microfinance funding landscape in {SSA} is evolving, with the entrance of new actors, but is heavily geographically concentrated; * More support is needed for Central Africa and Southern Africa, where the microfinance sector is the least developed; * Microfinance clients have less income, lower remittances inflows, decreasing savings capacity and increasing difficulties for repayments as a result of the current global crises. Finally, donors and investors need to maintain their support to {MFIs,} in order to help them build capacity, strengthen market infrastructure and develop sound policy environments. Increased transparency and greater coordination through partnerships and alliances are essential to building inclusive and stable domestic financial markets. Who is funding microfinance in {Sub-Saharan} Africa? Financial support Microfinance August 2009 http://www2.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.36745/2008%20funder%20survey%20-%20Africa.pdf 2009-08 cgap_working_group_on_microinsurance_performance_2007 techreport Performance Indicators for Microinsurance Practitioners - Summary Microinsurance Performance indicators 2007 2007 cgap_working_group_on_miroinsurance_worst_2005 book Good and Bad Practices in Microinsurance Worst Practices: Lessons Learnt the Hard Way Case study Microinsurance 2005 Case Study No. 6 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/finance/download/worst.pdf 2005 chabot_national_1991 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press National community health insurance at village level: the case from {Guinea-Bissau} Africa Community-based health insurance Guinea-Bissau Micro health insurance Rural sector 46--54 6 1991 1 1991 chaix-couturier_effects_2000 article {OBJECTIVE:} To identify all financial incentives that had been proposed, described, or used regardless of their initial objective and, when possible, to assess the results of these incentives on costs, process or outcomes of care. {MATERIAL} {AND} {METHODS:} Systematic review of the literature. Databases searched were: Medline, Embase, Health Planning and Administration, Pascal, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts and the Cochrane Library. Search terms were: health professionals and tape of practice, type of incentive, methodology, languages English or French, January 1993 to May 1999. {RESULTS:} Financial incentives concerned the modalities of physician payment and financing of the health care system. Confounding factors included: age of the doctor, training, speciality, place and type of medical practice, previous sanctions for over-prescribing, type and severity of disease, type of insurance. Risks of financial incentives were: limited access to certain types of care, lack of continuity of care, conflict of interests between the physician and the patient. Any form of fund-holding or capitation decreased the total volume of prescriptions by 0-24\%, and hospital days by up to 80\% compared with fee-for-service. Annual cap on doctors' incomes resulted in referrals to colleagues when target income is reached. {DISCUSSION:} Financial incentives can be used to reduce the use of health care resources, improve compliance with practice guidelines or achieve a general health target. It may be effective to use incentives in combination depending on the target set for a given health care programme. Managed care programs Physician incentive plans Practice patterns Reimbursement 1353-4505 133--142 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10830670 International Journal for Quality in Health Care: Journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care / {ISQua} Effects of financial incentives on medical practice: results from a systematic review of the literature and methodological issues 12 Effects of financial incentives on medical practice April 2000 {PMID:} 10830670 2000-04 chalkley_government_2000 incollection This chapter reviews the literature on payment schemes for government purchases of health services. It focuses on four themes: (1) the tension between obtaining appropriate quality of services and keeping the cost of those services at an acceptable level; (2) the role of cost sharing by the payer when there is asymmetric information between purchaser and supplier about costs or case-mix; (3) the importance of commitment in purchasing; and (4) the role of reputation in maintaining quality in long term relationships between purchasers and suppliers. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Government Purchasing of Health Services Commitment Cost sharing Prospective payment Quality of service Reputation Amsterdam (a.o.) 846--890 Part 3 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 chaloupka_economics_2000 incollection While the tobacco industry ranks among the most substantial and successful of economic enterprises, tobacco consumption is associated with more deaths than any other product. Economic analysis of the markets for tobacco products, particularly cigarettes, has contributed considerable insight to debates about the importance of the industry and the appropriate roles of public policy in grappling with the health consequences of tobacco. Certainly the most significant example of this phenomenon has been the rapidly expanding and increasingly sophisticated body of research on the effects of price increases on cigarette consumption. Because excise tax comprises an important component of price, the resultant literature has played a prominent role in legislative debates about using taxation as a principal tool to discourage smoking. In addition to informing legislative debates, this literature has contributed both theory and empirical evidence to the growing interest in modeling the demand for addictive products. This chapter examines this body of research in detail, as well as a variety of equity and efficiency concerns accompanying debates about cigarette taxation. Coverage also includes economic analysis of the role of other tobacco control policies, such as restrictions on advertising, of special interest due to their prominence in debates about tobacco control. The chapter concludes with consideration of research addressing the validity of the tobacco industry's argument that its contributions to employment, tax revenues, and trade balances are vital to the economic health of states and nations. This argument is one of the industry's principal weapons in its battle against policy measures intended to reduce tobacco product consumption. Anthony J. Culyer The Economics of Smoking Addiction Advertising Cigarettes Counter-advertising Economic contribution Externalities Price Public health care Public policy Smoking Smoking restrictions Social costs Taxation Tobacco Tobacco agriculture Amsterdam (a.o.) 1536--1627 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 chamberlain_opportunities_2010 misc Opportunities and Challenges for Microinsurance in Ethiopia Africa Ethiopia Microinsurance 2010 2010 chambers_poverty_1995 article Environment and Urbanization Poverty and livelihoods: whose reality counts? Community participation Livelihoods Participation Poverty 173--204 7 1995 1 1995 chandani_lessons_2008 misc {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Lessons Learned and Recommendations for Donors Supporting Microinsurance Donors GL Microinsurance Risk equalization September 2008 http://www.microinsurancenetwork.org/publication/fichier/Lessons_and_Recommendations_for_Donors.pDf 2008-09 chanfreau_costing_2005 techreport This study analyzes the costs and use of {HIV/AIDS} services by people living with {HIV/AIDS} {(PLWHA)} who are members and non-members of the Community Health Fund {(CHF),} a prepaid health scheme in the Hanang district of Tanzania. The study comprised multi-facility, retrospective, and analytical analyses of {HIV/AIDS} services for the year 2002. Medical utilization data through a retrospective review of the facility records and 1,666 medical charts of 464 {PLWHA} were analyzed. The study collected data on the direct costs of providing {HIV/AIDS} services within the {CHF} package of benefits. Members are 1.6 times more likely to access outpatient care than non-members. {CHF} members use outpatient services more regularly than non-members, with an average number of revisits per patient per year of 1.8 for members versus 1.6 for non-members. {CHF} members are 40 percent less likely to have inpatient care compared to non-members and require a shorter inpatient stay. Voluntary counseling and testing services are underused in the district. Members consume 30 percent more outpatient resources per year but consume 40 percent less inpatient resources than non-members. There is no appreciable difference between the two populations for the cost of care per visit or admission. No major differences are found between services provided to the two groups. Major differences in costs exist with regards to the facility where the inpatient stay takes place. The total cost of care of {PLWHA} is on average Tanzanian shillings {(TSh)} 6,543 for members and {TSh} 5,960 for non-members. The total cost of care used by an individual {PLWHA} is on average 65 percent of the annual premium for a household. Costing {HIV/AIDS} Services for Community Health Fund Members and Non-members in Hanang District, Tanzania Adverse selection Africa AIDS Ambulatory health facilities Cost analysis Dieseases Direct service costs Financing Health care costs Health economics Health facilities Health insurance Insurance Outpatient clinics Prepaid health plans Tanzania Bethesda, {MD} 2005 62 Technical Report Partners for Health Reformplus Project, Abt Associates 2005 chankova_impact_2008 article Health Policy Plan. Mutual health organizations {(MHOs)} are voluntary membership organizations providing health insurance services to their members. {MHOs} aim to increase access to health care by reducing out-of-pocket payments faced by households. We used multiple regression analysis of household survey data from Ghana, Mali and Senegal to investigate the determinants of enrolment in {MHOs,} and the impact of {MHO} membership on use of health care services and on out-of-pocket health care expenditures for outpatient care and hospitalization. We found strong evidence that households headed by women are more likely to enrol in {MHOs} than households headed by men. Education of the household head is positively associated with {MHO} enrolment. The evidence on the association between household economic status and {MHO} enrolment indicates that individuals from the richest quintiles are more likely to be enrolled than anyone else. We did not find evidence that individuals from the poorest quintiles tend to be excluded from {MHOs.} {MHO} members are more likely to seek formal health care in Ghana and Mali, although this result was not confirmed in Senegal. While our evidence on whether {MHO} membership is associated with higher probability of hospitalization is inconclusive, we find that {MHO} membership offers protection against the potentially catastrophic expenditures related to hospitalization. However, {MHO} membership does not appear to have a significant effect on out-of-pocket expenditures for curative outpatient care. Impact of mutual health organizations: evidence from West Africa Africa Community-based health insurance Ghana Ghana CHI Impact Mali Micro health insurance Mutual health organisations NHIS Senegal 264--276 July Impact of mutual health organizations 23 2008 4 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/4/264 2008-07 chatterjee_exploring_2003 techreport Exploring the quality and coverage of community-based health insurance among the poor: the Vimo {SEWA} experience Adverse selection Asia Gujarat Health insurance India Insurance Insurance coverage Poverty Socio-economic factors 2003 Working Paper 2003 chaudhuri_changes_2008 article Health Policy Background Economic reforms in Vietnam initiated in the late 1980s included deregulation of the health system resulting in extensive changes in health care delivery, access, and financing. One aspect of the health sector reform was the introduction of user fees at both public and private health facilities, which was in stark contrast to the former socialized system of free medical care. Subsequently, health insurance and free health care cards for the poor were introduced to mitigate the barriers to seeking care and financial burden imposed by out-of-pocket {(OOP)} health payments as a result of the user {fees.Objective} To examine the determinants of seeking care and {OOP} payments as well as the relationship between individual out-of-pocket {(OOP)} health expenditures and household ability to pay {(ATP)} during {1992-2002.Data} The data are drawn from 1992-93 and 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standard Surveys {(VLSS)} and 2002 Vietnam Household and Living Standards Survey {(VHLSS).Methods} We use a two-part model where the first part is a probit model that estimates the probability that an individual will seek treatment. The second part is a truncated non-linear regression model that uses ordinary least-squares and fixed effects methods to estimate the determinants of {OOP} payments that are measured both as absolute as well as relative expenditures. Based on the analysis, we examine the relationship between the predicted shares of individual {OOP} health payments and household's {ATP} as well as selected socioeconomic {characteristics.Results} Our results indicate that payments increased with increasing {ATP,} but the consequent financial burden (payment share) decreased with increasing {ATP,} indicating a regressive system during the first two periods. However, share of payments increased with {ATP,} indicating a progressive system by 2002. When comparing across years, we find horizontal inequities in all the years that worsened between 1992 and 1998 but improved by {2002.Conclusion} The regressivity in payments noted during 1992 and 1998 might be because the rich could avail of health insurance more than those at lower incomes and as a consequence, were able to use the healthcare system more effectively without paying a high {OOP} payment. In contrast, the poor either incurred higher {OOP} payments or were discouraged from seeking treatments until their ailment became serious. This inequality becomes exacerbated in 1998 when insurance take-up rates were not high, but the impact of privatization and deregulation was already occurring. By 2002, insurance take-up rates were much higher, and poverty alleviation policies (e.g., free health insurance and health fund membership targeted for the poor) were instituted, which may have resulted in a less regressive system. Changes in out-of-pocket payments for healthcare in Vietnam and its impact on equity in payments, 1992-2002 Health care Horizontal equity Out-of-pocket payments Vertical equity 0168-8510 38--48 October 88 2008 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4S9NG3H-1/2/001acad370a114304b87c5db0a3db645 2008-10 chee_assessment_2002 techreport The Tanzanian Community Health Fund {(CHF)} was established by the Ministry of Health on a pilot basis in December 1995. Its purpose was to ensure the availability of quality health services at affordable prices and to mobilize additional resources for the provision of health care. The {CHF} is essentially a district-level prepayment scheme for primary care services targeted at the rural population and the informal sector. A household joins the {CHF} by paying an annual membership fee, which provides unlimited access to outpatient services at {CHF-participating} facilities. User fees at health centers and dispensaries are implemented as part of the introduction of the {CHF,} as is an exemption policy to ensure that families who cannot afford to pay the membership fees obtain a free {CHF} card. {CHF} providers are mainly public sector facilities, although the intention of the scheme is to include private sector and mission providers. The {CHF} is currently operating in 23 districts, with the goal of implementation in all districts by 2003. In 2001, the {CHF} Act established the {CHF} as a key component of the health financing strategy. This assessment was conducted in Hanang District to provide {CHF} administrators with data and recommendations to improve the management and utilization of the {CHF} throughout Tanzania. The assessment findings reveal that the {CHF} is mobilizing resources (both {CHF} membership and user fees) for health care services, though the majority of the contribution for the last two years is from user fees. Membership rates are fairly low and, with the exception of 1999, have declined since the implementation of {CHF} in Hanang in 1998. {CHF} resources have been used to improve the quality and range of services throughout Hanang district. However, the majority of {CHF} funds have been used for the construction of the district hospital and many facilities/wards have significant unused balances of {CHF} funds. Assessment findings suggest that overall {CHF} management and information systems require improvement. The {CHF} has a decentralized management structure, which seeks to promote involvement of the communities, but in practice community participation is limited. Training for district, ward, and health facility staff is needed to strengthen their capacity to effectively manage the {CHF.} In addition, effective implementation of an exemption policy is required to ensure that the poor are not excluded from accessing care. Assessment of Community Health Fund in Hanang District, Tanzania. Assessment Community health fund Tanzania Bethesda, {MD} July 2002 Partners for Health Reformplus Project, Abt Associates 2002-07 chen_risk_2000 inproceedings I was asked to address three questions: Who works in the informal economy? What risks do they face? And how do they manage risk? My remarks draw on the findings of my colleagues in the global network Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing {(WIEGO)} and the findings from a longitudinal study of households in the informal economy in Ahmedabad city, India, that a colleague at Harvard University, Don Snodgrass, and I are currently writing up. Risk insurance, and the informal economy Informal economy Risk Risk insurance 2000 2000 chen_national_2003 article Many studies have found evidence for the importance of antenatal care on pregnancy outcomes. This paper focuses on the determinants of antenatal care use in Taiwan and provides a comparison of access to care before and after National Health Insurance {(NHI)} was implemented in 1995. A negative binomial model is applied to data from the 1989 and 1996 Taiwan Maternal and Infant Health Surveys to analyze antenatal care use. The results show that women in some situations had more antenatal care visits than average regardless of {NHI} implementation. These situations include: having a highly educated husband; gaining more weight than average during pregnancy; experiencing a first pregnancy; carrying twins or triplets; having care provided by a doctor rather than other caregivers; and switching to another health care facility during pregnancy. Regarding societal change, the trend toward delaying pregnancy is causing a change in care use. Additionally, three changes in care patterns after {NHI} are noteworthy. First, antenatal care visits at maternity clinics increased more than visits at hospitals. Second, before {NHI's} implementation, women who did blue-collar work or farm work sought care more frequently than housewives, but after {NHI} began government employees and businesswomen sought care more frequently. Third, antenatal care visits of mothers living in Taiwan's central area increased more than visits of those in the northern area. The expansion of medical care in aboriginal areas and outlying islands may prove to be one of {NHI's} best achievements. Acceptance Adult Antenatal care Asia Cohort analysis Female Health care surveys Maternal health National health insurance Poisson distribution Pregnancy Prenatal care Questionnaire Statistical models Taiwan Utilization review 0168-8510 99--112 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12644332 Health Policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) National Health Insurance and the antenatal care use: a case in Taiwan 64 National Health Insurance and the antenatal care use April 2003 {PMID:} 12644332 2003-04 chen_simple_2009 misc This study uses the 2004 Malawi Second Integrated Household Survey to construct an easy-to-use scorecard that estimates the likelihood that a household in Malawi has expenditure below a given poverty line. The scorecard uses 10 simple indicators that field workers can quickly collect and verify. Poverty scores can be computed on paper in the field in about five to ten minutes. The scorecard's accuracy and precision are reported for a range of poverty lines. The poverty scorecard is a practical way for pro- poor programs in Malawi to monitor poverty rates, track changes in poverty rates over time, and target services. A Simple Poverty Scorecard for Malawi Africa Malawi Poverty Poverty scorecard February 2009 http://www.microfinance.com/English/Papers/Scoring_Poverty_Malawi.pdf 2009-02 chen_implementing_2008 misc This study captures the experience of {SKS} Microfinance Pvt. Ltd., India's third-largest microfinance institution, in launching a mandatory catastrophic health insurance policy in the state of Karnataka, India, and expanding that product across other branches. In February 2007, {SKS} tested the policy at a single branch in northern Karnataka. A year later, {SKS} is in the process of rolling out the product to 600 branches.[...] This report is part of a larger impact evaluation research project currently undertaken in collaboration with the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab and {SKS} Microfinance. The research aims to evaluate the impact of providing health insurance combined with micro-credit on various household economic, social and health outcomes. Implementing Health Insurance through Micro-credit: A Case Study of {SKS} Microfinance, India Asia From microfinance to microinsurance India Microcredit Microfinance Micro health insurance September 2008 http://www.ifmr.ac.in/cmf/research/iehi/chen_et_al-implementing_health_insurance_through_micro-credit.pdf 2008-09 chernichovsky_reforming_2009 article Reforming "developing" health systems: Tanzania, Mexico, and the United States Health system Mexico Tanzania United States Emerald Group Publishing Limited Reforming "developing" health systems 2009 www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/S0731-2199(2009)0000021015 2009 chikova_auswirkungen_2007 article Internationale Revue f\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit Zahlreiche Personen, die aufgrund einer {HIV/Aids-Erkrankung} vorzeitig in den Ruhestand gehen, verringern die Zahl der Erwerbstatigen und bedrohen die Tragfahigkeit der gesetzlichen Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit des Landesamtes fur soziale Sicherheit in Simbabwe. Die Wirtschaft leidet seit einem Jahrzehnt unter einer Rezession, verbunden mit hoher Inflation und bedeutenden Arbeitsplatzverlusten, die sich auch auf die Beitrage an das Nationale System fur Renten und andere Leistungen {(NPOBS)} negativ auswirken, und die Regierung setzt Obergrenzen fur das zu versichernde beitragsrelevante Einkommen. Es gibt gegenwartig keine konsistenten Ansatze, um die mit diesen Faktoren verbundene Aushohlung der Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit zu mildern. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die potenziellen Auswirkungen von {HIV/Aids} und den verbindlichen Obergrenzen auf die Einnahmen des {NPOBS} angesichts der hohen Inflationsraten fur die Zukunft abzuschatzen. Wir kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass {HIV/Aids} die vorgesehenen Beitragszahlungen an das System bis 2030 um mehr als 30 Prozent verringern wird. Politische Strategien zur Anpassung und haufigen Uberprufung der Hohe der Obergrenzen fur das versicherte Einkommen in Einklang mit der Inflationsentwicklung sowie Investitionen in die Pravention von {HIV/Aids} konnten dazu beitragen, die negativen Auswirkungen von {HIV/Aids} und/oder der Obergrenzen auf die Beitrage zur sozialen Sicherheit in Simbabwe zu verringern. Die Auswirkungen von {HIV/Aids} auf die Beitr\"{a}ge zur sozialen Sicherheit am Beispiel Simbabwes 25--50 October 60 2007 4 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1726.2007.00022.x 2007-10 chima_economic_2003 article Health Policy Information on the economic burden of malaria in Africa is needed to target interventions efficiently and equitably, and to justify investment in research and control. A standard method of estimation has been to sum the direct costs of expenditure on prevention and treatment, and the indirect costs of productive labour time lost. This paper discusses the many problems in using such data to reflect the burden to society or the potential benefits from control. Studies have generally focussed on febrile illness, overestimating the burden of uncomplicated malaria, but underestimating the costs of severe illness, other debilitating manifestations, and mortality. Many use weak data to calculate indirect costs, which fail to account for seasonal variations, the difference between the average and marginal product of labour, and the ways households and firms [`]cope' in response to illness episodes. Perhaps most importantly, the costs of coping mechanisms in response to the risk of disease are excluded, although they may significantly affect productive strategies and economic growth. Future work should be rooted in a sound understanding of the health burden of malaria and the organisation of economic activities, and address the impact on the productive environment, and epidemiological and socio-economic geographical variation. The economic impact of malaria in Africa: a critical review of the evidence Africa Cost of illness Economic impact Malaria 17--36 January The economic impact of malaria in Africa 63 2003 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-45PV0X4-1/1/6cd866c2de914e2ec2274938d8c570d2 2003-01 chininga_targeting_2005 article This article presents the results of a study that simulated the implementation of targeted safety nets in Malawi. It was prompted by the proposal by the government of Malawi to establish a publicly supported safety net system in partnership with a consortium of donors, which would, among other things, operate on the basis of the principle of community targeting for purposes of maximising efficiency and effectiveness. The purpose of this study was therefore threefold: to find out whether communities could develop criteria for targeting beneficiaries; to establish whether communities could make decisions on who to include and exclude as beneficiaries on the basis of criteria identified; and to seek their views on how the safety net transfers could be efficiently and effectively managed. The results demonstrated that there is great resistance to targeting but nevertheless communities have clear ideas on whom to target and on how to make the selection and distribution processes fair, transparent and accountable. Cet article pr\'{e}sente les r\'{e}sultats d'une \'{e}tude sur la mise en \ufffd?{\oe}uvre de filets de s\'{e}curit\'{e} cibl\'{e}s au Malawi. Elle a \'{e}t\'{e} suscit\'{e}e par une proposition du gouvernement visant \`{a} mettre en place un syst\`{e}me de filet de s\'{e}curit\'{e} financ\'{e} sur fonds publics et appuy\'{e} par un consortium de donateurs. Pour \^{e}tre plus efficace, ce syst\`{e}me reposerait sur le principe du ciblage des communaut\'{e}s. D\`{e}s lors, les objectifs de cette \'{e}tude sont les suivants: 1) d\'{e}couvrir si des communaut\'{e}s pourraient d\'{e}velopper des crit\`{e}res pour cibler les b\'{e}n\'{e}ficiaires; 2) si les communaut\'{e}s peuvent prendre des d\'{e}cisions incluant ou excluant des personnes du groupe des b\'{e}n\'{e}ficiaires sur la base de ces crit\`{e}res; 3) solliciter leurs avis sur la fa\c{c}on dont les transferts li\'{e}s aux filets de s\'{e}curit\'{e} pourraient \^{e}tre... {ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR} Copyright of European Journal of Development Research is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts) Communities Community development Malawi Politics \& government Social history Social policy 09578811 706--734 4 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=19114317&site=ehost-live European Journal of Development Research Targeting Safety Net Interventions in Developing Countries: Some Insights from a Qualitative Simulation Study from Malawi. 17 Targeting Safety Net Interventions in Developing Countries December 2005 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 19114317; Chininga, Blessings 1; Email Address: kchinsinga@yahoo.co.uk; Affiliations: 1: Senior Lecturer, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, Chancellor College, Malawi; Issue Info: Dec2005, Vol. 17 Issue 4, p706; Thesaurus Term: {COMMUNITY} development; Subject Term: {SOCIAL} policy; Subject Term: {SOCIAL} history; Subject Term: {COMMUNITIES;} Subject Term: {MALAWI} -- Politics \& government; Subject: {MALAWI;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 925120 Administration of Urban Planning and Community and Rural Development; Number of Pages: 29p; Illustrations: 1 chart; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 2005-12 chinsinga_clash_2005 article Social Policy and Administration The Clash of Voices: Community-based Targeting of Safety-net Interventions in Malawi Africa Community targeting Food security Malawi Safety nets Starter pack 284--301 39 2005 3 2005 chinsinga_social_2007 misc The Social Protection Policy in Malawi: Processes, Politics and Challenges Malawi Social protection August 2007 2007-08 chiumya_regulation_2006 techreport The Regulation of Microfinance in Zambia Africa Microfinance Regulation Zambia Morrill Hall, {MD} 2006 {IRIS} Center 2006 chollet_expanding_2002 techreport Expanding Individual Health Insurance Coverage: Are {High-Risk} Pools The Answer? GL High risk pools 2002 http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/hlthaff.w2.349v1/DC1 Project {HOPE--The} {People-to-People} Health Foundation, Inc. 2002 choudhury_income_???? article Review of Income and Wealth Income, Consumption and Saving in Urban and Rural India Income India Rural sector Savings 37--56 chowa_assets_2010 article Children and Youth Services Review The impact of assets on child well-being in developing countries has received considerable attention in the last decade. Increased recognition of the critical role played by assets in enhancing children's well-being has spurred efforts to study the relationship between assets and a range of outcomes for children. This chapter reviews current studies (i.e., conducted within the past 10 years) that explore the relationship between asset ownership and a range of outcomes. The studies we have included in this review illustrate the impact that assets can have on children's outcomes in the area of health, education, and child labor. Overall, the studies reviewed show that asset ownership improves children's health conditions, advance schooling outcomes, and decrease incidence of child labor. Further research on the asset effects for child outcomes can inform progressive asset-building initiatives that will provide impetus for programs and policies to enhance household well-being in developing countries. Assets and child well-being in developing countries: A research review Assets Children Child well-being Developing countries 0190-7409 Assets and child well-being in developing countries In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.03.015 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V98-4YM7FBK-2/2/7d837010af82ce1b62647f9eb7bc376e 2010 christensen_innovators_2003 book The Innovator's Dilemma Innovations 2003 Harper Buisiness 2003 christensen_building_2009 article Journal of Business Research Scholars indicate significant interest in business models that support entrepreneurial behavior in developing markets {[Wankel} C., editor. Alleviating Poverty through Business Strategy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2008]--particularly as they relate to job creation. This research introduces microfranchising as a business model adaptation that helps low-income individuals overcome non credit-related barriers to entry in obtaining employment. This study reveals a clear challenge for researchers--to better understand microfranchising and the extent to which the practice creates employment and enables individual business success. Largely unanswered questions concern the profiles of typical microfranchisees as well as the impacts of microfranchising on low-income individuals in subsistence marketplaces. This preliminary research focuses on one type of microfranchise operating in Accra, Ghana. Using data from microfranchises enables the exploration of whether workers in subsistence markets benefit from the microfranchise model. In comparing a microfranchise business with comparably-sized non-franchised businesses, this analysis finds preliminary evidence that the microfranchise creates starter jobs. Baseline results highlight microfranchisee characteristics and indicate that this form of microfranchising positively impacts savings and profits. Building Entrepreneurship in Subsistence Markets: Microfranchising as an Employment Incubator Entrepreneurship Microcredit and microfranchising Microfranchising Subsistence markets 0148-2963 Building Entrepreneurship in Subsistence Markets In Press, Corrected Proof 2009 10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.03.020 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V7S-4WSG2T1-1/2/916cd929e6d78fa1a90603c4e192d2eb 2009 christie_tolerance_2001 article Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology Tolerance and solidarity are recognized as key elements in the United Nations Culture of Peace Declaration. The contributions of psychology to our understanding of the causes of intolerance and the promotion of both tolerance and solidarity are discussed by drawing on insights from the Costa Rica symposium and connecting more widely with the scholarly literature in social and peace psychology. Guided by theory and research, we examine the sources of intolerance and exclusion, emphasizing not only small group processes but structural, societal-level changes. We cite provocative evidence indicating that democratization and globalization leave in their wake new divisions and intolerance. While noting the value of intergroup contact in the context of interdependent goals, we underscore the limits of traditional social psychological approaches when addressing complex social phenomena. We emphasize the critical role peace psychologists can play in exposing ideologies of oppression, and promoting social designs and practices that support tolerance and solidarity, at micro and macro levels, within the context of a collaborative, multidisciplinary framework. Tolerance and Solidarity Solidarity 131--142 7 2001 2 2001 churchill_chapter_2006 incollection Craig Churchill Chapter 4: Institutional Options Cooperatives Institutional options Microinsurance Participation M\"{u}nchen, Germany 335--468 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium International Labour Organization {(ILO)} 2006 churchill_protecting_2006 book This authoritative compendium brings together the latest thinking of leading academics, actuaries, and insurance and development professionals in the microinsurance {field.The} result is a practical, wide-ranging resource which provides the most thorough overview of the subject to date. The book allows readers to benefit from the valuable lessons learned from a project launched by the {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance analysing operations around the world. Essential reading for insurance professionals, practitioners and anyone involved with offering insurance to low-income persons, this volume covers the many aspects of microinsurance in detail including product design, marketing, premium collection and governance. It also discusses the various institutional arrangements available for delivery such as the community-based approach, insurance companies owned by networks of savings and credit cooperatives and microfinance {institutions.The} roles of key stakeholders are also explored and the book offers insightful strategies for achieving the right balance between coverage, costs and price. Craig Churchill Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium Microinsurance Microinsurance schemes Geneva / Munich Microinsurance Compendium 2006 http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 churchill_what_2006 incollection - Defining microinsurance - The two faces of microinsurance - What a difference three words make Craig Churchill What is insurance for the poor? Microinsurance Geneva / Munich 12--24 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/1ADE0604-6297-4D14-B8B9-AE122900108C/0/Part1Principlesandpractices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 churchill_making_2003 techreport Making Insurance Work for Microfinance Institutions: A Technical Guide to Developing and Delivering Microinsurance From microfinance to microinsurance Microfinance Micro health insurance Technical guide Geneva, Switzerland Making Insurance Work for Microfinance Institutions 2003 International Labour Organization 2003 churchill_marketing_2006 incollection Main marketing messages; Marketing techniques; After-sales service; Marketing and mandatory insurance Craig Churchill Marketing microinsurance Marketing Microinsurance Microinsurance operations Geneva / Munich 174--195 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 churchill_strategies_2006 incollection Limit benefits; Focus on efficiency; Diversify income sources; Good management Craig Churchill Strategies for sustainability Microinsurance Sustainability Geneva / Munich 564--582 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 churchill_organization_2006 incollection Organizational structure: Where does microinsurance fit in? Recruitment: Where to access appropriate expertise; Training; Compensation; Institutional culture Craig Churchill Organization development in microinsurance Microinsurance Microinsurance operations Geneva / Munich 270--287 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 churchill_tuw_2004 techreport As the primary insurance provider of the Polish credit unions {(CUs),} {TUW} {SKOK's} history is linked to the re-emergence of the credit union movement after the fall of communism. Not long after the new credit unions began collecting savings, the National Association of Cooperative Savings and Credit Unions {(NACSCU)} planned for the provision of insurance as well. In 1993, {CUNA} Mutual and the Foundation for Polish Credit Unions {(FPCU)} launched Benefit, a joint venture that provided loan protection, life savings and funeral insurance. Along with its technical assistance, {CUNA} Mutual provided 90 percent of Benefit's initial capital. After four years of operations and moderate success, the partners decided to go their separate ways. In 1997, {NACSCU} and the Foundation led the credit union's insurance activities in a different direction. The association decided that the greatest priority, and most immediate market potential, was with the credit unions themselves, rather than their members. So the National Association launched a property and casualty {(P\&C)} insurance company to provide corporate products that protect the credit unions. Soon thereafter, {TUW} {SKOK} was born, with initial services focused on deposit insurance and loan protection. In 2000, the insurer received additional licences allowing it to reach out to credit union members themselves. In recent years, {TUW} {SKOK} has unveiled numerous personal insurance products for credit union members, including a variety of accidental death and disability policies, homeowners or tenant's coverage, protection against debit card fraud and robbery, and savings completion insurance. {TUW} {SKOK} started serving individuals in 2001. Despite significant growth over the past three years-it now has nearly 100,000 policyholders- is only reaching roughly 10 percent of {CU} members, so it still has a major market opportunity. But is {TUW} {SKOK} providing microinsurance? It is difficult to say. Although the insurer is not purposely extending insurance to low-income people, it is filling a market niche below the rest of the Polish insurance industry. {TUW} {SKOK-Poland} Case study Europe Microinsurance Poland 2004 2 Case Study 2004 churchill_microinsurance:_2006 incollection Institutional arrangements; The type of insurance Craig Churchill Microinsurance: Opportunities and pitfalls for microfinance institutions Institutional options Micro health insurance Geneva / Munich 452--467 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 cisse_progressivity_2007 article Health Policy This paper applies concentration curves and indices, that have been previously used to analyze progressivity in health care finance and horizontal equity in health care delivery in developed countries, to a 1998-1999 household survey about health care expenditures and utilization carried out in four francophone West African capitals {(Abidjan,} Bamako, Conakry and Dakar). The paper also uses statistical inference for testing stochastic dominance relationship between curves, a technique already applied in the literature about equity in taxation, as the criterion for making rigorous inequality comparisons. In all four capitals, the results strongly suggest a regressive pattern of payments for health care, with lower income groups bearing an higher burden of health expenditures as a proportion of their income than do the higher income segments of the population. As soon as dominance between concentrations curves is statistically tested, results appear less conclusive, notably for the groups of population affected by severe morbidity, on the issue of horizontal inequity in health care delivery, which requires that persons with similar medical need be treated equally. Some recommendations are made for the use of equity measurements in access to care for future evaluations of the impact of health care reforms in Africa. Progressivity and horizontal equity in health care finance and delivery: What about Africa? Africa Progressivity Stochastic dominance 51--68 January Progressivity and horizontal equity in health care finance and delivery 80 2007 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4JMM5JC-1/1/86f105fd292c0c230157316ffa423e1b 2007-01 cizek_statistical_2005 book Statistical tools for finance and insurance Financial mathematics Research method Berlin; New York 9783540273950 2005 Springer 2005 claeson_reducing_1999 techreport Reducing Child Mortality in India: Keeping Up the Pace Child mortality Health care system India Indra Pathmanathan Washnigton, {D.C.} Reducing Child Mortality in India 1999 Bank World\ 1999 clair_developing_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine As a framework for presenting ideas on developing ways to make sociology more applicable, we focus on the recent state of medical sociology research. Data for this paper were generated through a content analysis of a twelve-year period (1993-2004) of the Journal of Health and Social Behavior {(JHSB)} and Social Science \& Medicine {(SSM).} The analysis aims to determine if the content of {JHSB} and {SSM} reflect the breadth of the sub-discipline of medical sociology as well as the stated goals of the journals. The selected issues of {JHSB} and {SSM} were coded on the basis of the following attributes: (1) Primary Substantive Topic, (2) Methodology, (3) Data Type and Analytic Technique, and (4) Research and Policy Recommendations. We found that the orientation of {JHSB} articles was towards generating research and theory that shy away from policy, interdisciplinary approaches, and applied issues. {SSM} content tends to display more interdisciplinary breadth and variety, but also reflects a dearth of applied recommendations. Our discussion focuses on what {JHSB} and {SSM} could be. We present ideas on how the sociological discipline in general--and {JHSB} and {SSM} in particular--can help generate and nourish new forms of inquiry that can impact the way research questions are framed. We conclude that such a shift is needed in order to maximize the applicability of social scientific evidence to everyday life, and we share examples situated within a socio-medical context, where there is a particular need for the application of social evidence to practice. Developing, integrating, and perpetuating new ways of applying sociology to health, medicine, policy, and everyday life Interdisciplinary Medical sociology Policy Practice Rating:1 248--258 January 64 2007 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MBT29X-1/1/7d0b4a90b1987cc2e552fa0513d1d561 2007-01 clarke_insurance_2009 article {DESA} Working Paper Analyzing benefits of well-designed insurance schemes over existing risk-pooling mechanisms This paper focuses on effective delivery of insurance to the poor and analyzes its role relative to other risk mitigation mechanisms like microfinance programs, safety nets and informal insurance systems. It examines the crowding out effect insurance may have on credit and informal insurance and the implications for design of insurance schemes. The paper states that any analysis to decide the focus of policy should consider the interactions between different ways of coping with risk. Constraints to successful development of insurance include: * Information asymmetries, transaction costs, enforcement constraints and ambiguity aversion of insurers; * High cost of trials incorporating innovations; * Substantial time and education that is necessary to encourage uptake for a given project. Despite constraints, the paper finds that well designed insurance products, building on existing informal systems and focusing catastrophic and covariate risks, could offer protection against the risk and help reduce poverty beyond the combined impact of the other mechanisms. Insurance, Credit and Safety Nets for the Poor in a World of Risk Credit Insurance Safety nets October 81 2009 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.40532/06.pdf 2009-10 coate_reciprocity_1993 article Journal of Development Economies Reciprocity without Commitment: Characterization and Performance of Informal Insurance Arrangements Informal insurance 1--24 Reciprocity without Commitment 40 1993 1993 cohen_malawi:_2002 article Reports the public health crisis faced among Malawians in southern Africa. Efforts of public officers to secure help in aiding the region in treating the {AIDS} epidemic; Purpose of forming the Global Fund in January 2002; Information on health programs of World Health Organization for health care in the region. HIV/AIDS Malawi Public health Public officers 00368075 927 5583 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=7351102&site=ehost-live Science Malawi: A Suitable Case for Treatment. 297 Malawi 2002 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 7351102; Cohen, Jon; Source Info: 8/9/2002, Vol. 297 Issue 5583, p927; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} health; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} officers; Subject Term: {AIDS} {(Disease);} Subject Term: {MALAWI;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; Number of Pages: 2p; Illustrations: 1 chart, 1 graph, 1 color; Document Type: Article; Full Text Word Count: 1386{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Article 2002 cohen_trips_2005 article Globalization and Health There are acute disparities in pharmaceutical access between developing and industrialized countries. Developing countries make up approximately 80\% of the world's population but only represent approximately 20\% of global pharmaceutical consumption. Among the many barriers to drug access are the potential consequences of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights {(TRIPS)} Agreement. Many developing countries have recently modified their patent laws to conform to the {TRIPS} standards, given the 2005 deadline for developing countries. Safeguards to protect public health have been incorporated into the {TRIPS} Agreement; however, in practice governments may be reluctant to exercise such rights given concern about the international trade and political ramifications. The Doha Declaration and the recent Decision on the Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the {TRIPS} Agreement and Public Health may provide more freedom for developing countries in using these safeguards. This paper focuses on Ghana, a developing country that recently changed its patent laws to conform to {TRIPS} standards. We examine Ghana's patent law changes in the context of the Doha Declaration and assess their meaning for access to drugs of its population. We discuss new and existing barriers, as well as possible solutions, to provide policy-makers with lessons learned from the Ghanaian experience {TRIPS,} the Doha Declaration and increasing access to medicines: policy options for Ghana Access to health care Africa Doha Declaration Ghana Health policy Health sector reform TRIPS {TRIPS,} the Doha Declaration and increasing access to medicines 1 2005 17 2005 cohen_reducing_2005 article Provides an overview of the research made on the demand for and supply of microinsurance in East Africa in order for the working poor to manage risk. Description of microinsurance; Requirements in creating a viable microinsurance program; Design of the demand side research. Africa East Africa Health risk management Micro health insurance Poor Research Supply \& demand 09541748 319--325 3 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=17072774&site=ehost-live Journal of International Development Reducing vulnerability: demand for and supply of microinsurance in East Africa. 17 Reducing vulnerability April 2005 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 17072774; Cohen, Monique 1; Email Address: {MoniqueC@mfopps.org;} Mccord, Michael J. 2; Sebstad, Jennefer 1; Affiliations: 1: Microfinance Opportunities; 2: {MicroInsurance} Centre; Issue Info: Apr2005, Vol. 17 Issue 3, p319; Thesaurus Term: {RESEARCH;} Thesaurus Term: {INSURANCE;} Thesaurus Term: {SUPPLY} \& demand; Thesaurus Term: {RISK} management; Subject Term: {POOR;} Subject: {AFRICA,} East; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524292 Third Party Administration of Insurance and Pension Funds; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524298 All Other Insurance Related Activities; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525190 Other Insurance Funds; Number of Pages: 7p; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 2005-04 cohen_reducing_2003 techreport Reducing Vulnerability: The Demand for Microinsurance Demand Microinsurance Vulnerability Nairobi, Kenya Reducing Vulnerability 2003 {MicroSave-Africa} 2003 cohen_making_2004 techreport Making Microinsurance Work for Clients Microinsurance 2004 3 {MicroInsurance} Centre Briefing Note Micro Insurance Center 2004 cohen_reducing_2005-1 article Explores the demand for microinsurance in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Research design; Risk and risk management; Coping differences by gender. Africa Gender Health risk management Kenya Micro health insurance Tanzania Uganda 09541748 397--474 3 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=17072773&site=ehost-live Journal of International Development Reducing vulnerability: the demand for microinsurance. 17 Reducing vulnerability April 2005 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 17072773; Cohen, Monique 1; Email Address: {msa@Microsave-Africa.com;} Sebstad, Jennefer 2; Affiliations: 1: Microfinance Opportunities; 2: {MicroSave-Africa,} Ethiopia; Issue Info: Apr2005, Vol. 17 Issue 3, p397; Thesaurus Term: {INSURANCE;} Thesaurus Term: {RISK} management; Subject Term: {GENDER;} Subject: {KENYA;} Subject: {TANZANIA;} Subject: {UGANDA;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524292 Third Party Administration of Insurance and Pension Funds; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524298 All Other Insurance Related Activities; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525190 Other Insurance Funds; Number of Pages: 78p; Illustrations: 10 charts, 3 diagrams, 1 graph; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1002/jid.1193 2005-04 cohen_demand_2006 incollection Managing risk; The importance of understanding the demand for microinsurance; Current coping strategies: Strengths and weaknesses; Opportunities for microinsurance Craig Churchill The demand for microinsurance Demand Microinsurance Geneva / Munich 25--44 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/1ADE0604-6297-4D14-B8B9-AE122900108C/0/Part1Principlesandpractices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 cohen_participations_1980 article World Development Participation's Place in Rural Development: Seeking Clarity through Specificity Community participation Participation 213--235 8 1980 1980 coheur_entwicklungsstand_2004 techreport Entwicklungsstand der privaten, nicht gewinnorientierten Organisationen des Sozialschutzes Social protection in health 2004 Fachausschuss f\"{u}r Hilfsvereine auf Gegenseitigkeit; Fachausschuss f\"{u}r Gesundheitsleistungen und Krankenversicherung 2004 coheur_linkages_2007 misc Linkages between statutory social security schemes and community-based social protection mechanisms: A new approach 2007 2007 coheur_verknuepfungen_2007 techreport Gegenstand der Diskussion werden innovative integrierte Strategien zur Ausweitung der sozialen Krankenversicherung sein. Diese Strategien beinhalten Verkn\"{u}pfungen zwischen gesetzlichen Systemen der sozialen Sicherheit und Systemen auf Ebene des informellen Sektors oder der Gemeinden. Die Diskussion wird sich auf die Ergebnisse einer von der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation {(IAO),} der Internationalen Vereinigung f\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit {(IVSS)} und der Internationalen Vereinigung f\"{u}r Hilfsvereine auf Gegenseitigkeit {(AIM)} im Rahmen der internationalen Allianz zur Ausweitung der Deckung gemeinsam durchgef\"{u}hrten Studie st\"{u}tzen. Diese befasst sich mit den tats\"{a}chlichen und m\"{o}glichen Auswirkungen von Verkn\"{u}pfungen in den Bereichen der Finanzen, Verwaltung, Governance, Leistungserbringung und Politik. Verkn\"{u}pfungen von gesetzlichen sozialen Sicherungssystemen und gemeinschaftsgest\"{u}tzten und lokalen Sozialschutzeinrichtungen: Ein vielversprechender neuer Ansatz Linking Micro health insurance Social protection Social security 2007 09 Technischer Bericht http://www.issa.int/Ressourcen {ISSA} - Internationale Vereinigung f\"{u}r soziale Sicherheit 2007 coleman_uneven_1997 misc The Uneven Implementation of User Fee Policy in Ghana Africa Ghana User fees for health services July 1997 http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/research/takemi/files/RP138.pdf 1997-07 colletta_violent_2000 book Violent Conflict and the Transformation of Social Capital: Lessons from Cambodia, Rwanda, Guatemala, and Somalia Africa Cambodia Conflict Guatemala Latin America Rwanda Social capital Somalia Violent Conflict and the Transformation of Social Capital 2000 World Bank Publications 2000 colletta_nexus_2000 techreport The Nexus between Violent Conflict, Social Capital and Social Cohesion: Case Studies from Cambodia and Rwanda Africa Asia Cambodia Case study Rwanda Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank 2000 committee_for_the_promotion_and_advancement_of_cooperatives_copac_copac_2000 book {COPAC} Directory of Agencies Assisting Cooperatives Cooperatives COPAC Geneva, Switzerland 2000 2000 committee_on_public_undertakings_health_2006 techreport Health Insurance - a horizontal study Health insurance India New Delhi Health insurance 2006 11th report Ministry of Finance 2006 concertation_resultats_2006 misc R\'{e}sultats de l'inventaire 2007 Database Inventory Micro health insurance 2006 http://www.concertation.org/gimi/concertation/InventoryShowSearchStat.do 2006 connell_sub-saharan_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine Migration of skilled health workers from {sub-Saharan} African countries has significantly increased in this century, with most countries becoming sources of migrants. Despite the growing problem of health worker migration for the effective functioning of health care systems there is a remarkable paucity and incompleteness of data. Hence, it is difficult to determine the real extent of migration from, and within, Africa, and thus develop effective forecasting or remedial policies. This global overview and the most comprehensive data indicate that the key destinations remain the {USA} and the {UK,} and that major sources are South Africa and Nigeria, but in both contexts there is now greater diversity. Migrants move primarily for economic reasons, and increasingly choose health careers because they offer migration prospects. Migration has been at considerable economic cost, it has depleted workforces, diminished the effectiveness of health care delivery and reduced the morale of the remaining workforce. Countries have sought to implement national policies to manage migration, mitigate its harmful impacts and strengthen African health care systems. Recipient countries have been reluctant to establish effective ethical codes of recruitment practice, or other forms of compensation or technology transfer, hence migration is likely to increase further in the future, diminishing the possibility of achieving the United Nations millennium development goals and exacerbating existing inequalities in access to adequate health care. {Sub-Saharan} Africa: Beyond the health worker migration crisis? Africa Impact Migration Policy Recruitment 1876--1891 May {Sub-Saharan} Africa 64 2007 9 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4N3H13X-1/1/61cfcdb81de9446baca9a670a507d42e 2007-05 conrad_defining_2007 article Electronic Journal of Sociology Defining social capital Social capital {ISSN:} 1198 3655 2007 2007 conteh_methods_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine The private sector is an important supplier of public health products {(PHPs)} in developing countries. Although there are concerns about the quality and affordability of these products, private providers also offer possibilities for expanding access to key commodities. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for understanding the public health implications of private sales of {PHPs.} It reviews methods for studying these sales, together with their advantages and shortcomings. Ten methods are identified which can be used for studying the behaviour of providers and consumers. The effects of seasonal variation are discussed, together with the challenges of creating a sampling frame and studying illicit behaviour. We conclude that relatively little is known about the sales of {PHPs,} that more is known about contraceptives and drugs than about the newer products, and that the demand side of the market has been studied in greater depth than the behaviour of suppliers. The existing toolbox is biased towards formal providers, and thus, probably towards understanding the provision of {PHPs} to those who are better off. Methods for studying the supply of {PHPs} in outlets used by poor people is a priority area for further methodological development. Methods for studying private sector supply of public health products in developing countries: a conceptual framework and review Developing countries Markets Provider behaviour Public health products 1147--1161 October Methods for studying private sector supply of public health products in developing countries 57 2003 7 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBF-47TNMVP-8/1/202a905e8b34010254faebc27b0a7c9e 2003-10 cook_alcohol_2000 incollection Excess drinking is associated with lost productivity, accidents, disability, early death, crime, neglect of family responsibilities, and personality deterioration. These and related concerns have justified special restrictions on alcoholic-beverage commerce and consumption. The nature and extent of government involvement in this arena vary widely over time and place, and are often controversial. Economists have contributed to the evaluation of alcohol policy through empirical work on the effects of alcoholcontrol measures on consumption and its consequences. Economics has also provided an accounting framework for defining and comparing costs and benefits of interventions, including excise taxes. Outside of the policy arena, economists have analyzed alcohol consumption in the context of stretching the standard model of consumer choice to include intertemporal effects and social influence. Nonetheless, perhaps the most important contribution by economists has been the repeated demonstration that there is nothing unusual about alcohol in at least one essential respect: consumers drink less ethanol (and have fewer alcohol-related problems) when alcohol-beverage prices are increased. Important econometric challenges remain, including the search for a satisfactory resolution to the conflicting results on the effect of price changes on consumption by consumers who tend to drink heavily. There are also unresolved puzzles about the relationship between drinking and productivity; even after controlling for a variety of other characteristics, drinkers tend to have higher earnings than abstainers, and women's earnings (but not men's) tend to increase with alcohol consumption. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Alcohol Alcohol Health habits Amsterdam (a.o.) 1628--1673 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 copestake_mission_2007 article {ESR} Review Microfinance is a potentially powerful tool to fight poverty and help poor people raise their income, accumulate assets, and cushion themselves against external shocks. However, the danger that commercialization of microfinance will lead to an over-preoccupation with profitability at the expense of poverty reduction and other development goals is great -- mission drift is an ever-present possibility for {MFIs} and often irreversible. Because microfinance is motivated by development as well as economic goals, the question arises how best to evaluate performance against multiple and potentially conflicting goals. Mission drift can most precisely be defined as retrospective changes in stated preferences to fit unplanned performance outcomes. This is more likely when an {MFI's} goal setting, performance assessment, and management systems are weak. Improved goal setting and strategic planning, routine monitoring of the poverty status of clients and ex-clients, a capacity for follow-up research into the reasons behind observed changes, and periodic internal and external reviews of these activities and systems can all be carried out more cost-effectively and systematically. {MISSION} {DRIFT-UNDERSTAND} {IT.} {AVOID} {IT} Microcredit Mission drift 9 2007 2 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=7&did=1383143011&SrchMode=3&sid=3&Fmt=4&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1256387146&clientId=73487&aid=1 2007 copestake_mainstreaming_2007 article World Development Summary What scope is there for the pursuit of explicit development goals in the context of increasing integration of specialized microfinance and commercial banking sectors? This question and the idea of mission drift is first analyzed using a model that distinguishes between institutions' financial and social performance possibilities, preferences, and assessment systems. The model is used to review findings from action research with an international sample of poverty oriented microfinance institutions that suggest some simple steps for improved social performance management. It is then used to illustrate the relationship between social and financial performance more widely across the retail financial services sector, and to offer pointers for more policy analysis at this level. Mainstreaming Microfinance: Social Performance Management or Mission Drift? Microfinance Mission drift Performance management Poverty Social performance 1721--1738 October Mainstreaming Microfinance 35 2007 10 2007-10 costello_managing_2009 article The article discusses the management of the health effects of climate change. The authors explain that inputs from all sectors of government and civil society, collaboration between academic disciplines, and new ways of international cooperation will be needed. The importance of reducing poverty and health inequities is discussed. The greenhouse effect, anthropogenic climate change, and global warming are examined. Six ways that link climate change to health are examined: changing patterns of disease and mortality, extreme events, food, water, shelter, and population and migration. Challenges associated with the generation and dissemination of information are discussed. The technological challenge to address the negative health consequences of climate change in poor countries is examined. Climatic changes Developing countries Disease incidence Environmental health Global warming Government policy Health Health disparities Population Water-supply 00995355 1693--1733 9676 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=39887722&site=ehost-live Lancet Managing the health effects of climate change. {(Cover} story) 373 May 2009 Article 2009-05 cracknell_costing_2004 techreport Costing and pricing of financial services- A toolkit Costing Microfinance Pricing Nairobi, Kenya 2004 {MicroSave-Africa} - Market-led solutions for financial services 2004 craig_exploring_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine A growing between- and within-country literature suggests that the association between income inequality and health reflects individual- or area-level characteristics with which income inequality is associated, rather than the effects of income inequality per se. These studies also suggest that the association between income inequality and health is country-specific. Unresolved methodological issues include the geographical level at which to model the effects of income inequality, and the appropriate statistical methods to use. This study compares the results of single-level and multi-level logistic regression models estimating the association between income inequality and self-assessed health in local authorities in Scotland. The results suggest that there is a significant positive association between income inequality and health across local authorities in Scotland, even after adjusting for individual-level socio-economic status. They also suggest that there is significant local authority-level variation in self-assessed health, but this is small compared to the variation at the individual level. Income and other measures of individuals' socio-economic status are more strongly associated with self-assessed health than income inequality. This study provides further evidence that the income inequality:health association is place-specific. It also suggests that methodological choices regarding the ways of estimating the association between self-assessed health, individual-level socio-economic status and area-level income inequality may not make a substantive difference to the results when contextual effects are small. Further work is required to test the sensitivity of these conclusions to alternative levels of geographical aggregation. Exploring the generalisability of the association between income inequality and self-assessed health Income Inequality Multi-level logistic regression Rating:1 Scotland Self-assessed health 2477--2488 June 60 2005 11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4F31PN0-2/1/3a84d7fe8dde8520d5b753badf18af91 2005-06 criel_district-based_1998 book Studies in health services oragnisation \& policy District-based Health Insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa - Part I: From Theory to Practise Africa Community-based health insurance Micro health insurance Rwanda Zaire Antwerpen 9 1998 {ITG} Press 1998 criel_district-based_1998-1 book Studies in health services oragnisation \& policy District-based Health Insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa - Part {II:} Case Studies Africa District-based health insurance Micro health insurance Rwanda Zaire Antwerpen 10 1998 {ITG} Press 1998 criel_bwamanda_1999 article The Bwamanda hospital insurance scheme in Zaire was launched in the mid-eighties and is one of the few well-established and documented initiatives in the field of district-based insurance schemes in {sub-Saharan} Africa. It was established that hospital utilization in Bwamanda is significantly higher among the insured population. A higher hospital utilization is however not a goal in itself: it is a positive phenomenon if it takes place for problems where the hospital's know-how and technology are needed to solve the patient's problem. This paper investigates the effect of the insurance scheme on hospital utilization patterns. More specifically, the distribution of this higher utilization over the different hospital departments, as well as its spatial distribution in the entire district area are analyzed. The impact of the insurance scheme on the effectiveness, equity and efficiency of hospital utilization are discussed. The relevance and possible implications of these findings on the design of the Bwamanda insurance scheme are discussed. Finally, it is argued that the methods used in the present study contribute to a coherent framework for the evaluation of similar initiatives. Adult Africa Child Democratic Republic of the Congo District hospitals Efficiency Female Health services research Hospital insurance Hospitalization Length of stay Male Medically uninsured persons Micro health insurance Program evaluation Rural hospitals Utilization review 0277-9536 897--911 7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10192557 Social Science \& Medicine (1982) The Bwamanda hospital insurance scheme: effective for whom? A study of its impact on hospital utilization patterns 48 The Bwamanda hospital insurance scheme April 1999 {PMID:} 10192557 1999-04 criel_community_2004 article Tropical Medicine \& International Health Community health insurance {(CHI)} in {sub-Saharan} Africa: researching the context. Access to health care Community-based health insurance Context 1041--1043 October 9 2004 10 2004-10 criel_community_2008 misc International encyclopedia of public health Community Health Insurance in Developing Countries Community-based health insurance Developing countries Micro health insurance Amsterdam [u.a.] 782--791 0-12-227225-0 1 2008 {Elsevier/AP,} Acad. Press 2008 criel_health_1997 article Tropical Medicine and International Health A health insurance scheme for hospital care in Bwamanda District, Zaire: lessons and questions after 10 years of functioning Health insurance Health insurance schemes Zaire 654--672 2 1997 7 1997 criel_declining_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine Mutual Health Organisations {(MHOs)} are a type of community health insurance scheme that are being developed and promoted in {sub-Saharan} Africa. In 1998, an {MHO} was organised in a rural district of Guinea to improve access to quality health care. Households paid an annual insurance fee of about {US\$2} per individual. Contributions were voluntary. The benefit package included free access to all first line health care services (except for a small co-payment), free paediatric care, free emergency surgical care and free obstetric care at the district hospital. Also included were part of the cost of emergency transport to the hospital. In 1998, the {MHO} covered 8\% of the target population, but, by 1999, the subscription rate had dropped to about 6\%. In March 2000, focus groups were held with members and non-members of the scheme to find out why subscription rates were so low. The research indicated that a failure to understand the scheme does not explain these low rates. On the contrary, the great majority of research subjects, members and non-members alike, acquired a very accurate understanding of the concepts and principles underlying health insurance. They value the system's re-distributive effects, which goes beyond household, next of kin or village. The participants accurately point out the sharp differences that exist between traditional financial mechanisms and the principle of health insurance, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of both. The ease with which risk-pooling is accepted as a financial mechanism which addresses specific needs demonstrates that it is not, per se, necessary to build health insurance schemes on existing or traditional systems of mutual aid. The majority of the participants consider the individual premium of {US\$2} to be fair. There is, however, a problem of affordability for many poor and/or large families who cannot raise enough money to pay the subscription for all household members in one go. However, the main reason for the lack of interest in the scheme, is the poor quality of care offered to members of the {MHO} at the health centre. Declining subscriptions to the Maliando Mutual Health Organisation in {Guinea-Conakry} {(West} Africa): what is going wrong? Africa District health systems Guinea Micro health insurance Mutual health organisations Social perception Subscriptions 1205--1219 October Declining subscriptions to the Maliando Mutual Health Organisation in {Guinea-Conakry} {(West} Africa) 57 2003 7 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-482YTNH-2/1/27e6ac4feb2e5598ab67482be09bfdff 2003-10 cripps_technical_1998 techreport Technical Report No. 21: Health Reform Policy Issues in Malawi: A Rapid Assessment Africa Assessment Health sector reform Malawi Sub-Saharan Africa Training material Bethesda, Maryland 1998 Partnerships for Health Reform {(PHR)} 1998 cripps_guide_2000 techreport Guide to designing and managing community-based health financing schemes in East and Southern Africa - Including Toolkit - Version 1 Africa Community-based health insurance Managing CBHI Bethesda, Maryland 2000 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2000 crombrugghe_performance_2008 article Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics We use regression analysis to study the determinants of self-sustainability of a sample of microfinance institutions in India. These institutions stand out by their ability and willingness to report financial and operational data to Sa Dhan, a know-how sharing organization. We investigate particularly three aspects of sustainability: cost coverage by revenue, repayment of loans and cost-control. Our results suggest that the challenge of covering costs on small and partly unsecured loans can indeed be met, without necessarily increasing the size of the loans or raising the monitoring cost. The analysis suggests other ways to improve the financial results, like a better targeting of the interest rate policy or increasing the number of borrowers per field officer especially in collective delivery models. Performance Analysis for a sample of Microfinance Institutions in India Asia India Microfinance 269--299 79 2008 2 2008 croson_reciprocity_2005 article Economics Letters Experimental and empirical evidence identifies social preferences and proposes competing models of such preferences. We find that participants match the contributions of others in the voluntary contribution mechanism {(VCM).} We also examine a game with different equilibria, the weakest link mechanism {(WLM).} Here, in contrast, participants match the minimum contribution of others. Reciprocity, matching and conditional cooperation in two public goods games Cooperations Public goods Reciprocity 95--101 87 2005 1 2005 cuevas_cooperative_2006 techreport The paper addresses topics on which an agreement is necessary to arrive at consensus guidelines or "principles" of regulation and supervision of cooperative financial institutions {(CFIs)} in developing countries. Specifically we identify those aspects related to {CFI} industry structure, governance, legislation and regulation over which a well established base of knowledge exists;we point out the most important gaps in understanding and those over which a considerable degree of disagreement among stakeholders appears to exist and that require research to consolidate opinions. Three main topics covered are: (i) the fundamental structure of the sector in terms of its internal (micro) and {inter-CFI} (macro) organization,with focus on the agency conflicts inherent in the mutual structure, the extent to which they contribute to failure risk, and to whether and how these conflicts are controlled by existing governance mechanisms; (ii) the existing legal frameworks in an international context, their origins and the implications for the functioning of {CFIs;} and (iii) the regulatory frameworks under which {CFIs} operate and the different propositions by stakeholders about what should be an appropriate regulatory framework and an effective supervision mechanism. Cooperative Financial Institutions. Issues in Governance, Regulation, and Supervision Cooperatives Financial institutions Governance Regulation Supervision Washington, {D.C.,} {U.S.A.} 2006 82 http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/239493/CuevasFischer_GovernanceCoopWP82.pdf Bank World\ 2006 cullen_interrelations_2001 article Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. Canberra Extensive research has been conducted within the last decade on the links between social capital and social and economic growth and development. The resulting evidence has shown that social capital matters in, among others, economic development, the effectiveness of political systems, and community development. Stemming from these endeavors, research on the interrelations between social capital and health has also been conducted, revealing correlations between social capital and health outcomes. Still, many questions remain unanswered on the interrelations of social capital with health. Definitive definitions and means to measure social capital are still somewhat elusive, and there is still the need to identify which collective, ecological characteristics of communities and societies affect population health status. It is also unclear if the relations between these two variables are multidirectional, and of causality or correlation {(Lochner,} Kawachi, and Kennedy 1999). In terms of mental health, little work has been done to specifically explore how it may interface independently with social capital, although this body of work is growing. Findings from extant research will have important ramifications on the content and structure of further research, on policy formation (macro social policies and their consequent effects on health determinants), and on the implementation of health and mental health services (improving the means, efficacy, and targeting of service delivery). In an attempt to synthesize existing work examining the interrelations of social capital with health and mental health, this paper discusses extant research and pulls together consequent primary hypotheses, methodologies and indicators for measurement, and limitations for study. The Interrelations of Social Capital with Health and Mental Health Health Mental health Social capital 2001 2001 cull_microfinance_2008 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} ce institutions have proved the possibility of providing reliable banking services to poor customers. Their second aim is to do so in a commercially-viable way. This paper analyzes the tensions and opportunities of microfinance as it embraces the market, drawing on a data set that includes 346 of the world's leading microfinance institutions and covers nearly 18 million active borrowers. The data show remarkable successes in maintaining high rates of loan repayment, but the data also suggest that profit-maximizing investors would have limited interest in most of the institutions that are focusing on the poorest customers and women. Those institutions, as a group, charge their customers the highest fees in the sample but also face particularly high transaction costs, in part due to small transaction sizes. Innovations to overcome the well-known problems of asymmetric information in financial markets were a triumph, but further innovation is needed to overcome the challenges of high costs. Microfinance Meets the Market Access to finance Banking reform Debt markets Emerging markets Microfinance May 2008 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1149133 2008-05 cullis_waiting_2000 incollection A number of health care systems use waiting time as a rationing device for access to inpatient care. However, a considerable amount of research has focussed in particular on the {UK's} National Health Service and its perceived problem of waiting "lists". In this chapter a theoretical discussion addresses the issue of the optimum wait in the context of Paretian welfare economics. However, reference is also made to public choice analysis and to queuing theory. Empirical literature that explores the various dimensions of waiting costs is reviewed and evaluated. Different methods of estimation are illustrated and these include contingent valuation, implied valuation and econometric modelling. The policy section assesses various "solutions" to the waiting list "problem". Options are classified in terms of their impact on excess demand and the issue of waiting list management is addressed. In the absence of an over-arching welfare analysis both empirical work and policy recommendations are inevitably piece-meal and open to debate. Given the inherent weaknesses of applied welfare economics the challenge is to find a framework which would attract a broader consensus. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Waiting Lists and Medical Treatment Medical care market NHS inpatient queues Waiting costs Waiting lists Waiting times Amsterdam (a.o.) 1176--1249 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 culyer_introduction:_2000 incollection Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Introduction: The State and Scope of Health Economics Equity and health Health economics Health habits Insurance markets Law and regulation Amsterdam (a.o.) 1--8 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 culyer_handbook_2000 book Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Handbook of Health Economics Equity and health GL Health economics Health habits Insurance markets Law and regulation Managed care Medical care market Amsterdam (a.o.) Part 2 2000 Volume I {\textless}p{\textgreater}chapter 16-35{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}??{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 currie_child_2000 incollection Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Child Health in Developed Countries Children Developed countries Health Infants Amsterdam (a.o.) 1053--1090 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 cutler_paying_1996 techreport Paying for Health Insurance: The {Trade-Off} between Competition and Adverse Selection Adverse selection Competition Health insurance Cambridge, {MA} Paying for Health Insurance 1996 5796 National Bureau of Economic Research 1996 cutler_anatomy_1999 techreport The Anatomy of Health Insurance GL Health insurance Cambridge. {MA} 1999 7176 National Bureau of Economic Research 1999 cutler_anatomy_2000 incollection This article describes the anatomy of health insurance. It begins by considering the optimal design of health insurance policies. Such policies must make tradeoffs appropriately between risk sharing on the one hand and agency problems such as moral hazard (the incentive of people to seek more care when they are insured) and supplier-induced demand (the incentive of physicians to provide more care when they are well reimbursed) on the other. Optimal coinsurance arrangements make patients pay for care up to the point where the marginal gains from less risk sharing are just offset by the marginal benefits from reduced provision of low valued care. Empirical evidence shows that both moral hazard and demand-inducement are quantitatively important. Coinsurance based on expenditure is a crude control mechanism. Moreover, it places no direct incentives on physicians, who are responsible for most expenditure decisions. To place such incentives on physicians is the goal of supply-side cost containment measures, such as utilization review and capitation. This goal motivates the surge in managed care in the United States, which unites the functions of insurance and provision, and allows for active management of the care that is delivered. The analysis then turns to the operation of health insurance markets. Economists generally favor choice in health insurance for the same reasons they favor choice in other markets: choice allows people to opt for the plan that is best for them and encourages plans to provide services efficiently. But choice in health insurance is a mixed blessing because of adverse selection - the tendency of the sick to choose more generous insurance than the healthy. When sick and healthy enroll in different plans, plans disproportionately composed of poor risks have to charge more than they would if they insured an average mix of people. The resulting high premiums create two adverse effects: they discourage those who are healthier but would prefer generous care from enrolling in those plans (because the premiums are so high), and they encourage plans to adopt measures that deter the sick from enrolling (to reduce their overall costs). The welfare losses from adverse selection are large in practice. Added to them are further losses from premiums that vary with observable health status. Because insurance is contracted for annually, people are denied a valuable form of intertemporal insurance - the right to buy health coverage at average rates in the future should they get sick today. As the ability to predict future health status increases, the lack of intertemporal insurance will become more problematic. The article concludes by relating health insurance to the central goal of medical care expenditures - better health. Studies to date are not clear on which approaches to health insurance promote health in the most cost-efficient manner. Resolving this question is the central policy concern in health economics. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse The anatomy of health insurance Adverse selection Agency problems HMOs Indemnity insurance Intertemporal insurance Managed care Moral hazard Pooling equilibrium Separating equilibrium Supplier-induced demand Amsterdam (a.o.) 563--643 Part 3 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Version 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 dachraoui_comparative_2004 article Journal of Risk and Uncertainty Comparative Mixed Risk Aversion: Definition and Application to {Self-Protection} and Willingness to Pay Risk aversion Self protection Willingness to pay 261--276 Comparative Mixed Risk Aversion 29 2004 3 2004 daly_social_2008 article Theory and Society Social exclusion and social capital are widely used concepts with multiple and ambiguous definitions. Their meanings and indicators partially overlap, and thus they are sometimes used interchangeably to refer to the inter-relations of economy and society. Both ideas could benefit from further specification and differentiation. The causes of social exclusion and the consequences of social capital have received the fullest elaboration, to the relative neglect of the outcomes of social exclusion and the genesis of social capital. This article identifies the similarities and differences between social exclusion and social capital. We compare the intellectual histories and theoretical orientations of each term, their empirical manifestations and their place in public policy. The article then moves on to elucidate further each set of ideas. A central argument is that the conflation of these notions partly emerges from a shared theoretical tradition, but also from insufficient theorizing of the processes in which each phenomenon is implicated. A number of suggestions are made for sharpening their explanatory focus, in particular better differentiating between cause and consequence, contextualizing social relations and social networks, and subjecting the policy 'solutions' that follow from each perspective to critical scrutiny. Placing the two in dialogue is beneficial for the further development of each. Springer Science + Business Media {B.V.} Social exclusion and social capital: A comparison and critique Social capital Social exclusion 537--566 2008 37 2008 danis_insurance_2002 article Journal of General Internal Medicine Insurance benefit preferences of the low-income uninsured Low-income insurance 125--133 17 2002 2 2002 danis_enrollees_2004 article The Gerontologist Enrollees Choose Priorities for Medicare Medicare enrollees 58--67 44 2004 1 2004 danis_eliciting_2007 article Economic and Political Weekly Eliciting Health Insurance Benefit Choices of Low Income Groups Health insurance Low-income population 3331--3339 11 2007 2007 danzon_liability_2000 incollection Physicians are traditionally liable under a negligence rule of liability. Economic analysis of liability rules, including malpractice, assumes that the primary function of liability is injury prevention (deterrence). Compensation can be provided more efficiently through other forms of social or private insurance. In theory, a negligence rule creates incentives for efficient care, hence there should be no negligence, no claims and no demand for liability insurance. In practice, the incidence of negligent injury has been estimated at roughly one per hundred hospital admissions in the {US} and about one in seven physicians is sued per year. These discrepancies between the theory and actual operation of the negligence system arise primarily because of imperfect information on the part of courts, doctors, patients, liability insurers and health insurers. Imperfect information and extensive health insurance lead to biased and uncertain legal standards. Uncertain legal standards create incentives for physicians to practice defensive medicine and incentives for plaintiffs and defendants to invest in litigation, leading to high overhead costs, such that compensation through the malpractice system carries a load of \$1.50 per \$1.00 of compensation. Nevertheless, the extreme criticisms of the malpractice system are exaggerated. Malpractice premiums are less than 1 percent of total health care costs. There are no comprehensive estimates of defensive medicine costs; in any case such costs are likely to decline with the growth of managed care. Although claim disposition exhibits both Type 1 and Type 2 errors, negligent injuries are much more likely to lead to a claim being filed and payment to the plaintiff than non-negligent injuries, and awards are strongly related to loss incurred. The limited empirical evidence of provider response to liability and the deterrent effect of claims suggests - but cannot prove - that the net benefits of the malpractice system may plausibly be positive. Nevertheless, reforms designed to reduce inappropriate compensation and deter excessive litigation and defensive practice would make the system more cost-effective. The empirical evidence, based primarily in the {US,} includes studies of malpractice injuries; physician response to liability; trends in claim frequency, severity (size), and claim disposition; and the malpractice insurance market. Analyses of actual and proposed reforms address tort reform, no fault, enterprise liability and optimal liability under managed care. More limited evidence is available on the negligence regimes in Canada and the {UK,} and the quasi no-fault regimes in Sweden and New Zealand. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Liability for Medical Malpractice Accidents Administrative costs Adverse events California Health care costs Insurance Insurance crisis Law and regulation United States Amsterdam (a.o.) 1337--1404 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 das_gupta_indias_2004 techreport India has relatively poor health outcomes, despite having a well-developed administrative system, good technical skills in many fields, and an extensive network of public health institutions for research, training, and diagnostics. This suggests that the health system may be mis-directing its efforts, or be poorly designed. To explore this, we use instruments developed to assess the performance of public health systems in the United States and Latin America based on the framework of the Essential Public Health Functions identified as the basic functions that an effective public health system must fulfill. This paper focuses on the federal level in India, using data obtained from senior health officials in the central government. The data indicate that the reported strengths of the system lie in having the capacity to carry out most of the public health functions. Its reported weaknesses lie in three broad areas. First, it has overlooked some fundamental public health functions such as public health regulations and their enforcement. Second, deep management flaws hinder effective use of resources, including inadequate focus on evaluation; on assessing quality of services; on dissemination and use of information; and on openness to learning and innovation. Resources could also be much better utilized with small changes, such as the use of incentives and challenge funds, and greater flexibility to reassign resources as priorities and needs change. Third, the central government functions too much in isolation and needs to work much more closely with other key actors, especially with sub-national governments, as well as with the private sector and with communities. We conclude that with some re-assessment of priorities and better management practices, health outcomes could be substantially improved. India's Public Health System: How Well Does it Function at the National Level? Health care system India Public health care Washington, {D.C.} India's Public Health System 2004 3447 World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Bank World\ 2004 dasgupta_social_2000 techreport Social Capital - A Multifaceted Perspective Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2000 Thw World Bank 2000 davern_measuring_2003 techreport Measuring Income in Health Insurance Surveys Health insurance surveys Measuring income Willingness to pay 2003 {SHADAC} - State Health Access Data Assistance Center 2003 davies_mental_2009 article In this paper we use a behavioural approach to studying household consumption behaviour in Malawi. In particular we are interested to know whether households use mental accounting when consuming different categories of good. It is useful for assessing the impact of remittances on household consumption behaviour. We use 1998 cross-sectional data to find the following key results: (i) mental accounting systems are in operation; (ii) remittance income exhibits a lower marginal propensity to consume than other income sources, (iii) remittances are widely used to fund education consumption, (iv) credit plays an important role in funding education and farming. Africa Consumer economics Household behaviour Malawi Remittances 0167-4870 321--334 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8H-4VWHVWF-1/2/e3e917c452b67df35c845cdef067bb00 Journal of Economic Psychology Mental accounting and remittances: A study of rural Malawian households 30 Mental accounting and remittances June 2009 10.1016/j.joep.2009.03.003 2009-06 davignon_poor_2004 misc Does microinsurance fulfil its promise of poverty alleviation? This paper seeks to answer the question ????\^{a}???\^{a}?? how to alleviate poverty by reducing the impact of hazard? It examines whether microinsurance is a solution to this question. The paper is divided into three sections. * Section 1: o Documents poverty and aims to give a clearer picture of its characteristics; o Closely examines risk as an inherent factor of poverty; o Details and analyzes microcredit. * Section 2: o Evaluates the way in which microfinance can react to the problems of risk and hazard encountered by the poor; o Investigates whether microinsurance could offer a potential solution; o Examines the origins of microinsurance; o Considers the case of {BASIX,} an Indian microfinance institution {(MFI),} as a microinsurance innovator. * Section 3: o Deals with the implications for rating agencies of the emergence of microinsurance; o Discusses the cases of three rating agencies. The paper concludes that: * Microinsurance does alleviate poverty by reducing the impact of hazard in rural areas; * It protects the client form risk, reduces {MFI} loan default, and earns additional income for {MFIs,} enhancing outreach and scalability; * The case study of {BASIX} illustrates that the success of microinsurance depends on its implementation, on the organization????\^{a}???\^{a}???s capabilities and on the people who evaluate the organization; * Microinsurance complements, rather than substitutes, savings and credit in protecting the poor against risk. The Poor and their Risk. How to Alleviate Poverty by Reducing the Impact of Hazard? The Microinsurance Promise Hazards Microinsurance Poor Poverty reduction Risk Risk management June 2004 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.24166/20620_The_poor_and_their_risk.pdf 2004-06 de_allegri_health_2005 article Access to health care Delivery of health care Developing countries Government policy Health expenditures Health insurance Humans Poverty {1474-547X} 569--570; author reply 570 9459 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15708093 Lancet Health financing and access to services 365 February 2005 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17898-2 {PMID:} 15708093 2005-02 de_allegri_enrol_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine In spite of the fact that feeble levels of participation have long been identified as a major constraint to the successful long-term implementation of community-based health insurance {(CBI)} in low-income countries, evidence on determinants of enrolment in {CBI} is still lacking. The application of econometric modelling has provided a partial answer to the question, but on its own it has proved to be insufficient to guide policy making. This paper aims to fill this gap in knowledge using qualitative research methods. In-depth interviews with 32 household heads were conducted in the Nouna Health District, Burkina Faso, West Africa to assess determinants of enrolment in a newly established {CBI} scheme. The findings highlight that factors previously neglected in the literature, such as institutional rigidities and socio-cultural practices, play an important role in shaping the decision to enrol. The discussion of the findings focuses on the policy implications, offering concrete recommendations to maximise enrolment, within and beyond Burkina Faso. {"To} enrol or not to enrol?": A qualitative investigation of demand for health insurance in rural West Africa Africa Burkina Faso Demand Health insurance Micro health insurance West Africa 1520--1527 March {"To} enrol or not to enrol? 62 2006 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4H87GMR-1/1/335839bcfe29cf20604752ded7a8a729 2006-03 de_allegri_understanding_2006 article Health Policy This paper presents a qualitative investigation of consumers' preferences regarding the single elements of a community-based health insurance {(CBI)} scheme recently implemented in a rural region in west Africa. The aim is to provide adequate policy-guidance to decision makers in low and middle income countries by producing an in-depth understanding of how consumers' preferences may affect decision to participate in such schemes. Although it has long been suggested that feeble levels of participation may very well be an expression of consumers' dissatisfaction with scheme design, little systematic efforts have so far been channelled towards supporting such argument with empirical evidence. Consumers' preferences were explored through means of 32 individual interviews with household heads. Analysis used the method of constant comparison and was conducted by two independent researchers. Data from 10 focus group discussions provided an additional valuable source of triangulation. Findings suggest that decision to enrol is closely linked to whether the single elements of the scheme match consumers' needs and expectations. In particular, consumers justified decision to join or not to join the insurance scheme in relation to their preference for the unit of enrolment, the premium level and the payment modalities, the benefit package, the health service provider network and the {CBI} managerial structure. The discussion of the findings focuses on how understanding consumers' preferences and incorporating them in the design of a {CBI} scheme may result in increased participation rates, ensuring that poor populations gain better access to health services and enjoy greater protection against the cost of illness. Understanding consumers' preferences and decision to enrol in community-based health insurance in rural West Africa Africa Burkina Faso Community-based health insurance Rating:1 West Africa 58--71 March 76 2006 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4GBWJ5X-3/1/bceb9a95228fe13d1e3536673c2b3915 2006-03 de_allegri_understanding_2006-1 article Objective To identify factors associated with decision to enrol in a community health insurance {(CHI)} scheme. Methods We conducted a population-based case-control study among 15 communities offered insurance in 2004 in rural Burkina Faso. For inclusion in the study, we selected all 154 enrolled (cases) and a random sample of 393 non-enrolled (controls) households. We used unconditional logistic regression (applying {Huber-White} correction to account for clustering at the community level) to explore the association between enrolment status and a set of household head, household and community characteristics. Findings Multivariate analysis revealed that enrolment in {CHI} was associated with Bwaba ethnicity, higher education, higher socioeconomic status, a negative perception of the adequacy of traditional care, a higher proportion of children living within the household, greater distance from the health facility, and a lower level of socioeconomic inequality within the community, but not with household health status or previous household health service utilization. Conclusion Our study provides evidence that the decision to enrol in {CHI} is shaped by a combination of household head, household, and community factors. Policies aimed at enhancing enrolment ought to act at all three levels. On the basis of our findings, we discuss specific policy recommendations and highlight areas for further research. {(English)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Burkina Faso Community health services County health services Ethnicity Health facilities Health insurance Health planning Medical policy Social status 00429686 852--858 11 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=27719422&site=ehost-live Bulletin of the World Health Organization Understanding enrolment in community health insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa: a population-based case-control study in rural Burkina Faso. 84 Understanding enrolment in community health insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa November 2006 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Objectif} Identifier les facteurs associ\'{e}s \`{a} la d\'{e}cision de s'affilier \`{a} un r\'{e}gime d'assurance-maladie communautaire r\'{e}cemment mis en place. M\'{e}thodes Nous avons men\'{e} une \'{e}tude cas-t\'{e}moin en population parmi 15 communaut\'{e}s du Burkina Faso auxquelles avait \'{e}t\'{e} propos\'{e}e en 2004 une assurance-maladie. Comme sujets de l'\'{e}tude, nous avons s\'{e}lectionn\'{e} 154 individus parmi les membres de ces communaut\'{e}s s'\'{e}tant affili\'{e}s au r\'{e}gime et un \'{e}chantillon al\'{e}atoire de 393 foyers ne s'\'{e}tant pas affili\'{e}s (t\'{e}moins). Nous avons fait appel \`{a} une analyse par r\'{e}gression logistique non conditionnelle (en appliquant une correction de {Huber-White} destin\'{e}e \`{a} tenir compte de la possibilit\'{e} de grappage au niveau communautaire) pour \'{e}tudier l'association entre le statut d'affiliation et une s\'{e}rie de caract\'{e}ristiques relatives au chef de famille, au foyer et \`{a} la communaut\'{e}. R\'{e}sultats L'analyse multivari\'{e}e fait appara??tre une association entre l'affiliation \`{a} ce r\'{e}gime et l'appartenance \`{a} l'ethnie Bwaba, un niveau d'\'{e}ducation ou un statut socio\'{e}conomique \'{e}lev\'{e}s, une perception n\'{e}gative de l'efficacit\'{e} des soins de type traditionnel, une proportion importante des enfants vivant dans le foyer, l'\'{e}loignement de l'\'{e}tablissement de sant\'{e} et un faible niveau d'in\'{e}galit\'{e} socio\'{e}conomique au sein de la communaut\'{e}, mais n'indique aucun lien avec l'\'{e}tat de sant\'{e} du foyer ou un recours ant\'{e}rieur de celui-ci \`{a} des services de sant\'{e}. Conclusion Notre \'{e}tude a apport\'{e} des preuves de l'influence sur la d\'{e}cision d'affiliation au r\'{e}gime d'assurance-maladie communautaire d'une combinaison de facteurs relatifs au chef de famille, au foyer et \`{a} la communaut\'{e}. Les strat\'{e}gies visant \`{a} augmenter le taux d'affiliation doivent agir \`{a} l'ensemble de ces trois niveaux. A la lumi\`{e}re de ces r\'{e}sultats, nous avons examin\'{e} certaines recommandations politiques et mis en \'{e}vidence des aspects \`{a} \'{e}tudier de mani\`{e}re plus approfondie. {(French)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} Article 2006-11 de_allegri_step-wedge_2008 article Health Research Policy and Systems Step-wedge cluster-randomised community-based trials: An application to the study of the impact of community health insurance Cluster-randomised trials Community-based health insurance Micro health insurance Randomized trials 10 Step-wedge cluster-randomised community-based trials 6 2008 {PMC2583992} 10.1186/1478-4505-6-10 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2583992 2008 de_allegri_community_2009 article In recent years, a number of reviews have generated evidence on the potential of community health insurance {(CHI)} to increase access to care and offer financial protection against the cost of illness for poor people excluded from formal insurance systems. Field experience, however, shows that in {sub-Saharan} Africa {(SSA),} a series of operational difficulties still hampers the successful development of {CHI,} yielding negative effects on potential progress towards increased access to care and improved financial protection. Through a careful assessment of the existing literature, including peer-reviewed articles, books, consultancy reports, and manuscripts from international organizations, we produce an analytical review of such difficulties. Our aim is to provide policy makers with the necessary knowledge on the problems at stake and with policy propositions to offset such problems, strengthening {CHI} and enhancing its role within {SSA} health systems. Our review of the literature reveals that the major difficulties currently faced by {CHI} in {SSA} are operational in nature and cluster around five areas: (i) lack of clear legislative and regulatory framework; (ii) low enrolment rates; (iii) insufficient risk management measures; (iv) weak managerial capacity; and (v) high overhead costs. Consequently, our review calls for appropriate policy interventions, specifically: (i) greater commitment towards the development of adequate legislation in support of {CHI;} (ii) increasing uptake of measures to expand equitable enrolment; (iii) the adoption of adequate risk management measures in all schemes; (iv) substantial investments from host countries as well as from sponsoring agencies to improve managerial capacity; and (v) collective efforts to contain overhead costs. {(English)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Community-based health insurance Community-based insurance Community health services Health care financing health financing Health insurance Medical policy Micro health insurance Poor Review revue 13602276 586--596 5 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=39464529&site=ehost-live Tropical Medicine \& International Health Community health insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa: what operational difficulties hamper its successful development? 14 Community health insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa May 2009 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Au} cours des derni\`{e}res ann\'{e}es, un certain nombre de revues ont g\'{e}n\'{e}r\'{e} des preuves sur le potentiel de l'assurance en sant\'{e} communautaire {(ASC)} d'accro??tre l'acc\`{e}s aux soins et d'offrir une protection financi\`{e}re contre le co??t de la maladie, pour les personnes pauvres exclues des syst\`{e}mes formels d'assurance. L'exp\'{e}rience de terrain montre cependant qu'en Afrique subsaharienne {(ASS),} une s\'{e}rie de difficult\'{e}s op\'{e}rationnelles constituent encore des obstacles au succ\`{e}s du d\'{e}veloppement de {l'ASC,} produisant des effets n\'{e}gatifs sur le potentiel du progr\`{e}s vers l'am\'{e}lioration de l'acc\`{e}s aux soins et l'am\'{e}lioration de la protection financi\`{e}re. Par une \'{e}valuation minutieuse de la documentation existante, comprenant des articles publi\'{e}s, des livres, des rapports d'experts et des manuscrits provenant d'organisations internationales, nous avons effectu\'{e} une analyse de ces difficult\'{e}s. Notre but est de fournir aux d\'{e}cideurs, les connaissances n\'{e}cessaires sur les probl\`{e}mes en jeu et avec des propositions de politique, de pallier ces probl\`{e}mes, ce qui renforceraient {l'ASC} et son r??le au sein des syst\`{e}mes de sant\'{e} de {l'ASS.} Notre revue de la litt\'{e}rature r\'{e}v\`{e}le que les principales difficult\'{e}s rencontr\'{e}es par {l'ASC} en {ASS} sont de nature op\'{e}rationnelle et regroupent cinq domaines: a) absence d'une structure l\'{e}gislative et r\'{e}glementaire claire, b) faible taux d'enr??lement, c) insuffisance des mesures de gestion des risques, d) faible capacit\'{e} de gestion; e) frais g\'{e}n\'{e}raux \'{e}lev\'{e}s. Par cons\'{e}quent, notre revue fait appel \`{a} des interventions de politiques, plus sp\'{e}cifiquement: a) un engagement plus important en vue de l'\'{e}laboration d'une l\'{e}gislation appropri\'{e}e \`{a} l'appui de {l'ASC,} b) une augmentation de l'adh\'{e}sion aux mesures visant \`{a} accro??tre l'enr??lement \'{e}quitable, c) l'adoption de mesures ad\'{e}quates de gestion des risques dans tous les sch\'{e}mas, d) des investissements substantiels de la part des pays d'accueil ainsi que des organismes sponsors afin d'am\'{e}liorer les capacit\'{e}s de gestion; e) des efforts collectifs en vue de contenir les frais g\'{e}n\'{e}raux. {(French)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02262.x 2009-05 de_allegri_community_2007 article Community Health Services Delivery of health care Developing countries Micro health insurance 1468-5833 1282--1283 7607 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17585121 {BMJ} {(Clinical} Research Ed.) Community based health insurance in developing countries 334 June 2007 10.1136/bmj.39240.632963.80 {PMID:} 17585121 2007-06 dean_reflective_1995 article Constellations Reflective Solidarity Solidarity 114--140 January 2 1995 1 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8675.1995.tb00023.x 1995-01 deaton_poverty_2002 article Economic and Political Weekly This paper presents a new set of integrated poverty and inequality estimates for India and Indian states for 1987-88, 1993-94 and 1999-2000. The poverty estimates are broadly consistent with independent evidence on percapita expenditure, state domestic product and real agricultural wages. They show that poverty decline in the 1990s proceeded more or less in line with earlier trends. Regional disparities increased in the 1990s, with the southern and western regions doing much better than the northern and eastern regions. Economic inequality also increased within states, especially within urban areas, and between urban and rural areas. We briefly examine other development indicators, relating for instance to health and education. Most indicators have continued to improve in the nineties, but social progress has followed very diverse patterns, ranging from accelerated progress in some fields to slowdown and even regression in others. We find no support for sweeping claims that the nineties have been a period of "unprecedented improvement" or "widespread impoverishment". Poverty and Inequality in India: A Reexamination India Inequality Poverty 3729--3748 September Poverty and Inequality in India 2002 Special Articles http://www.cdedse.org/pdf/work107.pdf 2002-09 deaton_data_2005 article The World Bank Research Observer What happened to poverty in India in the 1990s has been fiercely debated, politically and statistically. The Indian debate has run parallel to, and is itself a large part of, the wider debate about globalization and poverty in the 1990s. The economic reforms of the early 1990s were followed by rates of economic growth that were high by Indian historical standards. The effects on poverty remain controversial, and the official numbers published by the Government of India, showing a reduction of poverty from 36 percent of the population in 1993--94 to 26 percent of the population in 1999--00, have been challenged both for showing too little and too much poverty reduction. The various claims have often been frankly political, but there are also many important statistical issues, and the Indian debate, of which this paper is a review, provides an excellent example of how politics and statistics interact in an important, largely domestic debate. Although there is no full consensus on what happened to Indian poverty in the 1990s, there is good evidence that the official estimates of poverty reduction are too optimistic, particularly for rural India. This overoptimism was amplified by statistical uncertainty that created space for some commentators to argue that poverty had been virtually eliminated in India in the wake of the economic reforms. Although this paper is concerned with the measurement of poverty in India, all of the issues-discrepancies between surveys and national accounts, the effects of questionnaire design, reporting periods, survey non-response, repairing imperfect data, the choice of poverty lines, and the interplay between statistics and politics-have wide resonance elsewhere. Data and Dogma: The Great Indian Poverty Debate India Measurement Poverty 177--199 Data and Dogma 20 2005 2 http://wbro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/20/2/177 2005 defilippis_myth_2001 article Housing Policy Debate The Myth of Social Capital in Community Development Community participation Participation Social capital 12 2001 4 2001 de_janvry_uninsured_2006 article {SP} Discussion Paper Uninsured Risk and Asset Protection: Can Conditional Cash Transfer Programs Serve as Safety Nets? Assets Conditional cash transfers Safety nets June 0604 2006 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/Social-Risk-Management-DP/0604.pdf 2006-06 dekker_health_2009 article World Development Summary To reduce the burden of health expenditures in developing countries, health-insurance schemes have become popular and now feature prominently in poverty-reduction strategies. There is, however, limited empirical evidence on the effect of such schemes on the livelihoods of clients, especially regarding household strategies to finance medical expenditures. This paper explores the relationship between health insurance and other risk-coping strategies used to finance medical expenditures in Uganda. Insurance is associated with a lower frequency of asset sales but not with lower incidences of borrowing. The amount of money borrowed or generated through the sales of assets is lower for insured households. Health Insurance and Other {Risk-Coping} Strategies in Uganda: The Case of Microcare Insurance Ltd. Microinsurance Risk-coping strategies {0305-750X} Health Insurance and Other {Risk-Coping} Strategies in Uganda In Press, Corrected Proof 2009 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.09.004 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4XHC6K6-1/2/999639589364ca2021b1bbce4db13c13 2009 de_koning_part_1996 book Participatory Research in Health: Issues and Experiences Part {IV:} Participatory Research methods: First steps in a Participatory Process Participatory research London 1996 Zen Books Ltd. 1996 de_la_torre_closing_2009 misc Social capital has strengthened the solidarity funds when the legal mechanisms and institutions for monitoring and assistance are not present. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of social capital on productivity and performance of the Mexican solidarity funds. For this it is obtained an estimator indirectly associated with inequality, through which it follows that if the social capital rises 1\% the loans number increases by 0.2877\% and the savings number increases by 0.4598\%, and for each additional producer that activate his social capital with his partners there will be generated increases in loans recoveries amounting to 597.41 pesos. In this sense, a greater investment in social capital will recover a larger amount of borrowed funds and will increase savings and loans for poor producers. Closing the gap: the link between social capital and microfinance services Microfinance Social capital 2009 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.40254/Closing%20the%20gap.pdf 2009 del_conte_roundtable_2000 article The Ford Foundation, New York Roundtable on Microinsurance Services in the Informal Economy: The Role of Microfinance Institutions From microfinance to microinsurance Microfinance Microfinance institutions Microinsurance Roundtable on Microinsurance Services in the Informal Economy 2000 2000 demedts_organization_2004 techreport Organization of health care in developing countries - selected publications (1990 - 2004) Developing countries Health care Antwerpen, Brussels 2004 The Library Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine 2004 demirguc-kunt_finance_2008 book World Bank Policy Research Report Finance for all? Policies and Pitfalls in Expanding Access Access to finance and development Firms' Access to Finance Government's role in facilitating access Household access to finance Universal coverage Washington, {D.C.} 2008 The Wolrd Bamk 2008 demirguc-kunt_deposit_2006 article World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Deposit insurance design and implementation: policy lessons from research and practice Deposit insurance July 3969 2006 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/07/19/000016406_20060719160944/Rendered/PDF/wps3969.pdf 2006-07 department_community_2005 techreport Community Driven Development and Social Capital: Designing a Baseline Survey in the Philippines Community development Social capital Washnigton, {D.C.} 2005 The World Bank 2005 department_of_health_south_africa_monitoring_2004 misc Monitoring and Evaluation Framework Comprehensive {HIV} and {AIDS} Care, Management and Treatment Plan for South Africa Africa Evaluation HIV/AIDS Monitoring South Africa September 2004 2004-09 dercon_sickness_2000 article Journal of Political Economy Much of the literature on consumption smoothing and on risk sharing has focused on the ability of the household as a unit to protect its consumption. Little is known about the ability of individual members of the household to keep consumption smooth over time or relative to other members of the household. We use data on adult nutrition in Ethiopia to investigate whether individuals are able to smooth their consumption over time and within the {household.We} find that poorer households are not able to do so. Furthermore, poor southern households do not engage in complete risk sharing; women in these households bear the brunt of adverse shocks. This result implies that the collective model of household organization, which imposes Pareto efficiency on allocations, is rejected for these households. Finally, we obtain estimates of the relative Pareto weights in household allocation. We find that a wife's relative position is better if customary laws on settlements at divorce are favorable or if she comes from a relatively wealthy background and that poor southern women have lower Pareto weights in allocation. In Sickness and in Health: Risk Sharing within Households in Rural Ethiopia Africa Ethiopia Risk management Risk sharing 688--727 108 2000 4 2000 dercon_income_2002 article World Bank Research Observer Poor rural and urban households in developing countries face substantial risks, which they handle with risk-management and risk-coping strategies, including self-insurance through savings and informal insurance mechanisms. Despite these mechanisms, however, vulnerability to poverty linked to risk remains high. This article reviews the literature on poor households' use of risk-management and risk-coping strategies. It identifies the constraints on their effectiveness and discusses policy options. It shows that risk and lumpiness limit the opportunities to use assets as insurance, that entry constraints limit the usefulness of income diversification, and that informal risk-sharing provides only limited protection, leaving some of the poor exposed to very severe negative shocks. Public safety nets are likely to be beneficial, but their impact is sometimes limited, and they may have negative externalities on households that are not covered. Collecting more information on households' vulnerability to poverty - through both quantitative and qualitative methods - could help inform policy. Income Risk, Coping Strategies, and Safety Nets 141--166 17 2002 2 2002 dercon_insurance_2004 techreport Uninsured risk has substantial welfare costs, not just in the short run, but also in terms of perpetuating poverty. This paper discusses the scope for extending insurance to the poor in {LAC} countries. It is argued that insurance provision to the poor could play an important role in a comprehensive system of protection against risk, including other ex-ante measures such as promoting credit and savings as insurance, as well as a credible overall ex-post safety net. Insurance provision is best promoted via a partner-agent model, in which a local finance institution with close links to relatively poor communities teams up with an established insurer to deliver low cost, tailored products, and possible products include life, health, property and weather insurance. An essential role of the government would be to promote insurance provision to the poor by a relevant regulatory framework favouring {MFIs} within a partner-agent setup, and to provide overall credibility to the overall system of social protection. The paper also argues for the involvement of local indigenous risk-sharing and finance institutions as intermediaries to maximise the ability to reach the poor and the overall welfare benefits. Insurance for the Poor? Insurance and poverty 2004 125 2004 dercon_group-based_2006 article World Development Summary A funeral is a costly occasion. This paper studies indigenous insurance institutions developed to cope with the high costs of funerals, based on evidence from rural areas in Tanzania and Ethiopia. These institutions were found to be highly prevalent in the study areas. They are based on well-defined rules and regulations, often offering premium-based insurance for funeral expenses. Increasingly, they are also offering other forms of insurance and credit to cope with hardship. The paper argues that the characteristics and inclusiveness of these institutions make them potentially well placed as models to broaden insurance provision and other developmental activities in these communities. The history of these institutions is characterized by a resistance to attempts of political capture, and helps to understand their apparent opposition to engage more broadly with {NGOs} and government agencies. As a result, any attempt to expand their activities will have to be done cautiously. Group-based funeral insurance in Ethiopia and Tanzania Ethopia Funeral insurance Risk sharing Tanzania 685--703 April 34 2006 4 2006-04 dercon_literature_2008 techreport This paper provides a selective overview of the current state of research on microinsurance. Its key purpose is to identify knowledge gaps, that deserve further investigation. The review is structured along three core issues: the need for careful evaluation of the impact of microinsurance on the poor, the need to increase our understanding of the nature of the demand for microinsurance, including dimensions related to trust and the understanding of insurance by the poor, and finally, the need for further research on supply dimensions, focusing on the key challenges and bottlenecks for widespread and sustainable provision of microinsurance. For each of these core issues, a brief review of the literature is offered, as well as the questions that could guide further work, informing the research agenda of the Microinsurance Innovation Facility. Literature review on microinsurance Geneva, Switzerland 33 2008 {ILO} 2008 de_ree_aiding_2009 article This paper considers the impact of foreign aid flows on the risk of civil conflict. We improve on earlier studies on this topic by addressing the problem of the endogenous aid allocation using {GDP} levels of donor countries as instruments. A more structural addition to the literature is that we efficiently control for unobserved country specific effects in typical conflict onset and conflict continuation models by first differencing. The literature often overlooks the dynamic nature of these types of models, thereby forcing unlikely i.i.d. structures on the error terms implicitly.1 As a consequence, malfunctioning institutions, deep-rooted political grievances, or any other obvious, yet unobserved and time persistent determinants of war are simply assumed away. We find a statistically significant and economically important negative effect of foreign aid flows on the probability of ongoing civil conflicts to continue (the continuation probability), such that increasing aid flows tends to decrease civil conflict duration. We do not find a significant relationship between aid flows and the probability of civil conflicts to start (the onset probability). Civil conflict Development cooperation Foreign aid 0304-3878 301--313 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBV-4S7SV6G-1/2/5c791b23f18cab11ac76e1316d958666 Journal of Development Economics Aiding violence or peace? The impact of foreign aid on the risk of civil conflict in {sub-Saharan} Africa 88 Aiding violence or peace? March 2009 2009-03 deroek_rural_1996 techreport The Health Financing and Sustainability {(HFS)} Project and the Centro de Estudios y Dates {(CEDATOS)} conducted an assessment of the health services of Ecuador's Seguro Social Cumpesino {(SSC),} a government social insurance program providing health care and other social services to the country's rural population, which is financed in part by payroll taxes paid by urban workers. A survey of nine {SSC} health clinics in various regions of the country and a survey of 1,017 households in the selected clinic areas provided information on the provision, utilization, and clients' perceptions of {SSC} services, the cost of services, and the demand for health services among the rural population. The major problems identified in the study include: difficulty in recruiting and retaining professional staff in the clinics, clinic catchment areas too small to support fully-functioning clinics, shortages of drugs and supplies, and as a result of these problems, low patient volume in many clinics. Unit costs for services varied as much as four-fold among clinics; those with the lowest costs tended to have larger numbers of member households and had greater patient volume. The demand analysis indicated a strong potential in expanding membership and increasing utilization of {SSC} services by improving the availability of medicines and other aspects of quality of care. The study results also indicate that these quality improvements could be financed by user fees, increases in the small monthly membership dues, or a combination of both. The report provides a series of recommendations on how the utilization of {SSC} services can be increased through quality improvements, changes in the management and financing of the system, and other reforms. Rural Health Services at Seguridad Social Campesino Facilities: Analyses of facility and household surveys Ecuador Ecuador Health care financing Health insurance Social insurance South America 1996 13 Technical Report 1996 deshpande_3.4_???? incollection Indien ist gepr\"{a}gt durch gro\sse regionale {Gegens\"{a}tze:Die} Bev\"{o}lkerungsstruktur ist heterogen; verschiedene Religionen sowie 325 verschiedene Sprachen mit unz\"{a}hligen Dialekten sind verbreitet. Mit einer Armutsbev\"{o}lkerung von 350 Millionen Menschen - bei einer Gesamtbev\"{o}lkerung von mittlerweile \"{u}ber 1 Milliarde Menschen - geh\"{o}rt das Land zu den \"{a}rmsten Staaten der Welt. Rund 315 Millionen Personen sind erwerbst\"{a}tig,davon arbeiten jedoch nur 26 Millionen im formellen {Sektor.Somit} erhalten nur etwa 8\% der Erwerbsbev\"{o}lkerung regelm\"{a}\ssige Lohnzahlungen, haben arbeitsrechtlichen Schutz und gesetzlichen Anspruch auf soziale Sicherung. Mehr als 90\% sind im informellen Sektor besch\"{a}ftigt. Sie arbeiten entweder als Selbstst\"{a}ndige oder als Lohnarbeiter, meistens als Tagel\"{o}hner mit unregelm\"{a}\ssigen Einkommen, und haben keinerlei Anspruch auf soziale Sicherung. Dennoch hat der informelle Sektor einen hohen arbeitsmarktpolitischen Stellenwert und tr\"{a}gt bis zu 60\% zum indischen Bruttosozialprodukt bei. 3.4 Indien - Private Dienstleister als St\"{u}tze des Gesundheitssystems Health care system India Private health care Private health insurance Bonn 89--100 Gesundheitswesen {GTZ} - Projekt Krankenversicherung desmet_potential_1999 article Health insurance schemes are usually assessed according to technical indicators. This approach, however, neglects the dynamic perspective of insurance schemes as an element of people's mobilisation for participation in organising and managing health care delivery and financing. The first part of this paper describes the technical performance and the level of community involvement in management of the two largest health insurance schemes in Bangladesh, both in the rural areas and in the non-government sector. Part two discusses these achievements in light of the schemes' potential role as a mechanism for people's management of health care. A review of documents and key-informant interviews were conducted. Key findings include that (1) subscribers currently are not actively participating in scheme management. However, existing family groups, involved in credit programmes may serve as entry-points for interaction. This is sustained by the 'natural link' between health insurance as a means of spreading the risks of treatment costs and credit programmes as a means of decreasing the relative impact of illness on household income. (2) The schemes' role could be further enhanced, by improving their technical performance and applying health care systems elements with the input of all partners involved. These issues are avoidance of service duplication with other providers; better protection of the poorer households; inclusion of hospital care in the coverage package; simplification of scheme administration by introduction of episode-based co-payments instead of the current itemised ones and concentrating the schemes at the level of community-based services, which may be self-financed and also self-managed by the community, given available sensitisation, training and interaction. A shift to episode-based co-payments would also introduce solidarity among patients and among individuals at higher risk, such as pregnant women and under-fives. Finally, action-research is needed to document the process of increased community involvement. Consumer participation Cost sharing Decision making Episode of care Female Health care expenditure Health insurance Health services research Insurance coverage Male Participation Pregnancy Private sector Program evaluation Rural health 0277-9536 925--938 7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10192559 Social Science \& Medicine (1982) The potential for social mobilisation in Bangladesh: the organisation and functioning of two health insurance schemes 48 The potential for social mobilisation in Bangladesh April 1999 {PMID:} 10192559 1999-04 de_swaan_care_1988 book In Care of The State: Health Care, Education and Welfare in Europe and the {USA} in the Modern Era Europe Health care system United States Cambridge, {UK} 1988 Polity Press 1988 devadasan_training_2006 techreport Training Manual on Health Insurance - 5 day course - Facilitator's module Health insurance Training manual Bangalore 2006 Institute of Public Health - In collaboration with the {WHO} India country office 2006 devadasan_accord_2004 article Economic and Political Weekly {ACCORD} Community Health Insurance - Increasing Access to Hospital Care Access to health care Case study Community-based health insurance Hospital care Micro health insurance 2004 July 10 2004 devadasan_community_2004 article Economic and Political Weekly Community Health Insurance in India - an overview Community-based health insurance India Micro health insurance 3179--3183 Community health insurance in India 39 2004 28 2004 devadasan_community_2004-1 article Economic and Political Weekly Community health insurance: increasing access to hospital care Community-based health insurance Hospital care Increasing access 3189--3194 {ACCORD} community health insurance 39 2004 28 2004 devadasan_landscape_2006 article Health Policy The Indian health system is mainly funded by out-of-pocket payments. More than 80\% of health care expenditure is borne by individual households. Only about 3\% of the population, mostly those in the formal sector, benefit from some form of health insurance. Several Indian {Non-Governmental} Organisations {(NGOs)} have initiated Community Health Insurance {(CHI)} schemes within their existing development programmes. This article describes the principal features of the design and functioning of a selection of 10 {CHI} schemes and presents a brief overview of the current landscape of {CHI} in India. The schemes explicitly target the poorest and most vulnerable households in Indian society--scheduled tribes, scheduled castes and poor women. Three {CHI} management models can be distinguished. The first model consists of local {NGOs} acting as both insurer and provider. In the second model, the {NGO} is the insurer but does not itself provide care, which is then purchased from a private provider. In the third model, the {NGO} neither does provide health care nor acts as an insurer: the {NGO,} on behalf of a community, links with an insurer and purchases health care from a provider. The benefit packages generally include both primary and secondary care and most of the providers are in the private sector. Most of the schemes require external resources for financial sustainability. There is currently little information on the impact of {CHI} schemes on the performance of local health systems and more research is warranted in that respect. The landscape of community health insurance in India: An overview based on 10 case studies Community-based health insurance India Micro health insurance Typology 224--234 October The landscape of community health insurance in India 78 2006 2-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4HK04B4-1/1/1f0289b041c3ce4e2ef9ead711685235 2006-10 devadasan_indian_2007 article {BMC} Health Services Research {BACKGROUND:} More than 72\% of health expenditure in India is financed by individual households at the time of illness through out-of-pocket payments. This is a highly regressive way of financing health care and sometimes leads to impoverishment. Health insurance is recommended as a measure to protect households from such catastrophic health expenditure {(CHE).} We studied two Indian community health insurance {(CHI)} schemes, {ACCORD} and {SEWA,} to determine whether insured households are protected from {CHE.} {METHODS:} {ACCORD} provides health insurance cover for the indigenous population, living in Gudalur, Tamil Nadu. {SEWA} provides insurance cover for self employed women in the state of Gujarat. Both cover hospitalisation expenses, but only upto a maximum limit of {US\$23} and {US\$45,} respectively. We reviewed the insurance claims registers in both schemes and identified patients who were hospitalised during the period 01/04/2003 to 31/03/2004. Details of their diagnoses, places and costs of treatment and self-reported annual incomes were obtained. There is no single definition of {CHE} and none of these have been validated. For this research, we used the following definition; "annual hospital expenditure greater than 10\% of annual income," to identify those who experienced {CHE.} {RESULTS:} There were a total of 683 and 3152 hospital admissions at {ACCORD} and {SEWA,} respectively. In the absence of the {CHI} scheme, all of the patients at {ACCORD} and {SEWA} would have had to pay {OOP} for their hospitalisation. With the {CHI} scheme, 67\% and 34\% of patients did not have to make any out-of-pocket {(OOP)} payment for their hospital expenses at {ACCORD} and {SEWA,} respectively. Both {CHI} schemes halved the number of households that would have experienced {CHE} by covering hospital costs. However, despite this, 4\% and 23\% of households with admissions still experienced {CHE} at {ACCORD} and {SEWA,} respectively. This was related to the following conditions: low annual income, benefit packages with low maximum limits, exclusion of some conditions from the benefit package, and use of the private sector for admissions. {CONCLUSION:} {CHI} appears to be effective at halving the incidence of {CHE} among hospitalised patients. This protection could be further enhanced by improving the design of the {CHI} schemes, especially by increasing the upper limits of benefit packages, minimising exclusions and controlling costs. Indian community health insurance schemes provide partial protection against catastrophic health expenditure Adult Catastrophic illness Community-based health insurance Female Financing Health insurance Health policy Hospitalization India Insurance claim Male Medical indigency Micro health insurance Patient admission Program evaluation Registries Working women 1472-6963 43 7 2007 {PMID:} 17362506 10.1186/1472-6963-7-43 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17362506 2007 devadasan_community_2009 article Health Policy and Planning {BACKGROUND} To reduce the burden of out-of-pocket payments on households in India, the government has introduced community health insurance {(CHI)} as part of its National Rural Health Mission. Indian {CHI} schemes have been shown to provide financial protection and have the potential to improve quality of care, but do not seem to improve access. This study examines this dimension of {CHI} performance and explores conditions under which a {CHI} scheme can improve access to hospital care for the poor. {METHODS} We conducted a panel survey at the {ACCORD-AMS-ASHWINI} {(AAA)} {CHI} scheme in India. The {AAA} {CHI} scheme protects the poorest sections of society against hospitalization expenses. 297 insured and 248 matched uninsured households were observed by village volunteers on a weekly basis for 12 months. Any patient presenting with a 'major ailment' in these households was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Outcomes measured were utilization of hospital services, cost of treatment and quality of treatment received. {RESULTS} The two cohorts were similar regarding demographic, social and economic parameters. More insured than uninsured households expressed trust in the {CHI} scheme organizers. Both groups had similar levels of minor ailments, but the insured had higher incidence of chronic and major ailments. Insured patients had a hospital admission rate 2.2 times higher than uninsured patients, independent of confounding factors. This higher rate among the insured was also found in children and those with pre-existing conditions. Vulnerable sections of the insured population-children, pregnant women, the poorest-had the highest admission rates. Most admissions, in both cohorts, took place in the {ASHWINI} hospital. Credible and trustworthy organizers, effective providers, low co-payments, and low indirect costs contributed to this result. {CONCLUSIONS} A well-designed {CHI} scheme has the potential to improve access to hospital care, even for vulnerable sections of the community-the poorest, individuals with pre-existing conditions like diabetes and hypertension, and pregnant women. Community health insurance in Gudalur, India, increases access to hospital care Asia Community-based health insurance Hospital care India Micro health insurance 1460-2237 October 2009 {PMID:} 19843637 10.1093/heapol/czp044 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19843637 2009-10 devadasan_planning_2006 techreport Planning and Implementing Health Insurance Programmes in India - An Operational Guide Health insurance India Bangalore, India 2006 Institute of Public Health - In collaboration with the {WHO} India Country Office 2006 develtere_micro-insurance_2004 book Horizonten Series Micro-insurance and Health Care in Developing Countries: An International Picture Developing countries Health care Micro health insurance Microinsurance Leuven, Belgium 2004 http://www.cooperatiefondernemen.be/publicaties/R941c.pdf Cera Foundation 2004 de_weerdt_measuring_2005 article {SP} Discussion Paper Measuring Risk Perceptions: Why and How Measurement Risk perception July 0533 2005 http://www.edi-africa.com/docs/De%20Weerdt%20Risk%20Perceptions%20(SPDP0533).pdf 2005-07 dfid_health_systems_resource_centre_reducing_2005 techreport Reducing poverty by tackling social exclusion Poverty reduction Social exclusion September 2005 http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/social-exclusion.pdf Department for International Developement 2005-09 dfid_-_health_systems_resource_centre_dfid_2002 inproceedings {DFID} Health Insurance Workshop Report Health insurance London May 2002 2002-05 dias-briand_capital_2006 misc Capital Social et Mutuelles de Sant\'{e} - Relations sociales, moteurs du d\'{e}veloppement des soci\'{e}t\'{e}s - Development Micro health insurance Social capital 2006 http://www.masmut.be/masmut/website/uploads/pdf/20061106_877229653_anmc2006m%C3%A9moire.pdf 2006 diop_assessment_1996 techreport Under a National Assembly law passed in 1995 and corresponding implementing regulations enacted in 1996, the government of Niger established a new cost recovery policy for primary health care services. According to these legal instruments, the concept of cost recovery is defined as a participatory mechanism for sharing the cost of health care services provided to the local population at public health facilities. Its purpose is to generate additional income from the sharing of health care costs with the local community in order to improve the quality of primary health care. However, attempts to implement the country's new cost recovery policy at the nationwide level have suffered from the unstable political climate, inadequate institutional framework, and lack of leadership within the Ministry of Public Health {(MOH).} This report presents the strengths and weaknesses of Niger's cost recovery policy for primary health care services and makes recommendations for short- and long-term follow-up activities for the {MOH.} Pilot tests on user fees and an annual head tax, implemented with technical assistance from the United States Agency for International Development {(USAID)-funded} Health Financing and Sustainability {(HFS)} Project, were used as the basis for developing a financial management system to safeguard revenues and ensure their judicious use by health committees. Drug management procedures were also improved by the installation of a simplified drug management system. Niger has already improved the availability of generic drugs through an ongoing program streamlining procurement procedures, and has trained medical personnel in local health districts in the use of standardized diagnosis and treatment protocols, and essential drugs. However, Niger's current cost recovery policy for primary health care services ignores two essential issues: income generated by cost recovery mechanisms cannot replace government funding, and means testing policies are needed to protect the poor. In addition to addressing these weaknesses of the cost recovery policy, the {MOH} needs to implement a major effort to increase the public's awareness of the new policy. All central bureaus and agencies of the {MOH} need to become more involved in cost recovery activities and help reinforce the goals and objectives of the National Program for the Strengthening of Primary Health Care {(PNASSP).} Assessment of Niger's National Cost Recovery Policy Implementation in the Primary Health Care Sector Africa Cost recovery policy Health sector reform Niger Primary health care Bethesda, {MD} Assessment of Niger's National 1996 6 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 1996 diop_evaluation_1994 techreport This document presents an economic evaluation of pilot tests undertaken by the Government of Niger and the United States to test the performance of alternative health care financing systems in rural areas of Niger. These results were part of an effort to formulate a national policy on primary health care reports, analytical, and research reports produced in the course of the pilot tests. The policy implications of the pilot tests are drawn and preliminary recommendations made on the basis of the tests for use in the policy workshop on cost recovery held in July 1994, which marked the final stage of evaluation of the tests. Evaluation of the impact of pilot test for cost recovery on primary health care in Niger Africa Cost recovery Development economics Evaluation Health care costs Health care sector Health economics Health planning Health sector reform Niger Population Public policy Rural population Social control policies 1994 16 Technical Report 1994 diop_technical_2000 techreport Technical Report No. 59 - Summary of Results: Prepayment Schemes in the Rwandan Districts of Byumba, Kabgayi, and Kabutare Africa Community participation Participation Prepayment for health services Rwanda Sub-Saharan Africa Bethesda, {MD} 2000 Partnerships for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates Inc 2000 diop_pilot_2001 techreport Pilot Testing Prepayment for Health Services in Rwanda: Results and Recommendations for Policy Directions and Implementation. Prepayment for health services Rwanda Bethesda, {MD} 2001 66 Partners for Health Reform, Abt Associates 2001 diop_impact_2006 misc The Impact of Mutual Health Organizations on Social Inclusion, Access to Health Care, and Household Income Protection: Evidence from Ghana, Senegal, and Mali Access to health care Africa Ghana Health care financing Mali Micro health insurance Mutual health organisations Senegal Social inclusion September 2006 2006-09 directory_of_development_organizations_guide_2007 article Directory of development organizations Guide to International Organizations, Governments, Private Sector, Development Agencies, Civil Society, University, Grantmakers, Banks, Microfinance Institutions and Development Consulting Firms - Resource guide to Development Organizations and the Internet - Ghana Africa External assistance health sector Ghana Guide Edition 2007 2007 {I.A/Africa} 2007 directory_of_development_organizations_guide_2007-1 article Directory of Development Organizations Guide to International Organizations, Governments, Private Sector, Development Agencies, Civil Society, University, Grantmakers, Banks, Microfinance Institutions and Development Consulting Firms - Resource guide to Development Organizations and the Internet - Botswana Africa Botswana External assistance health sector Guide I 2007 {I.A/Africa} 2007 directory_of_development_organizations_guide_2007-2 article Directory of Development Organizations Guide to International Organizations, Governments, Private Sector, Development Agencies, Civil Society, University, Grantmakers, Banks, Microfinance Institutions and Development Consulting Firms - Resource guide to Development Organizations and the Internet - Malawi Africa External assistance health sector Malawi Edition 2007 2007 {I.B/Africa} 2007 dixon_facing_2004 incollection The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Joseph Figueras and Martin {McKee} and Jennifer Cain and Suszy Lessof Facing the challenges of health care financing Health care financing Health care system Health sector reform Scherfigsvej, {DK} 2004 Health systems in transition: learning from experience. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Copenhagen. World Health Organization World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2004 dixon_health_2002 book Anna Dixon and Elias Mossialos Health care systems in eight countries: trends and challenges Australia European countries Health care system New Zealand London, {UK} Health care systems in eight countries 2002 The London School of Economics \& Political Science 2002 dlamini_verbal_2007 article To explore the experience of {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma for people living with {HIV/AIDS} {(PLWA)} in Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, and Tanzania. Design and sample: Descriptive study using 43 focus groups ( n=251 participants), which included male and female {PLWA} from both rural and urban areas and nurses working with {PLWA.} Methods: Participants were asked to relate incidents of {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma that they had experienced or observed. Focus group discussions were taped, and data were content analyzed to identify examples of abuse (verbal and physical abuse and neglect) related to {HIV/AIDS} stigma. Data analysis also explored targets of abuse, abusers, and consequences of abuse. Results: Participant reports documented extensive verbal and physical abuse and neglect or negating (disallowing of access to services and opportunities) experienced by {PLWA} and observed by nurses caring for them, and identified negative consequences experienced by {PLWA} whose {HIV-positive} status was disclosed to family, friends, or community members. Conclusions: Health care workers who encourage {PLWA} to disclose their {HIV} status must carefully consider the implications of encouraging disclosure in an environment with high levels of stigma, and must recognize the real possibility that {PLWA} may experience serious verbal and physical abuse as a consequence of disclosure. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Abuse Africa Cities Discrimination HIV/AIDS Invective Malawi Physical abuse Rural geography Stigma 07371209 389--399 5 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=26219029&site=ehost-live Public Health Nursing Verbal and Physical Abuse and Neglect as Manifestations of {HIV/AIDS} Stigma in Five African Countries. 24 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Public Health Nursing is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1111/j.1525-1446.2007.00649.x 2007 dodd_poverty_2004 techreport Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers - Their Significance for Health Health and poverty Health care system Pro-poor-growth PRSP PRSPs and health Geneva, Switzerland 2004 second synthesis report World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2004 dodd_dying_2002 techreport Dying for Change - Poor people's experience of health and ill-health Health and poverty Dying for change 2002 World Bank, World Health Organization, Voices of the Poor 2002 dodoo_urban-rural_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine We compare the impact of socioeconomic deprivation on risky sexual outcomes in rural and urban Kenya. Quantitative data are drawn from the Demographic \& Health Surveys {(DHS)} and qualitative data from the Sexual Networking and Associated Reproductive and Social Health Concerns study. Using two separate indicators of deprivation we show that, although poverty is significantly associated with the examined sexual outcomes in all settings, the urban poor are significantly more likely than their rural counterparts to have an early sexual debut and a greater incidence of multiple sexual partnerships. The disadvantage of the urban poor is accentuated for married women; those in Nairobi's slums are at least three times as likely to have multiple sexual partners as their rural counterparts. The implications of these findings are discussed. Urban-rural differences in the socioeconomic {deprivation-Sexual} behavior link in Kenya Condom use Multiple partners Rural-urban differences Sexual outcomes 1019--1031 March 64 2007 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MCWB27-1/1/7c1f051ef934b272b09437a92f37c36e 2007-03 doherty_health_1999 article Bulletin World Health Organization The methods used in South Africa's first comprehensive review of health finance and expenditure are outlined. Special measures were adopted to make the process acceptable to all concerned during a period of profound political transition. The estimation of indicators of access to public sector resources for districts sorted by per capita income allowed the health care problems of disadvantaged communities to be highlighted. Health expenditure and finance: who gets what? Health care expenditure South Africa 156--9 Health expenditure and finance 77 1999 2 1999 dolan_measurement_2000 incollection An important consideration when establishing priorities in health care is the likely effect that alternative allocations will have on the health-related quality of life {(HRQoL)} of the relevant population. This chapter considers some of the important issues surrounding the description and valuation of {HRQoL.} It discusses six main questions that need to be addressed when measuring {HRQoL:} What is to be valued?; How is it to be described?; How is it to be valued?; Who is to value it?; How are values for all health states to be generated?; and How are valuations to be aggregated? Since it is difficult to answer many of these questions on theoretical grounds alone, the chapter considers whether the existing empirical evidence can provide more definitive answers. Many important yet unresolved issues emerge and directions for future research are suggested. It is argued that this research agenda should have the gathering and analysis of qualitative data at its forefront Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse The Measurement of Health-related Quality of Life Cost-utility analysis Health Health-related quality-of-life Health state valuation Healthy-years equivalents Quality-adjusted life-years Utility measurement Amsterdam (a.o.) 1721--1760 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 dong_comparison_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine The test-retest reliabilityof the bidding game and the take-it-or-leave-it {(TIOLI)} approaches to eliciting willingnessto- {pay(WTP)} are compared. A random sample of households in the Nouna area of Burkina Faso were interviewed twice with an interval of around 4-5 weeks. One thousand one hundred and eight individuals were asked their individual {WTP} for community-based health insurance. Three hundred and forty eight of these individuals were household heads who were in addition asked about their {WTP} for health insurance for the whole household. Median and the mean {WTP} were higher in the test than in the retest. Despite these differences both methods displayed moderate to good reliability(kappa values ranged from 0.467 to 0.621, Spearman correlations ranged from 0.653 to 0.701 and Pearson correlations ranged from 0.593 to 0.675). There was some evidence that the bidding game was more reliable than the {TIOLI} method. This studyis based on larger sample size than previous studies and also is one of the first studies of the reliabilityof {WTP} in a developing country A comparison of the reliability of the take-it-or-leave-it and the bidding game approaches to estimating willingness-to-pay in a rural population in West Africa Africa Burkina Faso Community-based insurance Contingent valuation Micro health insurance Reliability Willingness to pay 2181--2189 56 2003 10 2003 dong_willingness--pay_2003 article Health Economics Purpose: To study the willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} for a proposed community-based health insurance {(CBI)} scheme in order to provide information about the relationship between the premium that is required to cover the costs of the scheme and expected insurance enrolment levels. In addition, factors that influence {WTP} were to be identified. Methods: Data were collected from a household survey using a two-stage cluster sampling approach, with each household having the same probability of being selected. Interviews were conducted with 2414 individuals and 705 household heads. The take-it-or-leave-it {(TIOLI)} and the bidding game were used to elicit {WTP.} Results: The average individual was willing to pay 2384 (elicited by the {TIOLI)} or 3191 (elicited by the bidding game) {CFA} {(US\$} 3.17 or {US\$} 4.25) to join {CBI} for him/herself. The head of household agreed to pay from 6448 (elicited by the {TIOLI)} or 9769 (elicited by the bidding game) {CFA} {(US\$} 8.6 or {US\$} 13.03) to join the health insurance scheme for his/her household. These results were influenced by household and individual ability-to-pay, household and individual characteristics, such as age, sex and education. The two methods yielded similar patterns of estimated {WTP,} in that higher {WTP} was obtained for higher income level, higher previous medical expenditure, higher education, younger people and males. A starting point bias was found in the case of the bidding game. Conclusions: Both {TIOLI} and bidding game methods can elicit a value of {WTP} for {CBI.} The value elicited by the bidding game is higher than by the {TIOLI,} but the two approaches yielded similar patterns of estimated {WTP.} {WTP} information can be used for setting insurance premium. When setting the premiums, it is important to consider differences between the real market and the theoretical one, and between the {WTP} and the cost of benefits package. The beneficiaries of {CBI} should be enrolled at the level of households or villages in order to protect vulnerable groups such as women, elders and the poor Willingness-to-pay for community-based insurance in Burkina Faso Africa Burkina Faso Community-based health insurance Contingent valuation Health care financing Micro health insurance Willingness to pay 849--862 Willingness-to-pay for community-based insurance in Burkina Faso 12 2003 2003 dong_genders_2003 article Health Policy The purpose was to study gender's effect on willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} for community-based insurance {(CBI)} in order to provide information for deciding enrolment unit and setting premium in Burkina Faso. A two-stage cluster sampling was used in the household survey, with each household having the same probability of being selected. One thousand one hundred and seventy-eight men and 1236 women in the 800 households were interviewed. The bidding game approach was used to elicit {WTP.} We found that compared to male, female had less education, lower income and expenditure, less episodes of diseases and lower ratio of becoming household head, but higher marriage rate. These characteristics influenced the {WTP} difference between men and women. Men were willing to pay 3666 {CFA} (\$4.89) to join {CBI,} 928 {CFA} higher than women were. Education and economic status positively influenced {WTP,} implying higher years of schooling and economic status and higher {WTP.} Age and distance to health facility negatively influenced {WTP,} thus higher age and longer distance and less {WTP.} Based on the results from this study, we suggest that {CBI} should be enrolled on the basis of households or villages in order to protect vulnerable persons, such as the aged, women and the poor. In setting premium a policy-maker needs to take into account costs of the {CBI} benefits package, possible subsidies from government and other agencies and {WTP} information. {WTP} should never be taken as a premium because it only provides some information for the respondents' financial acceptability for a certain benefits package. Gender's effect on willingness-to-pay for community-based insurance in Burkina Faso Africa Burkina Faso Community-based health insurance Contingent valuation Micro health insurance Willingness to pay 153--162 May 64 2003 2 2003-05 dong_feasibility_2004 article Health Policy To ensure the acceptability of community-based insurance {(CBI)} by the community and its sustainability, a feasibility study of {CBI} was conducted in Burkina Faso, including preference for benefit package of {CBI,} costing of health services, costing of the benefit package and willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} for the package. Qualitative methods were used to collect information about preferences for the benefit package. Cost per unit health services, health demand obtained from household survey and physician-judged health needs were used to estimate the cost of the benefit package. The bidding game method was used to elicit household head's {WTP} for the package. We found that there were strong preferences for inclusion of high-cost health services such as operation, essential drugs and consultation fees in the benefit package. It is estimated that the cost of the package per capita was 1673 {CFA} (demand-based) and 9630 {CFA} (need-based), including 58\% government subsidies ([euro]1=655 {CFA).} The average household head with eight household members agreed to pay from 7500 (median) to 9769 {CFA} (mean) to join the {CBI} for his/her household. The {WTP} results were influenced by household characteristics, such as location, household size and age composition. Under certain assumptions (household as the enrolment unit, median household head's {WTP} as premium for the average household, 50\% enrolment rate), it would be feasible to run {CBI} in Nouna, Burkina Faso if enrolees' health demand did not increase by more than 28\% or if the underwriting of the initial losses was covered by extra funds. The feasibility of community-based health insurance in Burkina Faso Africa Burkina Faso Community-based health insurance Micro health insurance Willingness to pay 45--53 July 69 2004 1 2004-07 dong_inequality_2005 article Health Policy The purpose was to provide information for devising community-based health insurance {(CBI)} policies that reduce inequality in enrolment and further inequality in access to health services. A two-stage cluster sampling was used in the household survey. Inequalities in willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} for {CBI} are examined by expenditure quintile using data collected from a household survey. Interviews were conducted with 2414 individuals, 705 of whom were household heads. A bidding game method was used to elicit {WTP.} Individuals and households were assigned to 6-month expenditure quintiles. We found that mean and median individual {WTP} for {CBI} was significantly higher for higher spending quintiles, as was mean and median household {WTP.} The curves of cumulative percentage of individual and household {WTP} shifted rightwards for higher quintiles, implying that at any given premium the lower the quintile the lower the uptake of {CBI.} The Gini coefficient for individual {WTP} and household {WTP} was 0.15 and 0.08, respectively, and for individual 6-month expenditure and household 6-month expenditure is 0.68 and 0.63, respectively. The results imply that the premium needs to be adjusted for income; otherwise, a lower proportion of poor people will enrol in {CBI} and without exemptions or subsidies the poor will have less access to health services than the rich. Thus, exemptions and subsidies for the poor for enrolling in {CBI} are an important issue for decision-makers with an objective of improving equity of health and helping the poor to break out of the cycle of poverty. Since the distribution of {WTP} by household is less unequal than the distribution of {WTP} by individuals, the household might be a better unit of enrolment in terms of equity than the individual. Inequality in willingness-to-pay for community-based health insurance Africa Burkina Faso Community-based health insurance Contingent valuation Micro health insurance Rating:1 West Africa Willingness to pay 149--156 May 72 2005 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4D2FRFW-1/1/e27a954e824321ef4d862678b9eb7a1c 2005-05 dong_differences_2008 article The purposes of this study are to describe the characteristics of different health-care users, to explain such characteristics using a health demand model and to estimate the price-related probability change for different types of health care in order to provide policy guidance for the introduction of community-based health insurance {(CBI)} in Burkina Faso. Data were collected from a household survey using a two stage cluster sampling approach. Household interviews were carried out during April and May 2003. In the interviewed 7,939 individuals in 988 households, there were 558 people reported one or more illness episodes; two-thirds of these people did not seek professional care. Health care non-users display lower household income and expenditure, older age and lower perceived severity of disease. The main reason for choosing no-care and self-care was 'not enough money'. Multinomial logistic regression confirms these observations. Higher household cash-income, higher perceived severity of disease and acute disease significantly increased the probability of using western care. Older age and higher price-cash income ratio significantly increased the probability of no-care or self-care. If {CBI} were introduced the probability of using western care would increase by 4.33\% and the probability of using self-care would reduce by 3.98\%. The price-related probability change of using western care for lower income people is higher than for higher income although the quantity changed is relatively small. In conclusion, the introduction of {CBI} might increase the use of medical services, especially for the poor. Co-payment for the rich might be necessary. Premium adjusted for income or subsidies for the poor can be considered in order to absorb a greater number of poor households into {CBI} and further improve equity in terms of enrollment. However, the role of {CBI} in Burkina Faso is rather limited: it might only increase utilisation of western health care by a probability of 4\%. Adolescent Adult Burkina Faso Community Networks Family Characteristics Female Health Surveys Humans Insurance Health Interviews as Topic Logistic Models Male Models Econometric Patient Acceptance of Health Care Public Policy Universal coverage 1618-7598 41--50 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17186201 The European Journal of Health Economics: {HEPAC:} Health Economics in Prevention and Care The differences in characteristics between health-care users and non-users: implication for introducing community-based health insurance in Burkina Faso 9 The differences in characteristics between health-care users and non-users February 2008 10.1007/s10198-006-0031-4 {PMID:} 17186201 2008-02 dong_drop-out_2009 article {OBJECTIVES:} This study aims to identify the reasons why enrolled people decide not to renew their membership in following years. {METHODS:} Household survey is used to collect information on the factors influencing dropping out from community-based health insurance {(CBI).} Information from {CBI} agency databank is used to describe the general situation of enrolment and drop-out. {RESULTS:} Since the launch of {CBI} the enrolment rate has been low ranging from 5.2\% to 6.3\%. The drop-out rate, however, has been high ranging from 30.9\% to 45.7\%. It is found, by the multivariate analysis, that female household head, higher age or lower education of a household head, lower number of illness episodes in the past three months, fewer children or elderly in a household, poor perceived health care quality, less seeking care in the past month positively effected on drop-out, increasing the rate. However, the household six-month expenditure and the distance to the contracted health facility did not have the hypothesised sign. In contrast, a higher household expenditure and a shorter distance to the contracted health facility increased the drop-out. {CONCLUSIONS:} High drop-out rates endanger the sustainability of {CBI} not only because they reduce the size of the insurance pool, but also because they bear a negative impact on further enrolment and drop-out. The drop-out rate in the scheme of the Nouna Health District, Burkina Faso, is very high. The reasons for drop-out may be related to affordability, health-needs and health demand, quality of care, household head and household characteristics. This study represents a valuable attempt towards further increasing the sustainability of {CBI} schemes, by understanding not what motivates people to first enrol in {CBI,} but what motivates them to renew membership year after year. 0168-8510 174--179 2-3 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19394105 Health Policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) Drop-out analysis of community-based health insurance membership at Nouna, Burkina Faso 92 October 2009 10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.03.013 {PMID:} 19394105 2009-10 dorman_participation_2001 phdthesis Participation - the new tyranny? - Book Review Community participation Participation University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies 2001 2001 dorward_labor_2006 article Review of Agricultural Economics Labor Market and Wage Impacts of {HIV/AIDS} in Rural Malawi Africa HIV/AIDS Labour market Malawi 429--439 28 2006 3 2006 dovlo_social_2005 techreport Social dialogue in the health sector: Case study Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Ghana CHI Micro health insurance NHIS Geneva 2005 Working Paper {ILO} 2005 dowla_credit_2006 article Journal of {Socio-Economics} In this paper we examine how a third-party - Grameen Bank in Bangladesh - created social capital that has been a boon to the explosive growth of Microfinance in Bangladesh and elsewhere. Using Putnam's definition, we show how Grameen Bank created social capital by forming horizontal and vertical networks, establishing new norms and fostering a new level of social trust to solve the collective action problems of poor people's access to capital. The fact that a Microfinance Institution {(MFI)} can create social capital has strong policy implications. Since social capital is a public good - non-excludable and non-rivalrous - the market will underprovide such good. This paper shows that Microfinance corrects another type of market failure--under provision of a public good, in addition to correcting the failure of the credit market. The social capital building aspects of an {MFI} need to be taken into account in the whole debate about the need for subsidy. In credit we trust: Building social capital by Grameen Bank in Bangladesh Asia Bangladesh Grameen Bank Social capital Trust 102--122 February In credit we trust 35 2006 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W5H-4J2W0GM-1/1/b75b90735ff87a3b91f0a9f62734e14b 2006-02 downs_achieving_2007 article Health Policy Biomedical interventions promise achievement of health-related Millennium Development Goals provided social-, capacity- and knowledge-based constraints to scaling up and reaching marginalized people at risk, are addressed, and balance between prevention and treatment is struck. We argue for a new approach: multi-stakeholder capacity building and learning for empowerment: {MuSCLE.} {MuSCLE} is used as a way to frame three systemic weaknesses in traditional health science and policy approaches: (1) a lack of engagement with people at risk to build a collective understanding of the contexts of health problems, including social drivers; (2) a lack of multi-criteria evaluation of alternative interventions; (3) a lack of attention paid to integrated capacity building. The {MuSCLE} framework responds in three ways: (1) participatory assessment of the ecological, socio-cultural, economic and political contexts of health, identifying priorities using risk and vulnerability science, and modeling drivers; (2) selection among intervention alternatives that makes ecological, socio-cultural, economic and political tradeoffs transparent; (3) integrated capacity building for sustainable and adaptive interventions. Literature and field lessons support the argument, and guidelines are set down. A {MuSCLE} approach argues for a transformation in health science and policy in order to achieve Millennium Development Goals for health. Achieving Millennium Development Goals for health: Building understanding, trust and capacity to respond Capacity building Millennium development goals 144--161 October Achieving Millennium Development Goals for health 83 2007 2-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4NCK24M-1/1/3ae5c582991e6fe64330c7a8ca2ff1cf 2007-10 drake_banking_2005 techreport Banking at the Base of the Pyramid: A Microfinance Primer for Commercial Banks Commercial banks Microfinance Banking at the Base of the Pyramid 2005 Development Alternatives Inc., {USAID} 2005 drechsler_private_2005 techreport Private Health Insurance in Low- and {Middle-Income} Countries: Scope, Limitations, and Policy Responses Developing countries Health insurance Low-income countries Middle income countries Private health insurance {Issy-les-Moulineaux} March Private Health Insurance in Low-and Middle-income Countries 2005 draft version {OECD} Development Centre 2005-03 droin_unaids:_2008 misc {UNAIDS:} {HIV} {FINANCING} {AND} {SOCIAL} {HEALTH} {PROTECTION} {MECHANISMS} - Etude de cas au Burkina Faso Africa Burkina Faso Financing HIV/AIDS Social health protection 2008 2008 dror_reinsurance_2001 misc Reinsurance and other Facilities for the Indian Micro Health Insurance System Health care system India Micro health insurance Reinsurance Risk equalization 2001 2001 dror_reinsurance_2001-1 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Reinsurance of health insurance for the informal sector Micro health insurance Reinsurance 672--678 79 2001 7 2001 dror_towards_2002 inproceedings Towards a generalised social protection: is compulsory health insurance the solution for universal cover? GL Mandatory health insurance Micro health insurance Risk equalization Social protection Universal coverage 15--30 October 2002 2002-10 dror_demystifying_2007 article Microfinance Insights This articlle examines the utilization of a simulation exercise known as Choosing All Health Insurance {(CHAT).} As a decision tool, this exercise allows variably educated resource-poor populations who are inexperienced with health insurance to select health benefits that they perceive to be relevant. {CHAT} was adapted to developmental context of India through the project {"Strengthening} Micro Health Insurance Units for the Poor" (2005-2006). The primary beneficiaries of this exercise were poor communities at the "bottom of the pyramid" given that such populations previously lacked an accessible mechanism to engage in the rationing of health benefits. The need for such a mechanism arose from the gap between benefit packages available on the market (from both private and public insurers) and those reflecting the priorities of the poor. Using a sample population of some 200,000 persons, the aforementioned study proposed a premium of {INR} 500 (about 10 Euros) per household per year, derived from actuarial calculations of local prices and willingness to pay. Group decisions were reached by consensus, reflecting the Indian cultural setting. A subsequent survey of participants indicated high levels of satisfaction with the overall {CHAT} process and resultant health insurance packages. Demystifying Micro Health Insurance Package Design - Choosing Healthplans All Together {(Chat)} Benefit package Microinsurance Simulation Willingness to pay 17--19 September 4 2007 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1153906 2007-09 dror_social_2007 article Microfinance Insights This article examines the linkages between social capital and microinsurance using evidences obtained from a 2005 household survey conducted across several locations in India. The current body of literature suggests that micro health insurance schemes are in fact able to mobilize social capital for the purpose of encouraging voluntary affiliation of resource-poor persons operating within the space of the informal economy. Despite a dearth of field-evidence measuring social capital in relation to microinsurance units {(MIUs),} it appears that the cohesiveness of such units is made possible through a combination of internal community trust, social networks, and punitive measures related to information flows. To evaluate these linkages in further depth, the preferences of respondents to borrow and seek advice from formal versus informal sources, levels of trust towards community members versus outsiders, and the factors influencing respondents' decision to affiliate voluntarily to a scheme or not were examined. The findings conclude that observed preferences are highly context and location specific. It also found that overall, respondents cite the quality of healthcare as the primary reason for participating in an {MIU,} with the level of trust present at the time of enrollment, and level of financial protection provided ranking secondary reason depending on location. Social Capital and Microinsurance - Insights from Field Evidence in India India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Social capital 22--24 December Vol. 5 2007 2007-12 dror_towards_2008 misc Towards a generalised social protection: is compulsory health insurance the solution for universal cover? GL Risk equalization Social protection Universal coverage January 2008 2008-01 dror_community_2008 article Microfinance Focus This article reviews some of the challenges facing micro insurance units, as well as the approach underlying the activities of the Micro Insurance Academy toward improving access of vulnerable communities to micro health insurance services. Community Based Micro Health Insurance as an Enabler of Solidarity and {Self-Help} amongst Poor Communities India Micro health insurance Microinsurance September Vol. 2 2008 Iss. 8 2008-09 dror_field_2004 article Health policy Field based evidence of enhanced healthcare utilization among persons insured by micro health insurance units in Philippines - Article in press Health care utilization Micro health insurance Philippines 2004 2004 dror_why_2005 article Journal of Insurance and Risk Management (special issue on micro health insurance) Why Micro Health Insurance Schemes Cannot Forego Reinsurance GL Micro health insurance Reinsurance Risk equalization 4 2005 7 2005 dror_impact_2006 article Health Policy Background This study aims to assess the impact of being insured by micro-health insurance units {(MIUs)} on equality of access to health care among groups with inequitable income distribution. We measure equality by relating income with access to healthcare. The analysis is based on a household survey conducted in five regions in the Philippines in {2002.Methods} We generated concentration curves and indices {(CI)} for insured and uninsured households (150 for each cohort in each region). We also elaborated a method to retain the relative income rank of households when data were aggregated across regions, as the regions had quite different nominal income {levels.Results} We found a significant effect of household income on access to hospitalizations among the uninsured households (a positive {CI),} but no such effect among the insured households {(CI} close to zero). As regards professionally attended deliveries, an increased tendency of poorer households to deliver at home {(CI} slightly negative) and a lower rate of deliveries in hospital {(CI} slightly positive and statistically significant) were reported by both uninsured and insured households. Access to consultations was unrelated to income among the insured {(CI} close to 0), but negatively correlated with income among the uninsured (a positive and significant {CI).Conclusion} We conclude that {MIUs} in Philippines improve income-related equality of access to hospitalization and medical consultation in cases of illness. The findings of this study strengthen a claim for government support for the operation of {MIUs} as successful (albeit micro) suppliers of health insurance. The impact of filipino micro health-insurance units on income-related equality of access to healthcare Access to health care Equality Micro health insurance Philippines 304--317 August 77 2006 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4H57JDP-1/1/194c0319a5d10a16e327776d8a2bc52f 2006-08 dror_health_2007 article We applied a decision tool for rationing choices, with a predetermined budget of about 11 {US} dollars per household per year, to identify priorities of poor people regarding health insurance benefits in India in late 2005. A total of 302 individuals, organized in 24 groups, participated from a number of villages and neighborhoods of towns in Karnataka and Maharashtra. Many individuals were illiterate, innumerate and without insurance experience. Involving clients in insurance package design is based on an implied assumption that people can make judicious rationing decisions. Judiciousness was assessed by examining the association between the frequency of choosing a package and its perceived effectiveness. Perceived effectiveness was evaluated by comparing respondents' choices to the costs registered in 2049 illness episodes among a comparable cohort, using three criteria: 'reimbursement' (reimbursement regardless of the absolute level of expenditure), 'fairness' (higher reimbursement rate for higher expenses) and 'catastrophic coverage' (insurance for catastrophic exposure). The most frequently chosen packages scored highly on all three criteria; thus, rationing choices were confirmed as judicious. Fully 88.4\% of the respondents selected at least three of the following benefits: outpatient, inpatient, drugs and tests, with a clear preference to cover high aggregate costs regardless of their probability. The results show that involving prospective clients in benefit package design can be done without compromising the judiciousness of rationing choices, even with people who have low education, low-income and no previous experience in similar exercises. Choice behaviour Health insurance India Insurance benefits Micro health insurance Reimbursement mechanisms Willingness to pay 02779536 884--96 4 Social science \& medicine (1982) Health insurance benefit packages prioritized by low-income clients in India: three criteria to estimate effectiveness of choice 64 Health insurance benefit packages prioritized by low-income clients in India February 2007 {PMID:} 17141931 2007-02 dror_willingness_2007 article Health Policy This study, conducted in India in 2005, provides evidence on Willingness to pay {(WTP),} gathered through a unidirectional (descending) bidding game among 3024 households {(HH)} in seven locations where micro health insurance units are in operation. Insured persons reported slightly higher {WTP} values than uninsured. About two-thirds of the sample agreed to pay at least 1\%; about half the sample was willing to pay at least 1.35\%; 30\% was willing to pay about 2.0\% of annual {HH} income as health insurance premium. Nominal {WTP} correlates positively with income but relative {WTP} (expressed as percent of {HH} income) correlates negatively. The correlation between {WTP} and education is secondary to that of {WTP} with {HH} income. Household composition did not affect {WTP.} However, {HHs} that experienced a high-cost health event and male respondents reported slightly higher {WTP.} The observed nominal levels of {WTP} are higher than has been estimated hitherto. Willingness to pay for health insurance among rural and poor persons: Field evidence from seven micro health insurance units in India Bidding game Low-income population Micro health insurance Rural population Willingness to pay 12--27 June Willingness to pay for health insurance among rural and poor persons 82 2007 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4KW5W5R-1/1/0459d52bbf6a39dfc37de3a4984fc5b1 2007-06 dror_cost_2008 article Social Science Research Network There is currently no abstract available for this document. Cost of Illness: Evidence from a Study in Five {Resource-Poor} Locations in India Asia India April Cost of Illness 2008 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/51215 2008-04 dror_incidence_2009 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} \& objectives: This study examines the association between household attributes and perceived morbidity within resource-poor house holds {(HHs)} in India at five locations. This presents an innovation compared to most epidemiological studies, which focus on associations between the incidence of an illness and characteristics of the ill {person.Methods:} Perceived morbidity was represented by a variable called {"Incidence} of illness in a {HH"} {(IIH)} = the number of self reported illness episodes during three months preceding the survey, divided by household size. Variables were analyzed through bivariate correlation and multivariate linear regression. The evidence was based on a {HH} survey conducted in 2005 in Maharashtra, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu. Data yield reflected responses of 3,531 {HHs,} representing 17,323 individuals and 4,316 illness episodes. Results: Analysis showed that incidence of illness among women was higher; the under 5 yr olds and elderly ( 55) were particularly vulnerable. However, in the multivariate linear regression model, gender ratio within {HHs} became an insignificant explanatory variable. Age distribution had a small but significant effect. Household size and the level of education in the {HH} were negatively and significantly associated with {IIH.} The regression analysis showed that income had a modest positive effect, but improved housing was associated with reduced {IIH.} Large differences were noted in {IIH} across {locations.Interpretation} \& conclusions: Our findings showed that attributes of the unit household, including type of house, income, education and size, have significant effects on {IIH;} variability in {IIH} cannot solely be explained by age and gender of {HH} members. Incidence of Illness Among {Resource-Poor} Households: Evidence From Five Locations in India Asia Disease incidence India Low-income households September Incidence of Illness Among {Resource-Poor} Households 2009 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1463200 2009-09 dror_microinsurance:_2009 article Microinsurance-low-cost health insurance based on a community, cooperative, or mutual and self-help arrangements-can provide financial protection for poor households and improve access to health care. However, low benefit caps and a low share of premiums paid as benefits-both designed to keep these arrangements in business- perversely limited these schemes' ability to extend coverage, offer financial protection, and retain members. We studied three schemes in India, two of which are member-operated and one a commercial scheme, using household surveys of insured and uninsured households and interviews with managers. All three enrolled poor households and raised their use of hospital services, as intended. Financial exposure was greatest, and protection was least, in the commercial scheme, which imposed the lowest caps on benefits and where income was the lowest. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Asia Communities Cooperative societies Health care Health insurance Health services accessibility Households India Medically uninsured persons Micro health insurance Poor Public health 02782715 1788--1798 6 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=45452035&site=ehost-live Health Affairs Microinsurance: Innovations In {Low-Cost} Health Insurance. 28 Microinsurance November 2009 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Health Affairs is the property of Project {HOPE/HEALTH} {AFFAIRS} and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts.){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1377/hlthaff.28.6.1788 2009-11 dror_micro_2006 article The Geneva Papers Do Micro Health Insurance Units Need Capital or Reinsurance? A Simulated Exercise to Examine Different Alternatives Capital Micro health insurance Reinsurance 739--761 Do Micro Health Insurance Units Need Capital or Reinsurance? 31 2006 4 2006 dror_auerhalb_1999 article International Social Security Review This paper proposes a way to improve health provision for populations that are usually excluded from access to health services. It starts out from a short description of who the excluded are, and what they are excluded from. The paper then looks at the major policy statements elaborated at the international level, and proceeds to propose the missing dimension. Next, based on field testing and analysis of several tens of pilot cases, the paper proposes a concept for group-based health insurance, or "micro-insurance", and explains its rationale and its components. Lastly, the paper proposes a strategy to implement this concept. Au\sserhalb der Sozialen Sicherung? Mikroversicherung: Ausdehnung der Gesundheitsversicherung auf die Ausgegrenzten GL Informal sector Micro health insurance Microinsurance 85--119 January Micro-insurance 52 1999 1 1999-01 dror_micro-insurance:_1999 article International Social Security Review This paper proposes a way to improve health provision for populations that are usually excluded from access to health services. It starts out from a short description of who the excluded are, and what they are excluded from. The paper then looks at the major policy statements elaborated at the international level, and proceeds to propose the missing dimension. Next, based on field testing and analysis of several tens of pilot cases, the paper proposes a concept for group-based health insurance, or "micro-insurance", and explains its rationale and its components. Lastly, the paper proposes a strategy to implement this concept. Micro-insurance: Extending Health Insurance to the Excluded GL Informal sector Micro health insurance Microinsurance 71--97 January Micro-insurance 52 1999 1 1999-01 dror_social_2002 book Action to improve health and facilitate access to health care is important for individual well-being and national economic performance. But paying for health care is problematic. Equally vital elements of well-being, such as food, are paid through out-of-pocket payments. But that approach does not work well for health care. Unlike food, it is needed unpredictably and can be very expensive. On the face of it, the solution is private insurance. But this approach, too, does not work well because major information problems make individually risk-rated private insurance inefficient, expensive, and unable to cover all medical risks. The {U.S.} system, substantially reliant on private medical insurance, faces problems that are entirely predicted by economic theory. All other advanced industrial countries finance health care out of a mixture of (limited) out-of-pocket payments, together with funding through social insurance, and taxation, or from a mixture of the two. Neither approach is perfect. Systems with taxpayer funding of publicly produced health care can be slow to innovate and to respond to consumer preferences; systems based on social insurance combined with private production face continual upward pressures on medical spending. Yet either is capable of delivering a reasonable combination of quality, access, and cost containment. What, however, of poorer countries with limited (or minimal) fiscal and institutional capacity? Public budgets in such countries cannot afford more than minimal health care systems; and individually risk-rated insurance is likely to face even more problems than in the West because of the limited regulatory ability of government. As a result, when illness strikes, the poor - and especially the rural poor and people working in the informal economy - have to rely on private resources to pay for health care. For poorer people in low-income countries, out-ofpocket expenditure on health care can reach 80 percent of total medical spending, and a recent study of hospital visits in India showed that between one-third and one-half of patients needing inpatient care became impoverished because of inadequate risk management techniques. Enter Dror, Preker, and their coauthors! This volume discusses communitybased approaches to insuring people against medical risk-not based on individual risk rating like private insurance, but along the lines of decentralized social insurance based on the average risk. Recent studies of community savings, loans, and financing schemes show how even the poor can insure themselves against unexpected events. Community-level health insurance programs improve access to essential drugs, primary care, and basic hospital care for rural populations and informal sector workers, offering at least some protection against the impoverishing effects of illness. Tapping into experience from other sectors, the authors argue that subsidies can be used more effectively to expand insurance coverage, and that reinsurance can improve the financial viability of community-financed health schemes in settings where larger or more formal health financing mechanisms fail to reach large parts of the population. Reinsurance makes it possible to spread and transfer medical risks previously regarded as common shocks (and hence, uninsurable), such as environmental hazards (risks of pollution), earthquakes, meteorological and electrical storms, and retroactive coverage of asbestos damage. The authors suggest that reinsurance techniques could also be used to improve the viability of small risk pools typical of community health financing schemes. This is an innovative application to the health sector and to poor populations of lessons learned from other sectors. This book shows how the underlying idea of social insurance can be made operational in countries without the capacity to finance or organize large-scale systems, thus making it possible to improve access to health care for poor people in poor countries. There is no need to belabor the importance of the topic. Social Reinsurance: A New Approach to Sustainable Community Health Financing From microfinance to microinsurance GL Microinsurance Reinsurance Social Reinsurance 2002 World Bank Publications 2002 dror_integrating_2005 article Insurance Watch ial consequence of illness is a major risk for any household. For many poor households and for the Indian society as a whole, exposure to this risk is comparable to major catastrophes like Asia's Tsunami. The discussion surrounding how to respond to the tsunami disaster focused largely on what government could do through relief programs and early warning systems, with amazingly little attention to what insurance could have done to mitigate risks and reduce personal destitution. Similar focus is given in the discussion on the lack of access to healthcare for poor and rural population segments in India, a problem that causes many more preventable deaths than the tsunami has, and which has been around much longer. In this article we offer a few ideas on how health insurance can be made available to poor people within the framework of open competition between multiple insurers (7 references cited). Integrating Health Insurance for the Poor into the Indian Insurance Scenario Asia India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Social insurance 11--15 July 2005 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1017205 2005-07 dror_role_2006 incollection The value proposition of reinsurance; Involvement of commercial insurers and reinsurers in microinsurance; What part of this value proposition can insurers and reinsurers deliver? Recommendations Craig Churchill The role of insurers and reinsurers in supporting insurance for the poor Micro health insurance Microinsurance Reinsurance Geneva / Munich 524--544 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 duclos_poverty_2006 book Poverty and Equity: Measurement, Policy and Estimation with Dad Measurement Poverty Poverty and Equity 2006 Preliminary version Springer Verlag 2006 dudley_dynamic_2004 article 22nd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society The Dynamic Structure of Social Capital: How Interpersonal Connections Create Communitywide Benefits Social capital 2004 2004 duflo_using_2006 article {NBER} Technical Working Paper Using Randomization in Development Economics Research: A Toolkit Development economics Randomization Randomized evaluation December 333 2006 2006-12 duelfer_zur_1975 book Marburger Schriften zum Genossenschaftswesen - Ver\"{o}ffentlichungen des Instituts f\"{u}r Kooperation in Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern der {Philipps-Universit\"{a}t} {Marburg/Lahn} Zur Krise der Genossenschaften in der Entwicklungspolitik Cooperatives Development cooperation Reihe B 1975 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Band 10 Vandenhoeck \& Ruprecht 1975 duelfer_genossenschaften_1981 incollection Die Genossenschaften zwischen Mitgliederpartizipation, Verbundbildung und B\"{u}rokratietendenz - Eine Einf\"{u}hrung in das Thema Cooperatives Germany Participation Marburg 1981 Arbeitsergebnisse der X. Internationalen Genossenschaftswissenschaftlichen Tagung 1981 in Marburg {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 1981 durlauf_social_2004 misc Social capital Social capital 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}RePEc} [http://oai.repec.openlib.org] {(Germany)} {ER{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/econ/archive/wp2004-12.pdf 2004 dusuki_banking_2008 article Humanomics Purpose -- The main purpose of this paper is to review the microfinance scheme and discuss how Islamic banks can participate in such an endeavour without actually compromising the issue of institutional viability and sustainability. Design/methodology/approach -- The paper is based on an extensive review of microfinance with the objective of building a case for Islamic banking to participate in a microfinance initiative. Findings -- As reviewed in this paper, microfinance requires innovative approaches beyond the traditional financial intermediary role. Among others, building human capacity through social intermediation and designing group-based lending programmes are proven to be among the effective tools to reduce transaction costs and lower exposure to numerous financial risks in relation to providing credit to the rural poor. This paper also suggests the use of a special purpose vehicle {(SPV)} as one of the possible alternatives for Islamic banks channelling funds to the poor. Research limitations/implications -- Islamic banks may benefit from the spectrum of Shariah-compliant sources of funds and offer a wide array of financing instruments catering for different needs and demands of their clients. Furthermore, the use of a bankruptcy-remote entity like {SPV} can protect Islamic banks from any adverse effect of microfinance activities. Originality/value -- The analysis here is valuable in drawing the attention of Islamic banking practitioners to the fact that they can actually practise microfinance without undermining their institutional viability, competitiveness and sustainability. This is evident from the proposed model to incorporate {SPV} into their microfinance initiatives. Banking for the poor: the role of Islamic banking in microfinance initiatives Banking Financial services Islam 49 -- 66 Banking for the poor 24 2008 1 www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/08288660810851469 2008 dzator_study_2004 article Health Policy Improved understanding of the factors that influence malaria care seeking behaviour is necessary in order to enhance the effectiveness of current malaria control strategies. This paper empirically examines the factors that affect household choice of malaria treatment options in Ghana. The treatment options considered were choice of a public provider of health care, a private provider, purchase of drugs from a drug store, or self-medication. The results indicate that treatment and time costs are significant factors affecting the choice of health care provider. Education and household size also play an important role in malaria care seeking behaviour. The demand for malaria care is inelastic with respect to costs, and the magnitudes of the elasticities suggest that malaria care is a necessity. The policy implications are addressed. A study of malaria care provider choice in Ghana Africa Ghana Health care provider choice Malaria Multinomial logit model 389--401 September 69 2004 3 2004-09 ebert_altruism_2000 article Review of Economic Design The paper examines the influence of altruism on voluntary transfers and government redistribution in a simple model: two jobs of different productivity are assigned by chance to two individuals. Ex ante the individuals are identical, ex post they have different incomes. The first part of the paper examines voluntary transfers determined ex post or agreed upon ex ante in the absence of altruism. In the second part, the influence of altruism is examined. Altruism is modelled as a pure public good: the minimum consumption (or income, since there is only one consumption good). Both individuals can contribute to its provision, one person by earning wage income, the other by voluntary transfers. The ex ante solutions generally lead to higher expected welfare but create several incentive problems. Only lump-sum transfers are considered. Altruism, redistribution and social insurance Altruism Social insurance 365--385 December 5 2000 4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100580000027 2000-12 ebertz_kooperationen_2006 techreport Kooperationen als Instrument des Strategischen Risikomanagements Cooperations Participation Risk management M\"{u}nster 2006 Westf\"{a}lische {Wilhelms-Universit\"{a}t} M\"{u}nster 2006 economic_commission_for_latin_america_and_the_caribbean_[eclac]_social_???? incollection Social protection and health - chapter {III} Social protection in health 73--106 Social protection and health Social Protection and health systems ecssd_microfinance_team_microfinance_2004 techreport Microfinance and the Poor in Central Asia - Challenges and Opportunities Asia Microfinance 2004 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 2004 edgerton_traditional_1980 article Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry The publication of The Quest for Therapy in Lower Zaire {(University} of California Press) by John M. Janzen (with the collaboration of William Arkinstall), and African Therapeutic Systems {(Crossroads} Press), edited by Z. A. Ademuwagun, John A. A. Ayoade, Ira E. Harrison and Dennis M. Warren, calls attention to recent research findings which indicate that mentally ill persons, particularly schizophrenics, may recover more rapidly and fully in non-industrialized societies than they do in industrialized ones. The books by Janzen and Ademuwagen et al. will be examined as contributions to a growing body of information on native African therapeutic practices. Evidence relating to the apparently benign course of psychosis in Africa will be examined, and various explanations for this pattern will be evaluated. Finally, some guidelines for future research will be suggested. Traditional treatment for mental illness in Africa: A review Africa Traditional health care 167--189 June Traditional treatment for mental illness in Africa 4 1980 2 1980-06 edmondson_social_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine The idea of social capital is currently being discussed as a source of support for health, though it is often argued that the concept should not be used in an attempt to evolve neutral policy strategies but underlines the need for moral and political debate in health policy. This article, first, supports this argument by indicating the complex and culturally diverse nature of social capital. Its components react with their social contexts to produce a range of variants which differ from each other along several dimensions. Social solidarity and support involve different conventions in different places, with results which need appraisal before they can be supported. The article explores these issues by drawing on ethnographic material illustrating aspects of social relatedness in a variety of settings. Secondly, writers who treat social capital as invariably positive tend to associate it with conditions in the neo-liberal societies of late capitalism, even though they also see it as threatened there. Again examining social contexts, the article locates the reasons for this paradox in the cultures and structures of the societies concerned. Large-scale institutions in the West--including both those required to implement public health measures and those in which the majority of people work--are organised via neo-liberal processes which are not all conducive to the types of social relatedness which the social capital debate seeks to explore. In particular, significant aspects of social trust are difficult to support in neo-liberal organisations. The assumption that social capital can be promoted via social engineering which relies upon these very institutions is thus questionable. This, together with more positive aspects of the debate, draws attention to the need for further research on social relatedness if it is to be supported by public policy. Social capital: a strategy for enhancing health? Health promotion Social capital 1723--1733 November Social capital 57 2003 9 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4840KGC-C/1/bf742a27d84f31608be8ba646ed44766 2003-11 edoh_community-based_2002 article Afr. J. Health Sci. A Community-based feasibility study of National Health Insurance scheme in Ghana Africa Community-based health insurance Ghana Ghana CHI Micro health insurance NHIS 41--50 9 2002 2002 eggleston_risk_2000 article The Journal of Risk and Insurance Risk selection and optimal health insurance-provider payment systems GL Health insurance Risk equalization Risk selection 173--196 67 2000 2 2000 eisenhauer_risk_2004 article Risk Management \& Insurance Review Abstract Textbooks frequently describe adverse selection as an almost inevitable feature of insurance markets with heterogeneous buyers and asymmetric information. But if low-risk applicants are more risk averse than their high-risk counterparts, the former may be as willing or more willing than the latter to purchase insurance at any given price. The present article discusses this possibility in several forms suitable for different levels of instruction, to help bridge the gap between insurance education and current research on this topic. Risk Aversion and the Willingness to Pay for Insurance: A Cautionary Discussion of Adverse Selection Adverse selection Insurance Risk aversion Willingness to pay 165--175 Risk Aversion and the Willingness to Pay for Insurance 7 2004 2 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1098-1616.2004.00043.x 2004 ekman_community-based_2004 article Health Policy and Planning Health policy makers are faced with competing alternatives, and for systems of health care financing. The choice of financing method should mobilize resources for health care and provide financial protection. This review systematically assesses the evidence of the extent to which community-based health insurance is a viable option for low-income countries in mobilizing resources and providing financial protection. The review contributes to the literature on health financing by extending and qualifying existing knowledge. Overall, the evidence base is limited in scope and questionable in quality. There is strong evidence that community-based health insurance provides some financial protection by reducing out-of-pocket spending. There is evidence of moderate strength that such schemes improve cost-recovery. There is weak or no evidence that schemes have an effect on the quality of care or the efficiency with which care is produced. In absolute terms, the effects are small and schemes serve only a limited section of the population. The main policy implication of the review is that these types of community financing arrangements are, at best, complementary to other more effective systems of health financing. To improve reliability and validity of the evidence base, analysts should agree on a more coherent set of outcome indicators and a more consistent assessment of these indicators. Policy makers need to be better informed as to both the costs and the benefits of implementing various financing options. The current evidence base on community-based health insurance is mute on this point. Community-based health insurance in low-income countries: a systematic review of the evidence Community-based health insurance Community health financing Evidence base Financial protection Health insurance Micro health insurance Resource mobilization Systematic review Willingness to pay 249--270 Community-based health insurance in low-income countries 19 2004 5 2004 ekman_catastrophic_2007 article Health Policy Objectives The purpose of the study is to quantitatively analyze the role of health insurance in the determinants of catastrophic health payments in a low-income country {setting.Methods} The study uses the most recent publicly available household level data from Zambia collected in 1998 containing detailed information on health care utilization and spending and on other key individual, household, and community factors. An econometric model is estimated by means of multivariate {regression.Results} The main results are counterintuitive in that health insurance is not found to provide financial protection against the risk of catastrophic payments; indeed, insurance is found to increase this {risk.Conclusions} Reasons for the findings are discussed using additional available information focusing on the amount of care per illness episode and the type of care provided. The key conclusion is that the true impact of health insurance is an empirical issue depending on several key context factors, including quality assurance and service provision oversight. Catastrophic health payments and health insurance: Some counterintuitive evidence from one low-income country Catastrophic health care expenditure Developing countries Econometrics Rating:1 Zambia 304--313 October Catastrophic health payments and health insurance 83 2007 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4NBR3KH-2/1/59fc3965481e6f4b23865b25a703bb8c 2007-10 ekman_health_2008 article Asia Health insurance Vietnam 02681080 252 4 http://ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1501028131&Fmt=7&clientId=92&RQT=309&VName=PQD Health Policy and Planning Health insurance reform in Vietnam: a review of recent developments and future challenges 23 Health insurance reform in Vietnam July 2008 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Vietnam} is undertaking health financing reform with a view to achieve universal coverage of health insurance within the coming years. To date, around half of the population is covered with some type of health insurance or prepayment. This review applies a conceptual framework of health financing to provide a coherent assessment of the reforms to date with respect to a set of key policy objectives of health financing, including financial sustainability, efficiency in service provision, and equity in health financing. Based on the assessment, the review discusses the main implications of the reforms focusing on achievements and remaining challenges, the nature of the Vietnamese reforms in an international perspective, and the role of the government. The main lessons from the Vietnamese experiences, from which other reforming countries may draw, are the need for sustained resource mobilization, comprehensive reform involving all functions of the health financing system, and to adopt a long-term view of health insurance reform. Future analysis should include continued evaluation of the reforms in terms of impacts on key outcomes and the political dimensions of health {reform.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}Vietnam} is undertaking health financing reform with a view to achieve universal coverage of health insurance within the coming years. To date, around half of the population is covered with some type of health insurance or prepayment. This review applies a conceptual framework of health financing to provide a coherent assessment of the reforms to date with respect to a set of key policy objectives of health financing, including financial sustainability, efficiency in service provision, and equity in health financing. Based on the assessment, the review discusses the main implications of the reforms focusing on achievements and remaining challenges, the nature of the Vietnamese reforms in an international perspective, and the role of the government. The main lessons from the Vietnamese experiences, from which other reforming countries may draw, are the need for sustained resource mobilization, comprehensive reform involving all functions of the health financing system, and to adopt a long-term view of health insurance reform. Future analysis should include continued evaluation of the reforms in terms of impacts on key outcomes and the political dimensions of health reform.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 2008-07 ellis_health_2000 article Economic and Political Weekly Health Insurance in India: Prognosis and Prospectus Health insurance India 207--17 Health Insurance in India 35 2000 4 2000 elson_social_2002 techreport Social Policy and Macroeconomic {Performance-Integrating} "the Economic" and "the Social" Macroeconomic performance Social policy Geneva 2002 Prepared for the {UNRISD} project on Social Policy in a development context in the {UNRISD} programme on Social Policy and Development United Nations Research Institute for Social Development 2002 enarson_savings-_2006 incollection Loan-linked products; Savings-linked insurance; Product design and delivery issues Craig Churchill Savings- and credit-linked insurance Credit-life insurance Insurance Microcredit Savings Geneva / Munich 111--129 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/AF8FD93E-7483-4AE5-B68F-CC17CBF4DF83/0/Part2Microinsuranceproductsandservices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 enarsson_muscco_2005 techreport {MUSCCO} - Malawi Union of Savings and Credit Cooperations Africa Case study Malawi Microfinance Microfinance institutions MUSCCO Savings- and credit association 2005 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 enarsson_almao_2006 techreport {ALMAO} and {YASIRU} - Sri Lanka Case study Credit-life insurance Life insurance Micro health insurance Microinsurance Mutual insurance Sri Lanka 2006 21 Case Study {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2006 engstraem_contextual_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine In this study, we critically examine whether contextual social capital {(CSC)} is associated with self-rated health, with an emphasis on the problem of confounding. We also examine different components of {CSC} and their association with self-rated health. Finally, we look at differences in susceptibility between different socio-demographic groups. We use the cross-sectional base line study of the Stockholm Public Health Cohort, conducted in 2002. A postal questionnaire was answered by 31,182 randomly selected citizens, 18-84 years old, in Stockholm County. We used four measures of social capital: horizontal (civic trust and participation), vertical (political trust and participation), cognitive (civic and political trust) and structural (civic and political participation). {CSC} was measured at parish level from aggregated individual data, and multilevel regression procedures were employed. We show a twofold greater risk of poor self-rated health in areas with very low {CSC} compared with areas with very high {CSC.} Adjustments for individual socio-demographic factors, contextual economic factors and individual social capital lowered the excess risk. Simultaneous adjustment for all three forms of confounding further weakened the association and rendered it insignificant. Cognitive and structural social capital show relatively similar associations with self-rated health, while horizontal {CSC} seems to be more strongly related to self-rated health than vertical {CSC.} In conclusion, whether there is none or a moderate association between {CSC} and self-rated health, depends on the extent to which individual social capital is seen as a mediator or confounder. The association with self-rated health is similar independent of the measure of {CSC} used. It is also similar in different socio-demographic groups. Contextual social capital as a risk factor for poor self-rated health: A multilevel analysis Area effects Multi-level modelling Self-rated health Social capital Sweden 2268--2280 June Contextual social capital as a risk factor for poor self-rated health 66 2008 11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4NBR3KH-2/1/59fc3965481e6f4b23865b25a703bb8c 2008-06 ensor_developing_1999 article Social Science \& Medicine Developing health insurance in transitional Asia Asia Development of health insurance Health sector reform Transitional Asia 871--879 Developing health insurance in transitional Asia 48 1999 1999 ensor_transition_2001 techreport Transition to universal coverage in developing countries - an overview Developing countries Health insurance Universal coverage University of York 2001 Centre for Health Economics 2001 ensor_informal_2004 article Social Science \& Medicine There is considerable evidence that unofficial payments are deeply embedded in the markets for health care in transition countries. Numerous surveys indicate that these payments provide a significant but possibly distorting contribution to health care financing. Unofficial payments can be characterised into three groups: cost contributions, including supplies and salaries, misuse of market position and payments for additional services. There is evidence from across the region on the presence of payment in each category although it is often difficult to distinguish between payment types. Regulatory policy must address a number of issues. Imposing penalties may help to reduce some payments but if the system is simply unable to provide services, such sanctions will drive workers into the private sector. There appears to be some support for formalising payments in order to reduce unofficial charges although the impact must be monitored and the danger is that formal fees add to the burden of payment. Regulation might also attempt to increase the amount of competition, provide information on good performing facilities and develop the legal basis of patient rights. Ultimately, unless governments address the endemic nature of payments across all sectors, policy interventions are unlikely to be fully effective. Informal payments for health care in transition economies Corruption Rent seeking Unofficial health care markets 237--246 January 58 2004 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4840KGC-9/1/bec025300fa9c2fb65edc299c497aac1 2004-01 ensor_chapter_???? incollection {CHAPTER} 2: Microeconomics and market failure in health Market failure in health Microeconomics Microeconomics and market failure in health ensor_review_2004 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press Review article - Overcoming barriers to health service access: influencing the demand side Community participation Demand Health services Participation 69--79 19 2004 2 2004 ensor_overcoming_2004 techreport Overcoming barriers to health service access: influencing the demand side Access to health care Demand side barriers Health care system Washnigton, {D.C.} Overcoming barriers to health service access 2004 Bank World\ 2004 erik_banks_alternative_2004 book Alternative Risk Transfer: Integrated Risk Management through Insurance, Reinsurance, and the Capital Markets Capital markets Insurance Reinsurance Risk management West Sussex, England 0-470-85745-5 2004 John Wiley \& Sons 2004 essex_aids_1994 incollection {AIDS} in Africa Africa HIV/AIDS New York 1994 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Raven Press 1994 european_communities_health_2003 techreport Health in Europe: Results from 1997-2000 surveys 1990ies Europe Health Survey Health in Europe 2003 3 Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities 2003 evan_selinger_does_2008 article Human studies Recent debates about the Grameen Bank's microlending practices depict participating female borrowers as having fundamentally empowering or disempowering experiences. I argue that this discursive framework may be too reductive: it can conceal how technique and technology simultaneously facilitate relations of dependence and independence; and it can diminish our capacity to understand and assess innovative development initiatives. Does Microcredit {''Empower''?} Reflections on the Grameen Bank Debate Empowerment Grameen Bank Microcredit 0163-8548 27--41 January 2008 31 10.1007/s10746-007-9076-3 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34352/Does%20Microcredit%20Empower%20Reflections%20on%20the%20Grameen%20Bank%20Debate.pdf 2008-01 eyre_community_2003 article Health Promotion International - Oxford University Press Community participation in a rural community health trust: the case of Lawrence, New Zealand Community participation New Zealand Participation 18 2003 3 2003 faber_was_2005 misc Was hei\sst Mikrofinanz? Microfinance October 2005 2005-10 fairbank_sources_2003 techreport Sources of Financial Instability of Community-based Health Insurance Schemes: How Could Social Reinsurance Help? Community-based health insurance Financial instability GL Reinsurance Risk equalization Social reinsurance Bethesda, Maryland Sources of Financial Instability of Community-based Health Insurance Schemes 2003 Partners for Health Reformplus, Abt Associates, {USAID} 2003 falk_what_2000 article Sociologia Ruralis What is Social Capital? A Study of Interaction in a Rural Community Social capital 87--110 40 2000 1 2000 falola_political_1992 techreport The Political economy of health in Africa - Africa Series Number 60 Africa Health care system Athens, Ohio 1992 University Center for International Studies 1992 family_health_international_health_2001 techreport Health care provider survey in Maharashtra Accessibility Asia Health care provider Health care system India Maharashtra India 2001 {USAID} 2001 feder_covering_2001 article Health Affairs Covering The {Low-Income} Uninsured: The Case For Expanding Public Programs Low-income insurance 27 Covering The {Low-Income} Uninsured 20 2001 1 2001 fehl_risiko_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen Nach einer knappen Bestimmung des Verh\"{a}ltnisses zwischen Risiko und Entwicklung wird aufgezeigt, dass Wahrnehmung und Bek\"{a}mpfung von Risiken zum Ausgangspunkt von Entwicklungsprozessen werden k\"{o}nnen, wodurch allerdings regelm\"{a}\ssig -- oft erst sp\"{a}ter entdeckte -- neue Risiken entstehen, die dann wiederum \"{u}ber Innovationsprozesse den Entwicklungsprozess weiter vorantreiben. Wie die Langfristbetrachtung zeigt, kommt es hierbei zur Ver\"{a}nderung in der Struktur der Risiken. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie man mittels bestimmter Maximen versuchen kann, Risiken sowohl auf individueller wie auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene produktiv zu bew\"{a}ltigen. Risiko und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung Economic development Risk 3--16 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 fehr_theories_2000 book Most economic models are based on the !"\#\$\%\&'(")"!(*+,-.(+"!\&! that assumes that /\#\# people are "01\#2!\&3"\#, motivated by their material self-interest. In recent years experimental economists have gathered overwhelming evidence that systematically refutes the self-interest hypothesis and suggests that many people are strongly motivated by concerns for fairness and reciprocity. Moreover, several theoretical papers have been written showing that the observed phenomena can be explained in a rigorous and tractable manner. These theories in turn induced a new wave of experimental research offering additional exciting insights into the nature of preferences and into the relative performance of competing theories of fairness. The purpose of this paper is to review these recent developments, to point out open questions, and to suggest avenues for future research. {CESifo} Working Paper Series Theories of Fairness and Reciprocity: Evidence and Economic Applications Fairness Reciprocity December Theories of Fairness and Reciprocity 2000 403 Centre for Economic Policy Research 2000-12 feigenberg_building_2010 article {NBER} Working Paper Series A number of development assistance programs promote community interaction as a means of building social capital. Yet, despite strong theoretical underpinnings, the role of repeat interactions in sustaining cooperation has proven difficult to identify empirically. We provide the first experimental evidence on the economic returns to social interaction in the context of microfinance. Random variation in the frequency of mandatory meetings across first-time borrower groups generates exogenous and persistent changes in clients' social ties. We show that the resulting increases in social interaction among clients more than a year later are associated with improvements in informal risk-sharing and reductions in default. A second field experiment among a subset of clients provides direct evidence that more frequent interaction increases economic cooperation among clients. Our results indicate that group lending is successful in achieving low rates of default without collateral not only because it harnesses existing social capital, as has been emphasized in the literature, but also because it builds new social capital among participants. Building Social Capital through Microfinance Microfinance Social capital May 16018 2010 http://www.nber.org/papers/w16018 2010-05 fernando_low-income_2007 techreport {Low-Income} Households' Access to Financial Services - International Experience, Measures for Improvement, and the Future Access to health care Low-income households Philippines 2007 {ADB} - Asian Development Bank 2007 ferreiro_private_2000 techreport Private Health Insurance in India: Would its Implementation Affect the Poor? India Private health insurance Regulation 79--82 May 2000 Private Health Insurance and Public Health Goals in India, Report on a National Seminar The World Bank 2000-05 ferreiro_health_???? unpublished Health Insurance for the Poor in India - Would its Implementation Affect the Poor? Health insurance Poverty fiedler_ministry_2002 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press Ministry of Health user fees, equity and decentralisation: lessons from Honduras Health care financing 362--377 17 2002 4 2002 figueras_health_???? book Health systems in transition: learning from experience Health care system Health sector reform fikree_role_2004 article Adolescent Adult Attitude to health Child Child abuse Equity and health Female Human rights Life expectancy Male Prejudice Reproductive medicine Sex factors Sex preselection South Asia Women and health 1468-5833 823--826 7443 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15070642 {BMJ} {(Clinical} Research Ed.) Role of gender in health disparity: the South Asian context 328 Role of gender in health disparity April 2004 10.1136/bmj.328.7443.823 {PMID:} 15070642 2004-04 filmer_health_1997 unpublished There is broad consensus that a mix of public health, preventive and simple curative activities provided through low-level facilities is the right policy for public expenditures on health in developing countries. Yet this near unanimous consensus is in sharp contrast to a mixed record in practice and consistent disappointment in implementation. We show how the recent theoretical and empirical literature on the economics of health sheds light on both the disappointment and the consensus by emphasizing various links in the entire chain of events from public spending to health status. First, incorporating the analysis of the health seeking behavior of individuals can completely change conclusions about the appropriate role for, and the expected impact of, public sector interventions. Second, highlighting the key role of providers' incentives in determining the actual efficacy and quality with which the consensus around something like primary health care {(PHC)} is implemented also changes the expectation of effectiveness of public interventions. Both aspects emphasize the deep difficulties encountered with bringing incentives, whether for suppliers or for users, to bear on the delivery of {PHC.} Health Policy in Poor Countries: Weak Links in the Chain Health and poverty Health care system Health policy Poor countries Health Policy in Poor Countries 1997 1997 filmer_estimating_2001 article Using data from India, we estimate the relationship between household wealth and children's school enrollment. We proxy wealth by constructing a linear index from asset ownership indicators, using principal-components analysis to derive weights. In Indian data this index is robust to the assets included, and produces internally coherent results. State-level results correspond well to independent data on per capita output and poverty. To validate the method and to show that the asset index predicts enrollments as accurately as expenditures, or more so, we use data sets from Indonesia, Pakistan, and Nepal that contain information on both expenditures and assets. The results show large, variable wealth gaps in children's enrollment across Indian states. On average a "rich" child is 31 percentage points more likely to be enrolled than a "poor" child, but this gap varies from only 4.6 percentage points in Kerala to 38.2 in Uttar Pradesh and 42.6 in Bihar. Asia Econometric models Family characteristics Multivariate analysis Nepal Pakistan Socio-economic factors 0070-3370 115--132 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11227840 Demography Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data--or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India 38 Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data--or tears February 2001 {PMID:} 11227840 2001-02 fine_social_2002 techreport Social policy and {Development-Social} Capital as Point of Departure Development Social capital Social policy Geneva 2002 Prepared for the {UNRISD} project on Social Policy in a Development Context in the {UNRISD} programme on Social Policy and Development United Nations Research Institute for Social Development 2002 finkelstein_minimum_2004 article Journal of Public Economics Minimum standards, insurance regulation and adverse selection: evidence from the Medigap market Adverse selection Insurance Medigap Regulation 2515--2547 Minimum standards, insurance regulation and adverse selection 2004 http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/pubeco/v88y2004i12p2515-2547.html 2004 finmark_trust_facilitating_2008 misc This focus note presents an overview of the findings from the Ugandan component of a five-country case study on the role of regulation in the development of microinsurance markets. With case studies examining the specific policy landscapes in Colombia, India, the Philippines, South Africa and Uganda, the project aims to cultivate a broad understanding of the ways different regulatory policies and practices can encourage or impede the growth in availability of microinsurance. The ultimate intention is that an enhanced understanding of the legal, regulatory and supervisory frameworks will lead to the creation of some key guiding principles upon which new, more effective institutional regimes can be built. Better regulatory frameworks, in turn, should stimulate the growth of the microinsurance sector in developing countries. Facilitating Inclusive Financial Markets: The Role of Regulation in the Development of Microinsurance - Uganda Africa Inclusive financial systems Microinsurance Regulation Uganda 2008 http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/12194336791Country_focus_notes__-Uganda.doc 2008 fischbacher_are_2000 article Institute for Empirical Research in Economicy, University of Zurich, Working Paper Series We study the importance of conditional cooperation in a one-shot public goods game by using a variant of the strategy-method. We find that a third of the subjects can be classified as free riders, whereas 50\% are conditional cooperators. Are people conditionally cooperative? Evidence from a public goods experiment Cooperative behaviour Experimental design Public goods 397--404 July 16 2000 http://ideas.repec.org/p/zur/iewwpx/016.html 2000-07 fischer_union_2006 techreport {L'Union} Technique de la Mutualit\'{e} Malienne, Mali Africa Case study Mali Microfinance Micro health insurance Microinsurance Mutual insurance 2006 23 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2006 fischer_cooperatives_2006 incollection What is a mutual insurer? The cooperative difference; Insurance development models and stages; Insurance products offered under the cooperative network model; Why mutuals develop networks and how they work; Advantages and disadvantages of the model Craig Churchill Cooperatives and insurance: The mutual advantage Cooperatives Institutional options Micro health insurance Mutual insurance Geneva / Munich 336--356 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 flessa_costs_1998 article Health Policy and Planning The costs of hospital services: a case study of Evangelical Lutheran church hospitals in Tanzania Africa Case study Church health care Church hospitals Health service costs Tanzania 397--407 The costs of hospital services 13 1998 4 1998 folland_does_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine Robert Putnam showed that a social capital index, created as a weighted sum of 14 variables chosen to describe the civic degree of sociability and community mindedness, is correlated with many community outcomes, such as education, child well-being, crime, and the total mortality rate. Although correlation does not establish causation, we can find that in a large number of studies this index, a selection of its elements, or similar measures register as significantly correlated with health variables, virtually always in a direction consistent with the hypothesis that social capital improves health. The potential benefit of this relationship is substantial, especially if it proves to be robust to differences in time and place, statistical contexts, and ultimately if the relation can be supported to be causal. This paper subjects the social capital and health hypothesis to an expanded set of rigorous tests, which, by surviving, it becomes stronger or, by failing, its weaknesses are better revealed. The paper seeks to extend this body of research by a combination of study characteristics that are each relatively unusual in social capital and health research. Though causality cannot be established by these tests, the work shows that the association of social capital with health is quite robust when challenged in the following ways: (1) seven different health measures are studied, including five mortality rates; (2) the 48 contiguous states are observed at six points in time covering the years from 1978 to 1998 over four year intervals, thus forming a panel; (3) the multivariate tests feature economic variables from the production of health literature; and (4) a statistical method (instrumental variables) is applied to account for the possibility that omitted variables are confounding the social capital estimates. The results and the discussion find cases for which the social capital and health hypothesis performs only weakly, but, on the whole, the hypothesis is remarkably robust to these variations. Does "community social capital" contribute to population health? Community health Health Social capital 2342--2354 June 64 2007 11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4NG4C9C-1/1/3ecd5561e0555ea0eeb63e8bdb93cb43 2007-06 fonteneau_community-based_2006 incollection What is a community-based model? Why was/is this approach implemented in West Africa? What is the target group of the community-based model? Do {MHOs} function (well) and make a significant impact? What are the origins of the problems? What is the added value of this model? The community-based model: Mutual health organizations in Africa Africa Institutional options Micro health insurance Mutual health insurance Geneva / Munich 378--400 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 foreit_reliability_2003 article Health Policy This paper examines the reliability, theoretical and predictive validity of willingness to pay {(WTP)} surveys for setting prices for reproductive health services in developing countries. Four country applications were conducted; the surveys used similar elicitation methods (a series of three closed-ended questions to cover the range of target prices, followed by a single open ended question to elicit maximum {WTP)} and samples of current or potential users of family planning, gynecology, and prenatal care services. In all four applications, respondents were able to understand {WTP} questions and responded with high levels of internal consistency. Evidence supporting theoretical validity was also found in all surveys. Higher income and more highly motivated users had higher {WTP} than lower income and less motivated users. Predictive validity was assessed in one study. Services utilization predicted by a {WTP} survey was compared with actual post-price increase utilization. Adding {WTP} to information already possessed by program managers resulted in a threefold increase in ability to predict utilization change as a result of a price increase, and in nearly half of cases predicted percent change in utilization was within 10\% of observed change. {WTP} surveys when used for reproductive services price setting appear reliable and valid, and improve a program manager's ability to predict client responses to price changes. The reliability and validity of willingness to pay surveys for reproductive health pricing decisions in developing countries Developing countries Pricing Services utilization Willingness to pay 37--47 January 63 2003 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-45PK6PG-3/1/823bfcf1128d6867f6003cfb7fa648db 2003-01 forgia_health_1990 techreport This study explores the potential for extending health services to low-income-families in Santa Domingo through private, prepaid {HMO-type} health plans known as Igualas Medicas. Since their founding in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Igualas have demonstrated impressive growth and increasing market share. The growth has occured in the lower-end market of minimum wage employees in small and mid-size firms and parastatals. Based on a sample of eight Igualas, this report examines the strengths and weaknesses of these prepayment plans as extension mechanisms. Several features of these plans are reviewed: ownership, organization, provider arrangements, benfit packages, premium structures, membership characteristics and cost containments procedures. Lending associations that provide loans to informal sector microenterprises are another major focus. The report identifies two associations which could serve as grouping mechanisms for microenterprise owners, workers, and dependents. Through an analysis of Iguala and lending association operations, this report explains the financial and administrative arrangement whereby the Igualas can be matched with this large yet specific segment of the informal work force. Currently, these groups receive what is widely regarded as inadequate health care at state health facilities or pay high-priced, fee-for-service prationers. Health services for low-income families: extending coverage through prepayment plans in the Dominican Republic Administration Adverse selection Central America Cost analysis Dominican Republic Fee-for-service plans Financial management Financing Health care costs Health economics Health insurance Insurance Insurance coverage Low-income households Ownership Prepayment scheme Reimbursement Reimbursement mechanisms Risk management 1990 12 Technical Report 1990 fortney_comparing_2000 article Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology Objective: This research compared alternative measures of geographic access to health care providers using different levels of spatial aggregation (county, zipcode and street) and different methods of calculating the cost of space {(Euclidean} distance, road distance and travel time). Comparing Alternative Methods of Measuring Geographic Access to Health Services Distance Health care provider Measurement 173--184 June 1 2000 2 2000-06 foster_imperfect_2001 article The Review of Economics and Statistics Imperfect Commitment, Altruism, and the Family: Evidence from Transfer Behavior in {Low-Income} Rural Areas Altruism Low-income countries 389--407 Imperfect Commitment, Altruism, and the Family 83 2001 3 http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/00346530152480054 2001 franco_effects_2008 article {OBJECTIVE:} To examine the effects of a community-based mutual health organization {(MHO)} on utilization of priority health services, financial protection of its members and inclusion of the poor and other target groups. {METHODS:} Four {MHOs} were established in two districts in Mali. A case-control study was carried out in which household survey data were collected from 817 {MHO} member households, 787 non-member households in {MHO} catchment areas, and 676 control households in areas without {MHOs.} We compiled {MHO} register data by household for a 22-month period. Outcome measures included utilization of priority services, health expenditures and out-of-pocket payments. Independent variables included individual, household and community demographic, socioeconomic and access characteristics, as determined through a household survey in 2004. {FINDINGS:} {MHO} members who were up to date on premium payments (controlling for education, distance to the nearest health facility and other factors) were 1.7 times more likely to get treated for fevers in modern facilities; three times more likely to take children with diarrhoea to a health facility and/or treat them with oral rehydration salts at home; twice as likely to make four or more prenatal visits; and twice as likely, if pregnant or younger than 5 years, to sleep under an insecticide-treated net {(P} {\textless} 0.10 or better in all cases). However, distance was also a significant negative predictor for the utilization of many services, particularly assisted deliveries. Household and individual enrolment in an {MHO} were not significantly associated with socioeconomic status (with the exception of the highest quintile), and {MHOs} seemed to provide some financial protection for their members. {CONCLUSIONS:} {MHOs} are one mechanism that countries strengthening the supply of primary care can use to increase financial access to - and equity in - priority health services. Adolescent Adult Africa Case-control studies Catchment area Child Community health services Consumer participation Econometric models Family characteristics Female Health care surveys Health priorities Health services accessibility Male Mali Managed care programs Middle aged Participation Urban health services Young adult 1564-0604 830--838 11 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19030688 Bulletin of the World Health Organization Effects of mutual health organizations on use of priority health-care services in urban and rural Mali: a case-control study 86 Effects of mutual health organizations on use of priority health-care services in urban and rural Mali November 2008 {PMID:} 19030688 2008-11 francois_trust_2005 article Journal of the European Economic Association Trust, social capital and economic development Social capital Trust 51--94 1 2005 3 2005 franco_miller_health_2002 article Motivation in the work context can be defined as an individual's degree of willingness to exert and maintain an effort towards organizational goals. Health sector performance is critically dependent on worker motivation, with service quality, efficiency, and equity, all directly mediated by workers' willingness to apply themselves to their tasks. Resource availability and worker competence are essential but not sufficient to ensure desired worker performance. While financial incentives may be important determinants of worker motivation, they alone cannot and have not resolved all worker motivation problems. Worker motivation is a complex process and crosses many disciplinary boundaries, including economics, psychology, organizational development, human resource management, and sociology. This paper discusses the many layers of influences upon health worker motivation: the internal individual-level determinants, determinants that operate at organizational (work context) level, and determinants stemming from interactions with the broader societal culture. Worker motivation will be affected by health sector reforms which potentially affect organizational culture, reporting structures, human resource management, channels of accountability, types of interactions with clients and communities, etc. The conceptual model described in this paper clarifies ways in which worker motivation is influenced and how health sector reform can positively affect worker motivation. Among others, health sector policy makers can better facilitate goal congruence (between workers and the organizations they work for) and improved worker motivation by considering the following in their design and implementation of health sector reforms: addressing multiple channels for worker motivation, recognizing the importance of communication and leadership for reforms, identifying organizational and cultural values that might facilitate or impede implementation of reforms, and understanding that reforms may have differential impacts on various cadres of health workers. Attitude of health personnel Communication Health services accessibility Motivation Organizational culture Organizational innovation Organizational models Organizational objectives Personnel management Quality of health care Social values 0277-9536 1255--1266 8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11989961 Social Science \& Medicine (1982) Health sector reform and public sector health worker motivation: a conceptual framework 54 Health sector reform and public sector health worker motivation April 2002 {PMID:} 11989961 2002-04 franco_miller_equity_2006 techreport In most African countries, including Mali, poor and rural populations have lower than desired utilization and coverage rates for key preventive and primary curative interventions, despite efforts made to increase the availability of services. While mutual health organizations {(MHO)} have emerged to address this, limited evidence has been available on their effectiveness. This report presents findings on the evaluation of impact of {MHO} membership on use of modern treatment for fever and diarrhea, prenatal care and assisted deliveries, childhood immunizations, vitamin A supplementation, and insecticide treated mosquito nets in two districts in Mali. This study provides solid evidence on the positive effects of {MHOs} on utilization of many priority health services (treatment of fever and diarrhea, prenatal care, and use of insecticide treated mosquito nets) and evidence that {MHOs} serve many poor people, although they do not reach all of the absolute poorest. {MHOs} remain one via ble mechanism, as a complement to others, to increase financial access to and equity in utilization of essential health services. But {MHOs'} potential effects on access and equity require more concerted efforts by governments to develop coherent strategies for {MHO} development, to build effective partnerships to develop and sustain {MHO} support capacities, and to continuously learn from experiences of others to strengthen {MHOs} and their ability to reach the key target populations: women, children and the poor. Equity Initiative in Mali: Evaluation of the Impact of Mutual Health Organizations on Utilization of High Impact Services in Bla and Sikasso Districts in Mali Africa Equity Mali Micro health insurance Mutual health organisations Bethesda, {MD} September 2006 Partners for Health Reformplus {(PHRplus)} 2006-09 franke_measurement_2005 techreport Measurement of Social Capital Reference Document for Public Policy Research, Development, and Evaluation Measuring social capital Social capital 2005 Policy Research Institute - Canada 2005 frank_economics_2000 incollection Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Economics and Mental Health Adverse selection Carve-out Demand and reimbursement for medical services Economics and menthal health Equity and health Health economics Health habits Insurance Mental health Moral hazard Risk adjustment Amsterdam (a.o.) 893--956 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 fraser_microfinance_2002 techreport Microfinance and {HIV/AIDS:} tools for making institutional changes in response to {HIV/AIDS} - A Companion Guide to Microfinance and {HIV/AIDS:} Defining Options for Strategic and Operational Change Training Course HIV/AIDS Institutional options Microfinance 2002 {USAID,} Development Alternatives {(DAI)} 2002 freiler_why_2004 article Strong Neighbourhoods Task Force Why strong neighbourhoods matter: Implications for Policy and Practice Neighbourhood Social capital Social cohesion 2004 2004 french_microfinance_network_handbook_???? techreport A Handbook for Microfinance Institutions that Wish to Add Micro-insurance Products to their Activities From microfinance to microinsurance Microfinance Microinsurance Epargne sans frontiers frew_comparing_2004 article Health Policy The willingness-to-pay technique is being used increasingly in the economic evaluation of new health care technologies. Clinical trials of two methods of screening for colorectal cancer are currently being conducted in the {UK} and willingness-to-pay for screening has already been estimated by means of a questionnaire survey, using open-ended {(OE)} and payment scale {(PS)} formats. This paper addresses the same medical issue, although it elicits willingness-to-pay values by means of a bidding game in an interview setting. Interviews were conducted with 106 subjects in Nottingham. The bidding game format produced considerably higher valuations than had either of the previous questionnaire formats, whilst the significant differences between agreed valuations obtained using different initial bids supported the existence of starting-point bias in the bidding game. As with the questionnaire study, the majority of interview subjects offered relative valuations of tests at variance with their expressed preferences over the same tests. Given the significant difference in valuations generated by different formats, it follows that the economic case for preferring any one technology over others will depend considerably upon whichever format happens to have been used to generate the valuations. Comparing willingness-to-pay: bidding game format versus open-ended and payment scale formats Bidding game Colorectal cancer Screening Willingness to pay 289--298 June Comparing willingness-to-pay 68 2004 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4BC2M9G-1/1/14d860f19d00589bedfa92ee7daec978 2004-06 frick_household_2003 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Household willingness to pay for treatment provides important information for programme planning. We tested for relationships between socioeconomic status, risk of trachoma, perceptions of the effects of azithromycin, and the household willingness to pay for future mass treatment with azithromycin. Methods We surveyed 394 households in 6 villages located in central United Republic of Tanzania regarding their willingness to pay for future azithromycin treatment. A random sample of households with children under 8 years of age was selected and interviewed following an initial treatment programme in each village. Data were gathered on risk factors for trachoma, socioeconomic status, and the perceived effect of the initial azithromycin treatment. Ordered probit regression analysis was used to test for statistically significant relationships. Findings 38\% of responding households stated that they would not be willing to pay anything for future azithromycin treatment, although they would be willing to participate in the treatment. A proxy for cash availability was positively associated with household willingness to pay for future antibiotic treatment. Cattle ownership (a risk factor) and being a household headed by a female not in a polygamous marriage (lower socioeconomic status) were associated with a lower willingness to pay for future treatment. A perceived benefit from the initial treatment was marginally associated with a willingness to pay a higher amount. Conclusions As those at greatest risk of active trachoma indicated the lowest willingness to pay, imposing a cost recovery fee for azithromycin treatment would likely reduce coverage and could prevent control of the disease at the community level. Household willingness to pay for azithromycin treatment for trachoma control in the United Republic of Tanzania Africa Azithromycin Forecasting Pharmaceutical fees Risk factors Socio-economic factors Tanzania Trachoma/drug therapy Volition Willingness to pay 101--107 81 2003 2 2003 frota_securing_2008 article A majority of people now live in cities. Countries need to accommodate such a rapidly growing urban population, which is often living and working informally, and which is lacking access to decent working and living conditions. By integrating economic promotion policies with social protection instruments public policies not only mitigate the effects of social risks on poverty, particularly in low-income settlements, but also create the necessary conditions to allow the poor to work out of poverty. Some international organizations including the International Labour Office {(ILO)} consider that low-income countries can afford a basic package of social benefits. In face of growing informalization of the labour force worldwide, universal and targeted social cash transfers to poor people, which are not related to their employment status, are contributing today to curb poverty and reduce inequality in a number of developing countries. But, for poor people in petty jobs, poor housing and living conditions, social and economic rights are indivisible. Case studies show how social protection and local development in urban areas can be combined to achieve progressive universal coverage. These studies provide evidence that workers and families, who need to secure and enhance their vulnerable household economies, can largely benefit from measures that aim to extend further the reach of social protection. A major challenge lies in breaking down the conceptual and administrative barriers that artificially oppose economic development and social protection, in order to reduce the costs of the access to productive and basic social services and remove hurdles to local development in urban areas. Economic promotion Low-income population Social protection 0197-3975 203--222 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V9H-4R2HKG5-1/2/7891b249b97485e2edf5c604b781bda7 Habitat International Securing decent work and living conditions in low-income urban settlements by linking social protection and local development: A review of case studies 32 Securing decent work and living conditions in low-income urban settlements by linking social protection and local development June 2008 2008-06 fuwa_how_2009 techreport Studying the negative effects of credit constraints on child education. This study uses household survey data from rural Andhra Pradesh, India, to show that credit market failure can be a significant factor preventing the poor from investing in child education. The survey records time allocation of all household members for various activities, such as time spent on schooling, remunerative work, household chores and leisure. It also contains information on access to credit. This allows distinctions to be made between credit-constrained and unconstrained households. Study results suggest that: * Credit constraints lead to substantial reallocation of time among children; * Magnitude of decrease in schooling due to credit constraints is about half the amount of increase in child labor; the other half is accounted for by reduction in leisure; * Children in credit-constrained households tend to increase time allocated for remunerative and domestic work; * Cost of increased child labor due to credit market failures amounts to time lost for schooling and leisure. The study shows that analyses of children's time allocation that focus exclusively on remunerative work and schooling, ignoring domestic work or leisure, can underestimate the effects of credit constraints. How Does Credit Access Affect Children's Time Allocation? Evidence from Rural India Child labor Credit constraint Gender bias Chiba, Japan 2009 183 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34172/14_How%20Does%20Credit%20Access%20Affect%20Children%27s%20Time%20Allocation.pdf Institute of Development Economics 2009 galarza_risk_2009 article {MPRA} Paper Understand demand for insurance and loans This paper provides experimental evidence of insurance's credit crowding-in effect in rural Peru. Formal credit markets are constrained as potential borrowers fear losing collateral and therefore, hesitate to take loans. The introduction of insurance can help enhance demand for credit by reducing this fear. The study recreated an environment similar to what farmers have in real life, through a baseline game where subjects had to choose between a safe production project and using an uninsured working capital loan. Further, in order to measure the effect of insurance on demand for loans, the study introduced a third project that involved producing cotton with an insured loan. Study results indicate that: * While a quarter of subjects chose to do the fallback project, about 60 percent switched to the insured loan project; * More than 50 percent of subjects chose the insured loan during the high stakes rounds; * Wealth is positively correlated with a greater probability of choosing the insured loan project; * Higher risk-averse subjects are less prone to choosing the insured loan. Risk, Credit, and Insurance in Peru: Field Experimental Evidence Credit Insurance Peru Risk South America 17833 2009 http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17833/1/MPRA_paper_17833.pdf 2009 gallardo_framework_2002 techreport A Framework for Regulating Microfinance Institutions {-The} Experience in Ghana and the Philippines Africa Asia Ghana Microfinance Philippines 2002 The World Bank - Financial Sector Development Department 2002 gallardo_comparative_2005 article World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Comparative Review of Microfinance Regulatory Framework Issues in Benin, Ghana, and Tanzania Africa Benin Ghana Microfinance Regulation Tanzania 3585 2005 2005 garand_vimosewa_2005 article {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study {VimoSEWA} India Case study Charitable model India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Partner-agent-model SEWA October 2005 16 2005-10 garand_healing_2008 misc {USAID} India Healing Fields Foundation - Case Study Case study Micro health insurance May 2008 http://www.ilo.org/gimi/RessFileDownload.do?ressourceId=5933&ressFilename=5933.pdf&sizeKb=373176&longTitle=Healing+Fields+Foundation+%28case+study%29&author=D.+Garand%2C+D.+Swiderek&ressYear=2008 2008-05 garand_risk_2006 incollection The risks inherent in insurance products; Capital requirements; Reserves; Reinsurance; Investment management; Profit distribution Craig Churchill Risk and financial management Financial management Microinsurance Microinsurance operations Risk management Geneva / Munich 254--269 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 garand_performance_2006 incollection Marketing and distribution; Financial management and viability; Efficiency and client value; Investment management Craig Churchill Performance indicators and benchmarking Microinsurance operations Performance indicators Geneva / Munich 321--333 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 garber_advances_2000 incollection Recent work has clarified the welfare implications of the application of cost-effectiveness analysis to the allocation of health care. Although cost-effectiveness analysis shares many similarities with cost-benefit analysis, it did not develop as an outgrowth of neoclassical welfare economics. Consequently, even though the welfare implications of public decisionmaking based on cost-benefit analysis have long been understood, until recently the conditions under which decisions made on the basis of cost-effectiveness criteria lead to potential Pareto improvement had received little attention. This chapter describes the welfare economic foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis and how such foundations can be applied to resolve controversies in the application of the technique. It also discusses procedures for applying the technique, the circumstances under which decision rules based on cost-effectiveness analysis have desirable welfare economic properties, the appropriate perspective for the analysis, and issues in measuring outcomes. Even when standard welfare economic assumptions are not fully accurate descriptions of the markets and conditions in which health care is delivered, cost-effectiveness analysis can be a useful guide to allocation decisions. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Advances in {CE} Analysis Compensation principle Cost-benefit analysis Cost-effectiveness Quality-adjusted life years sensitivity analysis von Neumann-Morgenstern utility Welfare economics Amsterdam (a.o.) 182--221 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 garenne_vulnerability_2006 article World Development Summary In Zambia, under-five mortality declined from 1958 to 1975, rose from 1975 to 1992, before resuming its decline from 1992 to 2001. The study investigates the economic, political, and epidemiologic determinants of these changes. The rise in mortality could be explained by an economic downturn (declining income per capita, resulting from lower copper prices on international markets and decreasing production, and its numerous consequences), and to a lesser extent by emerging diseases (increasing mortality from {HIV/AIDS} and resistant malaria). However, mortality decline could resume as a result of building social and health capital, in particular health personnel, and favorable health policies. Vulnerability and Resilience: Determinants of {Under-Five} Mortality Changes in Zambia Economic crisis Economic policies Health policy Resilience Under-five mortality Vulnerability 1765--1787 October Vulnerability and Resilience 34 2006 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4KKFPH5-1/2/2291be4f01e688ed7442a889a2873194 2006-10 garg_equity_1998 techreport This paper describes the financing and delivery of health care in India from viewpoint of equity. In this context typical financing mixes of public and private sources are examined. Inequity in delivery of health care is analyzed on the basis of utilization of health services by people in different income quintiles, and in different geographical locations on the basis of self-reported ill health. The paper shows that even though the government sources of financing are mildly progressive, the large proportions spent by the household on health care makes it overall regressive. Both government and private expenditures are higher for higher income quintiles and for people living in urban areas and working in organized sector. On the other hand, people in lower income quintile and in rural areas bear higher burden of health expenditure as a proportion of their income. Delivery of health care is also found to be biased in favor of urban areas. Equity of Health Sector Financing and Delivery in India Equity and health Health care delivery Health care financing India Boston, {MA} 1998 Harvard School of Public Health 1998 garg_implications_???? unpublished Implications of Current Experience of Health Insurance in India Asia Health insurance India garrett_all_2009 article The Lancet All for universal health coverage Universal coverage Universal health care 0140-6736 1294--1299 October 374 2009 9697 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61503-8 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T1B-4X1T916-1/2/0a5739b04b042888419d75bd9acbb648 2009-10 garshong_we_2001 misc {"We} are still paying..." A study on factors affecting the implementation of the exemptions policy in Ghana Africa Exemptions Ghana Health insurance January 2001 2001-01 gautier_union_2005 article {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study {L'Union} des Mutuelles de Sant\'{e} de Guin\'{e}e Foresti\`{e}re, Guinea Africa Case study Guinea Micro health insurance Mutual insurance October 17 2005 http://www.microinsurancenetwork.org/publication/fichier/_UMSGF_Case_Study_17_AN.pdf 2005-10 gaydos_world_2002 book World health systems - Challenges and Perspectives Health care system World health system Washington {D.C.;} Chicago, Illinois 2002 {AUPHA} {Press/Health} Administration Press 2002 gaynor_change_???? unpublished Change, Consolidation, and Competition in Health Care Markets Change Competition Consilidation Health care markets gaynor_antitrust_2000 incollection In this chapter we review issues relating to antitrust and competition in health care markets. The chapter begins with a brief review of antitrust legislation. We then discuss whether and how health care is different from other industries in ways that might affect the optimality of competition. The chapter then focuses on the main areas in which antitrust has been applied to health care: hospital mergers, monopsony, and foreclosure. In each of these sections we review the relevant antitrust cases, discuss the issues that have arisen in those cases, and then review the relevant economics literature and suggest some new methods for analyzing these issues. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Antitrust and Competition in Health Care Markets Antitrust Competition Health care markets Amsterdam (a.o.) 1405--1487 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 geltman_private-sector_2005 article American Journal of Public Health {US} law and regulations stipulate a process for the health screening of refugees. The responsibility of caring for refugees resettled in the United States rests, in part, with public health or welfare departments. Massachusetts has met its screening responsibilities through the innovative creation of a network of private preferred providers. We explore the Massachusetts model of public--private collaboration within the context of federal refugee health priorities and current state fiscal restraints affecting public health programs, and demonstrate the model's accomplishments. A {Private-Sector} Preferred Provider Network Model for Public Health Screening of Newly Resettled Refugees Monitoring Provider network model Public health screening Public-private partnerships Refugees 196--199 95 2005 2 2005 geman_learning_1998 article European Finance Review This paper argues that in the fundamental subject of financial risk analysis, some valuable lessons may be drawn from insurance. The probability of ruin, defined as a first passage time, carries a dynamic element whose absence in Value at Risk is one liability, among others. Extreme value theory, which has been successfully applied to insurance shortly after it was introduced in probability, may offer a coherent framework for analyzing the extreme moves such as the ones observed in recent foreign exchange and financial crises. Lastly, we show that the genuine hazards generated by global capital markets and illustrated by the events of summer 1998, generate a market incompleteness that existing models of defaultable bonds do not fully address. However, the long experience of risk premium analysis in the insurance and reinsurance industry, as well as the existence of historical data on natural disasters, render the valuation of catastrophe bonds less perilous than that of defaultable bonds. Learning about Risk: Some Lessons from Insurance Insurance Risk 113--124 January Learning about Risk 2 1998 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009835429630 1998-01 gemeinsame_einrichtung_kvg_risikoausgleich_2005 misc Risikoausgleich GL Risk adjustment Switzerland http://www.kvg.org/print/ra/default.htm 2005 http://www.kvg.org/print/ra/default.htm 2005 geneau_using_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Cataract is the leading cause of avoidable blindness in Africa. There are various documented barriers to the uptake of cataract surgery, cost being one of them. There is, however, little evidence regarding patients' willingness to pay {(WTP)} for cataract surgery in Africa and the best way to measure it. We conducted a grounded theory study in order to understand better cataract patients' {WTP} for surgery in Tanzania. A total of 47 cataract patients from three regions of Tanzania were interviewed. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The coding process involved identifying emerging themes and categories and their interconnection. Our study reveals that the main factors behind patients' {WTP} for cataract surgery are (1) the level of perceived need for sight and cataract surgery; (2) the decision-making processes at the family level and (3) the characteristics of local eye care programs. Our study shows that {WTP} concerns not only the patients but also their relatives. For most patients and families, the amount of \$20-\$30 is deemed reasonable for a sight-restoring procedure. It does not appear realistic for eye care program managers to charge the real cost of cataract surgery at present (about {US} \$70--in Kilimanjaro). However, eye care programs can influence {WTP} for cataract surgery by providing quality services and by offering adequate counseling about the procedure. The qualitative findings enriched the interpretation of a previously reported quantitative survey and yield implications for both researchers and decision-makers using or relying on {WTP} methodologies in developing countries. Using qualitative methods to understand the determinants of patients' willingness to pay for cataract surgery: A study in Tanzania Africa Cataract surgery Eye care services Qualitative methods Tanzania Willingness to pay 558--568 February Using qualitative methods to understand the determinants of patients' willingness to pay for cataract surgery 66 2008 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4BC2M9G-1/1/14d860f19d00589bedfa92ee7daec978 2008-02 gennaro_health_2000 article {JOGNN} - Clinical Issues Health Promotion and Risk Reduction in Malawi, Africa, Village Women Africa Health promotion Malawi Risk reduction Rural 224--230 30 2000 2 2000 gentilini_mainstreaming_2005 article {eJADE:} The electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics Social protection aims to provide a national platform for smoothly transitioning from a chaotic collection of shock responses to an institutionalized system for risk and non-risk management. For the poorest, the transition aims to move away from ad hoc, unpredictable relief to national safety nets that deliver timely, multi-year, guaranteed and predictable transfers. Social protection has to face particular challenges in chronically poor, shock-prone countries where the distinction between the chronic and transitory poor is often blurred. Other conceptual and programmatic issues also need further investigation. For filling these gaps, a research agenda articulated in ten thematic areas is proposed. Mainstreaming Safety Nets in the Social Protection Policy Agenda: A New Vision or the Same Old Perspective? Safety nets Social protection Social security 2 2005 2 http://www.fao.org/docrep/Article/ejade/af137e/af137e00.htm 2005 gerdtham_international_2000 incollection Comparisons of aggregate health expenditure across different countries have become popular over the last three decades as they permit a systematic investigation of the impact of different institutional regimes and other explanatory variables. Over the years, several regression analyses based on cross-section and panel data have been used to explain the international differences in health expenditure. A common result of these studies is that aggregate income appears to be the most important factor explaining health expenditure variation between countries and that the size of the estimated income elasticity is high and even higher than unity which in that case indicates that health care is a "luxury" good. Additional results indicates, for example, that the use of primary care "gatekeepers" lowers health expenditure and also that the way of remunerating physicians in the ambulatory care sector appears to influence health expenditure; capitation systems tend to lead to lower expenditure than fee-for-service systems. Finally, we also list some issues for the future. We demand more efforts on theory of the macroeconomic analysis of health expenditure, which is underdeveloped at least relative to the macroeconometrics of health expenditure. We also demand more replications based on updated data and methods that seeks to unify the many differing results of previous studies. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse International comparisons of health expenditure: theory, data, and econometric analysis Econometric analysis Government policy Health system International health expenditure Amsterdam (a.o.) 11--53 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 gericke_intervention_2005 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Intervention complexity: a conceptual framework to inform priority-setting in health Delivery of health care Developing countries HIV/AIDS Priority-setting in health Social marketing Tuberculosis 285--293 Intervention complexity 83 2005 4 2005 german_federal_ministry_for_economic_cooperation_and_development_strategies_2009 misc Strategies 179: Security at little cost Microinsurance in Financial Systems Development, {BMZ} Position Paper Microinsurance -- a field of activity for German development policy Financial system Financial system development Microinsurance 2009 2009 gertler_insuring_1999 inproceedings One of the most sizable and least predictable shocks to the economic opportunities of families in developing countries is major illness. There are two important economic costs associated with illness: the cost of the medical care used to diagnose and treat the illness, and the loss in income associated with reduced labor supply and productivity. The size and unpredictability of both of these costs suggests that families may not be able to smooth their consumption over periods of major illness, especially in developing countries where few individuals are covered by formal health and disability insurance {(World} Bank, 1993 and 1995a). While families with sick members in developed countries are able to access formal insurance markets, families in low income countries must rely on informal mechanisms such as drawing on savings, selling assets, transfers from their family and social support networks, and borrowing from local credit markets. The possibility that there is less than full consumption smoothing through these m echanisms suggests a potentially large loss in welfare from this shock to the household's resources. Insuring the Economic Costs of Illness Economic costs of illness Poverty Social protection 1999 1999 gertler_is_2006 article {CESifo} Economic Studies Is Social Capital the Capital of the Poor? The Role of Family and Community in Helping Insure Living Standards against Health Shocks Consumption Cooperations Household Insurance Social networks 52 2006 3 2006 gertler_microinsurance_2003 techreport Do {MicroInsurance} Programs Help Families Insure Consumption Against Illness? Insurance Microfinance 2003 Paper C03-129 http://129.3.20.41/eps/dev/papers/0303/0303004.pdf Institute of Business and Economic Research - Center for International and Development Economics Research, University of California, Berkeley 2003 geuting_entwicklungshilfe_2004 phdthesis Entwicklungshilfe und Entwicklung: globale statistische Analyse unter besonderer Ber\"{u}cksichtigung des Human Development Index und die L\"{a}nderbeispiele Botswana und Namibia Botswana Development Development cooperation HDI Namibia {Ruhr-Universit\"{a}t} Bochum Entwicklungshilfe und Entwicklung 2004 Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Sozialwissenschaft der {Ruhr-Universit\"{a}t} Bochum 2004 giesbert_demand_2008 misc The Demand for Microinsurance in Rural Ghana Household Survey Report on the Anidaso Policy of the Gemini Life Insurance Company {(GLICO)} Africa Demand Ghana Microinsurance December 2008 2008-12 gilson_trust_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine Health systems are inherently relational and so many of the most critical challenges for health systems are relationship and behaviour problems. Yet the disciplinary perspectives that underlie traditional health policy analysis offer only limited and partial insights into human behaviour and relationships. The health sector, therefore, has much to learn from the wider literature on behaviour and the factors that influence it. A central feature of recent debates, particularly, but not only, in relation to social capital, is trust and its role in facilitating collective action, that is co-operation among people to achieve common goals. The particular significance of trust is that it offers an alternative approach to the economic individualism that has driven public policy analysis in recent decades. This paper considers what the debates on trust have to offer health policy analysis by exploring the meaning, bases and outcomes of trust, and its relevance to health systems. It, first, presents a synthesis of theoretical perspectives on the notion of trust. Second, it argues both that trust underpins the co-operation within health systems that is necessary to health production, and that a trust-based health system can make an important contribution to building value in society. Finally, five conclusions are drawn for an approach to health policy analysis that takes trust seriously. Trust and the development of health care as a social institution Health care Institutions Trust 1453--1468 April 56 2003 7 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-45XYYCJ-4/1/8928515312d3afb5e78154dd18803e82 2003-04 gilson_equity_2000 article International Journal of Health Planning and Management The equity impacts of community financing activities in three african countries Africa Community financing Equity Participation 291--317 15 2000 2000 ginneken_soziale_1999 article Internationale Revue f\"{u}r soziale Sicherheit ; 52 Soziale Sicherheit f\"{u}r den informellen Sektor Developing countries Social security S. 59ff 1999 ; H. 1 1999 1999 ginneken_extending_2003 book Extending social security: policies for developing countries.: An article from: International Labour Review Developing countries Social security September Extending social security 2003 International Labour Office 2003-09 ginneken_social_2010 article International Social Security Review This article reports the findings of 13 studies undertaken as part of the International Social Security Association {(ISSA)} project on {"Examining} the existing knowledge on coverage extension". It reviews recent evidence that highlights how cash benefits and health-care coverage, financed on the basis of contributions or tax revenue or both, can be extended and maintained in low-, middle- and high-income countries. The article also highlights a number of priority areas and issues for coverage extension, including realizing improved protection for informal-economy and migrant workers. Social security coverage extension: A review of recent evidence Coverage Social security 57--76 Social security coverage extension 63 2010 1 10.1111/j.1468-246X.2009.01354.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246X.2009.01354.x 2010 ginneken_social_1999 book Social security for the excluded majority Developing countries Exclusion Social security 9221108562, 9789221108566 1999 International Labour Organization 1999 glazer_optimal_2000 article The American Economic Review Optimal Risk Adjustment in Markets with Adverse Selection: An Application to Managed Care Adverse selection GL Risk adjustment Risk equalization 1055--1071 Optimal Risk Adjustment in Markets with Adverse Selection 90 2000 4 2000 glied_managed_1999 techreport Managed Care Health sector reform Cambridge, {MA} 1999 Working Paper 7205 {NATIONAL} {BUREAU} {OF} {ECONOMIC} {RESEARCH} 1999 glied_managed_2000 incollection By 1993, over 70\% of all Americans with health insurance were enrolled in some form of managed care plan. The term managed care encompasses a diverse array of institutional arrangements, which combine various sets of mechanisms, that, in turn, have changed over time. The chapter reviews these mechanisms, which, in addition to the methods employed by traditional insurance plans, include the selection and organization of providers, the choice of payment methods (including capitation and salary payment), and the monitoring of service utilization. Managed care has a long history. For an extended period, this form of organization was discouraged by a hostile regulatory environment. Since the early 1980s, however, managed care has grown dramatically. Neither theoretical nor empirical research has yet provided an explanation for this pattern of growth. The growth of managed care may be due to this organizational form's relative success in responding to underlying market failures in the health care system - asymmetric information about health risks, moral hazard, limited information on quality, and limited industry competitiveness. The chapter next explores managed care's response to each of these problems. The chapter then turns to empirical research on managed care. Managed care plans appear to attract a population that is somewhat lower cost than that enrolled in conventional insurance. This complicates analysis of the effect of managed care on utilization. Nonetheless, many studies suggest that managed care plans reduce the rate of health care utilization somewhat. Less evidence exists on their effect on overall health care costs and cost growth. Managed Care Adverse selection Capitation Competition Cost growth Cost sharing Empirical research Experimental design Fee-for-service Gatekeeper Growth of managed care Health maintenance organization History Malpractice Medicaid Medicare Monitoring service utilization Moral hazard Preventive services Quality information RAND health insurance experiment Risk adjustment Selective contracting Technological innovation Total cost of health care Utilization Amsterdam (a.o.) 707--753 Part 3 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 glinskaya_wage_2005 techreport Wage differentials between the public and private sectors in India India Public and private sector india Wage differentials Washnigton, {D.C.} Wage differentials between the public and private sectors in India 2005 3574 World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Wolrd Bank 2005 global_equity_initiative_health_2003 inproceedings Twenty participants - social scientists, public health experts, doctors, social activists and development practitioners - met between January 13-15, 2003 at the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad to address the theme of the workshop: {"Health} equity in India: People and Systems Challenges." The workshop was set against the backdrop of what is known about India's health status. While significant gains have been made in many areas, the failings in health are equally noteworthy. Over the past three decades, life expectancy has advanced to 63 years and infant mortality has declined by half to 68 per 1,000 live births. A vast infrastructure of health institutions has been built. Intensive campaigns have eradicated smallpox and guinea worm. Health has attracted the activism of diverse, energetic and vibrant civil society organizations. India is rich in human resources, exporting health professionals to the rest of the world. At the same time, however, India's failings are equally noteworthy. Child and maternal mortality remains stubbornly high. Close to half the children under three years are malnourished. Poorer states like Bihar and Orissa report health indicators that are among the lowest in the world. Demographic and health transitions are thrusting forward new threats - diabetes, heart disease, cancer, mental illness and injury. Government continues to accord health low political and financial priority. Systemic obstacles - corruption, neglect of public health, distortions of primary care, ethical and implementation gaps, inappropriate human resource development, and the medicalization of health isolate it from the political economy of the country. Global Equity Initiative and {MacArthur} Foundation and {UNICEF} India Health Equity in India: People and Systems Challenges - Workshop Summary Access to health care Equity and health Health sector reform India Hyderabad, India 2003 Global Equity Initiative, {MacArthur} Foundation, {UNICEF} India 2003 gnawali_effect_2009 article Objective To quantify the impact of community-based health insurance {(CBI)} on utilization of health care services in rural Burkina {Faso.Methods} Propensity score matching was used to minimise the observed baseline differences in the characteristics of insured and uninsured groups such that the observed difference in healthcare utilisation could generally be attributed to the {CBI.Results} Compared with those who were not enrolled in the {CBI,} the overall increase in outpatient visits given illness in the insured group was about 40\% higher, while the differential effect on utilization of inpatient care between insured and non-insured groups was insignificant. Not only were the very poor less likely to enroll in {CBI,} but even once insured, they were less likely to utilize health services compared to their wealthier {counterparts.Conclusions} The overall effect of {CBI} on health care utilization is significant and positive but the benefit of {CBI} is not equally enjoyed by all socioeconomic groups. The policy implications are: (a) there is a need to subsidize the premium to favor the enrolment of the very poor; and (b) various measures need to be placed in order to maximize the population's capacity to enjoy the benefits of insurance once insured. Health care services Propensity score 0168-8510 214--222 2-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4V0VBSM-1/2/bc10cb8f488c709263b29fce762fd04e Health Policy The effect of community-based health insurance on the utilization of modern health care services: Evidence from Burkina Faso 90 The effect of community-based health insurance on the utilization of modern health care services May 2009 2009-05 gaehler-robus_sozialkapital_2005 phdthesis Sozialkapital als Analysekonzept f\"{u}r Osteuropa? - Eine vergleichende Untersuchung von Anwendungen des Konzeptes auf postsozialistische Gesellschaften Eastern Europe Postsocialist communities Social capital Freie Universit\"{a}t, {Osteuropa-Institut} 2005 Arbeitspapiere des {Osteuropa-Institus} der freien Universit\"{a}t Berlin - Arbeitsschwerpunkt Politik http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~segbers/downloads/working_papers/AP51.pdf 2005 gaeler_von_ravensburg_genossenschaftliche_2007 incollection Thomas Brockmeier and Ulrich Fehl Genossenschaftliche Selbsthilfe in der Entwicklungspolitik Cooperatives Developing countries Self-help G\"{o}ttingen 741--807 3-525-86081-1 2007 Volkswirtschaftliche Theorie der Kooperation in Genossenschaften Vandenhoeck \& Ruprecht 2007 gommans_hiv/aids_2005 techreport {HIV/AIDS} and microinsurance in the microfinance sector of Africa - report of the workshop - Addis Ababa, 25 - 27 April 2005 Africa HIV/AIDS Microfinance Microinsurance 2005 Report of the workshop {AFMIM/Hivos} 2005 gonzalez-block_health_2004 article Health Research Policy and Systems Background: Health policy and systems research {(HPSR)} is an international public good with potential to orient investments and performance at national level. Identifying research trends and priorities at international level is therefore important. This paper offers a conceptual framework and defines the {HPSR} portfolio as a set of research projects under implementation. The research portfolio is influenced by factors external to the research system as well as internal to it. These last include the capacity of research institutions, the momentum of research programs, funding opportunities and the influence of stakeholder priorities and public opinion. These dimensions can vary in their degree of coordination, leading to a complementary or a fragmented research portfolio. Objective: The main objective is to identify the themes currently being pursued in the research portfolio and agendas within developing countries and to quantify their frequency in an effort to identify current research topics and their underlying influences. Methods: {HPSR} topics being pursued by developing country producer institutions and their perceived priorities were identified through a survey between 2000 and 2002. The response to a call for letters of intent issued by the Alliance in 2000 for a broad range of topics was also analyzed. The institutions that were the universe of this study consisted of the 176 institutional partners of the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research producing research in low and middle income countries outside Europe. {HPSR} topics as well as the beneficiaries or issues and the health problems addressed were content analyzed. Topics were classified into 19 categories and their frequency analyzed across groups of countries with similar per capita income. Agendas were identified by analyzing the source of funding and of project initiation for projects under implementation. Results: The highest ranking topic at the aggregate level is {"Sector} analysis", followed by {"Disease} burden" and {"Management} and organization". Categories at the bottom of this ranking are {"Equity",} {"Policy} process", {"Economic} policy and health" and {"Information} systems". {"Disease} burden" is more often funded than other topics for which there is more demand or perceived priority. Analysis suggests few although important differences across priorities, demand for funding and actual project funding. The donors' agenda coincides most with the ranking of research topics overall. Health policy and systems research agendas in developing countries Developing countries Health care system Health policy Research agendas 2 2004 6 http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content/2/1/6 2004 gaepffarth_reforming_2005 article Journal of Public Health Reforming Germany's risk structure equalization scheme-taking stock at the halfway point Germany GL Risk equalization 248--256 13 2005 5 2005 gaepffarth_finanzierungsreform_2007 article Jahrb\"{u}cher f\"{u}r National\"{o}konomie und Statistik Finanzierungsreform und Risikostrukturausgleich -- Was bleibt vom Ausgleichsverfahren? Germany GL Risk adjustment 227 2007 1 2007 gostin_aids-pandemic_2004 book Studies in Social Medicine The {Aids-Pandemic} - Complacency, Injustice, and Unfulfilled Expectations HIV/AIDS Chapel Hill and London 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} The University of North Carolina Press 2004 government_of_canada_social_2005 techreport Social Capital Social Capital as a Public Policy Tool - Project Report Policy research Social capital September 2005 http://www.policyresearch.gc.ca/page.asp?pagenm=rp_sc_final2 2005-09 government_of_ghana_ghana_1996 misc Ghana Health Services and Teaching Hospitals Act. Ghana Law and regulation Teaching hospitals 1996 1996 government_of_ghana_national_2003 misc National Health Insurance Act Africa Ghana NHIS NHIS law 2003 2003 government_of_ghana_li_2004 misc {LI} 1809 - National Health Insurance Regulations Africa Ghana NHIS NHIS law 2004 2004 government_of_ghana_growth_2005 misc Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy {(GPRS} {II).} The coordinated programme for the economic and social development of Ghana (2006-2009). Final Draft Africa Ghana Poverty reduction September 2005 2005-09 government_of_malawi_-_ministry_of_health_malawi_2007 techreport Malawi National health accounts {(NHA)} 2002-2004 with sub-accounts for {HIV} and {AIDS,} reproductive and child health Africa HIV/AIDS Malawi National health accounts Bethesda, Maryland 2007 Abt Associates Inc. 2007 grace_participatory_2008 article Development in Practice Participatory risk assessment: a new approach for safer food in vulnerable African communities Africa Participatory research Risk assessment 0961-4524 611 Participatory risk assessment 18 2008 4 http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/09614520802181731 2008 grant_health_???? techreport This short paper is not by an economist. It is by a public health doctor who has spent the last ten years working with development agencies and governments to strengthen public health systems in poor and middleincome countries. It is becoming increasingly obvious that while this still needs to be done, the focus of attention must shift to private expenditure and private providers. In most poor and middle income counties - even the most aid dependant -by far the biggest source of finance in the health sector is out of pocket expenditure and the poor in many of these countries spend disproportionately more than the rich as a \% of household income on health care . This expenditure is primarily in the private sector or on unofficial user fees in the public sector. This expenditure does not protect the poor from the economic costs of catastrophic illness nor do they appear to get good value for treatment in the primary care setting. This paper is not a detailed synthesis of current knowledge but an overview for those who are not specialists in this area. It gives references to key publications, which have done that synthesis, and draws from them. Health insurance and the poor in low income countries. Health insurance and poverty Low-income countries Low-income insurance The Institute for Health Sector Development graziosi_new_2002 book A New Approach in Evaluating Microfinance Institutions' Performance Microfinance Microfinance institutions 2002 2002 green_economics_1988 techreport The economics of health care Health and economics Health care system Great Britain The economics of health care 1988 {E-Source} http://www.oheschools.org/ohe.pdf Office of Health Economics, Industry Supports Education 1988 greenwald_health_2000 misc {LookSmart} Health Care Financing Review: Medicare {Risk-Adjusted} Capitation Payments: From Research to Implementation GL Health care financing Implementation Risk adjustment 2000 2000 greenwald_medicare_2000 article Health Care Financing Review Medicare {Risk-Adjusted} Capitation Payments: From Research to Implementation GL Risk adjustment Risk equalization 1--5 21 2000 3 2000 greiner_reformoptionen_2006 article Gesundheitswesen {(Bundesverband} der \"{A}rzte des \"{O}ffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes {(Germany))} {AIM} {OF} {THE} {ARTICLE:} The risc structure compensation scheme within the German compulsory health insurance system is intended to enforce the principle of solidarity all over the statutory health insurance and not only within the different sickness funds. Differences in the contribution rates should not reflect different risc profiles, but the differences of the efficiency in social care. The criticism against the current adjustment system in Germany is multifarious and points e. g. on the missing orientation to morbidity. This article follows the question, whether this criticism is valid. {METHODS:} The variables and methods, which are currently used to calculate the risc structure adjustment are discussed and compared to an alternative proposal for the future form of the risc structure adjustment, which includes both a higher orientation to riscs and incentives for social health insurance funds to decline the costs for the social care system on long-term. {RESULTS:} Currently, for the calculation of the risc structure adjustment the following variables are used: age, sex, income, number of family members who are exempted from contributions and persons who get occupational disability pension, and number of insured persons who are registered to an accredited {Disease-Management-Program} {(DMP).} Especially the last variable includes a high control effort, because the higher co-payments of the adjustment system are aligned to the voluntariness of participation and active collaboration of the patients in {DMP.} The argument, a further development to a morbidity-oriented risc structure adjustment leads to less cost management of the sickness funds is not totally correct, because not actual, but standardised costs are the basis for compensation. On the other hand the morbidity determined cost components should not totally be adjusted, as a proper distribution of savings to the risc structure adjustment and the single funds would still be an incentive for cost management and prevention. {CONCLUSION:} An ongoing refining of the risc structure adjustment might cause new incentive problems. Instead a morbidity orientated risc structure compensation scheme should leave a part of the savings due to better social care structures in the sickness funds and should include outpatient care parameters. The change to a new honorarium system could create a better data basis for this improved form of risc structure adjustment in the future. Reformoptionen f\"{u}r einen zuk\"{u}nftigen Risikostrukturausgleich in der {GKV} Cost sharing Germany GL Health care costs National health programs Risk adjustment Risk factors 14394421 442--8 July 68 2006 7 {PMID:} 16868871 2006-07 gre_criteria_2004 techreport Criteria and procedures for determining benefit packages in health care - A comparative perspective Benefit package Health care 1--14 2004 Elyevier, Health Policy, Science Direct 2004 gre_auswirkungen_2008 techreport Die Beseitigung ungerechtfertiger Wettbewerbsvorteile durch die Reform des Risikostrukturausgleichs tr\"{a}gt ma\ssgeblich zur Weiterentwicklung der Wettbewerbsordnung in der gesetzli-chen Krankenversicherung bei. Die Weiterentwicklung des {RSA} w\"{a}re jedoch fachlich (jedoch nicht: politisch) auch ohne die Einf\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds m\"{o}glich gewesen. Es besteht dar\"{u}ber hinaus die Gefahr, dass durch die Ausgestaltung der \"{U}berforderungsklausel im Zu-sammenhang mit dem Zusatzbeitrag neue Wettbewerbsverzerrungen entstehen. Forderungs-ausf\"{a}lle als Konsequenz der \"{U}berforderungsklausel m\"{u}ssten von der {GKV-Versichertengemeinschaft} insgesamt und nicht den Versicherten der jeweiligen Krankenkasse getragen werden. Der Ausbau der Steuerfinanzierung verbessert die Nachhaltigkeit der {GKV-Finanzierung} und st\"{a}rkt dar\"{u}ber hinaus auch noch die Verteilungsgerechtigkeit. Um Zweifel an der Stetigkeit der Steuerfinanzierung zumindest teilweise zu zerstreuen, fordern die Autoren eine deutliche Beschleunigung des Ausbaus der Steuerfinanzierung auf 3 Mrd. ??? pro Jahr. Die Konstruktion von einkommensabh\"{a}ngigem Beitrag einerseits und Zusatzbeitrag anderer-seits verlagert das Risiko steigender Gesundheitsausgaben nach Einf\"{u}hrung des Gesundheits-fonds ausschlie\sslich auf die versicherten Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer. Eine weitere Schw\"{a}chung der Einkommenssolidarit\"{a}t in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung k\"{o}nnte durch die Abschaffung des Zusatzbeitrags und die R\"{u}ckkehr zu dezentral festgelegten ein-kommensabh\"{a}ngigen Beitragss\"{a}tzen verhindert werden. Allerdings w\"{u}rde diese L\"{o}sung den Gesundheitsfonds an sich eliminieren. Der Gesundheitsfonds ist jedoch ein zentrales Element, mit dem es in der spezifischen deutschen Situation m\"{o}glich sein k\"{o}nnte, ein einheitliches Ver-sicherungssystem zu implementieren. Durch die Einf\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds werden die Wettbewerbsparameter Preis und Produkt weitgehend neutralisiert. Krankenkassen legen ihr strategisches Augenmerk aus-schlie\sslich darauf, die Erhebung eines Zusatzbeitrags zu vermeiden. In diesem Zusammen-hang ist es fatal, dass gleichzeitig mit der Einf\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds auch die An-schubfinanzierung innerhalb der integrierten Versorgung ausl\"{a}uft. Zur Revitalisierung des Preis- und Produktwettbewerbs ist in jedem Fall der Ausbau von wettbewerblichen Differen-zierungsm\"{o}glichkeiten im Versorgungsangebot und die Verl\"{a}ngerung der Anschubfinanzierung in der integrierten Versorgung zu fordern. Zur Beseitigung der Fehlanreize im Zusam-menhang mit der Einf\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds k\"{o}nnte der Anteil des durch Zusatzbeitr\"{a}-ge zu finanzierenden Ausgabenanteils deutlich erh\"{o}ht werden. Bei der Realisierung dieser Option m\"{u}sste allerdings zwingend die \"{U}berforderungsklausel reformiert werden. Die Alter-native best\"{a}nde darin, zu einkommensabh\"{a}ngigen Beitragss\"{a}tzen zur\"{u}ckzukehren. Auswirkungen des Gesundheitsfonds und Optionen zur Weiterentwicklung Germany Health insurance 2008 Policy Paper f\"{u}r die {Hans-B\"{o}ckler-Stiftung} 2008 grootaert_social_1999 techreport Social Capital, Household Welfare and Poverty in Indonesia - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 6 Indonesia Poverty Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 grootaert_local_1999 techreport Local Institutions and Service Delivery in Indonesia - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 5 Indonesia Local level institutions Service delivery Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 grootaert_does_2001 techreport Does Social Capital help the Poor? - A synthesis of Findings from the Local Level Institutions Studies in Burkina Faso and Indonesia - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 10 Africa Asia Burkina Faso Indonesia Poverty Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2001 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 2001 grootaert_local_1999-1 techreport The Local Level Institutions Study: Social Capital and Development Outcomes in Burkina Faso - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 7 Africa Burkina Faso Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 grootaert_measuring_2004 techreport Measuring Social Capital - An Integrated Questionnaire - World Bank Working Paper No. 18 Measuring social capital Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2004 The World Bank 2004 grootaert_local_2000 techreport The Local Level Insititutions Study: Local Institutions, Poverty and Household Welfare in Bolivia - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 9 Bolivia Local level institutions Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 2000 grootaert_understanding_2001 article Social Capital Initiative Working Paper Understanding and Measuring Social Capital: A Synthesis of Findings and Recommendations from the Social Capital Initiative Measurement Measuring social capital Social capital Understanding and Measuring Social Capital 2001 2001 grossmann_human_2000 incollection This chapter contains a detailed treatment of the human capital model of the demand for health which was originally developed in 1972. Theoretical predictions are discussed, and theoretical extensions of the model are reviewed. Empirical research that tests the predictions of the model or studies causality between years of formal schooling completed and good health is surveyed. The model views health as a durable capital stock that yields an output of healthy time. Individuals inherit an initial amount of this stock that depreciates with age and can be increased by investment. The household production function model of consumer behavior is employed to account for the gap between health as an output and medical care as one of many inputs into its production. In this framework the "shadow price" of health depends on many variables besides the price of medical care. It is shown that the shadow price rises with age if the rate of depreciation on the stock of health rises over the life cycle and falls with education (years of formal schooling completed) if more educated people are more efficient producers of health. An important result is that, under certain conditions, an increase in the shadow price may simultaneously reduce the quantity of health demanded and increase the quantities of health inputs demanded. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse The Human Capital Model Human capital Human capital index Amsterdam (a.o.) 348--408 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 gross_evaluating_2004 article Social Science \& Medicine In Israel, supplemental insurance, which covers services not included in the mandatory basic benefits package, is offered by sick funds and regulated by the Ministry of Health. In 1998, policy regulations were set to eliminate barriers that prevented the ill from purchasing supplemental insurance, thereby increasing equality and risk solidarity. In this paper, we examine whether these regulations have indeed changed the extent of ownership and characteristics of policyholders, using data from surveys conducted in 1995, 1997, 1999, and 2001. The findings indicate that while there were no significant changes between 1995 and 1997, there was a significant increase in ownership among those with poor health status after the new regulations came into effect. We conclude that administrative regulations can influence the structure of supplemental insurance to achieve desired social values, and discuss additional policy options that are currently under debate in Israel to further promote equality and solidarity in this market by increasing accessibility to low income and other underserved populations. Evaluating the effect of regulatory prohibitions against risk selection by health status on supplemental insurance ownership in Israel GL Health system reform Israel Risk selection Supplemental insurance Vulnerable groups 1609--1622 May 58 2004 9 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBF-497YSNG-1/1/474991199c2280be473ea76fc2a4b3a6 2004-05 grueb_ghana_2007 misc Ghana, Social Security Schemes for Health, Accra Ghana Health care system NHIS Social security March 2007 2007-03 gruber_health_2000 incollection A distinctive feature of the health insurance market in the {US} is the restriction of group insurance availability to the workplace. This has a number of important implications for the functioning of the labor market, through mobility from job-to-job or in and out of the labor force, wage determination, and hiring decisions. This paper reviews the large literature that has emerged in recent years to assess the impact of health insurance on the labor market. I begin with an overview of the institutional details relevant to assessing the interaction of health insurance and the labor market. I then present a theoretical overview of the effects of health insurance on mobility and wage/employment determination. I critically review the empirical literature on these topics, focusing in particular on the methodological issues that have been raised, and highlighting the unanswered questions which can be the focus of future work in this area. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Health Insurance and the labour Market Health insurance Labour market Wage determination Amsterdam (a.o.) 645--706 Part 3 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Version 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 gruber_hiv/aids_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper discusses how {HIV/AIDS} prevention, treatment and mitigation activities and funding for such work can lead to community conflict. The central role of communities in combating {HIV/AIDS} is widely agreed, with the contributions of social capital networks and civil society seen as pivotal; a rights-based approach to {HIV/AIDS} activities is considered essential. Yet experiences from a {UK} Department for International Development funded project in Nigeria suggest that greater critical attention must be given to the impacts and effects of {HIV/AIDS} on communities, and the ways in which conflict can develop, emerge and be sustained, resulting in severe breakdown of social cohesion and reduction or cessation of {HIV/AIDS} activities. It is argued here that conflict can be fuelled by the different priorities and perceptions of community members and groups vis-???-vis those of development organisations, and by the impact of funds on often desperately poor communities. Case studies analyse the development of the conflict, failed attempts at resolution, and two post-conflict project interventions whose design and implementation were informed by its experiences and outcome. The paper concludes by considering the potential input of participatory approaches, community psychology and change management in the development and implementation of {HIV/AIDS} interventions specifically so as to reduce potential for conflict. Its intention is to contribute to the debate on how best to implement genuinely community-based and managed {HIV/AIDS} interventions. {HIV/AIDS} and community conflict in Nigeria: implications and challenges Africa Change management Community conflict HIV/AIDS Nigeria 1209--1218 March {HIV/AIDS} and community conflict in Nigeria 60 2005 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4D5P3D3-2/1/9121cfe7a32abb7de655db20baab4728 2005-03 gsaenger_soziale_1993 techreport Soziale Sicherungssysteme f\"{u}r arme Bev\"{o}lkerungsgruppen Poor countries Social protection Social security Berlin 1993 Deutsches Institut f\"{u}r Entwicklungspolitik 1993 gtz_ilo_who_extending_2007 book {"Many} countries, along with their development partners, have worked on different national or regional models of sustainable health care financing. The International Conference on Social Health Insurance in Developing Countries, held in Berlin 5-7 December 2005, provided a forum in which the experiences from different countries and regions could be shared and discussed. The organisers of the Berlin Conference decided to collect and preserve the many valuable contributions which emerged and to make them available to a broader group of scientists, politicians and decision-makers. This book comprises a revised version of most of the presentations made in Berlin as well as background information on social protection in health." Extending Social Protection in Health: Developing Countries' Experiences, Lessons Learnt and Recommendations Ghana NHIS Social protection 2007 2007 guenther_estimating_2009 article World Development Summary Households in developing countries are frequently hit by severe idiosyncratic and covariate shocks leading to high consumption volatility. A household's currently observed poverty status might therefore not be a good indicator of the household's general vulnerability to poverty. In the recent years, there has been an emerging literature on the concept and empirical analysis of vulnerability. But because of strong data requirements for vulnerability analysis and limited availability of panel and shock data for developing countries, static poverty analysis still dominates empirical vulnerability studies. In this paper, we propose a simple method to empirically assess the impact of idiosyncratic and covariate shocks on households' vulnerability, which can be applied in a wide context as it relies on more commonly available cross-sectional or short panel data. We empirically illustrate our approach for Madagascar. We show that covariate shocks have a relatively higher impact on rural households, whereas idiosyncratic shocks have a relatively higher impact on urban households' vulnerability. Estimating Vulnerability to Idiosyncratic and Covariate Shocks Covariate shocks Idiosyncratic shocks Madagascar Vulnerability {0305-750X} In Press, Corrected Proof 2009 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4VP1754-1/2/3869e03a869aca466a51a7caf5934154 2009 gugerty_impact_2002 incollection The impact of development assistance on social capital: evidence from Kenya Development Kenya Social capital 213--233 7 The impact of development assistance on social capital 2002 The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment 2002 guinnane_moral_2010 book The Knappschaft underlies Bismarck's sickness and accident insurance legislation (1883 and 1884), which in turn forms the basis of the German social-insurance system today and, indirectly, many social-insurance systems around the world. The Knappschaften were formed in the medieval period to provide sickness, accident, and death benefi ts for miners. By the mid-nineteenth century, participation in the Knappschaft was compulsory for workers in mines and related occupations, and the range and generosity of benefi ts had expanded considerably. Each Knappschaft was locally controlled and self-funded, and their admirers saw in them the ability to use local knowledge and good incentives to deliver benefi ts at low cost. This paper focuses on a problem central to any insurance system, and one that plagued the Knappschaften as they grew larger in the later nineteenth century: the problem of moral hazard. Replacement pay for sick miners made it attractive, on the margin, for miners to invent or exaggerate conditions that made it impossible for them to work. Here we outline the moral hazard problem the Knappschaften faced as well as the internal mechanisms they devised to control it. We then use econometric models to demonstrate that those mechanisms were at best imperfect. Moral hazard in a mutal health-insurance system : German Knappschaften, 1867-1914 Europe Germany Health insurance Knappschaft Moral hazard Social insurance January 2010 http://www.rwi-essen.de/media/content/pages/publikationen/ruhr-economic-papers/REP_10_163.pdf 2010-01 guiso_role_2000 techreport The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development - Working Paper 7563 Financial development Social capital Cambridge, {MA} 2000 National Bureau of Economic Research 2000 gumber_hedging_2001 techreport Hedging the health of the poor: the case for community financing in India Community financing India Washington, {D.C.} Hedging the health of the poor 2001 Bank World\ 2001 gumber_health_2002 techreport Health Insurance for informal sector - Case study of Gujarat Health insurance Informal sector Health Insurance for the informal sector 2002 90 Working Paper {INDIAN} {COUNCIL} {FOR} {RESEARCH} {ON} {INTERNATIONAL} {ECONOMIC} {RELATIONS} 2002 gumber_measurement_1997 article Journal of Health and Population in Developing Countries Measurement and Patterns of Morbidity and the Utilization of Health Services: Some Emerging Issues from Recent Health Interview Surveys in India Disease pattern Health care expenditure Health care utilization India 16--43 Measurement and Patterns of Morbidity and the Utilization of Health Services 1 1997 1 1997 gumber_health_2000 article Economic and Political Weekly Health Insurance for Informal Sector - Case Study of Gujarat Case study Gujarat Microfinance Microinsurance 3607--3613 2/2000 2000 2000 gupta_report_2002 techreport Report of the committee on India Vision 2020 Asia Development economics Development strategies Educational status Employment Health India Rural development Socio-economic factors Urban development New Delhi 2002 Planning Commission Government of India 2002 gupta_effect_2009 article World Development Summary This paper assesses the effect of the steadily growing remittance flows to {sub-Saharan} Africa. Though the region receives only a small portion of the total recorded remittances to developing countries, and the volume of aid flows to {sub-Saharan} Africa swamps remittances, this paper finds that remittances, which are a stable, private transfer, have a direct poverty-mitigating effect, and promote financial development. These findings hold even after factoring in the reverse causality between remittances, poverty, and financial development. The paper posits that formalizing such flows can serve as an effective access point for "unbanked" individuals, and households. Effect of Remittances on Poverty and Financial Development in {Sub-Saharan} Africa Financial development Poverty Remittances {0305-750X} 104--115 January 37 2009 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4T2S00P-2/2/b7a168c9a3088ddfe7a8117053e900ef 2009-01 gupta_ohri_working_2004 techreport Working Paper on Microfinance \& Health, A Case for Integrated Service Delivery Health Microfinance Service delivery 2004 4 Social Enterprise Associates 2004 gupta_health-seeking_2000 article Journal of Health and Population in Developing Countries Health-seeking behavior in urban Delhi: an exploratory study Delhi Health seeking behaviour India Urban area Health-seeking behavior in urban Delhi 3 2000 2 2000 gupta_external_2002 techreport External Assistance to the Health Sector and its Contributions: Problems and Prognosis External assistance health sector India New Delhi {'External} Assistance to the Health Sector and its Contributions 2002 88 Working Paper {INDIAN} {COUNCIL} {FOR} {RESEARCH} {ON} {INTERNATIONAL} {ECONOMIC} {RELATIONS} 2002 gustafsson-wright_willingness_2009 article This study analyzes the willingness to pay for health insurance and hence the potential market for new low-cost health insurance product in Namibia, using the double bounded contingent valuation {(DBCV)} method. The findings suggest that 87 percent of the uninsured respondents are willing to join the proposed health insurance scheme and on average are willing to insure 3.2 individuals (around 90 percent of the average family size). On average respondents are willing to pay {NAD} 48 per capita per month and respondents in the poorest income quintile are willing to pay up to 11.4 percent of their income. This implies that private voluntary health insurance schemes, in addition to the potential for protecting the poor against the negative financial shock of illness, may be able to serve as a reliable income flow for health care providers in this setting. Health insurance Micro health insurance Namibia Willingness to pay 0277-9536 1351--1359 9 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4X7SJ9N-2/2/942851c14f97b2acc89aafcb51eae9aa Social Science \& Medicine Willingness to pay for health insurance: An analysis of the potential market for new low-cost health insurance products in Namibia 69 Willingness to pay for health insurance November 2009 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.011 2009-11 guth_fairness_2003 article Fairness is a strong concern as shown by dictator and ultimatum experiments. Efficiency, measured by the sum of individual payoffs, is a potentially competing concern in games, such as the prisoners' dilemma. In our experiment, the participants can increase efficiency by giving gifts. In the one-sided treatment, this is only possible for one of the two partners. The two-sided treatment allows for mutual gift giving. In both cases, decisions can be conditioned on whether there is or there is not an efficiency gain by gift giving. Our results indicate that efficiency concerns are dominated by fairness concerns that are less stringent in mutual exchanges than in one-sided gift relationships. Fairness versus efficiency: An experimental study of (mutual) gift giving Efficiency Fairness Mutual gift giving Solidarity 465--475 April Fairness versus efficiency 2003 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8F-45D16XH-6/2/ed7dbd397f7f2c2c1f4a11fddb1e1e64 2003-04 gwatkin_current_2000 unpublished The Current State of Knowledge About Targeting Health Programs to Reach the Poor Equity and health Health and poverty Health care system Health sector reform Targeting The Current State of Knowledge About Targeting Health Programs to Reach the Poor 2000 2000 gwatkin_health_2000 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Health inequalities and the health of the poor: What do we know? What can we do Health and poverty Health inequality 3--17 Health inequalities and the health of the poor 78 2000 1 2000 gwatkin_need_2001 article International Journal for Epidemiology The need for equity-oriented health sector reforms Access to health care Equity and health Health care system Health sector reform 720--723 30 2001 2001 gwatkin_overcoming_2001 unpublished Overcoming the Inverse Care Law - Designing Health Programs to Serve Disadvantaged Population Groups in Developing Countries Design of health care programs Equity and health Inverse case law Universal coverage Overcoming the Inverse Care Law 2001 Initial Discussion Draft 2001 gwatkin_reducing_2002 techreport Reducing health inequalities in developing countries Developing countries Equity and health Health sector reform Washington, {D.C.} Reducing health inequalities in developing countries 2002 forthcoming in the Oxford Textbook of Public Health, fourth edition, 2002 Bank World\ 2002 gwatkin_free_2003 unpublished Free Government Health Services: Are They the Best Way to Reach the Poor? Free government health services Health care financing Resource allocation and purchasing Social security Targeting Universal coverage 2003 2003 gwatkin_are_2004 techreport The paper asks whether the pursuit of universal coverage by a wide range of free government services constitutes the most promising approach to meeting the needs of disadvantaged population groups. The response given to that question is "probably not". The record to date points clearly to the danger that the benefits of subsidized government health services will flow primarily to the better-off, rather than to the poor for whom the services are intended. While there is no perfect approach to dealing with this issue, the record also points to several approaches that can significantly ameliorate the situation. Two of them, discussed in the paper, are the adoption of targeting measures to increase the proportion of benefits from government expenditures that flow to the poor; and the development of alternative, selfsustaining service financing and delivery mechanisms to serve the better-off. Successful implementation of approaches like these would allow governments to focus their efforts to achieve universal free coverage on a limited number of interventions that are particularly important for poor groups. Are Free Government Health Services the Best Way to Reach the poor Free government health services Health care financing Resource allocation and purchasing Social security Targeting Universal coverage Washnigton, {D.C.} 2004 Bank World\ 2004 gwatkin_socio-economic_2000 techreport Socio-economic Differences in Health, Nutrition and Population in India Health care system India Socio-economic factors Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank 2000 gwatkin_burden_2000 techreport The burden of disease among the global poor - Current Situation, Future Trends, and Implications for Strategy Diseases and poverty Global poverty Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank 2000 gypong_shield_2007 misc {SHIELD} {WORKPACKAGE} 1 {REPORT} - Critical Analysis of Ghana's Health System. With a focus on equity challenges and the National Health Insurance Africa Ghana Health system NHIS April 2007 2007-04 habbani_household_2006 article Health Policy In this paper, we analyse the extent of willingness to pay for good quality public health services in relation to the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of respondents. The analysis was carried out by way of a household survey conducted in Khartoum, Sudan in 2001. We studied willingness to pay by means of a contingent valuation method. A logistic regression model was used for the statistical analysis. The results show that the overall percentage of people who are willing to pay for good quality public health services is either 80\% or 75\% depending on whether respondents already pay for these services (group 1) or not (group 2). They show that although the two groups are willing to pay for good quality public health services, the demographic characteristics that affect the willingness to pay differ between the two groups. The results of the logistic regression analysis for each group are remarkably similar. We conclude that if the quality of services is improved, reasonable fees could be set. This supports the continuity of the policy to recover costs because virtually the majority of the households would be willing to pay reasonable fees. Household health-seeking behaviour in Khartoum, Sudan: The willingness to pay for public health services if these services are of good quality Africa Good quality LRM Public health services Sudan Willingness to pay 140--158 January Household health-seeking behaviour in Khartoum, Sudan 75 2006 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4GG2HK0-1/1/dae5ae60c24eb2d62a58d89a24bb58b8 2006-01 hackl_warm_2003 unpublished Abstract Criticism of Contingent Valuation {(CV)} stresses warm glow and freeriding as possible causes for biased willingness to pay figures. We present an empirical framework to study the existence of warm glow and freeriding in hypothetical {WTP} answers based on a {CV} survey for the measurement of health-related Red Cross services. Both in conventional double-bounded and spike models we do not find indication of warm glow phenomena and free-riding behaviour. The results are very robust and insensitive to the applied payment vehicles. Theoretical objections against {CV} do not find sufficient empirical support. Warm glow, free-riding and vehicle neutrality in a health-related contingent valuation study Contingent valuation Free-riding Strategic behaviour Warm glow Willingness to pay Warm glow, free-riding and vehicle neutrality in a health-related contingent valuation study 2003 2003 haddad_quality_1995 article Soc. Sci. Med. Quality, coast and utilization of health services in developing countries. A longitudinal study in Zaire Developing countries Health services Zaire 743--753 40 1995 6 1995 haddad_what_1998 article Social Science \& Medicine What does quality mean to lay people? Community perceptions of primary health care services in Guinea Africa Bamako initiative Community perceptions Developing countries Guinea Primary health care Quality of health care 381--394 What does quality mean to lay people? 47 1998 3 1998 ha-joon_role_2002 techreport The Role of Social Policy in Economic {Development-Some} theoretical Reflections and Lessons from East Asia Asia Economic development Social policy 2002 Prepared for the {UNRISD} project on Social Policy in a Development Context in the {UNRISD} programme on Social Policy and Development United Nations Research Institute for Social Development 2002 hamida_empowering_2000 inproceedings Empowering Women Through {Micro-Credit:} A Case Study from Tunisia Africa Case study Empowerment Microcredit Tunisia Women Cairo, Egypt 2000 2000 hamid_can_2010 misc Analyzing impact of adding micro health insurance to microcredit This paper examines the impact of micro health insurance on poverty reduction in rural areas of Bangladesh. The research is based on household level primary data collected from the operating areas of the Grameen Bank during 2006. A number of outcome measures relating to poverty status are considered; these include household income, stability of household income via food sufficiency and ownership of non-land assets, and also the probability of being above or below the poverty line. The results show that micro health insurance has a positive association with all of these indicators, and this is statistically significant and quantitatively important for food sufficiency. Can Micro Health Insurance Reduce Poverty? Evidence from Bangladesh Bangladesh From microfinance to microinsurance Impact Microfinance Micro health insurance Poverty reduction January 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.43777/Can%20Micro%20Health%20Insurance%20Reduce%20Poverty.pdf 2010-01 hammer_prices_2003 article The World Bank Economic Review Prices and Protocols in Public Health Care Public health care 409--432 11 2003 3 2003 hammitt_willingness_1999 article Journal of Risk and Uncertainty Efficient investments in health protection require valid estimates of the public's willingness to forgo consumption for diminished probabilities of death, injury, and disease. Stated valuations of risk reduction are not valid measures of economic preference if the valuations are insensitive to probability variation. This article reviews the existing literature on {CV} studies of reductions in health risk and finds that most studies are poorly designed to assess the sensitivity of stated valuations to changes in risk magnitude. Replication of a recent study published in this journal by Johannesson et al. 1997 demonstrates how serious the problem of insensitivity can be, even for a study that reports plausible results. New empirical results are presented from telephone surveys designed to provide internal and external tests of how {WTP} responds to size of risk reduction. The effect of variations in instrument design on estimated sensitivity to magnitude is examined. Overall, estimated {WTP} for risk reduction is inadequately sensitive to the difference in probability, that is, the magnitude of the difference in {WTP} for different reductions in risk is typically smaller than suggested by standard economic theory. Additional research to improve methods for communicating changes in risk is needed, and future studies of stated {WTP} to reduce risk should include rigorous validity checks. Willingness to Pay for Health Protection: Inadequate Sensitivity to Probability? Health insurance Willingness to pay 33--62 1999 8 1999 hanel_basic_1992 book Marburg Consult f\"{u}r Selbsthilfef\"{o}rderung - Theorie und Praxis der Selbsthilfef\"{o}rderung Basic Aspects of Cooperative Organizations and Cooperative {Self-Help} Promotion in Developing Countries Cooperatives Developing countries Self-help Marburg 1992 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {S\&W} Druckerei und Verlag, {Marburg/Lahn} 1992 hanson_adverse_2005 article Economics of Governance Adverse selection in group insurance: The virtues of failing to represent voters Adverse selection Group insurance 139--157 Adverse selection in group insurance 6 2005 2 2005 hao_financing_???? techreport Financing health care in poor rural counties in China: experience from a township-based co-operative medical scheme China Community financing Health insurance Poor 66 Working Paper Institute of Development Studies harpham_urban_2009 article Health \& Place The world became mainly urban in 2007. It is thus timely to review the state of knowledge about urban health and the current priorities for research and action. This article considers both health determinants and outcomes in low-income urban areas of developing countries. The need to study urban health in a multi-level and multi-sectoral way is highlighted and priorities for research are identified. Interventions such as the Healthy Cities project are considered and obstacles to the effective implementation of urban health programmes are discussed. Concepts such as the double burden of ill health and the urban penalty are re-visited. Finally, a call for a shift from [`]vulnerability' to [`]resilience' is presented. Urban health in developing countries: What do we know and where do we go? Intra-urban differences Review Social determinants Urban 1353-8292 107--116 March Urban health in developing countries 15 2009 1 2009-03 harpham_measuring_2002 article With growing recognition of the social determinants of health, social capital is an increasingly important concept in international health research. Although there is relatively little experience of measuring social capital, particularly in developing countries, there are now a number of studies that allow the identification of some key issues that need to be considered when measuring social capital. After summarizing definitions and the rise of interest in the link between social capital and health, measures used in key studies of social capital and health are presented. Some important issues are then considered: obtaining a sufficiently comprehensive measure which empirically captures the latest theoretical developments in the field (particularly the concepts of cognitive, structural, bonding and bridging social capital); moving from the individual to the ecological level; consideration of confounding factors, and validity and reliability. Developing countries Health survey Measurement Social capital 106--111 1 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/1/106 Health Policy Plan. Measuring social capital within health surveys: key issues 17 Measuring social capital within health surveys March 2002 10.1093/heapol/17.1.106 2002-03 hartarska_regulated_2007 article In spite of increasing pressure on microfinance institutions {(MFIs)} operating in developing countries to transform into regulated financial intermediaries, to date, no study has investigated whether regulated {MFIs} actually achieve better financial results and reach more poor clients than nonregulated {MFIs.} This article explores the impact of regulation on {MFI} performance using newly released data for 114 {MFIs} from 62 countries in an empirical model where performance is specified as a function of {MFI-specific,} regulatory, macroeconomic and institutional variables. Consistent with recent cross-country evidence on the impact of banking regulations on bank performance {(Barth} et al., 2004), this article finds that regulatory involvement does not directly affect performance either in terms of operational self-sustainability or outreach. The article also finds that less leveraged {MFIs} have better sustainability. The policy implication is that {MFIs'} transformation into regulated financial institutions is may not lead to improved financial results and outreach. However, the finding that {MFIs} collecting savings reach more borrowers suggests that there may be indirect benefits from regulation, if regulation is the only way for {MFIs} to access savings. {ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR} Developing countries Microcredit Microfinance Microfinance institutions Outreach Regulation Sustainability 00036846 1207--1222 10 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=25727904&site=ehost-live Applied Economics Do regulated microfinance institutions achieve better sustainability and outreach? Cross-country evidence. 39 Do regulated microfinance institutions achieve better sustainability and outreach? June 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Applied Economics is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts.){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1080/00036840500461840 2007-06 hartell_pre-feasibility_2009 misc Developing a market for index-based insurance products This pre-feasibility analysis presents the basic conditions necessary to support development of a market for index-based insurance products that may allow either farmers or lenders to transfer highly correlated drought risk. Malian farmers and microfinance lenders are exposed to the risk of extreme drought. When lenders lend to many farmers, the correlated losses from drought create significant default risk. {MFIs} that serve agriculture face a problem with donors reluctant to increase their exposure to this non-diversifiable risk. A market to transfer drought risk could improve lenders' access to capital. Weather insurance would encourage greater use of capital and technology to provide a safety net for the poor. The key preconditions to developing a weather insurance market include an assessment of: * Legal and regulatory environment; * Users' acceptance of the concept; * Quality of weather infrastructure; * Correlation of weather events across space; * Potential for developing a weather index that matches crop yields. Developing rainfall-based weather index insurance for Mali will be quite challenging. Any rainfall index insurance will need to be a complex product potentially reflecting compounding variables like length of time with little or no rainfall and intensity of rainfall. {Pre-Feasibility} Analysis: {Index-Based} Weather Risk Transfer in Mali Index-based risk transfer products Mali Sub-Saharan Africa Weather insurance February 2009 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m/template.rc/1.9.34537/ 2009-02 hasan_implications_2004 article Journal of Microfinance Implications of Financial Innovations for the Poorest of the Poor in the Rural Area - Experience from Northern Bangladesh Asia Bangladesh Microfinance 101--137 5 2004 2 2004 hattel_effective_2010 misc Importance of the board of directors in microfinance associations This document guides board members and managers of microfinance associations {(MFAs)} in building and sustaining an efficient and effective governance process. The {SEEP} Network's experience with {MFAs} has shown that governance, particularly the functioning of the boards of directors, is critical to the success of {MFAs.} Many {MFAs,} however, find this difficult, and often face challenges in board continuity, accountability and performance of individual directors. The document is divided into five sections, with links to specific tools and resources. These sections discuss: * Organization of an {MFA;} * Common roles and responsibilities within the {MFA} structure; * Board composition, recruitment of board members, election of board members, and the usefulness of term limits; * Importance of providing good orientation and training for board members and recognizing their contributions; * Process to set up and use board committees to facilitate and enhance the work of the board; * Board meeting process, frequency, format and documentation of meet??ings; * Way that the board should conduct its business; * Importance of setting policies and having a code of conduct for board members. Effective Governance: A Toolkit for Microfinance Association Boards Microfinance Microfinance associations Networks Umbrella organisation 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m/template.rc/1.9.43822/ 2010 hattori_cohabitation_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine The current study investigates the extent to which sexual exclusivity--the restriction of one's sexual engagements to a single partner--prevails across various marital status, union type, and co-residence categories among Nairobi's poorest residents, slum dwellers. This question is central to the spread of {HIV} in the increasingly urban and poor, high prevalence countries of {sub-Saharan} Africa, where transmission is primarily via heterosexual sex. In many circles, sexual exclusivity is considered a prominent feature of the marriage institution. Yet, marriage and cohabitation are often not easily distinguishable in {sub-Saharan} Africa, meaning that the frequent use, as a proxy, of the "in union" category, which includes married as well as cohabiting persons can, at best, be considered tenuous. Using the 2000 Nairobi {Cross-Sectional} Slum Survey {(NCSS),} this paper confirms that marriage is associated with higher reports of sexual exclusivity even in settings where poverty provokes risky behavior. The finding, here, is of lower risk of {HIV} infection for married respondents, with a smaller effect observed among non-married cohabiters. Converse to the implied benefits of marriage, though, women with co-wives are more likely to report multiple partners. The implications of these findings are discussed. Cohabitation, marriage, and 'sexual monogamy' in Nairobi's slums Africa Cohabitation Marriage Sexual exclusivity Sub-Saharan Africa Urban poverty 1067--1078 March 64 2007 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MD9KF0-3/1/178e395f6573673c1c5c538beadfa007 2007-03 hauck_social_???? unpublished The Social Security Program of the {Self-Employed} Women's Association Ahmedabad, India Case study Charitable model India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Partner-agent-model SEWA Social security Draft Version haveman_economics_???? unpublished The Economics of Disability and Disability Policy Disability Incentives Labor force participation Rehabilitation Transfer policy 1999 {PREPARED} {FOR} {HANDBOOK} {OF} {HEALTH} {ECONOMICS} havlir_patents_2005 article Anti-retroviral agents Asia Drug industry Generic drugs HIV/AIDS India International cooperation Patents 1533-4406 749--751 8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120852 The New England Journal of Medicine Patents versus patients? Antiretroviral therapy in India 353 Patents versus patients? August 2005 10.1056/NEJMp058106 {PMID:} 16120852 2005-08 hazarika_household_2008 article World Development Summary This paper examines the effect of household access to microcredit upon work by 7-11-year-old children in rural Malawi. Given that microcredit organizations foster household enterprises wherein much child labor is engaged, this paper aims to discover whether access to microcredit might increase work by children. It is found that, in the season of peak labor demand, household access to microcredit, measured as self-assessed credit limits at microcredit organizations, raises the probability of child work in households with average landholdings and retail sales enterprises. Household Access to Microcredit and Child Work in Rural Malawi Africa Child labor Malawi Microcredit Microfinance Sub-Saharan Africa 843--859 May 36 2008 5 2008-05 heijink_cost_2008 article Health Policy Objectives To assess international comparability of general cost of illness {(COI)} studies and to examine the extent to which {COI} estimates differ and {why.Methods} Five general {COI} studies were examined. {COI} estimates were classified by health provider using the system of health accounts {(SHA).} Provider groups fully included in all studies and matching {SHA} estimates were selected to create a common data set. In order to explain cost differences descriptive analyses were carried out on a number of {determinants.Results} In general similar {COI} patterns emerged for these countries, despite their health care system differences. In addition to these similarities, certain significant disease-specific differences were found. Comparisons of nursing and residential care expenditure by disease showed major variation. Epidemiological explanations of differences were hardly found, whereas demographic differences were influential. Significant treatment variation appeared from hospital {data.Conclusions} A systematic analysis of {COI} data from different countries may assist in comparing health expenditure internationally. All cost data dimensions shed greater light on the effects of health care system differences within various aspects of health care. Still, the study's objectives can only be reached by a further improvement of the {SHA,} by international use of the {SHA} in {COI} studies and by a standardized methodology. Cost of illness: An international comparison: Australia, Canada, France, Germany and The Netherlands Cost of illness International comparison May Cost of illness In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4S8TW0B-1/1/0fe0c929aee95938c781232150557b11 2008-05 heikkilae_social_2008 misc Social Capital and Financial Access: Evidence from Uganda Access to finance Africa Microfinance Social capital Uganda October 2008 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}PRELIMINARY} {VERSION;} {PLEASE} {DO} {NOT} {CITE{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} http://www.hse.fi/NR/rdonlyres/FB782FE3-854C-4FE6-8923-45C07581ABA0/0/SocialCapital_FinancialAccess_Uganda.pdf 2008-10 helfferich_qualitaet_2005 book 2 Die Qualit\"{a}t qualitativer Daten - Manual f\"{u}r die Durchf\"{u}hrung qualitativer Interviews Qualitative interviews Qualitative research Wiesbaden July 2005 {VS} Verlag f\"{u}r Sozialwissenschaften 2005-07 helleringer_social_2005 article Population Studies Social networks, perceptions of risk, and changing attitudes towards {HIV/AIDS:} New evidence from a longitudinal study using fixed-effects analysis HIV/AIDS Risk perception Social networks 265--282 59 2005 3 2005 helms_access_2006 book Access for All: Building Inclusive Financial Systems Inclusive financial systems Microfinance Access for All 2006 World Bank Publications 2006 heltberg_addressing_2009 article This paper presents and applies a conceptual framework to address human vulnerability to climate change. Drawing upon social risk management and asset-based approaches, the conceptual framework provides a unifying lens to examine links between risks, adaptation, and vulnerability. The result is an integrated approach to increase the capacity of society to manage climate risks with a view to reduce the vulnerability of households and maintain or increase the opportunities for sustainable development. We identify [`]no-regrets' adaptation interventions, meaning actions that generate net social benefits under all future scenarios of climate change and impacts. We also make the case for greater support for community-based adaptation and social protection and propose a research agenda. Adaptation Climate change Conceptual framework No-regrets Risks Vulnerability 0959-3780 89--99 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VFV-4VF0XSX-2/2/a11d24910624a9bc0e31ad8553f82827 Global Environmental Change Addressing human vulnerability to climate change: Toward a 'no-regrets' approach 19 Addressing human vulnerability to climate change February 2009 2009-02 hendricks_designing_2003 article Journal of Microfinance Designing Microfinance from an {Exit-Strategy} Perspective Microfinance 77--88 5 2003 1 2003 hendryx_comparing_2001 article The Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research Comparing alternative risk-adjustment models GL Risk equalization 247--257 28 2001 3 2001 henke_towards_2005 book 2 Towards sustainable health care systems. Strategies in health in surance schemes in France, Germany, Japan and the Netherlands France Germany Health care system Japan Netherlands Sustainability 2005 http://www.issa.int/pdf/publ/henkeed2.pdf International Social Security Association 2005 henry_assessing_2000 book The {CGAP} Poverty Assessment Tool provides transparency on the depth of poverty outreach of {MFIs.} It provides rigorous data on the levels of poverty of clients relative to people within the same community through the construction of a multidimensional poverty index that allows for comparisons between {MFIs} and across countries. It has been primarily designed for donors and investors who would require a more standardized, globally applicable and rigorous set of indicators to make poverty-focused funding decisions. The tool involves a survey of 200 randomly selected clients and 300 non clients, takes about four months to complete and costs around \$10,000. Field tests were successfully completed in four countries. The Poverty Assessment Tool should be used in conjunction with other appraisal tools (such as the {CGAP} Appraisal Format) to ensure a holistic understanding of {MFIs.} Assessing the Relative Poverty of Microfinance Clients: A {CGAP} Operational Tool Measurement Microfinance Poverty Assessing the Relative Poverty of Microfinance Clients 2000 International Food Policy Research Institute 2000 hermes_outreach_2008 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} uses stochastic frontier analysis {(SFA)} to examine whether there is a trade-off between outreach to the poor and efficiency of microfinance institutions {(MFIs).} Using a sample of more than 1,300 observations, our study suggests that outreach and efficiency of {MFIs} are indeed negatively correlated. Outreach and Efficiency of Microfinance Institutions Efficiency Microfinance Outreach Stochastic frontier analysis June 2008 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1143925 2008-06 hermes_empirics_2007 article The Economic Journal Microfinance has received a lot of attention recently, both from policy makers as well as in academic circles. Two of the main topics that have been hotly debated are explaining joint liability group lending and its implications for reducing information asymmetries, and the trade-off between the financial sustainability and outreach of microfinance programmes. This Feature contains three novel empirical contributions providing new insights with respect to why and how joint liability group lending works. It also contains the first large-scale systematic analysis of the trade-off between financial performance and outreach of microfinance institutions. The empirics of microfinance: what do we know? Empirical research Microfinance F1--F10 The empirics of microfinance 117 2007 517 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02013.x 2007 herrera_columna_2004 techreport The main lessons learned so far at {COLUMNA} are as follows: ??? The most cost effective way to reach the low-income market is through organisations that already reach large numbers of the intended target market. The distribution of microinsurance should be done through organisations such as cooperatives, microfinance institutions, trade unions and the like. It is also important for such organisations to form a network or association so that the insurance company can have a more efficient distribution channel. ??? In a successful partnership with popular organisations, their senior management must be firmly committed to promoting and distributing microinsurance products. ??? Insurance company shareholders should implement a policy on surplus that allows the company to grow and maintain good solvency levels. ??? Significant benefits can be reaped from collaboration with international organisations that provide support, training, and market information. {COLUMNA} benefited greatly from its relationship with {AAC/MIS,} {SOCODEVI} and the International Cooperative and Mutual Insurance Federation {(ICMIF).} ??? A microinsurance product must be simple and premiums should be affordable. There should also be a range of premium and benefit levels to make the product relevant to a higher percentage of the targeted market. ??? Sales personnel must receive adequate training to promote microinsurance products. Printed promotional material should be simple to understand. ??? The insurance company must establish a mutually beneficial business relationship with its marketing and distribution channels. For example, credit unions should receive commissions for selling policies. The cooperative's employees that promote and sell microinsurance, and the person in the cooperative responsible for the overall microinsurance promotion, should also receive cash incentives. ??? The cooperative's administrative procedures regarding insurance products should be simple and computerized so employees can easily provide customers with appropriate information regarding the policy, premiums and claims. ??? The insurance company should monitor the performance of its distribution channels on a regular basis. {COLUMNA} Guatemala Guatemala Microinsurance schemes 2004 5 Case Study 2004 hess_weather-based_2005 misc This report analyzes the impact of weather risk management techniques on food security in Malawi to draw a framework for the Southern Africa region. This report lays out an overall food security policy context and analyzes the role of weather risk management techniques for food security at the national level, taking Malawi as a case study, and the regional level for the entire {SADC} region. Malawi was chosen as a case study because it is one of the more drought-prone countries in the region, and hence experiences chronic food crises, and is one of the members currently in the process of developing food security policy options. In addition, and rather significantly, Malawi is reputedly a sound source of weather-related data. The study states that food security and weather risk management are inextricably linked: weather risk management, or the lack of it, determines the level of systemic risk in the food security system. The exposure to weather risk drives overall food insecurity. This systemic risk can be internalized and managed well and/or it can be transferred. First, society should manage the drought risk by adapting production, making markets function, establishing safety nets, and preparing for emergencies through ex-ante emergency risk management, all of which are explained in greater detail below. Secondly, people can transfer part of the risk out of the country for a premium at all levels: micro, meso, and macro. Weather-based Insurance in Southern Africa: The Case of Malawi Africa Malawi Weather insurance 2005 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.24549/37405_file_malawi.pdf 2005 hidalgo_microfinanzas_2005 article Espiral, Estudios sobre Estado y Sociedad Microfinanzas y reducci\'{o}n de la vulnerabilidad: propuestas de microseguro para Veracruz, M\'{e}xico Mexico Microfinance Microinsurance Vulnerability 11--48 {XI} 2005 32 http://www.publicaciones.cucsh.udg.mx/pperiod/espiral/espiralpdf/espiral32/11-48.pdf 2005 hintz_micro-impact:_2009 article icmif prosper issue {MICRO-IMPACT:} {AN} {IMPACT} {STUDY} {ON} {MICROINSURANCE} {IN} {INDONESIA} Asia Impact studies Indonesia Microinsurance April 5 2009 2009-04 hochrainer_investigating_2008 article World Bank Policy Research Working Paper This analysis explores the potential impact of climate change on the viability of the Malawi weather insurance program making use of scenarios of climate change-induced variations in rainfall patterns. The analysis is important from a methodological and policy perspective. By combining catastrophe insurance modeling with climate modeling, the methodology demonstrates the feasibility, albeit with large uncertainties, of estimating the effects of climate change on the near and long-term future of microinsurance schemes serving the poor. By providing a model-based estimate of the incremental role of climate change, along with the associated uncertainties, this methodology can quantitatively demonstrate the need for financial assistance to protect micro-insurance pools against climate-change induced insolvency. This is of major concern to donors, nongovernmental organizations, and others supporting these innovative systems; those actually at-risk; and insurers. A quantitative estimate of the additional burden that climate change imposes on weather insurance for poor regions is of interest to organizations funding adaptation. Investigating the Impact of Climate Change on the Robustness of {Index-Based} Microinsurance in Malawi Africa Climate change Index-based weather insurance Malawi Microinsurance Risk management Weather insurance May No. 4631 2008 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1149134 2008-05 hoff_kin_2005 techreport The Kin System as a Poverty Trap Kin system Poverty trap Traditional arrangements 2005 3575 Wolrdbank 2005 hofmeister_financial_1999 techreport Financial Sector Study Ghana Africa Financial sectors Ghana Eschborn 1999 Deutsche Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit {(GTZ)} {GmbH} - Abteilung 41 Arbeitsfeld Finanzsystementwicklung und Kreditwesen 1999 hollander_social_1990 article A social exchange approach to voluntary cooperation is developed on the assumption that voluntary cooperative behavior is motivated by social approval, which is conceptualized as an emotional activity. The associated unique Nash equilibrium may have attractive welfare properties and provides an understanding of spontaneous norm emergence. Furthermore, the opening of a market or government intervention for the collective good is shown to affect voluntary cooperation negatively. A Social Exchange Approach to Voluntary Cooperation Cooperation in health Voluntary help 1157--1167 1990 1990 holloh_profi_2001 article Bank Indonesia - German Technical Cooperation {(GTZ)} Project: Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, March {ProFI} Microfinance Institutions Study Indonesia Microfinance Microfinance institutions 2001 2001 holloh_regulation_2006 techreport Regulation, Supervision \& Support of {Non-Bank,} {Non-Cooperative} {Micro-Finance} Institutions Asia Indonesia Microfinance 2006 {GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit, {ProFi} - Promotion of small financial institutions 2006 holst_health_2005 article {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study Health Microinsurance: A Comparison of Four Publicly-run Schemes Latin America Case study Charitable model Latin America Micro health insurance November 18 2005 2005-11 holst_good_2006 unpublished Good and Bad Practices in publicly run health insurance schemes in Latin America - Comparative Analysis Based on four {InfoSure-Case} Studies Case study Latin America Public health insurance 2006 2006 holtgrave_social_2003 article Sex Transm Infect Social Capital, Poverty, and Income Inequality as predictors of gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia, and {AIDS} case rates in the united States HIV/AIDS Income Inequality Poverty Sexual-transmitted diseases Social capital United States 62--64 79 2003 2003 holzmann_social_2008 book Social Protection \& Labor at the World Bank, 2000-2008 Labour Social protection 0821376489 October 2008 World Bank Publications 2008-10 holzmann_social_2003 book Social protection is moving up on the development agenda. Dismissed as ineffective, expensive or even detrimental to development in developing countries for a long time, it is now increasingly understood that assisting individuals, households and communities in dealing with diverse risks is needed for accelerated poverty reduction, and sustained economic and social development. Conceptually, social protection is shifting towards social risk management to reduce the economic vulnerability of households with appropriate instruments and to help them smooth consumption patterns. For the poor countries, it is about moving away from unproductive coping strategies adopted by households (such as removing children from schools, delaying health care, selling livestock) that are buffeted by shocks (such as drought, cyclones, floods, conflict, terms of trade, policy reforms, health, unemployment, etc.). It seeks to replace these strategies with ex-ante planning and mechanisms to help households anticipate and insure against these shocks (through public works, weather-based insurance, water management, grain storage, microsavings, etc.). For all countries, it is about rethinking the design and implementation of traditional public interventions such as labor market, social insurance, and social assistance policies. The paper outlines the development aspect of social protection, presents the social risk management concept and its operationalization in risk and vulnerability assessments, explains the focus on vulnerable groups (such as children and the disabled), and briefly reviews traditional programs such as labor market interventions and pensions through the social risk management lens. Social Risk Management: The World Bank's Approach to Social Protection in a Globalizing World Risk management Social risk management Washington {D.C.} May 2003 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Publications/20220038/SRMWBApproachtoSP.pdf 2003-05 holzmann_social_1999 article Social Protection Discussion Paper Series Social Protection as Social Risk Management: Conceptual Underpinnings for the Social Protection Sector Strategy Paper Conceptual framework Social protection Social risk management January 9904 1999 1999-01 holzmann_social_2001 article International Tax and Public Finance This paper proposes a new definition and conceptual framework for Social Protection grounded in Social Risk Management. The concept repositions the traditional areas of Social Protection (labor market intervention, social insurance and social safety nets) in a framework that includes three strategies to deal with risk (prevention, mitigation and coping), three levels of formality of risk management (informal, market-based, public) and many actors (individuals, households, communities, {NGOs,} governments at various levels and international organizations) against the background of asymmetric information and different types of risk. This expanded view of Social Protection emphasizes the double role of risk management instruments- protecting basic livelihood as well as promoting risk taking. It focuses specifically on the poor since they are the most vulnerable to risk and typically lack appropriate risk management instruments, which constrains them from engaging in riskier but also higher return activities and hence gradually moving out of chronic poverty. Social Risk Management: A New Conceptual Framework for Social Protection, and Beyond Conceptual framework Risk Risk management Social protection Social risk management Strategies 529--556 Social Risk Management 8 2001 4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011247814590 2001 hongoro_they_2000 article Do they work? Regulating for-profit providers in Zimbabwe Africa Formal providers Regulation Zimbabwe 368--377 Do they work? 2000 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/15/4/368 2000 hong_out--pocket_2000 article Journal of Consumer Affairs This study examines out-of-pocket health care expenditure patterns of households and the financial burden of health care costs over the stages of the household life cycle, using the 1995 Consumer Expenditure Survey. The elderly households not only spend more for health care, but they also experience higher financial burdens than other households. Insurance status, liquid assets, life cycle stage, household size, education, and self-employment status are significant factors affecting the household budge share of health care expenses. {Out-of-Pocket} Health Care Expenditure Patterns and Financial Burden across the Life Cycle Stages Health care expenditure Life cycle 291--313 December 34 2000 2 2000-12 honohan_measuring_2005 book Measuring Microfinance Access: Building on Existing Cross-country Data Cross-country data Microfinance Measuring Microfinance Access 2005 The World Bank 2005 honohan_cross-country_2008 article Journal of Banking \& Finance This paper presents estimates, for more than 160 countries, of the fraction of the adult population using formal financial intermediaries. The estimates are constructed by combining information on account numbers at banks and microfinance institutions (together with banking depth and {GDP} data) with estimates from household surveys for a smaller set of countries. An illustrative application of the data compares them with information on poverty: there is a correlation, but it is not clearly causal. Cross-country variation in household access to financial services Financial exclusion Microfinance 0378-4266 2493--2500 November 32 2008 11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCY-4SKB3CY-1/2/b0e99b52738483f2fe087be4ba9d6c53 2008-11 honohan_making_2007 book Making Finance Work for Africa Africa Microfinance 0821369091 February 2007 World Bank Publications 2007-02 hope_paying_2003 article The Lancet Paying in potatoes: community-based health insurance for the rural and informal sector Community-based health insurance Informal sector Rural sector 827--829 Paying in potatoes 362 2003 9386 2003 hornbrook_chronic_1996 article {HSR:} Health Services Research Chronic Disease, Functional Health Status, and Demographics: A {Multi-Dimensional} Approach to Risk Adjustment Chronic disease GL Risk equalization 283--307 31 1996 3 1996 hossain_community_2004 article {BMJ} Community development and its impact on health: South Asian experience Community development Health South Asia 830--833 Community development and its impact on health 328 2004 7443 2004 hsiao_strategic_2000 misc A Strategic Framework in Mobilizing Domestic Resources for Health Health care system 2000 2000 hsiao_health_2000 techreport Health Care Financing in Developing Nations - a background paper Developing countries Health care financing Massachusetts 2000 Background Paper Harvard College 2000 hsiao_unmet_2001 techreport Unmet health needs of two billion: is community financing a solution? Community financing Developing countries Health needs Participation Washnigton, {D.C.} Unmet health needs of two billion 2001 The World Bank 2001 hsiao_social_2007 book {WBI} {DEVELOPMENT} {STUDIES} William Hsiao and Paul Shaw Social Health Insurance for Developing Nations Developing countries Micro health insurance Washington, {D.C.} 2007 http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/phcf/publications/Hsiao.Shaw.2007.SHI.developing.countries.1.2.pdf The World Bank 2007 hsi_preliminary_2002 techreport Preliminary Review of {Community-Based} Health Financing Schemes and Their Potential for Addressing {HIV/AIDS} Needs in {Sub-Saharan} Africa Africa CBHF Community-based health insurance Health financing schemes HIV/AIDS Bethesda, Maryland 2002 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2002 hsu_integrating_2008 article Journal of Risk and Insurance This article demonstrates the possibility of an alternative approach for risk-adjustment models. In the proposed model the risk characteristics of the beneficiary's health within the same cohort classified by {Self-Organizing} Map network are highly homogeneous, whereas the numbers of individuals within each cohort remain sufficient to allow further investigation of the causal effect from clustered data. A comparison of different models by the 10-fold cross-validation reveals that the performance improvement in the proposed integration model is both significant and stable across the estimation and validation sampling. Integrating Neural Networks for {Risk-Adjustment} Models Neural networks Risk adjustment 617--642 75 2008 3 10.1111/j.1539-6975.2008.00277.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6975.2008.00277.x 2008 huber_mutual_2003 book {GTZ} - Deutsche Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit {GmbH} Mutual Health Insurance {(MHO)} - Five Years Experience in West Africa - Concerns, Controversies and Proposed Solutions Africa Developing countries Micro health insurance West Africa Wiesbaden 2003 http://www.concertation.org/gimi/concertation/resource.do?page=/concertation/download/publ/GTZ-en-MHO-5-years-experiences-in-west-africa.pdf Universum Verlag 2003 hudon_norms_2008 article International Journal of Social Economics Purpose - The paper aims to study the role of norms and values in the microfinance sector. Design/methodology/approach - The paper provides a combination of narrative with argument and analysis. Findings - A classification of the sector is proposed, mapping the institutions along two axes: the profit motive (profit vs not-for-profit) and the decision-making style (centralized vs un-centralized). Some microfinance institutions base their interactions on rigid norms or rules; while others are based on values. It is argued that the private sector will tend to produce the operating rules of the microfinance system while the not-for-profit institutions that are using an inclusive decision-making process are more likely to influence the ethical norms in the sector. Nevertheless, this classification is not static as recent events in {South-India} shows that norms, such as the interest rates, can be politically and emotionally invested to the point that they are about to become values in the sector. Originality/value - The conclusions drawn help in understanding the interactions between the various actions in microfinance. Exploiting the full range of the possibilities of those different structures may be valuable for a fully successful development in India. Norms and values of the various microfinance institutions Microfinance Microfinance institutions Norms and attitudes Social capital Value analysis 35 -- 48 35 2008 1/2 2008 huff-rousselle_ghana:_2002 misc Ghana: Pharmaceutical Pricing in the Public Sector Theory and Practice - Myth and Reality Africa Ghana Pharmaceutical pricing Public sector April 2002 2002-04 hulme_assessing_2009 article {DESA} Working Paper Highlighting the role of microsavings in managing vulnerability This paper highlights the role of microsavings in helping the poor deal with economic insecurity. Studies show that poor people use microsavings to reduce vulner??ability, smooth consumption and reduce the likelihood of having to sell assets under duress. They reveal that: * Poor people predominantly hold their microsavings in the informal sector; * Microsavings can be used to manage potential and actual shocks; * Poor people in developing countries have very low access to formal microsavings services; * Increasing poor people's access to microsavings services must be an essential element of any strategy to reduce vulnerability; * Secure microsavings services need to be made more accessible for poor people in rural and urban areas. The paper emphasizes the need for national and international campaigning for microsaving service delivery and micro??saving-friendly regulation. Policies and actions to improve coverage of microsavings services and make them affordable and secure would help them compete with the informal sector. Assessing the Insurance Role of Microsavings From microfinance to microinsurance Insurance Microsavings October 83 2009 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.40605/07.pdf 2009-10 hurley_overview_2000 incollection This chapter provides an overview of normative analysis in the health sector in recent decades. It surveys two distinct, but related, literatures. The first is normative analysis of the operation of health care and health care insurance markets, market failure, and the scope for non-market institutional arrangements to improve the efficiency and equity of the financing, funding, organization and delivery of health care. The second is the debate about the most appropriate normative framework within which to carry out normative analysis in the health sector, focusing on the welfarist and extra-welfarist frameworks. This is a debate about assumptions and methods. Although the rival frameworks share the broad conclusion that market failure pervades the health sector, the diagnoses regarding nature of that failure sometimes differ and, more importantly, the prescriptions to improve efficiency and equity often differ. Because it is not always clear what writers mean by "welfare economics" and "extra-welfarism," I briefly summarize key concepts of efficiency and key assumptions and elements of each framework. The three subsequent sections then analyze the nature of health care as an economic commodity and the implications of these characteristics both for the operation of health care and health care insurance markets and for the methods of normative economic analysis. Section 4 surveys prominent approaches to analyzing equity in health care. Section 5 examines the methods of normative analysis as applied to evaluate individual health care services. Finally, I end with some observations on recent discussions of the role of normative economic analysis in policy making and of health economists as policy advisors. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse An Overview of the Normative Economics of the Health Sector Equity and health Extra-welfarism Health care efficiency Welfare economics Amsterdam (a.o.) 56--118 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 hutubessy_generalized_2003 article Cost effectiveness and resource allocation Generalized cost-effectiveness analysis for national-level priority-setting in the health sector Generalized cost-effectiveness analysis Health care system Priority-setting in health 1 2003 http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/1/1/8 2003 ibiwoye_does_2008 article Since the National Health Insurance Scheme {(NHIS)} was established in Nigeria, in 1999, not much study has been carried out to investigate whether access to quality health care has improved as a result of the introduction of the scheme. Using primary data from Lagos, this study applies logistic regression to evaluate participation in the {NHIS} among employees in the formal sector. The study found that although low awareness is a major factor affecting participation in the scheme, the {NHIS} has the potential to promote access to quality health care particularly among educated couples. In the formal sector participation may be improved if employers comply with the directive making the scheme compulsory for all employees, while in the informal sector it may be improved through an awareness campaign about the benefits of {NHIS.The} Geneva Papers (2008) 33, 219--233. doi:10.1057/gpp.2008.6 {ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR} Africa Equity and health Health care financing National health insurance Nigeria 10185895 219--233 2 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=33956045&site=ehost-live Geneva Papers on Risk \& Insurance - Issues \& Practice Does National Health Insurance Promote Access to Quality Health Care? Evidence from Nigeria. 33 Does National Health Insurance Promote Access to Quality Health Care? April 2008 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Geneva Papers on Risk \& Insurance - Issues \& Practice is the property of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts.){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1057/gpp.2008.6 2008-04 ifc_-_international_finance_corporation_business_2007 techreport The Business of Health in Africa - Partnering with the Private Sector to Improve People's Lives Africa Developing countries Health care markets Washington, {D.C.} 2007 http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/healthinafrica.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/IFC_HealthinAfrica_Final/$FILE/IFC_HealthinAfrica_Final.pdf Bank World\ 2007 iisakka_social_2006 techreport Social Capital in Finland - Statistical Review Finland Social capital Helsinki 2006 Tilastokeskus ja kirjoittajat Statistikcentralen och f\"{o}rfattarna 2006 ilo/paho_out--pocket_1999 inproceedings Out-of-pocket health expenditure in Latin America and the Carribbean: the effiency rationale for extending social protection in health Caribbean Effiency rationale Latin America Social protection in health 1999 1999 ilo-step_reference_2009 misc Reference Guide and Tools on Health {Micro-Insurance} Schemes in the Philippines Asia Curriculum Micro health insurance Philippines 2009 2009 ilo-step_tanzania_mutual_2007 misc Mutual Health Insurance: The Trainer's Guide Curriculum Guide Micro health insurance Mutual health insurance 2007 2007 ilo_world_bank_special_2001 article Social {Re-Update} Special issue for the 3rd {UN} Conference on {LDCs,} Brussels 14--20 May 2001 Developing countries LDC 2 2001 2001 imai_microfinance_2010 article World Development Summary The objective of the present study is to examine whether household access to microfinance reduces poverty. Using national household data from India, treatment effects model is employed to estimate the poverty-reducing effects of Micro Finance Institutions {(MFIs)} loans for productive purposes, such as investment in agriculture or non-farm businesses on household poverty levels. These models take into account the endogenous binary treatment effects and sample selection bias associated with access to {MFIs.} Despite some limitations, such as those arising from potential unobservable important determinants of access to {MFIs,} significant positive effect of {MFI} productive loans on multidimensional welfare indicator has been confirmed. The significance of "treatment effects" coefficients has been verified by both Tobit and Propensity Score Matching {(PSM)} models. In addition, we found that loans for productive purposes were more important for poverty reduction in rural than in urban areas. However in urban areas, simple access to {MFIs} has larger average poverty-reducing effects than the access to loans from {MFIs} for productive purposes. This leads to exploring service delivery opportunities that provide an additional avenue to monitor the usage of loans to enhance the outreach. Microfinance and Household Poverty Reduction: New Evidence from India India Microfinance Poverty Propensity score {0305-750X} Microfinance and Household Poverty Reduction In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.04.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-509Y4DV-2/2/ca3be922ca8e9581112862e8ad73f1ea 2010 imf_international_monetary_fund_malawi:_2007 misc Malawi: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper- Growth and Development Strategy - {IMF} Country Report No. 07/55 Africa Malawi Poverty reduction February 2007 2007-02 institute_for_health_sector_development_getting_2000 techreport Getting Value for Money and Equity from the Private Sector Health sector reform Private sector London, {UK} 2000 Institute for Health Sector Development 2000 institute_for_health_sector_development_private_2004 misc How can engagement with the private sector improve access to good quality, affordable and appropriate health services by the poor? This resource provides an overview of a range of approaches to strengthening the public-private sector interface, in order to scale up coverage with affordable and quality-assured health services and commodities. The resource is in five parts: 1) An overview of the current situation, with a summary assessment of a range of approaches to strengthening public-private sector engagement, and an outline of suggestions for governments and development partners. 2) The context for looking at this issue: What do people spend on private sector health care? What do we know about the health care seeking behaviour of the poor? What are the formal frameworks for public engagement with the private sector? Are governments prepared to make a significant shift of resources to the private sector? 3) A review of some of the main initiatives used to engage private sector service suppliers in improving the services they provide, and in increasing access to them by the poor: - Demand side: vouchers, insurance and micro-credit schemes. - Supply side: contracting, social franchising, social marketing, and working with unlicensed providers. - Recent experience with public-private partnerships for developing infrastructure. For each of these initiatives we describe the approach, review the evidence on its impact and consider its suitability for donor involvement. 4) Four case studies illustrating some of the mechanisms reviewed, and giving more details about some relatively successful and well studied examples: - The Nicaragua voucher scheme - The Greenstar franchise network, Pakistan - Social marketing for malaria prevention, Tanzania - Contracting in Cambodia Each case study contains a brief description of the project and its context, a detailed assessment of its impact and suitability for scaling up. 5) An extensive list of references and weblinks. Private Sector Participation in Health Private participation in health Private sector November 2004 http://www.hlspinstitute.org/files/project/15043/PSPhealth3.pdf 2004-11 insurance_regulatory_and_development_authority_irda_irda_2004 misc {IRDA} Annual Report 2003-2004 Asia India Microinsurance Regulation 2004 2004 insurance_regulatory_and_development_authority_irda_health_2004 article Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Journal Health Insurance Health insurance India {II} 2004 11 2004 insurance_regulatory_and_development_authority_irda_micro-insurance_2005 book {(Micro-Insurance)} Regulations. {IRDA/MI/3/2005} India IRDA Microinsurance Regulation New Delhi, India 2005 http://www.irdaindia.org/regulations/IRDA-Mirco-Ins_reg-2005.pdf 2005 international_association_of_insurance_supervisors_glossary_2003 misc Glossary of Terms Glossary Insurance September 2003 http://www.insurers-al.org/english/iais/Glossary.pdf 2003-09 international_fund_for_agricultural_development_potential_2010 misc The Potential for Scale and Sustainability in Weather Index Insurance for Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Agricultural insurance Index-based risk transfer products Index-based weather insurance Sustainability Weather insurance 2010 http://www.ifad.org/ruralfinance/pub/weather.pdf 2010 international_labor_organization_contribution_1998 misc International Labor Organization Contribution of Mutual Health Organizations To Financing, Delivery, and Access to Health Care - Nigeria Case Study Access to health care Africa Micro health insurance Mutual health insurance Nigeria 1998 http://www.ilo.org/gimi/gess/RessFileDownload.do;jsessionid=0a038009ce9851406689a494017bbd0f6f3220d26c6.hkzFngTDp6WImQuUaNaKbhD3lN4K-xaIah8S-xyIn3uKmAiN-AnwbQbxaNvzaAmI-huKa30xgx95fjWTa3eIpkzFngTDp6WImQuxahqTaxyNbhePbgb48QXxb6DtnQzHol1MpQexn6jAmljGr5XDqQLvpAe_?ressourceId=7530 1998 international_labor_organization_guide_2002 book International Labor Organization Guide d'introduction aux mutuelles de sant\'{e} en Afrique Curriculum Micro health insurance Setting-up 2002 http://www.lamicrofinance.org/files/14539_assurance_sant__introduction.pdf 2002 international_labour_office_report_2002 misc Report {VI} - Decent work and the informal economy Developing countries Informal sector Labour 2002 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc90/pdf/rep-vi.pdf 2002 international_labour_office_india:_2005 techreport India: An inventory of micro insurance schemes Asia India Inventory Microinsurance Microinsurance schemes Geneva India: An inventory of micro insurance schemes 2005 2 working paper {ILO} 2005 international_labour_office_insurance_2005 techreport Insurance products provided by insurance companies to the disadvantaged groups in India Disadvantaged groups India Insurance companies Insurance products Geneva Insurance products provided by insurance companies to the disadvantaged groups in India 2005 working paper {ILO} - Global Campaign on Social Security and Coverage for All 2005 international_labour_office_social_2007 techreport Social Health Protection - An {ILO} strategy towards universal access to health care, A consultation Access to health care NHIS Social health protection Social security Geneva, Switzerland August 2007 19 http://www.issa.int/aiss/content/download/46548/869424/file/healthpolicy.pdf Social Security Department International Labour Organization 2007-08 international_labour_office;_social_security_dept_can_2008 misc Can low-income countries afford basic social security? Social security policy briefings; Paper 3 Affordability Low-income countries Social security 2008 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/secsoc/downloads/policy/policy3e.pdf 2008 international_labour_organization_mutuelles_2000 techreport Mutuelles de sant\'{e} en Afrique : Caract\'{e}ristiques et mise en place Africa Micro health insurance 2000 Organisation internationale du Travail 2000 international_labour_organization_health_2000 book This compendium provides key information on 130 health micro-insurance systems {(HIMS)} from 26 countries and 3 continents. Its main aim is to serve as a facilitating tool for interested parties who would like to initiate contact with {HIMS} operators and developers. {ILO/STEP} Working papers, Special Studies International Labour Organization Health {Micro-Insurance:} A Compendium Case study Compendium Micro health insurance Geneva, Switzerland 92-2-112267-0 September 2000 2000-09 international_labour_organization_guide_2001 misc Guide de suivi et d'\'{e}valuation des syst\`{e}mes de micro-assurance sant\'{e} - Tome 1: M\'{e}thodologie Curriculum Evaluation Guide Micro health insurance 2001 2001 international_labour_organization_mutual_2001 techreport Mutual Health Organizations and {Micro-Entrepreneurs'} Associations - Guide Guide Mutual health organisations Geneva 2001 International Labour Organization 2001 international_labour_organization_contribution_2001 techreport Contribution of Mutual Health Organizations to Financing, Delivery, and Access to Health Care - Ghana Case Study Africa Case study Ghana Ghana CHI Micro health insurance Mutual insurance 2001 International Labour Organization 2001 international_labour_organization_extending_2002 misc Extending Social Protection in Health Through Community Based Health Organizations: Evidence and Challenges Community-based health insurance Social protection in health 2002 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/universitas/download/publi/cbhostudy.pdf 2002 delhi_network_of_positive_people_socio-economic_2003 misc International Labour Organization {Socio-Economic} impact of {HIV/AIDS} on people living with {HIV/AIDS} and their families HIV/AIDS 2003 2003 international_labour_organization_improving_2005 techreport Improving Social Protection for the Poor: Health Insurance in Ghana. The Ghana Social Trust {pre-Pilot} Project. Final Report Africa Ghana Health and poverty Health insurance NHIS Poverty Social protection Geneva; London March 2005 http://www.oit.org/public/english/protection/secsoc/downloads/policy/999sp1.pdf {ILO} 2005-03 international_labour_organization_republic_2006 misc Republic of Ghana: Technical Note, Financial assessment of the National Health Insurance Fund Financial analysis Ghana NHIS November 2006 2006-11 international_labour_organization_technical_2007 misc {TECHNICAL} {NOTE:} Ghana: Financial analysis of the extension of health insurance coverage to all children 0-18 years of age, 2007-2016 Children Financial analysis Ghana NHIS August 2007 2007-08 international_labour_organization_setting_2008 misc Setting Social Security Standards in a Global Society Globalisation Social security Standards 2008 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/secsoc/downloads/policy/policy2e.pdf 2008 international_labour_organization_social_2008 techreport Social Health Protection. An {ILO} strategy towards access to health care - Global Campaign on Social Security and Coverage for All Access to health care Social health protection Strategy Geneva, Switzerland 2008 1 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/secsoc/downloads/policy/policy1e.pdf {ILO} 2008 international_labour_organization_facilitators_2009 misc {FACILITATOR'S} {GUIDE:} Training Programme on Management of a Gender Sensitive Health {Micro-Insurance} Scheme {(HMIS)} in the Philippines Asia Curriculum Guide Management Micro health insurance Philippines 2009 2009 international_labour_organization_ilo_synthesis_1999 inproceedings Synthesis of case studies of Microinsurance and other forms of extending social protection in health in latin america and the caribbean Caribbean Latin America Microinsurance Social protection in health Mexico 1999 1999 international_labour_organization_ilo_financial_2008 book Financial analysis of the national public health budget 2007-2016 Africa Financial analysis Financing Ghana Public health Geneva 2008 2008 international_labour_organization_-_social_security_department_health_2005 techreport Health {Micro-Insurance} Schemes: Feasibility Study Guide - Volume 1: Procedure Feasibility study Manual Micro health insurance Geneva 2005 International Labour Organization - Social Security Department 2005 international_labour_organization_strategies_and_tools_against_social_exclusion_and_poverty_step_programme_health_2007 book The guide has two objectives: to strengthen the capacity of managers to monitor and evaluate their health microinsurance schemes {(HMIS);} and to strengthen the capacity of technical and financial support agencies and private insurers to assess the viability and performance of the {HMIS.} The guide consists of two volumes. Part I of Volume 1 presents the main definitions and basic concepts. Part {II} deals with the subject of administrative and technical monitoring -- based on the major functions of insurance management -- as well as with budget and cash flow monitoring. Part {III} deals with evaluating the viability of health insurance viewed as a financial instrument, through the use of a series of quantitative and qualitative indicators. Part {IV} deals with evaluating the institutional viability of the {HMIS.} Finally, Part V offers some indications for assessing the effectiveness, efficiency and impact of an {HMIS,} merely providing some pointers to users interested in this kind of assessment. Volume 2 contains practical indications for completing tables and calculating indicators described in Volume 1. {ILO/STEP} Guides and Manuals International Labour Organization, Strategies and Tools against social Exclusion and Poverty {(STEP)} Programme Health Microinsurance Schemes: Monitoring and Evaluation Guide Micro health insurance Micro health insurance schemes Geneva, Switzerland 978-92-2-119669-3 2007 2007 international_social_security_association_dynamic_2008 techreport Dynamic Social Security for Africa: An Agenda for Development - Developments and Trends Africa Ghana NHIS Social security Geneva 2008 http://www.issa.int/aiss/content/download/55826/1021550/file/2-ISSA_DT_Africa.pdf International Social Security Association 2008 isham_can_2001 book Forthcoming in Social Capital and {Well-Being} in Developing Countries Can Investments in Social Capital Improve Local Development and Environmental Outcomes? A {Cost-Benefit} Framework to Assess the Policy Options Social capital 2001 Edward Elgar Publications 2001 isham_what_1999 techreport What determines the Effectiveness of {Community-Based} Water Projects? Evidence from Central Java, Indonesia on Demand Responsiveness, Service Rules, and Social Capital - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 14 Community-based project Indonesia Water project Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 islam_social_2006 article International Journal for Equity in Health The aim of the paper is to critically review the notion of social capital and review empirical literature on the association between social capital and health across countries. The methodology used for the review includes a systematic search on electronic databases for peer-reviewed published literature. We categorize studies according to level of analysis (single and multilevel) and examine whether studies reveal a significant health impact of individual and area level social capital. We compare the study conclusions according to the country's degrees of economic egalitarianism. Regardless of study design, our findings indicate that a positive association (fixed effect) exists between social capital and better health irrespective of countries degree of egalitarianism. However, we find that the between-area variance (random effect) in health tends to be lower in more egalitarian countries than in less egalitarian countries. Our tentative conclusion is that an association between social capital and health at the individual level is robust with respect to the degree of egalitarianism within a country. Area level or contextual social capital may be less salient in egalitarian countries in explaining health differences across places. Social capital and health: Does egalitarianism matter? A literature review Egalitarism Health Social capital 3 Social capital and health 5 2006 http://www.equityhealthj.com/content/5/1/3 2006 ito_microfinance_2003 article Development in Practice The role of organising and disseminating knowledge as a global public good has become a major preoccupation of international development organisations. One area in which they are particularly active is support for microfinance programmes in developing countries. More recently, the microfinance 'best practices' deposited in, and disseminated by, these international organisations have been associated with social capital. This paper examines the ways in which the notion of social capital is employed to explain the success of microfinance programmes. It argues that various types of social interactions that are generated around successful microfinance operations are randomly called 'social capital'. This means that the presence of social capital does not tell us much about what sort of microfinance programmes, in terms of design and implementation, should be regarded as good practice. Microfinance and social capital: does social capital help create good practice? Microfinance Social capital 0961-4524 322 Microfinance and social capital 13 2003 4 2003 ito_why_2009 article Why Is the Take-up of Microinsurance So Low? Evidence from a Health Insurance Scheme in India Asia India Micro health insurance Outreach Why Is the Take-up of Microinsurance So Low? 2009 2009 jack_health_???? unpublished Health Insurance Reform in Four Latin American Countries: Theory and Practice Health insurance Health sector reform Latin America Department of Economics, Georgetown University, Washington {DC} jacobs_bridging_2008 article Community-based health insurance Community networks Micro health insurance Public policy Social protection Social protection in health Universal coverage 1365-3156 140--143 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18304258 Tropical Medicine \& International Health: {TM} \& {IH} Bridging community-based health insurance and social protection for health care--a step in the direction of universal coverage? 13 February 2008 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01983.x {PMID:} 18304258 2008-02 jacquier_social_2006 incollection What is social security? What is social protection? What is microinsurance? Potential and limitation of microinsurance as a social protection mechanism; How can microinsurance be used to extend social protection? Craig Churchill The social protection perspective on microinsurance Microinsurance Social protection Geneva / Munich 45--64 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/1ADE0604-6297-4D14-B8B9-AE122900108C/0/Part1Principlesandpractices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 jaffey_measurement_1990 article Review of Income and Wealth The measurement of capital through a fixed asset accounting simulation model {(FAASM)} Asset index FAASM Measuring capital 95--110 36 1990 1 1990 jahn_ascertainment_2008 article Objective To assess factors related to recorded vaccine uptake, which may confound the evaluation of vaccine impact. Methods Analysis of documented vaccination histories of children under 5 years and demographic and socio-economic characteristics collected by a demographic surveillance system in Karonga District, Malawi. Associations between deviations from the standard vaccination schedule and characteristics that are likely to be associated with increased mortality were determined by multivariate logistic regression. Results Approximately 78\% of children aged 6--23 months had a vaccination document, declining to {\textless}50\% by 5 years of age. Living closer to an under-5 clinic, having a better educated father, and both parents being alive were associated with having a vaccination document. For a small percentage of children, vaccination records were incomplete and/or faulty. Vaccination uptake was high overall, but delayed among children living further from the nearest under-5 clinic or from poorer socio-economic backgrounds. Approximately 9\% of children had received their last dose of {DPT} with or after measles vaccine. These children were from relatively less educated parents, and were more likely to have been born outside the health services. Conclusions Though overall coverage in this community was high and variation in coverage according to child or parental characteristics small, there was strong evidence of more timely coverage among children from better socio-economic conditions and among those who lived closer to health facilities. These factors are likely to be strong confounders in the association of vaccinations with mortality, and may offer an alternative explanation for the non-specific mortality impact of vaccines described by other studies. {(English)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Demography Malawi Parental characteristics Social status Vaccination of children Vaccine impact Vaccines Vaccine uptake 13602276 129--138 1 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=29972943&site=ehost-live Tropical Medicine \& International Health Ascertainment of childhood vaccination histories in northern Malawi. 13 January 2008 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Objetivo:} Evaluar los factores relacionados con la recepci\'{o}n registrada de vacunas, que podr\ufffd?{i}an confundir la evaluaci\'{o}n del impacto vacunal. M\'{e}todos: An\'{a}lisis de historias documentadas de vacunaci\'{o}n de ni??os menores de 5 a??os y caracter\ufffd?{i}sticas demogr\'{a}ficas y socioecon\'{o}micas recolectadas mediante un sistema de vigilancia demogr\'{a}fica en el distrito de Karonga, Malawi. Las asociaciones entre las desviaciones en la programaci\'{o}n vacunal est\'{a}ndar y las caracter\ufffd?{i}sticas que podr\ufffd?{i}an estar asociadas se determinaron mediante regresi\'{o}n log\ufffd?{i}stica multivariada. Resultados: Un 78\% de los ni??os con edades entre 6--23 meses ten\ufffd?{i}an el carnet vacunal, lo cual disminu\ufffd?{i}a a \< 50\% al llegar a los 5 a??os de edad. El vivir cerca de un centro de salud con atenci\'{o}n pedi\'{a}trica, el tener un padre con un mayor nivel educativo, y el que ambos padres estuviesen vivos estaba asociado con el tener el carnet vacunal. Para un peque??o porcentaje de ni??os, los datos vacunales estaban incompletos o ten\ufffd?{i}an errores. La recepci\'{o}n de vacunas en general era alta, pero era retardada para ni??os que viv\ufffd?{i}an m\'{a}s lejos del centro de salud o que proven\ufffd?{i}an de familias con un estatus socioecon\'{o}mico m\'{a}s bajo. Un 9\% de los ni??os hab\ufffd?{i}a recibido su \'{u}ltima dosis de {DPT} al mismo tiempo que o despu\'{e}s de la vacuna de sarampi\'{o}n. Estos ni??os ten\ufffd?{i}an padres con un menor nivel educativo y una mayor probabilidad, que otros ni??os, de haber nacido fuera de los servicios sanitarios. Conclusiones: Aunque en esta comunidad la cobertura general era alta y la variaci\'{o}n en cobertura, dependiendo de las caracter\ufffd?{i}sticas del ni??o y los padres, era peque??a, hab\ufffd?{i}a una fuerte evidencia de que aquellos ni??os con mejores condiciones socioecon\'{o}micas as\ufffd?{i} como los que viv\ufffd?{i}an m\'{a}s cerca del centro sanitario recib\ufffd?{i}an una cobertura m\'{a}s a tiempo. Estos podr\ufffd?{i}an ser factores de confusi\'{o}n al asociar las vacunas con mortalidad, y podr\ufffd?{i}an ofrecer un explicaci\'{o}n alternativa al impacto no espec\ufffd?{i}fico de las vacunas sobre la mortalidad que se describe en otros estudios. {(Spanish)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01982.x 2008-01 jakab_social_2001 misc Social Inclusion and Financial Protection Through Community Financing Initials Results from Five Household Surveys Community financing Financial protection Household survey Social inclusion September 2001 2001-09 jakab_community_2001 techreport The paper reviews 45 published and unpublished reports on community financing completed between 1990 and 2001. The main objective of the study was to explore performance measures reported in the literature regarding community financing. The study concluded that the reviewed literature is rich in describing scheme design and implementation. At the same time, evidence on the performance of community financing schemes is limited. Community Involvement in Health Care Financing - A survey of the Literature on the Impacts, Strengths, and Weaknesses Access Community participation Financial protection Health care financing Participation Social inclusion Washington, {DC} 2001 Worldbank 2001 jakubowski_health_1998 techreport Health Care Systems in the {EU:} A Comparative Study Comparative study Europe Health care system Luxembourg Health Care Systems in the {EU} 1998 Working Paper European Parliament 1998 jamison_health_1997 misc The Health of the Poor: Global and {Country-Specific} Estimates for Selected Indicators Country study Global Health and poverty Selected indicators July 1997 Health and Poverty Seminar Report 1997-07 janda_problems_2009 article {MPRA} Paper Correlating performance measures in microfinance and conventional financial markets The Problems of Correlation in the Financial Risk Management - The Contribution of Microfinance Financial risk Financial risk management Microfinance December 19486 2009 http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19486/1/MPRA_paper_19486.pdf 2009-12 jans_sozialkapitalkonzepte_2003 phdthesis Sozialkapitalkonzepte und ihre Brauchbarkeit in der Personal- und Organisationsforschung Social capital Universit\"{a}t {Duisburg-Essen,} Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften 2003 Diskussionsbeitr\"{a}ge aus dem Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften Universit\"{a}t {Duisburg-Essen} - Nr. 128 2003 japan_international_cooperation_agency_local_2008 misc Local Level Service Delivery, Decentralisation and Governance A Comparative Study of Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania Education, Health and Agriculture Sectors - Tanzania Case Report Micro health insurance Tanzania March 2008 https://www.jica.go.jp/english/publications/reports/study/topical/tanzania/pdf/001.pdf 2008-03 jegers_typology_2002 article Health Policy A typology to classify provider payment systems from an incentive point of view is developed. We analyse the way, how these systems can influence provider behaviour and, a fortiori, contribute to attain the general objectives of health care, i.e. quality of care, efficiency and accessibility. The first dimension of the typology indicates whether there is a link between the provider's income and his activity. In variable systems, the provider has an ability to influence his earnings, contrary to fixed systems. The second dimension indicates whether the provider's payments are related to his actual costs or not. In retrospective systems, the provider's own costs are the basis for reimbursement ex post whereas in prospective systems payments are determined ex ante without any link to the real costs of the individual provider. These different characteristics are likely to influence provider behaviour in different ways. Furthermore the most frequently used criteria to determine the provider's income are discussed: per service, per diem, per case, per patient and per period. Also a distinction is made between incentives at the level of the individual provider (micro-level) and the sponsor (macro-level). Finally, the potential interactions when several payment systems are used simultaneously are discussed. This typology is useful to classify and compare different types of payment systems as prevailing in different countries, and provides a useful framework for future research of health care payment systems. A typology for provider payment systems in health care Health care Provider payment 255--273 June 60 2002 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V8X-44J3T8M-3-7&_cdi=5882&_user=2875156&_orig=na&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2002&_sk=999399996&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkzk&md5=b40fb96d74ecac0a1af16c52dbcdb1b7&ie=/sdarticle.pdf 2002-06 jehu-appiah_efficiency_2010 article Objectives This paper outlines the potential strategies to identify the poor, and assesses their feasibility, efficiency and equity. Analyses are illustrated for the case of premium exemptions under National Health Insurance {(NHI)} in {Ghana.Methods} A literature search in Medline search was performed to identify strategies to identify the poor. Models were developed including information on demography and poverty, and costs and errors of in- and exclusion of these strategies in two regions in {Ghana.Results} Proxy means testing {(PMT),} participatory welfare ranking {(PWR),} and geographic targeting {(GT)} are potentially useful strategies to identify the poor, and vary in terms of their efficiency, equity and feasibility. Costs to exempt one poor individual range between {US\$11.63} and {US\$66.67,} and strategies may exclude up to 25\% of the poor. Feasibility of strategies is dependent on their aptness in rural/urban settings, and administrative capacity to implement. A decision framework summarizes the above information to guide policy {making.Conclusions} We recommend {PMT} as an optimal strategy in relative low poverty incidence urbanized settings, {PWR} as an optimal strategy in relative low poverty incidence rural settings, and {GT} as an optimal strategy in high incidence poverty settings. This paper holds important lessons not only for {NHI} in Ghana but also for other countries implementing exemption policies. Developing countries Equitable financing Equity Exemptions Feasibility Ghana Indigents Micro health insurance NHIS Sub-Saharan Africa 0168-8510 166--173 2-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4Y0C27V-2/2/0e9c063b0f1d0339f1b69ad134f1ec58 Health Policy Efficiency, equity and feasibility of strategies to identify the poor: An application to premium exemptions under National Health Insurance in Ghana 95 Efficiency, equity and feasibility of strategies to identify the poor May 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.11.017 2010-05 jenkins_behavioral_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine Household demand for improved sanitation in developing countries is an important social and behavioral process with implications for public health, sanitation policy and planning, and sanitation design and technology development. This paper develops a behavioral approach to assess household demand for improved sanitation in Ghana. Adoption decision stages of preference, intention, and choice to install a toilet in Ghana are defined, measured in a survey, and used to estimate sanitation demand, identify factors affecting demand at each stage, and classify households by adoption stage to identify targeted demand-stimulation strategies. Results from a representative national sample of 536 households indicate that of 74\% of households without any home sanitation, 31\% have some likelihood of installing a toilet within the next year, but only 6\% are very likely to do so; 62\% had not considered the idea. Motivating and constraining factors are compared at each adoption stage and strategies likely to increase toilet installation in Ghana discussed. The approach is useful for assessing behavioral indicators of sanitation demand in developing countries and suggesting where marketing approaches can and cannot work to accelerate adoption of household sanitation improvements. Behavioral indicators of household decision-making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana Adoption decision stages Africa Demand estimation Ghana Household sanitation Policy and planning 2427--2442 June 64 2007 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4NHD9C7-3/1/48dc46b5595cf807119620ff599ae983 2007-06 jerry_r._skees_pre-feasibility_2009 misc Developing a market for index-based insurance products This pre-feasibility analysis presents the basic conditions necessary to support development of a market for index-based insurance products that may allow either farmers or lenders to transfer highly correlated drought risk. Malian farmers and microfinance lenders are exposed to the risk of extreme drought. When lenders lend to many farmers, the correlated losses from drought create significant default risk. {MFIs} that serve agriculture face a problem with donors reluctant to increase their exposure to this non-diversifiable risk. A market to transfer drought risk could improve lenders' access to capital. Weather insurance would encourage greater use of capital and technology to provide a safety net for the poor. The key preconditions to developing a weather insurance market include an assessment of: * Legal and regulatory environment; * Users' acceptance of the concept; * Quality of weather infrastructure; * Correlation of weather events across space; * Potential for developing a weather index that matches crop yields. Developing rainfall-based weather index insurance for Mali will be quite challenging. Any rainfall index insurance will need to be a complex product potentially reflecting compounding variables like length of time with little or no rainfall and intensity of rainfall. {Pre-Feasibility} Analysis: {Index-Based} Weather Risk Transfer in Mali Africa Index-based weather insurance Mali February 2009 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34537/04.pdf {USAID} 2009-02 jones_health_2000 incollection A decade ago, Newhouse (1987) assessed the balance of trade between imports from the econometrics literature into health economics, and exports from health economics to a wider audience. While it is undoubtedly true that imports of concepts and techniques still dominate the balance, the literature reviewed in this chapter shows that the range and volume of applied econometric work in health economics has increased dramatically over the past ten years. Examples of good practice in health econometrics make extensive use of tests for misspecification and explicit model selection criteria. Robust and distribution-free estimators are of increasing importance, and the chapter gives examples of nonparametric, and semiparametric estimators applied to sample selection, simultaneous equations, count data, and survival models. Published replications of empirical results remain relatively rare. One way in which this deficit may be remedied is through the appearance of more systematic reviews of econometric studies. The use of experimental data remains an exception and most applied studies continue to rely on observational data from secondary sources. However applied work in health economics is likely to be influenced by the debate concerning the use of data from social experiments. The chapter illustrates the impressive diversity of applied econometric work over the past decade. Most of the studies reviewed here use individual level data and this has led to the use of a wide range of nonlinear models, including qualitative and limited dependent variables, along with count, survival and frontier models. Because of the widespread use of observational data, particular attention has gone into dealing with problems of self-selection and heterogeneity bias. This is likely to continue in the future, with the emphasis on robust estimators applied to longitudinal and other complex datasets. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Health Econometrics Health econometrics Amsterdam (a.o.) 265--344 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 jones_applied_2007 book 2 Applied Econometrics for Health Economists: A Practical Guide Guide Health econometrics Health economics 1846191718 June Applied Econometrics for Health Economists 2007 Radcliffe Publishing 2007-06 jongenelen_trusting_2008 phdthesis What are the factors explaining differences in levels of institutional trust of microfinance clients from an {NGO} and {NBFC?} Trusting goodwill or profit? - A comparison between the institutional trust of microfinance clients from a {Non-Governmental} Organisation and a {Non-Bank} Financial Company. Microfinance Trust Radboud University Nijmegen July 2008 Master thesis http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.30421/47.pdf 2008-07 jowett_informal_2003 article Applied Economics Do informal risk sharing networks crowd out public voluntary health insurance? Evidence from Vietnam Case study Informal risk sharing 1153--1161 Do informal risk sharing networks crowd out public voluntary health insurance? 35 2003 10 2003 jowett_theoretical_2004 techreport This Discussion Paper is concerned with the development of risk-sharing systems for health, in low- and middle-income countries. It questions whether insurance theory developed in wealthier economies, in particular the central ideas of adverse selection and moral hazard, has relevance in the context of poorer countries with high levels of unmet health needs, and low utilisation of health services. Empirical evidence on these two issues is reviewed, as is the debate around social capital and collective action, and its relevance to extending risk sharing in poorer countries. Drawing on thinking and evidence from development economics, it is argued that informal risksharing may crowd-out formal risk-sharing schemes, the reverse of arguments found in much of the literature. Rooted in a holistic framework of household risk-reducing strategies, the paper considers the dynamic of demand for insurance in poorer countries, influenced by factors such as social cohesion, perceived corruption, and duty to the state. A central argument in the paper is that much of the literature on health insurance in low-income countries fails to consider well-developed and highly relevant bodies of literature in development economics and sociology. Theoretical Insights Into the Development of Health Insurance in Low-income Countries Health insurance Low-income countries 2004 188 discussion paper The University of York. Center for Health Economics 2004 jutting_health_2005 book Health insurance for the poor in developing countries Developing countries Health insurance India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Risk management Rwanda Senegal Social risk management Thailand Aldershot Hampshire England; Burlington {VT} 9780754641254 2005 Ashgate Pub. 2005 juetting_health_2001 techreport Health insurance for the rural poor ? Health insurance and poverty Rural sector Bonn 2001 Zentrum f\"{u}r Entwicklungsforschung {(ZEF)} 2001 juetting_neue_2001 misc Die neue Rolle von Sozialer Sicherung f\"{u}r l\"{a}ndliche Entwicklung in Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern Johannes P. J\"{u}tting Developing countries Social security 2001 2001 juetting_impact_2001 techreport Community based health insurance schemes are becoming increasingly recognized as an instrument to finance health care in developing countries. Taking the example of ;les mutuelles de sants (mutual health organization) in rural Senegal this paper analyzes weather or not members in a mutual health insurance scheme have a better access to health care than nonmembers. A binary probit model is estimated for the determinants of participation in a mutual and a logit/log linear model is used to measure the impact on health care utilization and financial protection. The results show that while the health insurance schemes reach otherwise excluded people, the poorest of the poor in the communities are not covered. Regarding the impact on the access to health care, members have a higher probability of using hospitalization services compared to non-members and pay substantially less when they need care. Given the results from this study, community financing schemes have the potential to improve existing the risk management capacity of rural households. To reduce identified limitations of the schemes, an enlargement of the risk pool and a scaling up/linking of the schemes is, however, a prerequisite. Appropriate instruments to be further tested should include re-insurance policies, subsidies for the poorest and developing linkages to the private sector via the promotion of group insurance policies. All these instruments call for a stronger role of public health policy. The impact of health insurance on the access to health care and financial protection in rural areas of developing countries: The example of Senegal Adverse selection Africa Financing Health economics Health insurance Impact studies Insurance Population Poverty Rural population Senegal Socio-economic factors December 2001 Center for Development Research 2001-12 juetting_social_2002 misc Social Protection in Rural Areas of Developing Countries: Investigating the Impact of Community Based Health Insurance in Rural Senegal Africa Community-based health insurance Developing countries Impact studies Micro health insurance Senegal Social protection August 2002 2002-08 juetting_health_2003 techreport Health Insurance for the Poor? Determinants of Participation in Community-based Health Insurance Schemes in rural Senegal Africa Case study Community-based health insurance Community participation Globalisation Health insurance and poverty Informal insurance Micro health insurance Mutual insurance Participation Senegal 2003 204 Working Paper {OECD} Development Centre 2003 juetting_community-based_2003 article World Development Community-based health insurance is an emerging and promising concept, which addresses health care challenges faced in particular by the rural poor. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether rural Senegal members of a health insurance scheme are actually better-off than nonmembers. The results show that in poor environments, insurance programs can work: Members of les mutuelles de sant\'{e} (mutual health organizations) have a higher probability of using hospitalization services than nonmembers and pay substantially less when they need care. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that while the schemes achieved to attract poor people, the poorest of the poor remained excluded Do Community-based Health Insurance Schemes Improve Poor People's Access to Health Care? Evidence From Rural Senegal Access to health care Africa Community-based health insurance Health insurance Poverty Risk sharing Senegal 273--288 Do Community-based Health Insurance Schemes Improve Poor People's Access to Health Care? 32 2003 2 http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/wdevel/v32y2004i2p273-288.html 2003 juetting_micro_2000 misc Micro insurance schemes and health care provision in developing countries: An empirical analysis of the impact of mutual health insurance schemes in rural Senegal Africa Health care provision Microinsurance Senegal December 2000 2000-12 kaara_health_2001 techreport Health is Wealth - Health Insurance Scheme - Damongo - A {COMMUNITY} {BASED} {INITIATIVE} {FOR} {HEALTH} {FINANCING} - A Practical Manual Africa Case study Community-based health insurance Damongo Scheme Ghana Micro health insurance Mutual insurance K\"{o}ln 2001 {AGEH} - Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\"{u}r Entwicklungshilfe 2001 kabore_lextension_2006 article {LA} {PAGE} {DU} {DEVELOPPEMENT} {AU} {BURKINA} {FASO} L'extension de la protection sociale au Burkina Faso Africa Burkina Faso Micro health insurance December 3 2006 2006-12 kaboski_structural_2010 misc This paper uses a structural model to understand, predict, and evaluate the impact of an exogenous microcredit intervention program, the Thai Million Baht Village Fund program. We model household decisions in the face of borrowing constraints, income uncertainty, and high-yield indivisible investment opportunities. After estimation of parameters using pre-program data, we evaluate the model's ability to predict and interpret the impact of the village fund intervention. Simulations from the model mirror the data in yielding a greater increase in consumption than credit, which is interpreted as evidence of credit constraints. A cost-benefit analysis using the model indicates that some households value the program much more than its per household cost, but overall the program costs 20 percent more than the sum of these benefits. A Structural Evaluation of a Large-scale Quasi-experimental Microfinance Initiative Asia Evaluation Experimental design Microfinance Quasi-experimental design Thailand April 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m/template.rc/1.9.44295/ 2010-04 kadale_consultants_rural_2005 techreport Rural Micro-finance in Malawi Africa Malawi Microfinance Rural sector Sub-Saharan Africa 2005 http://www.malawiagriculture.org/SimpleDocMan/docs/D_Rural_Micro_Finance_AUG2005.pdf Food Security Joint Task Force 2005 kadiyala_scaling-up_2004 techreport This note is part of a series that examines factors that facilitate the scaling up of Community Driven Development {(CDD)} programs. The note describes the factors that enabled and constrained the scaling up of a community based {HIV/AIDS} intervention in Malawi - Scaling-up {HIV/AIDS} Interventions Through Expanded Partnerships {(STEPs).} The {STEPs} initiative assists local {HIV/AIDS} committees with community mobilization and capacity building so that communities become empowered to act collectively to address their own problems. Scaling-up a {Community-Driven} {HIV/AIDS} Program in Malawi Africa HIV/AIDS Malawi 4 October 2004 96 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/07/20/000012009_20050720132125/Rendered/PDF/330080rev.pdf 2004-10 kahssay_community_1999 techreport Community Involvement in Health Development: a review of the concept and practice Community participation Health development Participation Geneva 1999 World Trade Organization 1999 kalanda_development_2006 article {ESSAYS} {ON} {REGULATION} {AND} {SUPERVISION} Development of Malawi's Microfinance Regulation and Supervision Africa Malawi Microfinance Regulation 16 2006 http://microfinancegateway.org/files/31185_file_Malawi_final_as_revised_in_May_2007_.pdf 2006 kalipeni_hiv/aids_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine {HIV/AIDS,} gender, agency and empowerment issues in Africa Africa Empowerment HIV/AIDS 1015--1018 March 64 2007 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MBC587-5/1/65cb18269a7cf9632576c1686c73c88f 2007-03 kalipeni_concern_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine The {HIV} prevalence rate in Malawi, currently estimated to be 15\%, is among the highest in the world. There is a growing realization that in order to understand the underlying causes and devise more effective prevention strategies focus should be placed on economic, political, social, and cultural forces as well as perceptions of individual risk to {HIV/AIDS.} During 2003 we conducted field work in Lilongwe, the capital city of Malawi, to examine perceptions of individuals as to their risk to {HIV} infection using the structured interviews and the focus group discussions with men from five areas of Lilongwe. The discussion in this paper focuses on the perception of risk to {HIV} infection among men in low socioeconomic income areas that we interviewed. Our findings indicate that while knowledge about {HIV/AIDS} and the best ways in which one can protect oneself from getting {HIV} is very high, people continue to engage in at-risk behaviors without using the necessary protection. Many of the men in our sample indicated that they were indeed at risk of getting infected with {HIV.} In spite of this, some of the respondents in both the structured interviews and the focus group discussions pointed out that some people had began taking measures to protect themselves, such as using condoms with nonregular partners, women leaving their husbands where cheating was obvious, and, for men, reducing the number of extra-marital sexual relations. Concern and practice among men about {HIV/AIDS} in low socioeconomic income areas of Lilongwe, Malawi Africa HIV/AIDS Malawi Risk perception 1116--1127 March 64 2007 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBF-4MBT29X-2&_user=2875156&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2007&_rdoc=10&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235925%232007%23999359994%23643811%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5925&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=13&_acct=C000056617&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2875156&md5=9a13877a854803f5639eb8809c391378 2007-03 kalk_health_2008 article A letter to the editor in response to the article {"Understanding} enrolment in community health insurance in the {sub-Saharan} Aftrica: a population-based case-control study in rural Burkina Faso" by M. De Allegri and other researchers in the 2006 issue is presented. Africa Health insurance Subsidies 00429686 B 3 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=31371526&site=ehost-live Bulletin of the World Health Organization Health insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa: a call for subsidies. 86 Health insurance in {sub-Saharan} Africa March 2008 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 31371526; Kalka, Andreas 1; Email Address: andreas.kalk@gtz.de; Affiliation: 1: Health Sector Coordinator, German Cooperation, {GTZ,} {BP} 59, Kigali, Rwanda; Source Info: Mar2008, Vol. 86 Issue 3, {pB;} Subject Term: {LETTERS} to the editor; Subject Term: {HEALTH} insurance; Number of Pages: 2/3p; Document Type: Letter{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 2008-03 kalk_paying_2005 article Tropical Medicine and International Health Paying for health in two Rwandan provinces: financial flows and flaws. Africa Financial flows and flaws Health care financing Health payments Rwanda 872--878 Paying for health in two Rwandan provinces 10 2005 9 2005 kamdjoug_assessment_2007 article Computational Economics Abstract This article formulates a methodology that describes the decision making process in which a group of actors (in this case, microfinance experts) become involved in actions. The actions, Microfinance Institutions {(MFIs)} being selected for refinancing, are described using several conflictual, ordinal criteria. This methodology is constructed in three consecutive steps: the first involves obtaining decision strategies from interactive input received from experts, the second compiles and merges individual decision strategies so as to create a common decision base and the third involves using this common decision base to construct a decision-making aid destined to help experts with the decision-making process. This methodology was tested with five microfinance experts in Cameroon. Assessment of actions in a multi-actor and multicriteria framework: application to the refunding of microfinance institutions Analytical framework Microfinance Multi-actor Refinancing 213--227 March Assessment of actions in a multi-actor and multicriteria framework 29 2007 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10614-006-9079-6 2007-03 kamoche_managing_2004 book Routledge Global Human Resource Management Series Managing Human Resources in Africa Africa Human resources Social capital London 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Routledge 2004 kanitkar_learning_2005 techreport Learning from Micro Insurance for {SHGs} of Pragathi Gramin Bank Chitradurga Unit {(PGBCU)} in Karnataka Case study India Karnataka Microinsurance Mutual insurance India 2005 {GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit, microcredit innovations Department 2005 kappel_ursachen_2002 article {IAF} Die Ursachen der Wachstumsschw\"{a}che Afrikas Africa Economic growth 277--296 3 2002 2002 2002 karlan_social_2001 phdthesis Social Capital and Group {BankingMIT} - Department of Economics Group banking Social capital 2001 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Social} Capital and Group Banking{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 2001 karlan_trust_2008 misc This paper builds a theory of trust based on informal contract enforcement in social networks. In our model, network connections between individuals can be used as social collateral to secure informal borrowing. We defi??ne network-based trust as the highest amount one agent can borrow from another agent, and derive a reduced-form expression for this quantity which we then use in three applications. (1) We predict that dense networks generate bonding social capital that allows transacting valuable assets, while loose networks create bridging social capital that improves access to cheap favors like information. (2) For job recommendation networks, we show that strong ties between employers and trusted recommenders reduce asymmetric information about the quality of job candidates. (3) Using data from Peru, we show empirically that network-based trust predicts informal borrowing, and we structurally estimate and test our model. Trust and Social Collateral Informal borrowing Network-based trust Peru Social capital October 2008 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34454/06.pdf 2008-10 karlan_access_2010 incollection Analyzing the reasons for low insurance demand among rural households Dani Rodrik and Mark Rosenzweig Access to Finance: Ideas and Evidence - Risk Management and Insurance Amsterdam 2010 Handbook of Development Economics, vol. 5. 2010 kasprzyk_chapter_???? incollection The present chapter describes the primary sources of measurement error found in sample surveys and the methods typically used to quantify measurement error. Four sources of measurement error - the questionnaire, the data-collection mode, the interviewer, and the respondent - are discussed, and a description of how measurement error occurs in sample surveys through these sources of error is provided. Methods used to quantify measurement error, such as randomized experiments, cognitive research studies, repeated measurement studies, and record check studies, are described and examples are given to illustrate the application of the method. Chapter {IX:} Measurement error in household surveys: sources and measurement Measurement error Measuring income Methods to quantify measurement error Sources of measurement error Willingness to pay 171--198 Household Sample Surveys in Developing and Transition Countries katabarwa_kinship_2004 article The Lancet This article briefly discusses the success of the traditional kinship system in involving women and men in caring for vulnerable groups such as children, adolescents, the elderly and the disabled, and in improving health care delivery at the community level in Africa. Kinship structure and health-care improvement in {sub-Saharan} Africa Africa Traditional forms of cost sharing Traditional health care 2194 363 2004 9427 http://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc2008.html 2004 kathewera-banda_sexual_2005 techreport Sexual violence and women's vulnerability to {HIV} transmission in Malawi: a rights issue Africa HIV/AIDS Malawi Sexual violence Malden, {MA} 2005 {UNESCO} 2005 kawabata_preventing_2002 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Editorial Preventing impoverishment through protection against catastrophic health expenditure Catastrophic health care expenditure 612 80 2002 8 2002 kelkar_strategic_2005 book This manual has been written as a source book for gender interventions, an analysis of appropriate interventions giving various practical steps, rather than as a set of prescriptions. While the manual has been written specifically with the experience and requirements of {IFAD's} Asia and the Pacific Division in mind, it is our understanding that it is of relevance to other agencies involved in poverty reduction efforts in Asia. With some application to the specific situations of other regions, like Latin America and Africa, it could also be made relevant to poverty reduction projects in other parts of the developing world. Further, this manual is a living document, one to which additions and amendments can continue to be made as experience develops and refines or even changes various suggested interventions. Strategic Gender Interventions and Poverty Reduction: Principles and Practice Asia Gender bias Poverty Strategic Gender Interventions and Poverty Reduction 2005 Draft Version {IFAD-UNIFEM} Gender Mainstreaming Programme in Asia 2005 kemp_can_2007 article Objective To assess the relative costs of accessing a {TB} diagnosis for the poor and for women in urban Lilongwe, Malawi, a setting where public health services are accessible within 6 kilometres and provided free of charge. Methods Patient and household direct and opportunity costs were assessed from a survey of 179 {TB} patients, systematically sampled from all public and mission health facilities in Lilongwe. Poverty status was determined from the 1998 Malawi Integrated Household Survey {(MIHS).} Findings On average, patients spent {US\$} 13 {(MK} 996 or 18 days' income) and lost 22 days from work while accessing a {TB} diagnosis. For non-poor patients, the total costs amounted to 129\% of total monthly income, or 184\% after food expenditures. For the poor, this cost rose to 248\% of monthly income or 574\% after food. When a woman or when the poor are sick, the opportunity costs faced by their households are greater. Conclusion Patient and household costs of {TB} diagnosis are prohibitively high even where services are provided free of charge. In scaling up {TB} services to reach the Millennium Development Goals, there is an urgent need to identify strategies for diagnosing {TB} that are cost-effective for the poor and their households. {(English)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Health care Health facilities Health survey Lung diseases Malawi Poor Tuberculosis 00429686 580--585 8 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=26225709&site=ehost-live Bulletin of the World Health Organization Can Malawi's poor afford free tuberculosis services? Patient and household costs associated with a tuberculosis diagnosis in Lilongwe. 85 Can Malawi's poor afford free tuberculosis services? 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Objetivo} Evaluer le co??t, par rapport \`{a} d'autres approches, du diagnostic de la tuberculose pour les personnes pauvres et les femmes du district urbain de Lilongwe au Malawi, o\`{u} les habitants ont acc\`{e}s \`{a} des services de sant\'{e} publique gratuits \`{a} moins de 6 km. M\'{e}thodes Les co??ts directs pour les patients et les m\'{e}nages et les co??ts d'opportunit\'{e} ont \'{e}t\'{e} \'{e}valu\'{e}s \`{a} partir d'une enqu\^{e}te sur un \'{e}chantillon de 179 personnes tuberculeuses, constitu\'{e} par tirage syst\'{e}matique parmi l'ensemble des \'{e}tablissements de soins de sant\'{e} publics et confessionnels du district de Lilongwe. Le niveau de pauvret\'{e} a \'{e}t\'{e} d\'{e}termin\'{e} \`{a} partir de {l'Enqu\^{e}te} L\'{e}g\`{e}re Int\'{e}gr\'{e}e aupr\`{e}s des M\'{e}nages {(EMEP),} men\'{e}e en 1998 au Malawi. R\'{e}sultats En moyenne, les patients ont d\'{e}bours\'{e} {US} \$ 13 [996 {MK} (monnaie malawi) ou 18 jours de revenu] et perdu 22 journ\'{e}es de travail pour b\'{e}n\'{e}ficier du diagnostic de la tuberculose. Pour les patients n'appartenant par \`{a} la population pauvre, les co??ts totaux repr\'{e}sentaient 129 \% du revenu mensuel total ou 184 \% du revenu apr\`{e}s d\'{e}duction des d\'{e}penses alimentaires. Pour les pauvres, ces co??ts s'\'{e}levaient \`{a} 248 \% du revenu mensuel ou \`{a} 574 \% de ce revenu apr\`{e}s d\'{e}duction des d\'{e}penses alimentaires. Lorsque le malade est une femme ou une personne pauvre, les co??ts d'opportunit\'{e} que supporte son foyer sont plus \'{e}lev\'{e}s. Conclusion Le co??t total r\'{e}el pour les malades et leur foyer du diagnostic de la tuberculose est prohibitif, m\^{e}me lorsque ce service est dispens\'{e} gratuitement Dans le cadre du d\'{e}veloppement des services de lutte contre la {TB} en vue d'atteindre les objectifs du Mill\'{e}naire pour le d\'{e}veloppement, il est urgent de trouver des strat\'{e}gies pour le diagnostic de la {TB} qui soient peu on\'{e}reuses pour les personnes pauvres et leurs foyers. {(French)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} 10.2471/BLT.06.033167 2007 kenjiro_why_2005 article Development and Change In rural Cambodia, illness has caused more serious economic damage to rural households than crop failure. This article explores the reasons for this using data on the strategies adopted by households in two Cambodian villages to cope with these different types of shock. The data show that Cambodian households can cope with crop failure by earning additional income. However, to cope with illness, which entails lump-sum treatment costs, they have to borrow money or sell their assets, because households cannot acquire the necessary funds in a short period just by earning additional income. Combined with the harsh conditions of credit markets (high interest rates, strict debt collection and credit rationing), and weak risk-sharing among households, this results in illness causing a large number of land sales in the surveyed villages. Why Illness Causes More Serious Economic Damage than Crop Failure in Rural Cambodia Asia Cambodia 759--783 36 2005 4 2005 kenkel_prevention_2000 incollection Prevention ranges from medical decisions such as vaccinations and clinical preventive services delivered during periodic health examinations to private health lifestyle decisions such as regular exercise and non-smoking. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of economic issues that cut across a variety of prevention decisions. After discussing what prevention means, the chapter reviews some basic theoretical insights about prevention from human capital models and insurance models. Consumer or household behavior receives most of the attention, partly because there is not an identifiable industry that produces prevention viewed broadly. The chapter next explores market failures that might lead to too little prevention from a societal perspective: ex ante moral hazard from health insurance, externalities from vaccinations, lack of consumer information, and the public good aspects of prevention-related research and development. Health economics provides some conceptual and empirical arguments for policies to encourage prevention. However, the economic perspective often remains quite different from the perspective of many public health professionals who are strong advocates of prevention. With that distinction in mind, the chapter then turns to policy-relevant questions of whether prevention can reduce total medical expenditures, and the effectiveness of policy interventions to encourage prevention. The chapter concludes with some reflections on what economics has offered and can offer to prevention research. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Prevention Cost-effectiveness Externalities Health habits Information Insurance Moral hazard Amsterdam (a.o.) 1674--1720 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 keser_conditional_2000 article We compare a partners condition, where the same small group of subjects plays a repeated public good game, to a strangers condition, where subjects play this game in changing group formations. From the first period onward, subjects in the partners condition contribute significantly more to the public good than subjects in the strangers condition. Strangers' contributions show continual decay, while partners' contributions fluctuate on a high level prior to decreasing in the final periods. We interpret subjects' behaviour in terms of conditional cooperation which is characterized by both future-oriented and reactive behaviour. Conditional Cooperation and Voluntary Contributions to Public Goods Cooperations External assistance health sector Health Public goods 23--39 2000 2000 khawari_microfinance:_2004 article Hamburg, Germany: Hamburg Institute of International Economics This paper attempts to understand the various microfinance initiatives globally, and its achievements so far, by reviewing existing literature. The author introduces the topic of microfinance by providing the contextual background. She discusses the following three objectives of microfinance with reference to the market and existing studies: Poverty alleviation; Women empowerment; Financial sustainability, outreach and impact: The triangle of microfinance. Through case studies, the paper discusses the pioneers in the microfinance sector - the Grameen bank, The Bank Rakyat of Indonesia and The Village Banks {(FINCA).} It also presents the various concepts that led to the development of microfinance as we know it now: Peer selection with group lending serving as the collateral; Peer monitoring using the group lending mechanism; Dynamic incentives in the form of incrementally larger loan sizes to groups with good repayment rates; Regular repayment schedules; Other collateral substitutes such as group funds used in cases of emergencies; Rotating Savings and Credit Associations {(ROSCAs)} and Accumulating Savings and Credit Associations {(ASCAs).} According to the author: The limitation of all existing literature in microfinance is the lack of empirical evidence of the impact of microfinance. Although empirical research is not an easy task, given the nature of the sector, it will help in improving existing programs and policies. Finally, the paper outlines the impact of microfinance so far. She concludes by stating the positive effects of microfinance on poverty alleviation and briefly outlines the future direction for the sector. Microfinance: Does it Hold its Promises? A Survey of Recent Literature Literature review Microfinance April Microfinance 2004 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/35725 2004-04 kifmann_health_2005 article Public Choice Health insurance in a democracy: Why is it public and why are premiums income related? Democracy Income relation Premiums Public health insurance 283--308 Health insurance in a democracy 124 2005 3 2005 kimball_note_2006 techreport Note from the Field - Weather Insurance Mitigates Risk Case study Weather insurance 2006 {U.S.} Agency for International Development {(USAID)} 2006 kingjr__2003 article Medical Decision Making " Perfect Health" versus" Disease Free": The Impact of Anchor Point Choice on the Measurement of Preferences and the Calculation of {Disease-Specific} Disutilities Measurement Preferences Standard gamble Time tradeoff Utility Visual analogue scale Willingness to pay 212--225 " Perfect Health" versus" Disease Free" 2003 2003 kippenberg_detention_2008 article Health Policy Plan. Between February and June 2006, Human Rights Watch and the Association for the Promotion of Human Rights and Detained Persons conducted an investigation into the detention of insolvent hospital patients in Burundi. Of 11 hospitals visited, nine were found to be holding former patients in detention for being unable to pay their hospital bills. Thirty-seven detained patients, and key informants in government, hospital administration and health services, were interviewed. The detention of insolvent hospital patients was described as a routine practice, dating from the 1990s. Conditions of detention included overcrowding, insufficient food and water, and withholding of further medical treatment. Seventy-two per cent of patients interviewed had been detained for 1 month or longer at the time of interview. Mechanisms designed to exempt or reimburse the health fees of low-income and indigent people failed to protect patients from becoming detained. The detention of insolvent patients is a clear violation of rights established under international law, including the right not to be arbitrarily detained or detained as debtors and the right to accessible health care. The abolition of user fees for women giving birth and for small children in May 2006 has reduced the number of detained patients, but in June 2006 we visited two hospitals and found 77 detained men, older children and women with other health problems. Burundi, with the support of the international community, must immediately stop the detention of patients and address the urgent financing needs of health facilities. Detention of insolvent patients in Burundian hospitals Burundi Health care financing Hospital care 14--23 January 23 2008 1 10.1093/heapol/czm044 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/1/14 2008-01 kiwanuka-mukiibi_good_2005 techreport The Good Practice Model: community participation in Luweero district, Uganda Africa Case study Community participation Participation Sub-Saharan Africa Uganda Bethesda, {MD} The Good Practice Model 2005 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2005 kiwara_group_2007 article East African journal of public health {OBJECTIVE:} The main objective was to assess how group premiums can help poor people in the informal economy prepay for health care services. {METHODS:} A comparative approach was adopted to study four groups of informal economy operators (cobblers, welders, carpenters, small scale market retailers) focusing on a method of prepayment which could help them access health care services. Two groups with a total of 714 operators were organized to prepay for health care services through a group premium, while the other two groups with a total of 702 operators were not organized to prepay through this approach. They prepaid through individual premium, each operator paying from his or her sources. Data on the four groups which lived in the same city was collected through a questionnaire and focus group discussions. Data collected was focused on health problems, health seeking behaviour and payment for health care services. Training of all the groups on prepaid health care financing based on individual based premium payment and group based premium payment was done. Groups were then free to choose which method to use in prepaying for health care. Prepayment through the two methods was then observed over a period of three years. Trends of membership attrition and retention were documented for both approaches. {RESULTS:} Data collected showed that the four groups were similar in many respects. These similarities included levels of education, housing, and social services such as water supplies, health problems, family size and health seeking behaviour. At the end of a period of three years 76\% of the members from the two groups who chose group premium payment were still members of the prepayment health scheme and were receiving health care. For the two groups which opted for individual premium payment only 15\% of their members were still receiving health care services at the end of three years. {CONCLUSION:} Group premium is a useful tool in improving accessibility to health care services in the poorer segments of the population especially the informal economy operators Group premiums in micro health insurance experiences from Tanzania Adult Africa Attitude to health Cost sharing Educational status Fees and charges Females Financing Focus groups Health care expenditure Health sector reform Health services accessibility Insurance pools Male Medically underserved area Micro health insurance Poverty areas Prepaid health plans Quality of health care Questionnaire Residence characteristics Tanzania Urban health services 08568960 28--32 April 4 2007 1 {PMID:} 17907758 2007-04 klimm_suedliche_1994 book Wissenschaftliche L\"{a}nderkunden Das s\"{u}dliche Afrika - {II.} Namibia - Botswana Africa Botswana Namibia South Africa 39 1994 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1994 knack_social_1999 techreport Social Capital, Growth and Poverty: A Survex of {Cross-Country} Evidence Growth Poverty Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank 1999 kneiding_variations_2008 article Consultative Group to Assist the Poor {(CGAP)} There is currently no abstract available for this document. Variations in Microcredit Interest Rates {(CGAP} Brief) Interest rates Microcredit July 2008 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/51188 2008-07 knippenberg_increasing_2003 misc Increasing clients' power to scale up health services for the poor: {THE} {BAMAKO} {INITIATIVE} {IN} {WEST} {AFRICA} - Background paper to the World Development Report Africa Bamako initiative Low-income households West Africa July 2003 2003-07 kolehmainen-aitken_decentralizations_2004 article Human Resources for Health Designers and implementers of decentralization and other reform measures have focused much attention on financial and structural reform measures, but ignored their human resource implications. Concern is mounting about the impact that the reallocation of roles and responsibilities has had on the health workforce and its management, but the experiences and lessons of different countries have not been widely shared. This paper examines evidence from published literature on decentralization's impact on the demand side of the human resource equation, as well as the factors that have contributed to the impact. The elements that make such an impact analysis exceptionally complex are identified. They include the mode of decentralization that a country is implementing, the level of responsibility for the salary budget and pay determination, and the civil service status of transferred health workers. The main body of the paper is devoted to examining decentralization's impact on human resource issues from three different perspectives: that of local health managers, health workers themselves, and national health leaders. These three groups have different concerns in the human resource realm, and consequently, have been differently affected by decentralization processes. The paper concludes with recommendations regarding three key concerns that national authorities and international agencies should give prompt attention to. They are (1) defining the essential human resource policy, planning and management skills for national human resource managers who work in decentralized countries, and developing training programs to equip them with such skills; (2) supporting research that focuses on improving the knowledge base of how different modes of decentralization impact on staffing equity; and (3) identifying factors that most critically influence health worker motivation and performance under decentralization, and documenting the most cost-effective best practices to improve them. Notable experiences from South Africa, Ghana, Indonesia and Mexico are shared in an annex. Decentralization's impact on the health workforce: Perspectives of managers, workers and national leaders Decentralization and health Health personnel Health workforce Decentralization's impact on the health workforce 2 2004 http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/2/1/5 2004 kaelling_situationskonforme_1994 phdthesis Situationskonforme Konzepte der Gesundheitspolitik in Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern Health care system Health politics {Rheinisch-Westf\"{a}lische} Technischen Hochschule Aachen 1994 1994 kolo_analysis_2006 article Managerial Finance Purpose -- This paper seeks to look at failed development paradigms in West Africa, one of the world's poorest regions, and to argue that new and contextually relevant methods are needed to stem poverty, engage people in productive microenterprises, improve people's quality of life, and foster patriotism and civic involvement among citizens. Design/methodology/approach -- Based on the view that microentrepreneurship is a way of life and a means of livelihood for West Africa's poor, and that lack of credit is a formidable obstacle to microenterprise development, the paper makes a case for institutionalizing a financial systems approach, which was developed by microenterprise financing practitioners to provide poor people world-wide with savings and credit services, leading to their self-sufficiency and integration into mainstream financial systems. The four stages of this approach are discussed, along with the tasks in each stage. Findings -- The paper posits that implementing the approach must be a joint task among society's four key stakeholders in the public, corporate, non-profit and grassroots sectors. Originality/value -- The paper concludes that a financial systems approach offers several prospects for citizens' productivity, for political stability in their countries, and for their meaningful engagement in the world's delocalized economy. An analysis of strategic issues in institutionalizing a financial systems approach for microenterprise development in Africa Financial modelling Financial system Small enterprises 594 -- 605 32 2006 7 www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03074350610671584 2006 kolstad_information_1998 techreport There is considerable empirical and experimental evidence that there is a divergence between willingness-to-accept compensation to give up a good and willingness-to-pay to obtain a good. This divergence persists even when the good in question in small relative to income, a result in apparent conflict with standard economic theory. This paper develops a theoretical bidding model with costly information acquisition to explain this divergence. The model generates a gap between offers to sell and bids to buy consistent with the experimental results. We argue that the model does a better job of explaining empirical and experimental data than either of the two commonly invoked theoretical explanations: the endowment effect and the substitution effect. Information and the Divergence Between {Willingness-to-Accept} and {Willingness-to-Pay} Willingness to accept Willingness to pay 1998 30 Working Paper 1998 kouyate_great_2007 article Too many African children are dying from a disease for which we have effective and cost-effective prevention and treatment options, say the authors. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Burkina Faso Children Malaria Preventive medicine Vector control 15491277 e127--1000 6 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=25635524&site=ehost-live {PLoS} Medicine The Great Failure of Malaria Control in Africa: A District Perspective from Burkina Faso. 4 The Great Failure of Malaria Control in Africa June 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 25635524; Kouyat\'{e}, Bocar 1 Sie, Ali 2 Y\'{e}, Maurice 3 De Allegri, Manuela 4 M\"{u}ller, Olaf 4; Email Address: olaf.mueller@urz.uni-heidelberg.de; Affiliation: 1: Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 2: Centre de Recherche en Sant\'{e} de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso 3: District Health Team of Nouna and Department of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 4: Department of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Source Info: Jun2007, Vol. 4 Issue 6, pe127; Subject Term: {MALARIA} -- Prevention; Subject Term: {CHILDREN} -- Death; Subject Term: {VECTOR} control; Subject Term: {MEDICINE,} Preventive; Subject Term: {BURKINA} Faso; Number of Pages: 4p; Illustrations: 1 map, 1 color; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040127 2007-06 kouyate_process_2008 article {BACKGROUND:} In the rural areas of {sub-Saharan} Africa, the majority of young children affected by malaria have no access to formal health services. Home treatment through mothers of febrile children supported by mother groups and local health workers has the potential to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality. {METHODS:} A cluster-randomized controlled effectiveness trial was implemented from 2002-2004 in a malaria endemic area of rural Burkina Faso. Six and seven villages were randomly assigned to the intervention and control arms respectively. Febrile children from intervention villages were treated with chloroquine {(CQ)} by their mothers, supported by local women group leaders. {CQ} was regularly supplied through a revolving fund from local health centres. The trial was evaluated through two cross-sectional surveys at baseline and after two years of intervention. The primary endpoint of the study was the proportion of moderate to severe anaemia in children aged 6-59 months. For assessment of the development of drug efficacy over time, an in vivo {CQ} efficacy study was nested into the trial. The study is registered under http://www.controlled-trials.com {(ISRCTN} 34104704). {RESULTS:} The intervention was shown to be feasible under program conditions and a total of 1.076 children and 999 children were evaluated at baseline and follow-up time points respectively. Self-reported {CQ} treatment of fever episodes at home as well as referrals to health centres increased over the study period. At follow-up, {CQ} was detected in the blood of high proportions of intervention and control children. Compared to baseline findings, the prevalence of anaemia (29\% vs 16\%, p {\textless} 0.0001) and malaria parameters such as prevalence of P. falciparum parasitaemia, fever and palpable spleens was lower at follow-up but there were no differences between the intervention and control group. {CQ} efficacy decreased over the study period but this was not associated with the intervention. {DISCUSSION:} The decreasing prevalence of malaria morbidity including anaemia over the study period can be explained by an overall increase of malaria prevention and treatment activities in the study area. The lack of effectiveness of the intervention was likely caused by contamination, pre-existing differences in the coverage of malaria treatment in both study groups and an unexpectedly rapid increase of resistance against {CQ,} the first-line treatment drug at the time of the study. Africa Anemia Animals Burkina Faso Chloroquine Female Fever Infant Male Mothers Parasitemia Plasmodium falciparum Preschool child Prevalence Rural population Splenomegaly 1475-2875 50 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18364043 Malaria Journal Process and effects of a community intervention on malaria in rural Burkina Faso: randomized controlled trial 7 Process and effects of a community intervention on malaria in rural Burkina Faso 2008 10.1186/1475-2875-7-50 {PMID:} 18364043 2008 koveos_financial_2004 article Managerial Finance The objective of this study is to analyze the framework within which microfinance institutions {(MFIs)} deliver their services and provide an assessment of their operations and financial management. These institutions are examined because of their current importance to a special group of consumers, primarily the poor and disenfranchised in the developing world, and of their future promise as an economic development solution. Since the objective of these institutions is somewhat unique, the manner of their assessment must also differ from that used to assess the performance of traditional financial intermediaries. In particular, assessment of {MFIs} must recognize their dual (bank and development instrument) status. Their efficiency, then, must be analyzed in terms of its economic (or financial) dimension as well as its social dimension. The first dimension may be examined with traditional measures, while examination of the second requires measures that reflect the {MFI's} social objectives. In order to accommodate the special nature of {MFIs,} this study proposes the use of a Balanced Scorecard approach. It contributes to the study of financial institution performance by examining a non-traditional group of institutions using a variety of assessment measures. The findings should be of value to those interested in the financial sector as well as those involved in public policy decision making. Financial services for the poor: assessing microfinance institutions Financial advice Management techniques 70 -- 95 Financial services for the poor 30 2004 9 www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03074350410769281 2004 krause_non-profit_2000 techreport Non-profit Insurance Schemes for the Unorganised Sector in India India Microinsurance Non-profit insurance schemes Eschborn, Germany 2000 22 e Social Policy Working Papers {GTZ} - division 42 - {???State} and Economic Reform, Civil Society" 2000 krebs_erziehung_2001 book Erziehung in Traditionalen Kulturen - Quellen und Befunde aus Afrika, Amerika, Asien und Australien - 1898-1983 Africa Asia Australia Education Traditional cultures United States Berlin 2001 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Dietrich Reimer Verlag 2001 kress_social_1998 techreport This report captures the essence of the outputs of the Social Health Insurance Working Group Meeting in Zimbabwe, held at the Holiday Inn, Mutare on January 28-30, 1998. The objective of the meeting were to Reach consensus on the structure, provision, and other technical details for social health insurance, including an examination of nationwide implementation of cost recovery, reimbursement mechanisms, hospital reforms, private sector interaction/regulation, and means testing/equity; Develop a draft social health insurance framework; and Develop a draft action plan. Social Health Insurance Working Group Meeting in Zimbabwe Africa Financing Health economics Health insurance Health planning Health sector reform Insurance Insurance coverage Public policy Reimbursement Reimbursement mechanisms Social control policies Social health insurance Zimbabwe Bethesda, {MD} 1998 1 Workshop Report Partners for Health Reform, Abt Associates 1998 krishna_mapping_1999 techreport Mapping and Measuring Social Capital: A Conceptual and Empirical Study of Collective Action for Conserving and Developing Watersheds in Rajasthan, India India Social capital Washington {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank 1999 kruk_borrowing_2009 article Many families around the world make sizable out-of-pocket payments for health care. We calculated the frequency of borrowing money or selling assets to buy health services in forty low- and middle-income countries and estimated how various factors are associated with these coping strategies. The data represented a combined population of 3.66 billion, or 58 percent of the world's population. On average, 25.9 percent of households borrowed money or sold items to pay for health care. The risk was higher among the poorest households and in countries with less health insurance. Health systems in developing countries are failing to protect families from the financial risks of seeking health care. Developing countries Health care Health care expenditure Out-of-pocket payments 1544-5208 1056--1066 4 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19597204 Health Affairs {(Project} Hope) Borrowing and selling to pay for health care in low- and middle-income countries 28 August 2009 10.1377/hlthaff.28.4.1056 {PMID:} 19597204 2009-08 kruk_assessing_2008 article Health Policy With the setting of ambitious international health goals and an influx of additional development assistance for health, there is growing interest in assessing the performance of health systems in developing countries. This paper proposes a framework for the assessment of health system performance and reviews the literature on indicators currently in use to measure performance using online medical and public health databases. This was complemented by a review of relevant books and reports in the grey literature. The indicators were organized into three categories: effectiveness, equity, and efficiency. Measures of health system effectiveness were improvement in health status, access to and quality of care and, increasingly, patient satisfaction. Measures of equity included access and quality of care for disadvantaged groups together with fair financing, risk protection and accountability. Measures of efficiency were appropriate levels of funding, the cost-effectiveness of interventions, and effective administration. This framework and review of indicators may be helpful to health policy makers interested in assessing the effects of different policies, expenditures, and organizational structures on health outputs and outcomes in developing countries. Assessing health system performance in developing countries: A review of the literature Health indicators Health metrics Health system performance Rating:1 263--276 March Assessing health system performance in developing countries 85 2008 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4PVY2J9-3/1/fd48910e565ef0c68f33307a3144e8c7 2008-03 krummacher_participatory_2004 phdthesis Der Participatory Rural Appraisal {(PRA)-Ansatz} aus ethnologischer Sicht Community participation Participation PRA Johannes {Gutenberg-Universit\"{a}t,} Institut f\"{u}r Ethnologie und Afrikastudien 2004 2004 kumado_study_2003 misc A {STUDY} {ON} {SOCIAL} {SECURITY} {IN} {GHANA} Africa Ghana Social security February 2003 2003-02 kumaranayake_how_2000 article The health sectors in many low- and middle-income countries have been characterized in recent years by extensive private sector activity. This has been complemented by increasing public-private linkages, such as the contracting-out of selected services or facilities, development of new purchasing arrangements, franchising and the introduction of vouchers. Increasingly, however, experience with the private sector has indicated a number of problems with the quality, price and distribution of private health services, and thus led to a growing focus on the role of government in regulation. This paper presents the existing network of regulations governing private activity in the health sectors of Tanzania and Zimbabwe, and their appropriateness in the context of emerging market realities. It draws on a comparative mapping exercise reviewing the complexity of the variables currently being regulated, the level of the health system at which they apply, and the specific instruments being used. Findings indicate that much of the existing regulation occurs through legislation. There is still very much a focus on the social' rather than economic' aspects of regulation within the health sector. Recent changes have attempted to address aspects of private health provision, but some very key gaps remain. In particular, current regulations in Tanzania and Zimbabwe: (1) focus on individual inputs rather than health system organizations; (2) aim to control entry and quality rather than explicitly quantity, price or distribution; and (3) fail to address the market-level problems of anti-competitive practices and lack of patient rights. This highlights the need for additional measures to promote consumer protection and address the development of new private markets such as for health insurance or laboratory and other ancillary services. How do countries regulate the health sector? Evidence from Tanzania and Zimbabwe Africa Health care sector Regulation Simbabwe Tanzania 357--367 December How do countries regulate the health sector? 2000 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/4/357 2000-12 kumar_social_???? misc In an attempt to examine the extent of overlaps between social and economic duality this paper notes that not necessarily the low caste households, slum dwelling, employment in menial jobs and poverty overlap. In terms of literacy, occupation, income and food expenditure per consumer unit evidence that is drawn from slum households in Delhi, provides only a partial support to the view that along the lines of caste economic inequality is manifested. Econometric results pertaining to occupational choice model, income per worker and food expenditure per capita are not entirely in favour of the vulnerability of the low castes. Results from the probit model tend to suggest that the extent of rise in probability of falling into {BPL} households is more in the case of the {"General"} category of sample households relative to the rest. The reservation policy based on caste is, therefore, unlikely to address adequately the issues relating to low productivity employment and poverty. Social and Economic Dualism: Caste, Employment and Poverty in Delhi Slums India Poverty http://www.iegindia.org/dispap/dis81.pdf kuruvilla_krankenversicherung_2007 article Internationale Revue f\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit Diese Fallstudie befasst sich mit einer wichtigen Neuerung bei der Gesundheitsversorgung fur Arme in landlichen Gebieten, dem {Yeshasvini-Krankenversicherungssystem} fur Bauern und Landarbeiter im indischen Bundesstaat Karnataka. Das wohl weltgrosste Krankenversicherungs-system fur Arme in landlichen Gebieten wurde im Jahre 2003 eingefuhrt und so ausgestaltet, dass mehrere Hindernisse fur den Gesundheitsschutz der landlichen Bevolkerung uberwunden wurden. In seinem zweiten Jahr versicherte es zu einer geringen Jahrespramie von rund 2 Dollar rund 2,2 Millionen weit verstreute Bauern fur chirurgische und ambulante Behandlungen. In dieser Abhandlung wird das System in seinem ersten Betriebsjahr beschrieben und bewertet und dessen Potenzial als Modell fur die Entwicklungslander ganz allgemein untersucht. Krankenversicherung Fur Die Armen in Landlichen Gebieten? Eine Fallstudie Uber Ein Krankenversicherungssystem Fur Bauern Und Landarbeiter in Indien Case study Health insurance India Micro health insurance 3--24 October Krankenversicherung Fur Die Armen in Landlichen Gebieten? 60 2007 4 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1726.2007.00021.x 2007-10 kutzin_towards_2000 techreport Towards universal health care coverage: a goal-oriented framework for policy analysis Benefit package Health insurance Health policy Health sector reform Measuring coverage Regulation Universal health care Washington, {D.C.} Towards universal health care coverage 2000 The World Bank 2000 kutzin_descriptive_2001 article Health Care Systems: Major Themes in Health and Social Welfare Health financing policies are marked by confusion between policy tools and policy objectives, especially in low and middle income countries. This paper attempts to address this problem by providing a conceptual framework that is driven by the normative objective of enhancing the "insurance function" (access to needed care without financial impoverishment) of health care systems. The framework is proposed as a tool for descriptive analysis of the key functions, policies, and interactions within an existing health care system, and equally as a tool to assist the identification and preliminary assessment of policy options. The aim is to help to clarify the policy levers that are available to enhance the insurance function for the population as efficiently as possible, given the "starting point" of a country's existing institutional and organizational arrangements. Analysis of health care financing systems using this framework highlights the interactions of various policies and the need for a coherent package of coordinated reforms, rather than a focus on particular organizational forms of "health insurance". The content of each main health care system function (revenue collection, pooling of funds, purchasing of services, provision of services) and the market structure with which the implementation of each is organized are found to be particularly important, as are policies with respect to the benefit package and user fees. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. A descriptive framework for country-level analysis of health care financing arrangements Analysis of health care financing Benefit package Beveridge system Bismarckian system Developing countries Health care financing Health care system Insurance Market structure Pooling Purchasing Regulation and information 171--204 A descriptive framework for country-level analysis of health care financing arrangements 56 2001 2001 labonte_social_2004 article Health Promotion International - Oxford University Press Social inclusion/exclusion: dancing the dialectic Social exclusion Universal coverage 115--121 19 2004 1 2004 labonte_globalization_2007 article Globalization and Health This article is the third in a three-part review of research on globalization and the social determinants of health {(SDH).} In the first article of the series, we identified and defended an economically oriented definition of globalization and addressed a number of important conceptual and metholodogical issues. In the second article, we identified and described seven key clusters of pathways relevant to globalization's influence on {SDH.} This discussion provided the basis for the premise from which we begin this article: interventions to reduce health inequities by way of {SDH} are inextricably linked with social protection, economic management and development strategy. Reflecting this insight, and against the background of the Millennium Development Goals {(MDGs),} we focus on the asymmetrical distribution of gains, losses and power that is characteristic of globalization in its current form and identify a number of areas for innovation on the part of the international community: making more resources available for health systems, as part of the more general task of expanding and improving development assistance; expanding debt relief and taking poverty reduction more seriously; reforming the international trade regime; considering the implications of health as a human right; and protecting the policy space available to national governments to address social determinants of health, notably with respect to the hypermobility of financial capital. We conclude by suggesting that responses to globalization's effects on social determinants of health can be classified with reference to two contrasting visions of the future, reflecting quite distinct values. Globalization and social determinants of health: Promoting health equity in global governance (part 3 of 3) Global governance and equity Globalisation Social determinants of health 3 2007 7 http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/3/1/7 2007 la_concertation_inventaire_2004 misc Inventaire des mutuelles de sant\'{e} en Afrique - Synth\`{e}se des travaux de recherche dans 11 pays Africa Inventory Micro health insurance October 2004 http://www.ilo.org/gimi/RessFileDownload.do?ressourceId=82&ressFilename=82.pdf&sizeKb=634377&longTitle=Inventaire+des+syst%E8mes+d%27assurance+maladie+en+Afrique%3A+synth%E8se+des+travaux+de+recherche+dans+11+pays&author=La+Concertation&ressYear=2004 2004-10 la_concertation_10_2008 misc 10 ans au service des mutuelles de sant\'{e} africaines 1998-2008 Africa MHO Micro health insurance Mutual health insurance Mutual health organisations West Africa 10 years of {MHI} 2008 http://www.ilo.org/gimi/RessFileDownload.do?ressourceId=10210 2008 lafourcade_overview_2005 article {MIX} Market This paper discusses the progress made by microfinance institutions {(MFIs)} in Africa. It presents the following general characteristics of the {MFIs} in Africa: Are a broad range of diverse and geographically dispersed institutions that offer financial services to low-income clients; Serve the broad financial needs of their clients; Offer savings as a core financial service; Report lower levels of profitability; Have high productivity and portfolio quality. However, they face the following challenges: High operating and financial costs; Low revenues; Low efficiency in terms of costs per borrower; Lack of technological innovations, product innovations and ongoing efforts to strengthen capacity. Overview of the Outreach and Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions in Africa Africa Microfinance April 2005 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/26947 2005-04 lagarde_impact_2008 article {OBJECTIVE:} To assess the effects of user charges on the uptake of health services in low- and middle-income countries. {METHODS:} A systematic search of 25 social science, economics and health literature databases and other sources was performed to identify and appraise studies on the effects of introducing, removing, increasing or reducing user charges on the uptake of various health services in low- and middle-income countries. Only experimental or quasi-experimental study designs were considered: cluster randomized controlled trials {(C-RCT),} controlled " before and after" {(CBA)} studies and interrupted time series {(ITS)} studies. Papers were assessed in which the effect of the intervention was measured in terms of changes in service utilization (including equity outcomes), household expenditure or health outcomes. {FINDINGS:} Sixteen studies were included: five {CBA,} two {C-RCT} and nine {ITS.} Only studies reporting effects on health service utilization, sometimes across socioeconomic groups, were identified. Removing or reducing user fees was found to increase the utilization of curative services and perhaps preventive services as well, but may have negatively impacted service quality. Introducing or increasing fees reduced the utilization of some curative services, although quality improvements may have helped maintain utilization in some cases. When fees were either introduced or removed, the impact was immediate and abrupt. Studies did not adequately show whether such an increase or reduction in utilization was sustained over the longer term. In addition, most of the studies were given low-quality ratings based on criteria adapted from those of the Cochrane Collaboration's Effective Practice and Organisation of Care group. {CONCLUSIONS:} There is a need for more high-quality research examining the effects of changes in user fees for health services in low- and middle-income countries. Acceptance Financing Health care utilization Health services accessibility Impact studies User charges 1564-0604 839--848 11 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19030689 Bulletin of the World Health Organization The impact of user fees on health service utilization in low- and middle-income countries: how strong is the evidence? 86 The impact of user fees on health service utilization in low- and middle-income countries November 2008 {PMID:} 19030689 2008-11 lalbhai_health_1999 inproceedings Health Insurance in India - Report of the one-day workshop organised on 30th October 1999 at Kasturbhai Lalbhai Management Development Centre Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad Health insurance India Ahmedabad 1999 1999 laleman_contribution_2007 article Human Resources for Health The contribution of international health volunteers to the health workforce in {sub-Saharan} Africa Africa External assistance health sector International health volunteers 2007 2007 lamers_pharmacy_1999 article Medical Care Pharmacy Costs Groups: A {Risk-Adjuster} for Capitation Payments Based on the Use of Prescribed Drugs GL Risk equalization 824--830 37 1999 8 1999 lamers_risk_2003 article As part of a market-oriented health care reform, in 1991 risk adjusted premium subsidies were introduced in the Dutch social health insurance sector. Currently the premium subsidies are primarily based on demographic variables. To mitigate the obvious inadequacy of these risk adjusters, the system of risk adjustment is supplemented with a system of risk sharing. This paper describes the main characteristics of the Dutch health care system and the development of risk adjustment and risk sharing in the last decade. The effects of introducing financial risk for Dutch sickness funds on risk selection and consumer mobility are analysed. The paper concludes with a description of expected future developments. Econometric models GL Health sector reform Insurance coverage Insurance selection bias Managed competition National health programs Netherlands Risk adjustment 01688510 49--62 1 Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) Risk adjusted premium subsidies and risk sharing: key elements of the competitive sickness fund market in the Netherlands 65 Risk adjusted premium subsidies and risk sharing July 2003 {PMID:} 12818745 2003-07 langenbrunner_evaluation_1994 techreport At the request of Kazakhstan's central Ministry of Health, Abt Associates Inc. evaluated two health insurance demonstrations one ongoing and one planned in two oblasts in the republic. The evaluation covered four areas concerning health insurance and related health policy changes: {\textgreater} the adequacy of financing, or to what extent a new employer payroll contribution and other sources of revenue would ensure adequate financing of the health care system; {\textgreater} changes in efficiency, or the effect of the health insurance structure and related payment policies and organizational changes on the efficiency with which services are provided; {\textgreater} the impact on quality of care, or the effect of changes in financing, payment, and quality assurance programs on the quality of service delivery and ultimately on health status; and {\textgreater} the equity of access to care, or the effect of the new system on what was one of the strengths of the old system relative equity of access to services by various socioeconomic groups. The evaluation found that parts of these demonstrations can serve as models for health care reform for the rest of the country and that a number of specific design features can be used to help inform the debate about the health insurance reform law under consideration by the parliament. To strengthen the existing demonstration models, especially in the context of national reform, a series of 40 recommendations and options for action were developed for financing, payment methods and efficiency, quality of care, and equity of access to care. Several areas for potential short-term technical assistance also were identified, including development of an improved legal framework for innovative demonstration sites in the future, intensive training activity, and model hospital cost and information systems. Evaluation of health insurance demonstrations in Kazakhstan: Dzheskasgan and South Kazakhstan oblasts Administration Asia Efficiency Financing Health economics Health insurance Health planning Health sector reform Insurance Kazakhstan 1994 14 Technical Report 1994 laturtue_role_2006 incollection An analytical framework; Donor requirements to effectively support microinsurance; Types of donor support for microinsurance Craig Churchill The role of donors Donors Microinsurance Geneva / Munich 470--487 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 laurinkari_verschiedene_1990 incollection Verschiedene Formen der Partizipation Cooperatives Germany Participation M\"{u}nchen, Wien, Oldenbourg 460--473 1990 Genossenschaftswesen - Hand- und Lehrbuch 1990 laverack_identification_2001 article Community Development Journal An identification and interpretation of the organization aspects of community empowerment Community empowerment 134--145 36 2001 2001 laverack_measuring_2001 article Health Promoting International Measuring community empowerment: a fresh look at organizational domians Community empowerment Organizational theory 179--185 16 2001 2001 lavy_club_2007 article Purpose. Malawi is a very poor country with a current population of 12 million people and very few orthopaedic surgeons or physiotherapists. An estimated 1125 babies are born per year with club foot. If these feet are not corrected early, then severe deformity can develop, requiring complex surgery. A task force was established to address this problem using locally available resources. Methods. A nationwide early manipulation programme was set up using the Ponseti technique, and a club foot clinic established in each of Malawi's 25 health districts. One year later the clinics were reviewed. Results. Twenty out of the 25 clinics originally established were still active, and over one year had seen a total of 342 patients. Adequate records existed for 307 patients, of whom 193 were male and 114 female (ratio 1.7:1). A total of 175 patients had bilateral club foot and 132 were unilateral (ratio 1.3:1) giving a total of 482 club feet; 327 of the 482 feet were corrected to a plantigrade position. Most clinics had problems with supply of materials. Many patients failed to attend the full course of treatment. Conclusions. Overall the establishment of a nationwide club foot treatment programme was of benefit to a large number of children with club feet and their families. In a poor country with many demands on health funding many challenges remain. The supply of plaster of Paris and splints was inadequate, clinic staff felt isolated, and patient compliance was limited by many factors which need further research. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Clubfoot Health care Malawi Orthopedics Physical therapists Public health 09638288 857--862 11/12 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=25507908&site=ehost-live Disability \& Rehabilitation Club foot treatment in Malawi - a public health approach. 29 June 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Disability \& Rehabilitation is the property of Taylor \& Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1080/09638280701240169 2007-06 lawson_women_1999 techreport Women and {AIDS} in Africa: sociocultural dimensions of the {HIV/AIDS} epidemic Africa Women and AIDS Malden, {MA} 1999 {UNESCO} 1999 ledgerwood_microfinance_1999 book Microfinance Handbook: An Institutional and Financial Perspective Microfinance Microfinance Handbook 1999 World Bank Publications 1999 ledgerwood_transforming_2006 book Transforming Microfinance Institutions: Providing Full Financial Services to the Poor Financial development From microfinance to microinsurance Microcredit Microfinance Microinsurance Microsavings 0821366157 August Transforming Microfinance Institutions 2006 World Bank Publications 2006-08 leech_spss_2005 book {SPSS} for intermediate statistics. Use and interpretation SPSS Statistics Mahwah, New Jersey 2005 2005 leftley_technical_2005 techreport Technical Assistance for the Promotion of Microinsurance - The Experience of Opportunity International Microinsurance Oppurtunity International 2005 11 Case Study {{\textless}p{\textgreater}CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study No. 11{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 leftley_provision_2006 incollection Why is technical assistance required? What does a {TA} provider do? Who provides microinsurance technical assistance? Conclusion: Providing quality technical assistance Craig Churchill The provision of technical assistance Microinsurance Technical assistance Geneva / Munich 545--560 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 leftley_effective_???? techreport Effective {Micro-Insurance} Programs to Reduce Vulnerability Microinsurance Reducing vulnerability Opportunity International Network leftley_beyond_2006 incollection Risk-carrying alternatives; Administrative alternatives; Distribution alternatives Craig Churchill Beyond {MFIs} and community-based models: Institutional alternatives Community-based insurance Institutional options Microfinance institutions Micro health insurance Geneva / Munich 424--438 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 lehner_group_2008 article Munich, Germany: University of Munich Microfinance is typically associated with joint liability of group members. How-ever, a large part of microfinance institutions rather offers individual instead of group loans. The paper analyze the incentive mechanisms in both individual and group contracts. Moreover, it shows that microfinance institutions offers group loans when the loan size is rather large, refinancing costs are high, and competition between microfinance institutions is low. Otherwise, individual loans are offered. Interestingly, the analysis predicts that individual lending in microfinance will gain in importance in the future if microfinance institutions continue to get better access to capital markets and if competition further rises. {[Based} on author's abstract] Group Lending Versus Individual Lending in Microfinance Group lending Microcredit Microfinance November 2008 http://microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/53927 2008-11 leighton_overview:_1995 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press Overview: health financing reforms in Africa Africa Health care sector reform 213--222 10 1995 3 1995 leighton_22_1995 techreport 22 policy questions about health care financing in Africa Africa Health care financing Health sector reform 1995 {USAID,} {HFS} 1995 leist_brief_2004 techreport Brief Technical Report on Swasthyapurna Mutual Health Fund Case study India Micro health insurance Mutual insurance 2004 {GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit 2004 leist_brief_2004-1 techreport Brief Technical Report on {BAIF} Community Health Programme BAIF Case study Community-based health insurance India Micro health insurance Mutual insurance 2004 {GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit 2004 leive_coping_2008 article {OBJECTIVE:} To explore factors associated with household coping behaviours in the face of health expenditures in 15 African countries and provide evidence for policy-makers in designing financial health protection mechanisms. {METHODS:} A series of logit regressions were performed to explore factors correlating with a greater likelihood of selling assets, borrowing or both to finance health care. The average partial effects for different levels of spending on inpatient care were derived by computing the partial effects for each observation and taking the average across the sample. Data used in the analysis were from the 2002-2003 World Health Survey, which asked how households had financed out-of-pocket payments over the previous year. Households selling assets or borrowing money were compared to those that financed health care from income or savings. Those that used insurance were excluded. For the analysis, a value of 1 was assigned to selling assets or borrowing money and a value of 0 to other coping mechanisms. {FINDINGS:} Coping through borrowing and selling assets ranged from 23\% of households in Zambia to 68\% in Burkina Faso. In general, the highest income groups were less likely to borrow and sell assets, but coping mechanisms did not differ strongly among lower income quintiles. Households with higher inpatient expenses were significantly more likely to borrow and deplete assets compared to those financing outpatient care or routine medical expenses, except in Burkina Faso, Namibia and Swaziland. In eight countries, the coefficient on the highest quintile of inpatient spending had a P-value below 0.01. {CONCLUSION:} In most African countries, the health financing system is too weak to protect households from health shocks. Borrowing and selling assets to finance health care are common. Formal prepayment schemes could benefit many households, and an overall social protection network could help to mitigate the long-term effects of ill health on household well-being and support poverty reduction. Africa Ambulatory care Cross-cultural comparison Cross-sectional studies Family characteristics Financing Health care expenditure Health care surveys Health services accessibility Hospitalization Logistic models Psychological adaptation 1564-0604 849--856 11 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19030690 Bulletin of the World Health Organization Coping with out-of-pocket health payments: empirical evidence from 15 African countries 86 Coping with out-of-pocket health payments November 2008 {PMID:} 19030690 2008-11 lemay-boucher_insurance_2007 article Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation {(CERT)} - Discussion Paper This paper studies indigenous insurance groups using evidence from urban areas in Benin. Many of these informal institutions co-exist within neighbourhood-distance. They are based on well-defined rules and regulations, offering premium-based insurance for funeral expenses, as well as other forms of insurance and credit to cope with hardships. We provide first a description of these groups. Then we investigate, with the help of an original dataset, which individual characteristics are significant in explaining both the probability to join such groups and the choice of insurance coverage. Insurance for the Poor: The Case of Informal Insurance Groups in Benin Africa Benin Group insurance Informal insurance Microinsurance 07 2007 http://www.sml.hw.ac.uk/cert/wpa/2007/dp0707.pdf 2007 lemke_constraints_2005 misc Livelihood systems of poor rural households are often so fragile that a small misfortune can destabilize households for years. Strategies for coping with risk include informal mutual aid agreements and/or formal microinsurance schemes. In developing countries, insurance markets are usually {underdeveloped.Nevertheless,} if the development path is supported by strong structures and institutions, anonymous markets will, over time, replace informal insurance networks as they are more efficient. In Vietnam, livestock is an important household income source and has additional non-economic functions in the households. For a long time, rural financial institutions in Vietnam financed only a small array of agricultural investments, but these frequently included livestock purchase. The absence of off-farm investment possibilities further promotes investment in livestock production. Failure of an investment, especially when loan-funded, can leave a household in an extremely vulnerable position. Livestock death is considered to be a major factor contributing to poverty. Farmers using credit to purchase livestock face two risks at once: (1) loss of the livestock due tovdisease and subsequently (2) failure of investment. Farmers would like to reduce the uncertainty, but a broad-based livestock insurance scheme does not exist in Vietnam. There are only a few formal and semi-formal schemes with very limited outreach. Thus, access to formal insurance is almost non-existent, and farm households have to rely mainly on informal mutual aid schemes within their social networks to reduce their risks. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the discussion on the general feasibility of a livestock insurance scheme in Vietnam. In this context, the demand for and supply of livestock insurance schemes is discussed. Quantitative {(N=322)} and qualitative data collection took place between 2001 and 2004. The quantitative data comprise cross-sectional household-level data from three different districts in Northern Vietnam. Four different types of insurance providers were selected for analyzing the supply side: 1. Insurance tied to credit within a state-owned company; 2. Insurance tied to credit within a development project; 3. A state-owned insurance company (which collapsed); 4. A private insurance company. By selecting these different insurance providers, the range of livestock insurance types offered in Vietnam was covered. The main result is that provision of sustainable livestock insurance is hampered principally by unreliable data on livestock mortality and by premia that are set politically at a low evel. Constraints and potential of livestock insurance schemes: a case study from Vietnam Agricultural insurance Livestock insurance Microcredit Microinsurance Vietnam July Constraints and potential of livestock insurance schemes 2005 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bibliotheksservice-Zentrum} {Baden-W\"{u}rttemberg,} Germany, Virtueller Medienserver [http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/oai20\_send.pl] {(Germany)} {ER{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} http://opus-ho.uni-stuttgart.de/hop/volltexte/2005/93 Universit\"{a}t Hohenheim / Fakult\"{a}t Agrarwissenschaften 2005-07 lem_content_2009 article Health Policy and Development A Content Analysis of the Ghana National Health Insurance Scheme Africa Content analysis Ghana NHIS 23--34 7 2009 1 2009 leonard_cost_2009 article Health is a pressing problem facing Africans today, yet health care systems in Africa are inadequate and under-funded. We show that pervasive imperfect agency means that they are also inefficient. Imperfect agency (due to unobservable medical effort) is a recognized market failure in health care, but its impact is difficult to measure. We take an indirect approach to estimation and infer the cost of unobservable effort from the behavior of utility-maximizing patients, specifically their willingness to incur measurable costs to avoid practitioners who shirk. We use a unique data set from rural Cameroun where patients choose between the government health system, church-operated (mission) health facilities and, importantly, traditional healers. Traditional healers provide health services on an outcome-contingent basis where patients pay only if they are cured. Both government and mission facilities, in contrast, are paid on a fee-for-service basis. Patients' choices of practitioners, combined with quantitative information about patients' illnesses, permit a structural estimation of the value of unobservable medical effort. The results allow investigation into the nature of agency, its costs, and the manner in which contracts reduce and patient behavior mitigates those costs. We estimate that in the absence of imperfect agency, utility from health care would increase by at least 160\%. Even in the face of imperfect agency, the sophistication of patients in choosing between existing contracts for different illnesses increases utility by up to 20\%. Africa Asymmetric information Cameroon Imperfect agency Medical effort Shirking 0304-3878 282--291 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBV-4SVC5S0-1/2/863a96fccb5b3ee6fa5183f36dee3877 Journal of Development Economics The cost of imperfect agency in health care: Evidence from rural Cameroun 88 The cost of imperfect agency in health care March 2009 2009-03 leopold_rational_2006 misc Rational Pharmaceutical anagement Plus Preparation and Planning for {POPPHI} {AMTSL} Study in Ghana: Trip Report Africa Ghana Pharmaceutical industry December 2006 2006-12 leppert_stellenwert_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen Partizipation gilt als Schl\"{u}ssel zu erfolgreichem kooperativen Risikomanagement und ist gleicherma\ssen ein grundlegendes Merkmal von Genossenschaften als Selbsthilfeorganisationen. Als Analyseraster von Partizipation wird ein Konzept der potentiellen Bereiche und m\"{o}glichen Intensit\"{a}ten sowie der realen Auswirkungen in Risikomanagementorganisationen vorgeschlagen. Dieses Konzept wird beispielhaft anhand empirischer Nachweise genossenschaftlich organisierter Mikrokrankenversicherungen dargestellt und mit Leben gef\"{u}llt. Stellenwert von Partizipation in kooperativen Formen des Risikomanagements in Entwicklungsgesellschaften - eine Analyse anhand von Mikrokrankenversicherungen Community-based health care Micro health insurance Participation 104--116 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 letourmy_developpement_2008 article Health financing reforms in most low-income countries promote social and micro health insurance, in order to reduce direct spending by patients. Three phases of development can be distinguished in African countries: at first, schemes were developed only for the formal sector, then micro health insurance targeted the informal sector, and finally, health insurance was included in larger plans to reach universal coverage. The impact of health insurance is, as yet, difficult to assess. If beneficiaries have a better access to health services, the financing of health sector is not significantly improved, and there is no change in professional behaviour, in particular, in public facilities. In spite of their limits, social health insurance schemes continue to be implemented, but as a part of hybrid financing system, fitting with the abilities of low-income countries. To cite this article: A. Letourmy, C. R. Biologies 331 (2008). Africa Health care financing Health insurance Micro health insurance Reforms 1631-0691 952--963 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6X1F-4TJ05GT-3/2/e82c5bae294ebb6f5aa3a6f42277ad4a Comptes Rendus Biologies Le d\'{e}veloppement de l'assurance maladie dans les pays \`{a} faible revenu : l'exemple des pays africains 331 Le developpement de l'assurance maladie dans les pays a faible revenu December 2008 2008-12 leu_risikoselektion_2006 misc Risikoselektion und Risikostrukturausgleich in der Schweiz - Gutachten zuhanden der Techniker Krankenkasse Hamburg GL Risk adjustment Risk selection Switzerland November 2006 2006-11 levine_micro_2007 misc The world's rural poor have the highest risks of ill health and the lowest rate of health insurance. The result is that injuries and illnesses - and the resulting loss of income and health care expenditures - often push households into poverty and lead them to sell productive assets. These problems are especially pressing for workers in the agricultural sector, as illness or injury often directly reduces income. Lower income, in turn, frequently reduces agricultural assets, which can reduce future farm productivity. Thus, micro-health insurance is a promising product to help the rural poor, as it has the ability to stabilize incomes and prevent the sale of assets. This proposal is for a randomized controlled trial of the {GRET/SKY} micro-health insurance program in rural Cambodia. {AFD} is sponsoring {GRET} and cosponsoring the proposed evaluation. This evaluation will provide the first rigorous evidence on the effectiveness of micro-health insurance on the ability of the rural poor to protect their economic well-being and livelihoods while maintaining access to quality health care. As importantly, this evaluation will help understand whether people with high average medical costs are heavy purchasers of health insurance. This information is crucial in designing financially sustainable insurance products. Results of the evaluation will be relevant to micro-health insurers, donors, and policymakers both in Cambodia and globally. Micro Health Insurance in Rural Cambodia: An evaluation of the impact on the stabilization of incomes and enhancement of agricultural productivity and asset accumulation {(Proposal)} Cambodia Micro health insurance 2007 http://www.basis.wisc.edu/documents/Cambodia_proposal.pdf 2007 levine_hnp_???? unpublished This is the fourth of a series of six sessions focusing on the linkages between health, nutrition, population and poverty. This session will attempt to delineate the complex relationship between health system and the poor and propose analytical tools to examine how these systems perform in serving the needs of the poor. {HNP} and the Poor: The Health System and the Poor - Session 4 Developing countries Health care system Poverty {HNP} and the Poor Session levin_microinsurance_2007 techreport Microinsurance aspects in agriculture Agricultural insurance Agriculture Microinsurance October 2007 Discussion Paper Munich Re Foundation - From Knowledge to Action 2007-10 levitt_field_2009 article This study presents an overview of modern field experiments and their usage in economics. Our discussion focuses on three distinct periods of field experimentation that have influenced the economics literature. The first might well be thought of as the dawn of "field" experimentation: the work of Neyman and Fisher, who laid the experimental foundation in the 1920s and 1930s by conceptualizing randomization as an instrument to achieve identification via experimentation with agricultural plots. The second, the large-scale social experiments conducted by government agencies in the mid-twentieth century, moved the exploration from plots of land to groups of individuals. More recently, the nature and range of field experiments has expanded, with a diverse set of controlled experiments being completed outside of the typical laboratory environment. With this growth, the number and types of questions that can be explored using field experiments has grown tremendously. After discussing these three distinct phases, we speculate on the future of field experimental methods, a future that we envision including a strong collaborative effort with outside parties, most importantly private entities. Experimental design 0014-2921 1--18 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V64-4V3HHHG-1/2/ae0e407eccb9276549ffd7834969da36 European Economic Review Field experiments in economics: The past, the present, and the future 53 Field experiments in economics January 2009 2009-01 liber_making_2003 book Making Insurance Work for Microfinance Institutions. A Technical Guide to Developing and Delivering Microinsurance - A Technical Guide From microfinance to microinsurance Microfinance Microinsurance Geneva, Switzerland 2003 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/finance/download/micro/minsure.pdf International Labour Organization {(ILO)} 2003 liddell_indigenous_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine Cultures all over the world have evolved illness representations that can accommodate not only new diseases, but also new epistemologies for explaining disease. This paper examines illness representations in {Sub-Saharan} Africa, and how these have responded to the emergence of {AIDS.} Indigenous views of illness (particularly {STDs)} exhibit coherent structure, in which causation, prevention and treatment relate to one another in functional ways. As an {STD,} an epidemic, and a disease which leads to premature death, {AIDS} lends itself readily to accommodation into established indigenous representations of illness. Even biomedical views of causation can be readily incorporated into traditional views of how illnesses are caused. However, biomedical and traditional views concerning prevention appear to be in direct conflict with one another, with potentially hazardous consequences. Research exploring the extent to which indigenous beliefs may be influencing people's decisions about safe sex could offer useful insights for {AIDS} prevention programs. Indigenous representations of illness and {AIDS} in {Sub-Saharan} Africa Africa HIV/AIDS Illness representations Indigenous beliefs 691--700 February 60 2005 4 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4CYPYRJ-2/1/8c166a8f497f77f63461e97d0afe002e 2005-02 linnerooth-bayer_insurance_2009 article {DESA} Working Paper Insurance against Losses from Natural Disasters in Developing Countries Developing countries Disaster risk management Insurance Natural catastrophes October 85 2009 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.40643/13.pdf 2009-10 lipson_gats_2001 techreport {GATS} and Trade in Health Insurance Services: Background Note for {WHO} Commission on Macroeconomics and Health GATS Health insurance International trade {GEneva} {GATS} and Trade in Health Insurance Services 2001 {WG} 4: 7 World Trade Organization 2001 liu_reforming_2002 article China's urban health insurance system is mainly consisted of labor insurance schemes {(LIS)} and government employee insurance scheme {(GIS).} {LIS} is a work unit-based self-insurance system that covers medical costs for the workers and often their dependents as well. {GIS} covers employees of the State institutions, is financed by general revenues. Since 1980s, China has implemented series of health insurance system reforms, culminating in the government's major policy decision in December of 1998 to establish a social insurance program for urban workers. Compared with the old insurance systems under {LIS} and {GIS,} the new system expands coverage to private sector employees and provides a more stable financing with its risk pool at the city level. Despite of these advantages, implementation of China's health insurance reform program is faced with several major challenges, including risk transfer from work units to municipal governments, diverse need and demand for health insurance benefits, incongruent roles of the central and regional governments. These challenges may reflect practical difficulties in policy implementation as well as some deficiencies in the original program design. Health benefit plans Health services needs and demand National health programs Policy making Risk adjustment Urban health services 0168-8510 133--150 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11897373 Health Policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) Reforming China's urban health insurance system 60 May 2002 {PMID:} 11897373 2002-05 liu_equity_2002 article This study evaluates changes in access to health care in response to the pilot experiment of urban health insurance reform in China. The pilot reform began in Zhenjiang and Jiujiang cities in 1994, followed by an expansion to 57 other cities in 1996, and finally to a nationwide campaign in the end of 1998. Specifically, this study examines the pre- and post-reform changes in the likelihood of obtaining various health care services across sub-population groups with different socioeconomic status and health conditions, in an attempt to shed light on the impact of reform on both vertical and horizontal equity measures in health care {utilization.Empirical} estimates were obtained in an econometric model using data from the annual surveys conducted in Zhenjiang City from 1994 through 1996. The main findings are as follows. Before the insurance reform, the likelihood of obtaining basic care at outpatient setting was much higher for those with higher income, education, and job status at work, indicating a significant measure of horizontal inequity against the lower socioeconomic groups. On the other hand, there was no evidence suggesting vertical inequity against people of chronic disease conditions in access to care at various settings. After the reform, the new insurance plan led to a significant increase in outpatient care utilization by the lower socioeconomic groups, making a great contribution to achieving horizontal equity in access to basic care. The new plan also has maintained the measure of vertical equity in the use of all types of care. Despite reform, people with poor socioeconomic status continue to be disadvantaged in accessing expensive and advanced diagnostic technologies. In conclusion, the reform model has demonstrated promising advantages over pre-reform insurance programs in many aspects, especially in the improvement of equity in access to basic care provided at outpatient settings. It also appears to be more efficient overall in allocating health care resources by substituting outpatient care for more expensive care at emergency or inpatient settings. Asia China Econometric models Equity and health Female Health benefit plans Health care surveys Health services research Medical savings accounts Middle aged National health programs Pilot projects Universal coverage Urban health services 0277-9536 1779--1794 10 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12383462 Social Science \& Medicine (1982) Equity in health care access to: assessing the urban health insurance reform in China 55 Equity in health care access to November 2002 {PMID:} 12383462 2002-11 liu_cost_2003 article International Journal of Health Planning and Management Cost analysis of pneumonia treatment in the Philippines Health care system Philippines Pneunomia treatment 221--231 Cost analysis of pneumonia treatment in the Philippines 18 2003 2003 liu_contracting_2004 misc Contracting for Primary Health Services: Evidence on Its Effects and a Framework for Evaluation Evaluation Primary health care September 2004 2004-09 liu_cost_1995 article China has been alarmed by its rapid rise in health care expenditures of social health insurance schemes. The health care expenditure per person for the 155 million people covered by the Chinese social insurance plans has been rising at an accelerative rate. We analyze why health care cost in China has risen, and show how other nations may benefit from this experience. The annual rate of increase in health expenditure per capita was only 3.1\% during 1952 to 1978, the average rate rose to 8.2\% during 1978 to 1985 and then 24.4\% during 1985 to 1989. We found general inflation explained one-half of the high rates of increase between 1985-1989. Although China introduced patients co-payments in 1985, the residual expenditure per capita (after adjusting for general inflation and aging of the beneficiaries) increased at 7.4\% per year due to the adoption of new technology, uses of more expensive drugs and increased quality of services. While we found the expenditure increases in China were largely caused by uncontrollable factors such as general inflation and aging of the population, we also found the change in Chinese hospital financing and payment policy caused rapid adoption of high-tech medicine and abusive usage of more expensive drugs which largely explained the annual increases in expenditures of 7.4\% between 1985-1989. Chinese experience also shows that demand strategy (co-payment by patients) had very little effect to contain cost escalation. Cost escalation Determinants Social health insurance 0277-9536 1095--1101 8 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-3YS8D57-1M/2/a7feb1d290d290f734a4dfb0db5b3c7b Social Science \& Medicine The cost escalation of social health insurance plans in China: Its implication for public policy 41 The cost escalation of social health insurance plans in China October 1995 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00423-Q 1995-10 liu_evaluating_1999 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press Evaluating payment mechanisms: how can we measure unnecessary care Measurement Measure unnecessary care Payment systems 409--413 Evaluating payment mechanisms 14 1999 4 1999 liverpool_poverty_2009 article World Development Summary This paper examines the impact of formal credit (largely microfinance) on the use of improved technology and on consumption and asset growth across households in different degrees of asset poverty. Using data from rural Ethiopia, the analysis finds no relationship between participation in microfinance programs and the use of technologies or consumption growth among the poorest households even though the use of certain technologies, like fertilizer, contributes to their asset accumulation over time. For other households, microfinance has positive effects on both consumption and asset growth as well as on the use of improved technology. The findings imply variation in constraints faced by different classes of poor households and suggest the value of asset-based poverty classifications in identifying target groups for poverty interventions. Poverty Status and the Impact of Formal Credit on Technology Use and Wellbeing among Ethiopian Smallholders Africa Credit Ethiopia Fertilizer Poverty {0305-750X} In Press, Corrected Proof 2009 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4XWMGTK-1/2/2a606f9f990e4bda6f688b4ad835e5d1 2009 llato_making_2009 book This document presents findings from the Philippines on the role of regulation in the development of microinsurance markets. The driving forces behind the development of microinsurance in the Philippines have been its strong mutual/cooperative tradition, informal risk pooling and underwriting, and microfinance growth. The Philippines' insurance regulatory regime explicitly provides for microinsurance. Market characteristics include: * Market approach of monitoring market trends and tailoring regulation accordingly; * Creation of a special prudential tier for the underwriting of microinsurance policies and linking this to the allowance for Mutual Benefit Associations {(MBAs);} * Institutional flexibility for formal insurers; * Innovative mechanisms to facilitate formalization of informal insurance operators; * Group-based and microfinance driven microinsurance; * Financial inclusion policy that contributed to microfinance and microinsurance sector development. This study illustrates how {MFI-based} microinsurance can evolve beyond the provision of credit life insurance to also provide life, accident and capital health insurance to members. Despite some remaining obstacles, a number of policy and regulatory aspects bode well for the growth of microinsurance in the Philippines. Making Insurance Markets Work for the Poor: Microinsurance Policy, Regulation and Supervision - Philippines Case Study Asia Microinsurance Philippines Regulation Supervision 2009 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34163/4_Making%20Insurance%20Markets%20Work%20for%20the%20Poor_%20Microinsurance%20Policy,%20Regulation%20and%20Supervision_Philippines%20Case%20Study.pdf {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2009 loewe_soziale_2004 phdthesis Soziale Sicherung und informeller Sektor: Stand der theoretischen Diskussion und kritische Analyse der Situation in den arabischen L\"{a}ndern unter besonderer Ber\"{u}cksichtigung des Kleinstversicherungsansatzes Informal sector Risk aversion Social security {Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\"{a}t} Karlsruhe Soziale Sicherung und informeller Sektor 2004 Inaugrualdissertation 2004 loewe_downscaling_2006 article Internationale Revue f\"{u}r soziale Sicherheit Downscaling, Upgrading oder Linking? Wege zur Realisierung von Kleinstversicherungen Meso macro Microinsurance 45--75 59 2006 2006 loewe_third_2009 article Pravartak When governments want to improve the social protection of their citizens, they usually try either to extend the coverage of public social insurance or assistance schemes or to promote commercial savings or insurance products. a third possibility only rarely used is to promote self-help groups that are already in place in very many countries all over the world. Such groups organise risk prevention, joint saving, risk diversification and insurance, although their members are often relativly poor. Many big insurance companies in industrialised countries also go back to such kinds of mutual insurance initiatives. But most insurance groups in developing countries today need support to become more efficient. Governments and donors can help them by imparting skills, promoting networking among them, providing financial support; helping them build up arbitration facilities; and liberalizing {NGO} and association laws. The third way to Social Protection - Promoting Group-based Microinsurance Group enrolment Group insurance Micro health insurance Microinsurance Social protection Universal coverage 72--90 {IV} 2009 1 2009 loewe_soziale_2009 book 1. Aufl. Soziale Sicherung, informeller Sektor und das Potenzial von Kleinstversicherungen Arabic Countries Informal economy Microinsurance Poverty Security Social policy {Baden-Baden} 978-3-8329-4017-1 2009 Nomos 2009 loewe_improving_2001 techreport The present study proposes that non-governmental and commercial institutions in Jordan should seek partnership in micro-insurance projects and recommends that donors support such initiatives. It argues that micro-insurance is a new promising approach to reducing the vulnerability of urban population groups that are difficult for conventional social protection strategies to cover. Nevertheless, social assistance and social insurance still have their role to play. The vulnerability of households to risks (such as the death, work disability or unemployment of their provider, illness or old age) is a major factor contributing to widespread poverty in Jordan. Almost half the population lacks access to social protection instruments, and hence the occurrence of risks leads to serious declines in well-being -- often below the poverty line. The present gap in social protection provision is of special concern for low-income groups. Most of them are informal sector employees and are thus not covered by social insurance. Private insurance is too expensive for them and their ability to save is limited. Traditional mutual support among relatives, friends and neighbours is limited in scope and not sufficiently reliable to constitute effective protection. Social assistance, finally, reaches less than 4 \% of the population. Micro-insurance is a feasible approach to closing part of this gap. The study shows that a high number of urban households would be willing to provide for the future and are able to pay small insurance primes but lack adequate provisioning offers. The study presents the design of a suitable product and outlines the potential organisational shape of cooperation between non-governmental organisations and commercial insurance companies. These partners would, with the backing of the state, be able to offer a term life and work disability micro-insurance product at an affordable price. The insurance company would design the product, invest reserves and re-insure the scheme, while the non-governmental organisation (a welfare organisation or a microfinance institution) would assume responsibility for product marketing, underwriting and claim management. The idea behind such partnership is to combine the strengths of the actors involved, in this way reducing risk potentials and lowering transaction and information costs. However, the study also stresses that microinsurance cannot provide for comprehensive social protection: for the time being, it would be possible to offer only life and work-disability insurance. Moreover, the micro-insurance approach is not an appropriate approach to covering the entire urban population. While it can reduce the vulnerability of the non-poor, it does not present a solution for the desperately poor, who have no extra-income for insurance. Accordingly, what is required is a threefold strategy. The study recommends the following measures: (i) launch of micro-insurance for the vulnerable non-poor, (ii) widening of the outreach of social assistance to all of the desperately poor and (iii) reform of the operating social insurance schemes with an eye to restoring their financial sustainability and making them fit for a future stepby- step extension of their coverage to additional groups of the employed. Improving the Social Protection of the Urban Poor and {Near-Poor} in Jordan - The Potential of {Micro-Insurance} Asia Financing Health economics Health planning Health sector reform Income Insurance Insurance coverage Jordan Microinsurance Ownership Pension Population Poverty Private sector Public sector Social protection Socio-economic factors Urban poor Urban population 2001 Working Paper German development institute 2001 loewenson_public_1998 techreport Participation of communities is widely argued to be an important factor in improving health outcomes and the performance of health systems. This paper uses a review of past experience of participation in Zimbabwe's health system to propose that participation be strengthened along two dimensions: Creating realistic expectations between communities and health services in their contributions towards health, and in the governance of health systems. Various examples are outlined of the relationship between social participation and control and health outcomes. The paper also outlines the features of and factors in building participation in governance of health systems. It argues for a wider inclusion of social groups from civil society, elected leadership and health systems in structures and processes that set and audit health policies and priorities. It discusses issues to be addressed in enhancing participation, including the information, processes, capacities and resources required. Finally, it reviews the proposals for and issues to be addressed in enhancing participation and accountability in Zimbabwe's health sector at district, referral hospital and national level. Public participation in health: making people matter Africa Community participation Health care system Health sector reform Participation Public health care Sub-Saharan Africa Zimbabwe Harare, Zimbabwe; Brighton, {GB} Public participation in health 1998 84 {IDS} Working Paper http://www.popline.org/docs/1591/187606.html Training and Research Support Centre {(TARSC)} Zimbabwe, Institute of Development Studies {(IDS)} {UK} 1998 loewenson_participation_2000 techreport Participation and accountability in health systems: The missing factor in equity? Health care system Participation Zimbabwe 2000 Training and Research Support Centre 2000 loewenson_assessing_2004 techreport Assessing the impact of Health Centre Committees on health system performance and health resource allocation - Training and Research Support Centre {(TARSC)} Zimbabwe Community Working Group on Health Africa Case study Community participation Health centres Participation Sub-Saharan Africa Zimbabwe 2004 Final Report Southern African Regional Network on Equity in Health {(EQUINET),} {IDRC} Canada 2004 logie_innovations_2008 article The article focuses on changes which have been seen in the health care system of Rwanda. A discussion of three health system developments that have been implemented by the Rwandan government and which have improved barriers to health care is presented. The Rwandan government's attempts to reach New Millennium Goals, and obstacles which it has seen during its attempts, are discussed. Finances and external humanitarian aid which Rwanda will need if it is to achieve New Millennium Goals and supply access to health care to its citizens are examined. Africa Finance Health care Health care system Health services accessibility Humanitarian assistance Public health Rwanda 00995355 256--261 9634 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=33262772&site=ehost-live Lancet Innovations in Rwanda's health system: looking to the future. 372 Innovations in Rwanda's health system July 2008 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 33262772; Logie, Dorothy E. 1 Rowson, Michael 2 Ndagije, Felix 3; Affiliation: 1: Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, Scotland 2: Centre for International Health and Development, Instittue of Child Health, University College London, London, {UK} 3: Kigali Rwanda; Source Info: 7/19/2008, Vol. 372 Issue 9634, p256; Subject Term: {HUMANITARIAN} assistance; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} care; Subject Term: {FINANCE;} Subject Term: {HEALTH} services accessibility; Subject Term: {PUBLIC} health; Subject Term: {RWANDA} -- Social conditions; Subject Term: {RWANDA;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 928120 International Affairs; Number of Pages: 6p; Illustrations: 2 charts, 3 graphs; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Article 2008-07 loong_best_2002 misc Best practices in insurance regulation Insurance Regulation Singapore July 2002 Keynote address 2002-07 lorenz_risikoselektion_2006 misc Risikoselektion als Anreizproblem: M\"{o}glichkeiten der Weiterentwicklung von Risikoausgleichssystemen in der Krankenversicherung Germany GL Risk adjustment Risk selection http://www.ub.uni-konstanz.de/kops/volltexte/2008/6135/ Risikoselektion als Anreizproblem 2006 Diese Dissertation untersucht die Regulierung von Krankenversicherungsm\"{a}rkten und dabei insbesondere Risikoausgleichssysteme (wie {z.B.} den deutschen Risikostrukturausgleich), die dazu dienen, Risikoselektion durch Krankenversicherungen zu reduzieren oder gar zu verhindern. Im 2. Kapitel der Arbeit werden zun\"{a}chst die Ursachen von Risikoselektion und die allgemeine Wirkungsweise von Risikoausgleichssystemen erl\"{a}utert. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit {(Kapitel} 3-5) wird die optimale Ausgestaltung von Risikoausgleichssystemen hergeleitet; dabei wird vor allem auf die Morbidit\"{a}tsorientierung, die Wahl des \"{o}konometrischen Modells und auf Risikopools eingegangen. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit werden die Vorschl\"{a}ge mit der derzeitigen Ausgestaltung des deutschen Risikostrukturausgleichs verglichen. This thesis analyzes risk-adjustment schemes, a regulatory means to reduce incentives for risk selection in health insurance markets. In Chapter 2 the causes of incentives for risk selection and the general structure of risk-adjustment schemes are explained. In the main part of this thesis {(Chapter} 3-5) the optimal design of a risk-adjustment scheme is derived with a special focus on morbidity measures, the econometric model and cost reimbursement. In the empirical part of this thesis the optimal risk-adjustment scheme is compared to the one currently used in Germany. http://www.ub.uni-konstanz.de/kops/volltexte/2008/6135/ 2006 lorgen_dancing_1998 article Journal of International Development Dancing with the state: the role of {NGOs} in health care and health policy Health care system Health policy NGOs 323--339 10 1998 1998 louis_dit_guerin_association_2006 article {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study Association {d'Entraide} des Femmes Benin Africa Benin Case study Mutual insurance Selfhelp organisation Women February 22 2006 http://www.ilo.int/public/english/employment/finance/download/cstudy22.pdf 2006-02 loukanova_promoting_2007 misc Promoting patient empowerment in the healthcare system: highlighting the need for patient-centered drug policy Drug policy Empowerment Health care system Medicine 2007 2007 ltd_education_2000 techreport Education and Training for Consumer Participation in Health Care - {FINAL} {REPORT} {OF} {PROJECT} - Community participation Consumer participation Participation Canberra 2000 Commonwealth of Australia 2000 luboyeski_microfinance_2004 techreport Microfinance Sector Assessment in the Republic of Malawi Africa Malawi Microfinance Microfinance sector assessment 2004 {AMAP} Microfinance - Chemonics Consortium 2004 luft_modifying_1996 article Health Affairs Modifying managed competition to address cost and quality GL Risk equalization 23 15 1996 1 1996 lueftl_staatliche_2002 article Deutsches \"{A}rzteblatt Staatliche Entwicklungszusammenarbeit: Malawi - (k)ein hoffnungsloser Fall Development cooperation Malawi A--3245 November 48/99 2002 2002-11 luft_improving_???? article Public Finance and Management Improving health care by linking risk adjustment and condition-specific quality measurement Condition-specific quality GL Health care sector HIV/AIDS Risk adjustment Risk equalization United States 488--504 2 4 luginaah_challenges_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine The paper reports the findings of a qualitative study using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews about the challenges faced by widows as they confront the direct and indirect impacts of {HIV/AIDS} in Nyanza, Kenya. Two focus groups were conducted with widows from two community-based organizations. This was followed by in-depth interviews with four members and two leaders from each of the community-based organizations. The contents were analysed using grounded theory. The findings reveal several challenges encountered by widows in their struggles with the direct and indirect impacts of {HIV/AIDS.} Widows who know or do not know their {HIV} status are conscious about the possibility of contracting or transmitting the virus. Wife inheritance (a Luo custom), emerged as an outstanding issue for the widows in the context of {HIV/AIDS} transmission. The widows employ various strategies to resist being inherited. Widows in the current epidemic navigate issues of sexuality in various ways, such as insisting their partners use condoms or permanently abstaining from sexual intercourse. Challenges of a pandemic: {HIV/AIDS-related} problems affecting Kenyan widows Africa HIV/AIDS Kenya Widows Wife inheritance 1219--1228 March Challenges of a pandemic 60 2005 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4D48X7T-7/1/db35d0aded3ffc22dc79def1197b37a8 2005-03 luginaah_mandatory_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper examines efforts by some churches in Ghana to reduce the spread of {HIV/AIDS.} The analysis is based on focus group discussions with two groups of men and two groups of women, along with in-depth interviews with 13 pastors and marriage counsellors in the churches studied. In response to government and public criticisms about human rights violations, churches that previously imposed mandatory {HIV} testing on members planning to marry now have voluntary testing programmes. However, the results suggest that what the churches refer to as voluntary testing may not be truly voluntary. Cultural values and traditional practices, including traditional courtship and marriage rites (which are performed before church weddings), not only clash with considerations about pre-marital {HIV} testing but also complicate the contentious issue of confidentiality of information on {HIV} testing. Associated with these complexities and issues of confidentiality is a reluctance among participants, particularly those from northern Ghana, to test for {HIV.} The results reveal how broader social impacts of {HIV} testing for those planning to marry may extend beyond individuals or couples in different cultural contexts. The findings also support the general view that there are no perfect or easy solutions to combating the {HIV/AIDS} pandemic. Practical solutions and programs for Ghana cannot be neutral to cultural values and need to be tailored for particular (ethnic) populations. From mandatory to voluntary testing: Balancing human rights, religious and cultural values, and {HIV/AIDS} prevention in Ghana Africa Counselling and testing Ghana HIV/AIDS Human rights Marriage Religion 1689--1700 October From mandatory to voluntary testing 61 2005 8 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4G7GFVH-2/1/29b89b18059742fcd357016e6ab04fb0 2005-10 lumer_rationaler_2000 book Rationaler Altruismus: Eine prudentielle Theorie der Rationalit\"{a}t und des Altruismus Altruism Rationaler Altruismus 2000 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Universit\"{a}tsverlag Rasch 2000 luengen_einbeziehung_2007 misc Germany's risk-adjustment scheme {(RAS)} includes the statutory health insurance {(SHI),} but not the full private health insurance {(PHI).} We analyzed that the expansion of the {RAS} to the {PHI} would cause a transfer of 9.9 billion Euros per year from the {PHI} to the {SHI} (thresholds of relevant income of 2006) We used the {SOEP} Data set, which is assumed to be representative for Germany. However, we could not evaluate, which health plan within the {PHI} or {SHI} would face a financial burden or relief an how the transfer could be implemented in existing organizational frames. Einbeziehung der privaten Krankenvollversicherung in den Risikostrukturausgleich der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung in Deutschland. Absch\"{a}tzung der quantitativen Auswirkungen Germany GL Private health insurance Risk adjustment 2007 2007 lynne_curran_case_2005 techreport {CASE} {STUDY} {ON} {PROFITABILITY} {OF} {MICROFINANCE} {IN} {COMMERCIAL} {BANKS} - {HATTON} {NATIONAL} {BANK} Case study Hatton National Bank Microfinance Profitability of microfinance 2005 {USAID,} Development Alternatives Inc. 2005 macintyre_referral_1999 article Social Science and Medicine Referral revisited: community financing schemes and emergency transport in rural Africa Africa Community-based health financing Community-based health insurance Rural sector 1473--4187 49 1999 1999 madestam_informal_2009 misc I study the coexistence of formal and informal finance in underdeveloped credit markets. While weak institutions constrain formal banks, shallow pockets hamper informal lenders. In such economies, informal finance has two effects. By increasing the investment return it decreases borrowers' relative payoff following default, inducing banks to lend more liberally (disciplinary effect). By channeling bank capital it reduces banks' agency costs from lending directly to borrowers, limiting banks' extension of borrower credit (rent-extraction effect). Among other things, the model shows that informal interest rates are higher, borrower welfare lower, and informal finance more prevalent when the rent-extraction effect prevails, consistent with stylized facts in poor societies. Informal Finance: A Theory of Moneylenders Informal borrowing Moneylenders 2009 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.39324/16.pdf 2009 madi_setting_2007 article Health Policy A participatory approach to priority setting in programme evaluation may help improve the allocation and more efficient use of scarce resources especially in low-income countries. Research agendas that are the result of collaboration between researchers, programme managers, policy makers and other stakeholders have the potential to ensure rigorous studies are conducted on matters of local priority, based on local, expert knowledge. This paper describes a process involving key stakeholders to elicit and prioritise evaluation needs for safe motherhood in three developing countries. A series of reiterative consultations with safe motherhood stakeholders from each country was conducted over a period of 36 months. In each country, the consultation process consisted of a series of participatory workshops; firstly, stakeholder's views on evaluation were elicited with parallel descriptive work on the contexts. Secondly, priorities for evaluation were identified from stakeholders; thirdly, the evaluation-priorities were refined; and finally, the evaluation research questions, reflecting the identified priorities, were agreed and finalised. Three evaluation-questions were identified in each country, and one selected, on which a full scale evaluation was undertaken. While there is a great deal written about the importance of transparent and participatory priority setting in evaluation; few examples of how such processes could be implemented exist, particularly for maternal health programmes. Our experience demonstrates that the investment in a participatory priority-setting effort is high but the process undertaken resulted in both globally and contextually-relevant priorities for evaluation. This experience provides useful lessons for public health practitioners committed to bridging the research-policy interface. Setting priorities for safe motherhood programme evaluation: A participatory process in three developing countries Participatory priority setting Programme evaluation Safe motherhood 94--104 September Setting priorities for safe motherhood programme evaluation 83 2007 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4N3GNGP-2/1/2c0d88f734ddf17b00bc2d7bb0eed73d 2007-09 magadi_comparative_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper uses Demographic and Health Surveys data from 21 countries in {sub-Saharan} Africa to examine the use of maternal health services by teenagers. A comparison of maternal health care between teenagers and older women, based on bivariate analysis shows little variation in maternal health care by age. However, after controlling for the effect of background factors such as parity, premarital births, educational attainment and urban/rural residence in a multivariate analysis, there is evidence that teenagers have poorer maternal health care than older women with similar background characteristics. The results from multilevel logistic models applied to pooled data across countries show that teenagers are generally more likely to receive inadequate antenatal care and have non-professional deliveries. An examination of country-level variations shows significant differences in the levels of maternal health care across countries. However, there is no evidence of significant variations across countries in the observed patterns of maternal health care by maternal age. This suggests that the observed patterns by maternal age are generalizable across the {sub-Saharan} Africa region. A comparative analysis of the use of maternal health services between teenagers and older mothers in {sub-Saharan} Africa: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys {(DHS)} Africa Delivery care Maternal health Multilevel models Sub-Saharan Africa Teenagers 1311--1325 March A comparative analysis of the use of maternal health services between teenagers and older mothers in {sub-Saharan} Africa 64 2007 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MK0J03-1/1/7e944b408ae8d51cc0c0fa56674e143a 2007-03 mahal_poor_2000 inproceedings Do the Poor or the Rich Benefit More from Government Health Services? The Case of India Benefits Health care system India Public health and poverty Public health care Do the Poor or the Rich Benefit More from Government Health Services? 2000 {Health/Nutrition/Population} and Poverty seminar report 2000 mahal_assessing_2002 article Economic and Political Weekly Assessing private health insurance in India India Private health insurance 559--71 37 2002 2002 mahal_will_2003 article The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Theory Will Private Health Insurance Make the Distribution of Public Health Subsidies More Equal? The Case of India India Private health insurance 131--160 28 2003 2003 mahal_health_???? incollection Health Policy Challenges for India: Private Health Insurance and Lessons from the International Experience Health policy India 395--436 mahal_private_???? techreport Private Entry into Health Insurance in India: An Assessment - Private Health Insurance and Public Health Goals in India India Private health insurance Public health care National Council for Applied Economic Research mahal_poor_2001 techreport The Poor and Health Service Use in India Health and poverty Health care system India Washington, {D.C.} 2001 www.fiscalconf.org Bank World\ 2001 mahapatra_cause_2000 unpublished Cause of death reporting systems in India: a performance analysis. Causes of death reporting systems Health care system India Cause of death reporting systems in India 2000 2000 makoka_demand_2007 article University of Malawi, Economics Department Working Paper The Demand for Private Health Insurance in Malawi Africa Demand Health insurance Malawi Private health insurance 02 (2007) 2007 2007 makombe_national_2007 article Objective To assess the human resources impact of Malawi's rapidly growing antiretroviral therapy {(ART)} programme and balance this against the survival benefit of health-care workers who have accessed {ART} themselves. Methods We conducted a national cross-sectional survey of the human resource allocation in all public-sector health facilities providing {ART} in mid-2006. We also undertook a survival analysis of health-care workers who had accessed {ART} in public and private facilities by 30 June 2006, using data from the national {ART} monitoring and evaluation system. Findings By 30 June 2006, 59 581 patients had accessed {ART} from 95 public and 28 private facilities. The public sites provided {ART} services on 2.4 days per week on average, requiring 7\% of the clinician workforce, 3\% of the nursing workforce and 24\% of the ward clerk workforce available at the facilities. We identified 1024 health-care workers in the national {ART-patient} cohort (2\% of all {ART} patients). The probabilities for survival on {ART} at 6 months, 12 months and 18 months were 85\%, 81\% and 78\%, respectively. An estimated 250 health-care workers' lives were saved 12 months after {ART} initiation. Their combined work-time of more than 1000 staff-days per week was equivalent to the human resources required to provide {ART} at the national level. Conclusion A large number of {ART} patients in Malawi are managed by a small proportion of the health-care workforce. Many health-care workers have accessed {ART} with good treatment outcomes. Currently, staffing required for {ART} balances against health-care workers' lives saved through treatment, although this may change in the future. {(English)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Anti-retroviral agents Antiviral agents Cohort analysis Health facilities Malawi Medical personnel Public health Public sector 00429686 851--857 11 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=27493178&site=ehost-live Bulletin of the World Health Organization A national survey of the impact of rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy on health-care workers in Malawi: effects on human resources and survival. 85 A national survey of the impact of rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy on health-care workers in Malawi November 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Objetivo} Evaluar el impacto que ha tenido en los recursos humanos el programa de terapia antirretroviral {(TAR)} r\'{a}pidamente extendido en Malawi, contrastando ese dato con los beneficios logrados en lo relativo a la supervivencia de los trabajadores sanitarios que han accedido a la {TAR.} M\'{e}todos Realizamos una encuesta transversal nacional sobre la distribuci\'{o}n de los recursos humanos en todos los establecimientos de salud del sector p\'{u}blico que proporcionaban {TAR} a mediados de 2006. Llevamos a cabo tambi\'{e}n un an\'{a}lisis de supervivencia de los trabajadores sanitarios que hab\ufffd?{i}an tenido acceso a la {TAR} en centros p\'{u}blicos y privados hasta el 30 de junio de 2006, utilizando para ello datos del sistema nacional de vigilancia y evaluaci\'{o}n de la {TAR.} Resultados A 30 de junio de 2006, 59 581 pacientes hab\ufffd?{i}an accedido a la {TAR} en 95 centros p\'{u}blicos y 28 privados. Los centros p\'{u}blicos ofrec\ufffd?{i}an servicios de {TAR} 2,4 d\ufffd?{i}as a la semana por t\'{e}rmino medio y absorb\ufffd?{i}an un 7\% del personal m\'{e}dico, el 3\% del personal de enfermer\ufffd?{i}a, y un 24\% de los auxiliares administrativos de los establecimientos. Identificamos a 1024 trabajadores sanitarios de la cohorte nacional de pacientes tratados con {TAR} (2\% de todos los pacientes sometidos a {TAR).} Las probabilidades de supervivencia entre quienes recib\ufffd?{i}an {TAR} a los 6 meses, 12 meses y 18 meses eran de un 85\%, 81\% y 78\%, respectivamente. A los 12 meses de dar comienzo a la {TAR,} se estima que se hab\ufffd?{i}a salvado la vida a unos 250 trabajadores sanitarios. Su tiempo de trabajo combinado, m\'{a}s de 1000 d\ufffd?{i}as-persona por semana, equival\ufffd?{i}a a los recursos humanos requeridos para proporcionar la {TAR} a nivel nacional. Conclusi\'{o}n Un gran n\'{u}mero de pacientes sometidos a {TAR} en Malawi son tratados por una peque??a proporci\'{o}n de la fuerza laboral sanitaria. Muchos trabajadores sanitarios han accedido a la {TAR} con buenos resultados terap\'{e}uticos. Actualmente el personal requerido para administrar la {TAR} es similar al mantenido con vida gracias al tratamiento, pero esto podr\ufffd?{i}a cambiar en el futuro. {(Spanish)} {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]{\textless}/p{\textgreater}} 10.2471/BLT.07.041434 2007-11 malaney_health_2000 techreport Health Sector Reform in Tamil Nadu: Understanding the Role of the Public Sector Health sector reform India Public sector Universal health care 2000 Center for International Development, Harvard University 2000 malawi_health_swap_donor_group_human_2007 misc Human Resources / Capacity Development within the Health Sector Needs Assessment Study Health care sector Malawi SWAP June 2007 2007-06 malherbe_alive+_2004 techreport {ALIVE+} - A pilot assessment of an insurance product for the treatment of {HIV/AIDS} - Version 2, Working Draft Africa HIV/AIDS Micro health insurance South Africa Johannesburg, South Africa 2004 www.genesis-analytics.com Genesis Analytics {(Pty)} Ltd 2004 manaf_reconstruction_2005 misc Reconstruction and Development of the Micro finance System in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam {(NAD)} - {ASSESSMENT} {OF} {PEOPLES} {CREDIT} {BANKS} {(BPR} / {BPRS)} {IN} {NANGGROE} {ACEH} {DARUSALAM} Aceh Indonesia Microfinance Microfinance system Post-conflict Post-disaster 2005 2005 manje_madison_2005 techreport Madison Insurance, Zambia Africa Case study Credit-life insurance Microinsurance Zambia 2005 10 Case Study {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 manje_microinsurance_2007 misc Understanding the relevance of microinsurance services to clients This paper presents findings and recommendations of a study that measured client satisfaction with microinsurance products and services. The study reviewed funeral insurance schemes offered by two {MFIs,} namely, Christian Enterprise Trust of Zambia {(CETZAM)} and Promotion of Rural Initiatives and Development Enterprises {(Pride)} Zambia. The {MFIs} offered products through a partner-agent model with two local insurance companies, namely, Madison and {NICO.} The study explores client satisfaction in relation to product coverage, accessibility, timeliness and product appropriateness. The results provide insights into clients' perception of insurance and their relative satisfaction with the products under review. Study findings include: * Poor people are concerned with the manner in which services are sold or provided to them; * {CETZAM} clients complained that credit officers did not clearly explain the insurance products before they collected premiums; * Poor people are desperate for more inclusive financial services that meet their needs; * Clients from both institutions expressed demand for health insurance; * Potential resistance to insurance against death, resulting from traditional values should not be ignored; * {CETZAM} clients felt that insurance companies should be involved in client education on insurance. Microinsurance Client Satisfaction Study: Zambia Africa Microinsurance Zambia November 2007 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.34330 2007-11 manje_demand_2002 article {ILO} {InFocus} Programme on Boosting Employment through Small Enterprise Development Working Paper The Demand for Risk-managing Financial Services in Low-income Communities: Evidence from Zambia Demand for riskmanaging financial services Low-income population Zambia The Demand for Risk-managing Financial Services in Low-income Communities 31 2002 2002 mansyur_social_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine There has been growing interest in the relationship between the social environment and health. Among the concepts that have emerged over the past decade to examine this relationship are socio-economic inequality and social capital. Using data from the World Values Survey and the World Bank, we tested the hypothesis that self-rated health is affected by social capital and income inequality cross-nationally. The merit of our approach was that we used multilevel methods in a larger and more diverse sample of countries than used previously. Our results indicated that, for a large number of diverse countries, commonly used measures of social capital and income inequality had strong compositional effects on self-rated health, but inconsistent contextual effects, depending on the countries included. Cross-level interactions suggested that contextual measures can moderate the effect of compositional measures on self-rated health. Sensitivity tests indicated that effects varied in different subsets of countries. Future research should examine country-specific characteristics, such as differences in cultural values or norms, which may influence the relationships between social capital, income inequality, and health. Social capital, income inequality, and self-rated health in 45 countries Compositional vs. contextual effects Cross-national Multi-level modelling Self-rated health 43--56 January 66 2008 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4R11KC3-1/1/f4f38bc630b2165b05589a15b0a25c24 2008-01 manuamorn_scaling_2007 misc Scaling Up Microinsurance: The Case of Weather Insurance for Smallholders in India, Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 36 India Weather insurance 2007 2007 mapfumo_malawi_2005 techreport Malawi 2006/7 Weather Index Based Insurance Africa Index-based weather insurance Malawi Sub-Saharan Africa Weather insurance 2005 {ARD} - Agriculture and Rural Development, {CRMG} 2005 marchand_prior_2003 article {RAND} Journal of Economics Prior health expenditures and risk sharing with insurers competing on quality GL Health care expenditure Risk equalization 647--669 34 2003 4 2003 marek_hudon_microfinance_2007 techreport In recent years, large numbers of developing and transitional countries have ex??peri??enced situations of crisis, following political, economic or natural disasters, or total crisis, triggered by war or totalitarian oppression. The goal of this article is to study the role of member-owned institutions {(MOIs)} in the provision of the reparations for victims of human rights abuses or reconstruction in post-conflict and post-disaster situations. We argue that grants usually awarded for reconstruction in post-conflict areas or for reparations payments in post-disaster areas could be best turned into equity and deposits to foster {MOIs.} {MOIs} are found to be an appropriate institutional framework, to make the benefits of one-off payments more sustainable and also reinforce the financial sector. Microfinance in post-disaster and post-conflict situations: Turning victims into shareholders Microfinance Post-conflict Post-disaster January Microfinance in post-disaster and post-conflict situations 2007 http://ideas.repec.org/p/sol/wpaper/07-002.html Universit\'{e} Libre de Bruxelles, Solvay Business School, Centre Emile Bernheim {(CEB)} 2007-01 mariam_ethiopia:_2002 techreport Ethiopia: Potential of Traditional Social Insurance for Supporting Health Care Africa Ethiopia Health care Health insurance Traditional arrangements 2002 48 Bank World\ 2002 mariam_indigenous_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine Withincreasing demand for services further propagated by population growthand by peoples response to newly emerging pathologies, nations in {sub-Saharan} Africa are faced with insurmountable problems in sustaining their health systems. Realizing the inadequacy of solely relying on the public sector, these countries are seeking alternative mechanisms for health financing. Among the alternatives suggested are risk-sharing mechanisms that include community-based schemes that tap the potential of indigenous social arrangements. In Ethiopia, eders are major forms of indigenous arrangements utilized mainly for assisting victims in bereavement and executing funeral-related activities. These associations are also called upon in various self-help activities and sometimes provide health insurance, even though mostly in an informal manner. Therefore, they have the potential to serve as social financing mechanisms. Since these are already functioning groups, the administrative cost for the extra health-related activity will not be as high as in the case of forming a new insurance entity. In addition, the fact that eders are based on mutual understanding among members minimizes the possibility of adverse selection. Based on the above background, an exploratory study was conducted in 40 villages distributed in various parts of Ethiopia to assess the possible roles eders might play in providing insurance for health financing. Both qualitative and quantitative (household and health facility exit interview surveys) methods of data collection were utilized. The study concludes that eder-based schemes are, indeed, options for experimentation as mechanisms for financing health care in rural Ethiopia. It was also found that 21.5\% of respondents in the household and 16\% of those in the exit surveys were already utilizing eders to finance part of their health expenditure. In addition, 86\% of the respondents in the household and 90\% of those in the exit survey were willing to participate in eder-based health insurance schemes. Indigenous social insurance as an alternative financing mechanism for health care in Ethiopia (the case of eders) Ethiopia Health insurance Socio-economic factors 1719--1726 2003 56 2003 mario_olivares_market_2009 techreport The creation of credit markets in poor countries is a crucial factor for their development. If well put into practice, people would be able to improve their quality of life. With the suitable support they will become educated and that will allow them to enlarge their business, to think by themselves and to appreciate that they have rights. Microfinance has seen great changes in the last 50 years and has become visibly known due to the success of some occurrence in developing countries and more recently in Europe through a number of schemes that have been implemented solving this key issue. In this article we discuss this experience, we evaluate the economic theory of microfinance and propose a alternative model. We conclude that microcredit can be see as a new approach in developing policies or as a scheme against unemployment. Market Solutions in Poverty: The Role of Microcredit in Development Countries with Financial Restrictions Interest rates Microcredit Microfinance 2009 12/2009 School of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics 2009 martin_risk_1998 article Social science \& medicine For most individuals, the use made of health care in a given year is determined principally by unpredictable random incidents. Of course, some individuals have a predictably higher predisposition to illness than others. However, the general consensus is that only a fraction of individual variability in health care costs can be predicted. The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of this inherent randomness for setting health care budgets for general practitioner purchasers of health care. The paper argues that variability in utilization in health care is very high: that no capitation formula can ever completely capture that variability, even for large populations: that the variability may give rise to certain dysfunctional consequences if not managed carefully; and that therefore careful attention should be given to the managerial arrangements associated with any devolution of health care budgets. Risk and the general practitioner budget holder Budgets Contract services Family practice GL Health care expenditure Health care rationing Health sector reform Risk adjustment 02779536 1547--1554 November 47 1998 10 {PMID:} 9823050 1998-11 martin_health-based_2004 techreport {Health-Based} risk-assessment {Risk-Adjusted} GL Risk adjustment Washington, {D.C.} 2004 Academy Health - Advancing Research. Policy and Practice 2004 marwell_critical_1993 book The Critical Mass in Collective Action - A Micro Social Theory Collective behaviour Microsociology Social action Cambridge, {USA} 1993 Cambridge University Press 1993 marzolf_indonesia_2002 techreport The Indonesia Private Health Sector: Opportunities for Reform: An Analysis of Obstacles and Constraints to Growth Indonesia Opportunities for reform Private health sector Washington, {DC} The Indonesia Private Health Sector 2002 discussion paper Bank World\ 2002 masanjala_poverty-hiv/aids_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper reviews the nexus between poverty and {HIV/AIDS} in Africa using a sustainable livelihood framework. Much of the literature on {HIV} and {AIDS} has generated an almost universal consensus that the {AIDS} epidemic is having an immense impact on the economies of hard-hit countries, hurting not only individuals, families and firms, but also significantly slowing economic growth and worsening poverty. International evidence has concentrated on the pathways through which {HIV/AIDS} undermines livelihoods and raises vulnerability to future collapse of livelihoods. Yet, little attention has been paid to the role that social relations and livelihood strategies can play in bringing about risky social interaction that raises the chance of contracting {HIV.} Using the sustainable livelihood and social relation approaches, this article demonstrates that although {AIDS} is not simply a disease of the poor, determinants of the epidemic go far beyond individual volition and that some dimensions of being poor increase risk and vulnerability to {HIV.} The {poverty-HIV/AIDS} nexus in Africa: A livelihood approach Africa Social relations framework Sustainable livelihood framework 1032--1041 March The {poverty-HIV/AIDS} nexus in Africa 64 2007 5 2007-03 mathanga_malaria_2007 article Background: In Africa, national governments and international organizations are focusing on rapidly "scaling up" malaria control interventions to at least 60 percent of vulnerable populations. The potential health and economic benefits of "scaling up" will depend on the equitable access to malaria control measures by the poor. This paper analyses the present inequalities in access to malaria interventions in Malawi. Methods: Equity in access to malaria control measures was assessed using the Malawi Demographic Health Survey {(DHS)} 2000 and the 2004 national survey on malaria control. Utilisation of malaria control methods was compared across the wealth quintiles, to determine whether the poor were being reached with malaria control measures. Results: Overall {ITN} coverage increased from 5\% in 2000 to 35\% in 2004. However, there was a disproportionate concentration of {ITNs} amongst the least poor compared to the poorest group. Effective treatment of fever remains unacceptably low with only 17\% of the under-five children being promptly treated with an effective antimalarial drug. And only 29 percent of pregnant women received the recommended dose of at least two doses during the pregnancy. No income related inequalities were associated with prompt treatment and {IPT} use. Conclusion: The present distribution strategies for {ITNs} are not addressing the needs of the vulnerable groups, especially the poor. Increasing access to {ITNs} by the poor will require innovative distribution models which deliberately target the poorest of the poor. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Health survey Malaria Malawi Medical policy Poor Public health 14759276 22--27 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=34936824&site=ehost-live International Journal for Equity in Health Malaria control in Malawi: are the poor being served? 6 Malaria control in Malawi January 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of International Journal for Equity in Health is the property of {BioMed} Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1186/1475-9276-6-22 2007-01 mathauer_extending_2008 article The International Journal of Health Planning and Management This paper contributes to analysing and understanding the demand for (social) health insurance of informal sector workers in Kenya by assessing their perceptions and knowledge of and concerns regarding health insurance and the Kenyan National Hospital Insurance Fund {(NHIF).} It serves to explore how informal sector workers could be integrated into the {NHIF.To} collect data, focus group discussions were held with organized groups of informal sector workers of different types across the country, backed up by a self-administered questionnaire completed by heads of {NHIF} area branch {offices.It} was found that the most critical barrier to {NHIF} enrolment is the lack of knowledge of informal sector workers about the {NHIF,} its enrolment option and procedures for informal sector workers. Inability to pay is a critical factor for some, but people were, in principle, interested in health insurance, and thus willing to pay for {it.In} sum, the mix of demand-side determinants for enrolling in the {NHIF} is not as complex as expected. This is good news, as these demand-side determinants can be addressed with a well-designed strategy, focusing on awareness raising and information, improvement of insurance design features and setting differentiated and affordable contribution rates. Copyright Copyright 2007 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd. Extending social health insurance to the informal sector in Kenya. An assessment of factors affecting demand Africa Informal sector Kenya Social health insurance 51--68 23 2008 1 10.1002/hpm.914 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.914 2008 mathauer_health_2006 article Human Resources for Health Health worker motivation in Africa: the role of non-financial incentives and human resource management tools Africa Health workers Human capital Human resource management tools Incentives Non-financial incentives 24 Health worker motivation in Africa 4 2006 http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/4/1/24 2006 mathers_counting_2005 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Counting the dead and what they died from: an assessment of the global status of cause of death data Death data GL 171--177 Counting the dead and what they died from 83 2005 3 2005 mathiyazhagan_willingness_1998 article International Journal of Health Planning and Management The main objective of this article is to examine the willingness to pay for a viable rural health insurance scheme through community participation in India, and the policy concerns it engenders. The willingness to pay for a rural health insurance scheme through community participation is estimated through a contingent valuation approach (logit model), by using the rural household survey on health from Karnataka State in India. The results show that insurance/saving schemes are popular in rural areas. In fact, people have relatively good knowledge of insurance schemes (especially life insurance) rather than saving schemes. Most of the people stated they are willing to join and pay for the proposed rural health insurance scheme. However, the probability of willingness to join was found to be greater than the probability of willingness to pay. Indeed, socio-economic factors and physical accessibility to quality health services appeared to be significant determinants of willingness to join and pay for such a scheme. The main justification for the willingness to pay for a proposed rural health insurance scheme are attributed from household survey results: (a) the existing government health care provider's services is not quality oriented; (b) is not easily accessible; and, (c) is not cost effective. The discussion suggests that policy makers in India should take serious note of the growing influence of the private sector and people's willingness to pay for organizing a rural health insurance scheme to provide quality and efficient health care in India. Policy interventions in health should not ignore private sector existence and people's willingness to pay for such a scheme and these two factors should be explicitly involved in the health management process. It is also argued that regulatory and supportive policy interventions are inevitable to promote this sector's viable and appropriate development in organizing a health insurance scheme. Willingness to Pay for Rural Health Insurance Through Community Participation in India Asia Community participation Contingent valuation India Micro health insurance Participation Sustainability Willingness to pay 47--67 13 1998 1998 matilica_out--pocket_1999 article {CMJ} Onlina {Out-of-Pocket} Payments for Health Care in Croatia Croatia Health care 40 1999 2 file:///X:/Bibliography-Edulink/Neu-und-unsortiert/Lisa-Neu-2008-01-22/Neue%20Literatur%20von%20Pandora/OOPS-Equitable-Financing/Mastilica_OOPP_Health-Care-Croatia-Equity.htm 1999 matthias_range_islamic_2004 phdthesis Islamic Microfinance Islamic microfinance MF Indonesia {RWTH} Aachen 2004 Research Center of {"International} technical and economical Co-operation" - Faculty of Business Administration 2004 matul_landscape_2009 article Microinsurance Innovation Facility Briefing Note The landscape of microinsurance in Africa Africa Microinsurance October 1 2009 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/mifacility/download/bn-1-en.pdf 2009-10 matul_landscape_2010 article Working Paper In 2009, the Microinsurance Innovation Facility published, in its Briefing Notes series, the results of a study that revealed the current landscape of microinsurance in Africa. The study, conducted in partnership with the {MicroInsurance} Centre, identified over 14 million low-income people in Africa who were covered by microinsurance at the end of 2008, almost double where this figure stood in 2004. Even with such growth, substantial parts of the continent remain almost barren of microinsurance. This paper is an expanded version of those briefing notes, presenting more detailed results of the study and setting them in context. Market opportunity and demand are covered in depth, along with the African regulatory environment and other important enabling factors. The current outreach of microinsurance in Africa, including insurers, products, and delivery channels, is then presented from a practice-based perspective, with case studies and input from expert practitioners. The paper concludes with a discussion of challenges that must be overcome in order to facilitate broader, high-quality expansion in the years to come. The Landscape of Microinsurance in Africa Africa Landscape study Microinsurance Sub-Saharan Africa May 4 2010 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/mifacility/download/mpaper4_landscape_en.pdf 2010-05 maumbe_hidden_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine Balancing the numerous benefits that may accrue from pesticide use on cotton, farmers face health hazards. Pesticide-induced acute symptoms significantly increased the cost-of-illness in a survey of 280 smallholder cotton growers in two districts of Zimbabwe. Cotton growers lost a mean of Z\$180 in Sanyati and Z\$316 per year in Chipinge on pesticide-related direct and indirect acute health effects. These values are equivalent to 45\% and 83\% of annual household pesticide expenditures in the two districts. The time spent recuperating from illnesses attributed to pesticides averaged 2 days in Sanyati and 4 days in Chipinge during the 1998/1999 growing season. These pesticide health cost estimates represent lower bounds only; they omit chronic pesticide health effects as well as suffering and other non-monetary costs. Acute pesticide symptoms were determined in large part by pesticide use practices, notably the lack of protective clothing. Yet many smallholder farmers misunderstood pesticide health hazards, and so did little to protect themselves. Despite the use of simple color codes, 22\% of smallholder cotton growers in Sanyati and 58\% in Chipinge did not know how the four colored triangles communicated increasing degrees of pesticide toxicity. Better farmer education in exposure averting strategies is needed. Likewise, fuller accounting for hidden health costs in future would allow farmers to make more informed decisions about agricultural pest management. Hidden health costs of pesticide use in Zimbabwe's smallholder cotton growers Cost-of-illness Cotton Occupational health Pesticide Zimbabwe 1559--1571 November 57 2003 9 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-484SFN9-2/1/c423e956b62c7619f00c7a18dd9213b3 2003-11 ma_health_2002 article Journal of Economics \& Management Strategy Health Insurance, Moral Hazard, and Managed Care Health insurance Managed care Moral hazard 81--107 Health Insurance, Moral Hazard, and Managed Care 11 2002 1 2002 mavlankar_health_2000 techreport Health Insurance in India: Opportunities, Challenges and Concerns Health insurance India Ahmedabad Health Insurance in India 2000 Indian Institute of Management 2000 mazzucato_informal_2009 article World Development Summary Risk pooling literature argues the need for geographic proximity to ensure the functioning of informal insurance arrangements. This paper investigates whether these arrangements exist between migrants and their network members back home and, if so, how they work in the absence of geographic proximity. Analysis of a simultaneous matched sample of migrants in the Netherlands and network members in Ghana reveals the existence of reverse remittances. These remittances show that there is risk pooling between migrants and network members. The paper elaborates on the institutional arrangements that make such a system possible. Informal Insurance Arrangements in Ghanaian Migrants' Transnational Networks: The Role of Reverse Remittances and Geographic Proximity Ghana Remittances Transnational networks {0305-750X} Informal Insurance Arrangements in Ghanaian Migrants' Transnational Networks In Press, Corrected Proof 2009 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4V936RM-2/2/f18b3cc7f43b31611c4b972e2d965a81 2009 mccord_risk_2000 techreport Risk, Poverty, and Insurance: Innovations for the Informal Economy {-AIG} and {NHHP} {PARTNERING} {WITH} {FINCA} {UGANDA} - An Example of the {Partner/Agent} Model Africa Insurance Partner-agent-model Poverty Risk Uganda Bethesda, Maryland 2000 Wolrdbank 2000 mccord_microinsurance_2000 techreport Microinsurance - A case study of an example of the mutual model of microinsurance provision - Umasida Africa Case study Micro health insurance Mutual insurance Tanzania Nairobi, Kenya 2000 The Microinsurance Centre 2000 mccord_microinsurance_2000-1 techreport Microinsurance in Uganda: A case study of an example of the partner-agent model of microinsurance provision Africa Case study Micro health insurance Microinsurance Partner-agent-model Uganda Nairobi, Kenya Microinsurance in Uganda 2000 {MicroSave-Africa} - Market-led solutions for financial services 2000 mccord_microinsurance:_2001 techreport Microinsurance: A Case Study of the Provider Model of Microinsurance Provision, {GRET} Cambodia Cambodia Case study Micro health insurance Microinsurance Provider model Nairobi, Kenya Microinsurance 2001 {MicroSave-Africa} - Market-led solutions for financial services 2001 mccord_health_2001 article Small Enterprise Development The topic of Microinsurance is becoming very popular among Microfinance and development practitioners, donors, and interested parties. There is still little actual documentation on implementation of this line of business outside that of credit unions. {MicroSave-Africa} recognizes the potential of Microinsurance as a risk management tool for poor families that that brings the poor beyond self-savings into the leveraged position of risk pooling. Four health insurance programs representing the four general models of insurance provision were reviewed through case study visits during {July/August} 2000. Two of the four programs are still in the testing phase while the other two have more than three years experience with their products. The microfinance related programs all chose to create an institutional barrier between the insurance program and the microfinance activities citing issues of capacity and risk. A very high dropout rate was seen in three of the programs related to premium issues as well as a universal lack of client understanding of the benefits of risk pooling. In very early testing of one program, no evidence was found to confirm the belief that access to quality health care has any impact on client performance or retention with a related {MFI.} An understanding of all these issues would benefit from additional study. Much study of microinsurance programs is still needed. Topics such as the relationship between the specific product and the client's willingness to pay for it are critical to the issue of surplus generation with these programs. A very high attrition rate was evidenced and needs further study. One example from each model is not enough to gain a comprehensive understanding of the model and its application. More case studies will help to build a better foundation from which to make decisions about which model is appropriate in which circumstances. Finally, it is clear from these cases that the provision of health insurance is a very complex business activity and great care should be taken by any institution considering entering such business. Health Care Microinsurance. A Synthesis of Case Studies from Four Health Care Financing Programs in Uganda, Tanzania, India, and Cambodia Africa Cambodia Case study India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Tanzania Uganda Willingness to pay 25--38 12 2001 1 2001 mccord_microinsurance:_2004 misc Microinsurance: Options for Support; Uganda - Albania - Georgia Africa Albania Europe Georgia Microinsurance Uganda Frankfurt, Germany October 2004 2004-10 mccord_partner-agent_2006 incollection Why a partner-agent model? How the partner-agent model works; The good and the bad; Advantages and disadvantages Craig Churchill The partner-agent model: Challenges and opportunities Institutional options Micro health insurance Partner-agent-model Geneva / Munich 357--377 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 mccord_supplying_2007 article Health microinsurance[1] is a recent entrant in the effort to provide sustainable health financing products to low-income populations. Literature covering this area is sparse and limited to a focus on one delivery channel. Several other channels are beginning to show promise in this market, but these have not been carefully reviewed, compared, or contrasted. There is no significant literature that reviews these different models in a practical manner to aid institutions that are considering the development of a health microinsurance product. This study provides a better understanding of the effectiveness of these different models. It helps insurers and others to identify good and "bad" practices[2] within the various models so that they can: decide which model is most appropriate for them, and benefit from the key lessons of others. {ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR} Africa East Africa Micro health insurance Supply Tanzania 01900692 737--764 8/9 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=25728945&site=ehost-live International Journal of Public Administration Supplying Health Microinsurance: Lessons from East Africa. 30 Supplying Health Microinsurance July 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of International Journal of Public Administration is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts.){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1080/01900690701226489 2007-07 mccord_visions_2008 article Microinsurance {NOTE} This final Microinsurance Note takes a look at the future of microinsurance. The premise of this paper is that massification-providing huge numbers of low-income people with access to microinsurance products that they perceive as valuable-is an important goal for the future. Two questions are key: What achievements are necessary to generate massification? and What changes or innovations are necessary to reach these achievements over the next ten years? In order to address these questions, several top microinsurance thinkers and providers were consulted. These microinsurance practitioners and thinkers come from varied specialties, geographies, and experiences, and their responses create a mosaic of the future of microinsurance and what is needed to get there. Visions of the Future of Microinsurance, and Thoughts on Getting There Microinsurance 9 2008 http://www.microlinks.org/file_download.php/MicroInsurance+Note+9_Future+of+Microinsurance.pdf?URL_ID=22877&filename=12083732291MicroInsurance_Note_9_Future_of_Microinsurance.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=407365&name=MicroInsurance+Note+9_Future+of+Microinsurance.pdf&location=user-S/ 2008 mccord_microinsurance:_2001-1 techreport Microinsurance: A case study of an example of the full service model of microinsurance provision - {Self-Employed} Women's Association {(SEWA)} Case study Charitable model India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Partner-agent-model SEWA Nairobi, Kenya Microinsurance 2001 {MicroSave-Africa} - Market-led solutions for financial services 2001 mccord_premium_2006 incollection Modes of premium collection; Collection frequency and timing; Client considerations; Premium collection controls Craig Churchill Premium collection: Minimizing transaction costs and maximizing customer service Microinsurance Microinsurance operations Premium collection Transaction costs Geneva / Munich 197--215 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 mccord_institutional_2000 techreport Institutional and organizational structures for microinsurance provision Administration Financing Health economics Health insurance Institutional and organizational structure Institutional options Institutional structures Insurance Microinsurance 2000 Week 2 Briefing Paper {USAID} {MBP'S} Virtual Conference on Microinsurance 2000 mccord_card_2004 book Card {MBA,} The Phillipines Asia Case study Microinsurance Philippines 2004 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance, Good and Bad Practices Case Study 2004 mccord_claims_2006 incollection Claims notification; Settlement; Controls; Claims considerations in product design Craig Churchill Claims processing Claims processing Microinsurance Microinsurance operations Geneva / Munich 216--237 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 mccord_microinsurance_2003 misc Learnings for the microinsurance sector This document discusses the important lessons learnt from the implementation of the microinsurance program, which can be worked upon so as to improve the overall sector, in east Africa. The document explains the following: * The need for systematic development of microinsurance products; * Aspects related to the pricing of these products; * Issues related to claims; * Need for having an effective marketing management; * Effective risk management of such microinsurance institutes; * Relationships with the intermediaries. The document further talks about carrying out due diligence on all partners involved in the business so as to minimize the overall risks associated with the business to the extent possible. {MicroInsurance} Centre Briefing Note \# 5: Lessons from Health Care Financing Programmes in East Africa Africa East Africa Health care financing Micro health insurance December 2003 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.28261 2003-12 mccord_reducing_2005 article Addresses the supply side of microinsurance in East Africa. Institutions identified in the region as case studies to help understand supply side products and operations; Risk mitigation in East Africa; Options for risk management. Africa East Africa Micro health insurance Supply 09541748 327--381 3 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=17072772&site=ehost-live Journal of International Development Reducing vulnerability: the supply of health microinsurance in East Africa. 17 Reducing vulnerability April 2005 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 17072772; {McCord,} Michael J. 1; Email Address: {MJMC.cord@Bellsouth.net;} Osinde, Sylvia 2; Affiliations: 1: The {MicroInsurance} Centre; 2: Microsave; Issue Info: Apr2005, Vol. 17 Issue 3, p327; Thesaurus Term: {SUPPLY} \& demand; Thesaurus Term: {RISK} management; Thesaurus Term: {INSURANCE;} Thesaurus Term: {MANAGEMENT;} Subject: {AFRICA,} East; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524292 Third Party Administration of Insurance and Pension Funds; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 524298 All Other Insurance Related Activities; {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 525190 Other Insurance Funds; Number of Pages: 55p; Illustrations: 11 charts, 1 graph; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1002/jid.1195 2005-04 mccord_health_2007 article This article examines the data and results of a study conducted in Southwestern Uganda, the purpose of which was to discern the knowledge, perceptions, practices, barriers, and sources of information involving the use of {ITNs} among two groups of health microinsurance organization clients. One group had been exposed only to basic health education about malaria, and the other had been exposed to high levels of malaria prevention education and social marketing of the {SmartNet} insecticide-treated bednet. Our study wished to understand the relative effectiveness of social marketing of the {SmartNet} {ITN} with an eye to designing an effective, more general educational tool, and to understand the relationship between social marketing, disease prevention, and health microinsurance organizations. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Africa Disease prevention Health education Malaria Micro health insurance Moskito nets Preventive health services Social marketing Uganda 01900692 791--812 8/9 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=25728943&site=ehost-live International Journal of Public Administration Health Microinsurance, Social Marketing, and Disease Prevention: Perspectives from the Field. 30 Health Microinsurance, Social Marketing, and Disease Prevention July 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of International Journal of Public Administration is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts.){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1080/01900690701226935 2007-07 mccoy_double_2008 article Two crises dominate the health sectors of {sub-Saharan} African countries: those of human resources and of {HIV.} Nevertheless, there is considerable variation in the extent to which these two phenomena affect {sub-Saharan} countries, with a few facing extreme levels of both: Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, the Central African Republic and Malawi. This paper reviews the continent-wide situation with respect to this double burden before considering the case of Malawi in more detail. In Malawi, there has been significant concurrent investment in both an Emergency Human Resource Programme and an antiretroviral therapy programme which was treating 60,000 people by the end of 2006. Both areas of synergy and conflict have arisen, as the two programmes have been implemented. These highlight important issues for programme planners and managers to address and emphasize that planning for the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy while simultaneously strengthening health systems and the human resource situation requires prioritization among compelling cases for support, and time (not just resources). {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Africa Case study Health care industry HIV/AIDS Malawi Personnel management Sub-Saharan Africa 14784491 1--13 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=35703335&site=ehost-live Human Resources for Health The double burden of human resource and {HIV} crises: a case study of Malawi. 6 The double burden of human resource and {HIV} crises January 2008 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Human Resources for Health is the property of {BioMed} Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1186/1478-4491-6-16 2008-01 mceuen_initiatives_1997 inproceedings Initiatives in Health Care Financing: Lessons Learned Health care financing Harare, Zimbabwe May 1997 {USAID} 1997-05 mcguinness_malawis_2008 misc Malawi's Financial Landscape: Where Does Opportunity International Bank of Malawi Fit? Africa Malawi Microfinance Opportunity International July 2008 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.34331 2008-07 mcguire_physician_2000 incollection This chapter reviews the theory and empirical literature on physician market power, behavior, and motives, referred to collectively as the issue of "physician agency." The chapter is organized around an increasingly complex view of the demand conditions facing a physician, beginning with the most simple conception associated with demand and supply, and building through monopolistic competition models with complete information, and finally models with asymmetric information. Institutional features such as insurance, price regulation, managed care networks and noncontractible elements of quality of care are incorporated in turn. The review reveals three mechanisms physicians may use to influence quantity of care provided to patients: quantity setting of a nonretradable service, influencing demand by setting the level of a noncontractible input ("quality"), and, in an asymmetric-information context, taking an action to influence patient preferences. The third mechanism is known as "physician-induced demand." The empirical literature on this topic is reviewed. Theories based on alternatives to profitmaximization as objectives of physicians are also reviewed, including ethics and concern for patients, and the "target-income" hypothesis. The target-income hypothesis can be rejected, although there is empirical support for non-profit maximizing behavior. Volume 1a Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Physician Agency Agency Insurance Managed care Monopolistic competition Networks Physician-induced demand Price regulation Quantity-setting Target income Amsterdam (a.o.) 460--536 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Part 2 Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 mcguire_microfinance_2000 article {Asia-Pacific} Review In the 1990s, microfinance has captured the imagination of opinion leaders, governments, and donor agencies. Suppor ters have argued that microfinance institutions {(MFIs)} can not only have a major impact in the fight against poverty, but can do so on a sustainable basis. At the same time, a number of critics have emerged. In this paper, Paul {McGuire,} consultant, and John Conroy, Executive Director of the Foundation for Development Cooperation, Brisbane, Australia, consider the achievements of microfinance to date. They find that most, but not all, of the evidence suggests that microfinance can play a role in reducing poverty. On the other hand, while it has become generally accepted that {MFIs} can and should become financially self-sufficient, few have actually done so. It may be appropriate for well-managed programs to receive some ongoing level of subsidization if they can be shown to be effective in reducing poverty. There is a continuing role for donors in the development of microfinance, but it is important that donors focus on quality rather than quantity. The Microfinance Phenomenon Development History Microfinance 90--108 7 2000 1 2000 mcintyre_tale_2003 article Health Policy and Planning A tale of two visions: the changing fortunes of Social Health Insurance in South Africa Africa GL Risk equalization Social health insurance South Africa 47--58 18 2003 1 2003 mcintyre_what_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper presents the findings of a critical review of studies carried out in low- and middle-income countries {(LMICs)} focusing on the economic consequences for households of illness and health care use. These include household level impacts of direct costs (medical treatment and related financial costs), indirect costs (productive time losses resulting from illness) and subsequent household responses. It highlights that health care financing strategies that place considerable emphasis on out-of-pocket payments can impoverish households. There is growing evidence of households being pushed into poverty or forced into deeper poverty when faced with substantial medical expenses, particularly when combined with a loss of household income due to ill-health. Health sector reforms in {LMICs} since the late 1980s have particularly focused on promoting user fees for public sector health services and increasing the role of the private for-profit sector in health care provision. This has increasingly placed the burden of paying for health care on individuals experiencing poor health. This trend seems to continue even though some countries and international organisations are considering a shift away from their previous pro-user fee agenda. Research into alternative health care financing strategies and related mechanisms for coping with the direct and indirect costs of illness is urgently required to inform the development of appropriate social policies to improve access to essential health services and break the vicious cycle between illness and poverty. What are the economic consequences for households of illness and of paying for health care in low- and middle-income country contexts? Coping strategies Household impacts Illness costs 858--865 February 62 2006 4 2006-02 mcintyre_beyond_2008 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization The World Health Assembly of 2005 called for all health systems to move towards universal coverage, defined as "access to adequate health care for all at an affordable price". A crucial aspect in achieving universal coverage is the extent to which there are income and risk cross-subsidies in health systems. Yet this aspect appears to be ignored in many of the policy prescriptions directed at low- and middle-income countries, often resulting in high degrees of health system fragmentation. The aim of this paper is to explore the extent of fragmentation within the health systems of three African countries {(Ghana,} South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania). Using a framework for analysing health-care financing in terms of its key functions, we describe how fragmentation has developed, how each country has attempted to address the arising equity challenges and what remains to be done to promote universal coverage. The analysis suggests that South Africa has made the least progress in addressing fragmentation, while Ghana appears to be pursuing a universal coverage policy in a more coherent way. To achieve universal coverage, health systems must reduce their reliance on out-of-pocket payments, maximize the size of risk pools, and resource allocation mechanisms must be put in place to either equalize risks between individual insurance schemes or equitably allocate general tax (and donor) funds. Ultimately, there needs to be greater integration of financing mechanisms to promote universal cover with strong income and risk cross-subsidies in the overall health system. Beyond fragmentation and towards universal coverage: insights from Ghana, South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania Ghana NHIS South Africa Tanzania Universal coverage 871--876 2008 86 http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-053413.pdf 2008 mcintyre_prerequisites_2009 article {BACKGROUND:} National Health Insurance {(NHI)} is currently high on the health policy agenda. The intention of this financing system is to promote efficiency and the equitable distribution of financial and human resources, improving health outcomes for the majority. However, there are some key prerequisites that need to be in place before an {NHI} can achieve these goals. {OBJECTIVES:} To explore public perceptions on what changes in the public health system are necessary to ensure acceptability and sustainability of an {NHI,} and whether South Africans are ready for a change in the health system. {METHODS:} A cross-sectional nationally representative survey of 4 800 households was undertaken, using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed in {STATA} {IC10.} {RESULTS} {AND} {CONCLUSIONS:} There is dissatisfaction with both public and private sectors, suggesting South Africans are ready for health system change. Concerns about the quality of public sector services relate primarily to patient-provider engagements (empathic staff attitudes, communication and confidentiality issues), cleanliness of facilities and drug availability. There are concerns about the affordability of medical schemes and how the profit motive affects private providers' behaviour. South Africans do not appear to be well acquainted or generally supportive of the notion of risk cross-subsidies. However, there is strong support for income cross-subsidies. Public engagement is essential to improve understanding of the core priniciples of universal pre-payment mechanisms and the rationale for the development of {NHI.} Importantly, public support for pre-payment is unlikely to be forthcoming unless there is coinfidence in the availability of quality health services. 0256-9574 725--729 10 http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/viewFile/3662/2519 South African Medical Journal = {Suid-Afrikaanse} Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde Prerequisites for national health insurance in South Africa: results of a national household survey 99 Prerequisites for national health insurance in South Africa October 2009 {PMID:} 20128271 2009-10 mckay_operationalising_2004 techreport {"Operationalising} Pro- Poor Growth" - A joint initiative of {AFD,} {BMZ} {(GTZ,} {KfW} Development Bank), {DFID,} and the World Bank - A Country Case Study on Ghana Africa Case study Ghana Pro-poor-growth 2004 {AFD,} {BMZ,} {GTZ,} {KfW} Development Bank, {DFID,} World Bank 2004 mckee_chapter_???? incollection Joseph Figueras and Martin {McKee} and Jennifer Cain and Suszy Lessof Chapter 2: Winners and losers: the consequences of transition for health Consequences Transition of health 33--50 Winners and losers Health systems in transition: learning from experience. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Copenhagen. World Health Organization mckenzie_impact_2009 article Policy Research Division Working Papers Summary: Until recently rigorous impact evaluations have been rare in the area of finance and private sector development. One reason for this is the perception that many policies and projects in this area lend themselves less to formal evaluations. However, a vanguard of new impact evaluations on areas as diverse as fostering microenterprise growth, microfinance, rainfall insurance, and regulatory reform demonstrates that in many circumstances serious evaluation is possible. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize and distil the policy and implementation lessons emerging from these studies, use them to demonstrate the feasibility of impact evaluations in a broader array of topics, and thereby help prompt new impact evaluations for projects going forward. Impact assessments in finance and private sector development : what have we learned and what should we learn ? Finance Impact studies Microfinance Private sector 4944 2009 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2009/05/27/000158349_20090527130847/Rendered/PDF/WPS4944.pdf 2009 mcleod_role_2009 article The role of risk equalization in moving from voluntary private health insurance to mandatory coverage: the experience in South Africa GL Mandatory health insurance Risk equalization South Africa Voluntary health insurance Emerald Group Publishing Limited The role of risk equalization in moving from voluntary private health insurance to mandatory coverage 2009 www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/S0731-2199(2009)0000021010 2009 mcmahon_organizational_1975 article American Sociological Review Organizational Structure and Voluntary Participation in {Collective-Good} Decisions Participation Public goods Voluntary help Voluntary participation 616--644 40 1975 5 1975 mcmillen_adapting_2004 article Social Science \& Medicine While it is true that healers selectively adopt and/or refashion aspects of biomedicine, the influence is not unidirectional with information flowing exclusively from hospitals into the workplaces of healers. This article examines healers in Tanga, Tanzania to explore the reciprocal relations between practitioners of indigenous medicine and biomedicine. An abbreviated ethnography of one healer in coastal Tanzania is used to illustrate some of the relevant influences and possible adaptations of contemporary healers. His experiences illuminate how multiple factors, especially sociocultural changes, biomedicine, {AIDS,} and related research(ers) can influence healers' adaptations. In his case, biomedical health workers from a non-profit {HIV} organization call upon him not only to act as a liaison between their services and the community, but more importantly, to provide treatment for opportunistic infections and counseling for patients and to participate in biomedical and scientific projects. Reflecting on his experiences as a healer who has negotiated a position that straddles the world of biomedicine and the world of healers facilitates examination of important issues affecting healers today, including their relationship to biomedical health workers, bioprospectors, governments, non-profit organizations, and professional organizations of healers. Although the healer featured in this article is a pioneer in his own town, there are other examples in Africa where healers and biomedical practitioners are interacting. Therefore, he may represent a trend in healer adaptation. The adapting healer: pioneering through shifting epidemiological and sociocultural landscapes Adaptation Africa Biomedicine Healers Rating:1 Tanzania 889--902 September The adapting healer 59 2004 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4BHV75V-5/1/d116d973d16f7b56ae63a8f63b7e9822 2004-09 mcpake_user_1993 article Social Science \& Medicine Literature suggests that in theory, the efficiency of user charges for health services is related to the level of externality, the price elasticity of demand, the proportion of total costs which are private access costs, and the level of the government budget constraint. Theoretical models predict that price elasticity of demand for health services is likely to be higher for lower income groups and that user charges are therefore unlikely to promote equity, or reduce the discrepancies between the utilisation rates of the rich and poor, 'ceteris paribus'. Empirical evidence tends to confirm the latter prediction but to suggest that user charges in many countries provide the scope for welfare gains for the majority. Unfortunately, this scope is seldom exploited in practice. It is argued that many countries have little choice but to try to exploit the potential for majority gains, but that more emphasis should be placed on ensuring quality improvements than on superficial financial measures of success. User charges for health services in developing countries: A review of the economic literature Africa Bamako initiative Equity Health care financing User charges 1397--1405 June Volume 36 1993 Issue 11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBF-46698GS-15K&_user=2875156&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1993&_rdoc=5&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235925%231993%23999639988%23323523%23FLP%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5925&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=19&_acct=C000056617&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2875156&md5=904cb9ad819316bbe47755450b786d9d 1993-06 mcpake_community_1993 article Social Science \& Medicine The Bamako Initiative, a controversial attempt to strengthen Primary Health Care using community financing and community participation and management was launched at a meeting of African Ministers of Health in 1987. This evaluation focuses particularly on the community financing aspects of the Initiative. Previous experiences of community financing highlight particular lessons for the development of the Initiative and issues likely to be encountered in implementation attempts. Four country case studies of the Initiative at its early stages of implementation (in June, July and August 1991) were conducted in Burundi, Guinea, Kenya, and Nigeria. Similar activities in Uganda were also studied. These were short studies of one month each and utilised methods of rapid evaluation. The studies aimed to direct implementers quickly to issues requiring attention rather than to reach overall conclusions regarding the success of the Initiative which would be premature at this stage. Price structures used by the Initiative need to consider the access of marginalised groups more than is the case at present. In addition, there is a need to ensure against over-prescription and commercialisation and to ensure that incentives for utilising most appropriate levels of care are maintained. The evidence suggests that most people do find amounts of money to pay for health services which are large in relation to their income. This is probably a tribute to extensive community support mechanisms. Nevertheless, it highlights the plight of those who fall through this safety net for whom even charges for very basic care may be prohibitive. On the other hand, it appears that in most cases, the Initiative's activities provide a service which is cheaper when all costs to the household are taken into account, than was available before. The quality of services included in the Initiative's activities in the five countries was highly variable. Success in raising substantial revenues has also been mixed. In some countries however, substantial funds have been generated and used to achieve real improvements in health services. Overall, the experiences of the five countries appear to have been highly dependent on a number of 'environmental' characteristics: a tradition or not of 'free' services; the adequacy of current resource availability and that immediately preceding the introduction of the Initiative; the existing stage and nature of decentralisation within the country; and the competition the Initiative's activities face with alternatives. Community financing of health care in Africa: An evaluation of the Bamako initiative Africa Bamako initiative Health care financing 1383--1395 June Volume 36 1993 Issue 11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBF-46698GS-15J&_user=2875156&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1993&_rdoc=4&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235925%231993%23999639988%23323523%23FLP%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5925&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=19&_acct=C000056617&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2875156&md5=a15cba63e96792bab3d784cdc1dad5f8 1993-06 meessen_formal_2002 article International Social Security Review Formal pooling of health risks in {sub-Saharan} Africa: Reflections on the obstacles encountered Africa Health insurance 71--93 Formal pooling of health risks in {sub-Saharan} Africa 55 2002 2 2002 meessen_iatrogenic_2003 article Tropical Medicine and International Health Iatrogenic poverty Asia Catastrophic health care expenditure Health care expenditure Health insurance Iatrogenesis Poverty Social assistance Transition 581--584 8 2003 7 2003 mehrteab_adverse_2005 phdthesis Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard in {Group-Based} Lending: Evidence from Eritrea Adverse selection Africa Eritrea Group lending Microcredit Microfinance Moral hazard University of Groningen 2005 2005 melnikov_risk_2003 book This book deals with the notion of "risk" and is devoted to analysis of risks in nance and insurance. More precisely, we study risks associated with future repayments (contingent claims), where we understand risks as uncertainties that may result in nancial loss and affect the ability to make repayments. Our approach to this analysis is based on the development of a methodology for estimating the present value of the future payments given current nancial, insurance and other information. Using this approach, one can adequately de ne notions of price of a nancial contract, of premium for insurance policy and of reserve of an insurance company. Historically, nancial risks were subject to elementary mathematics of nance and they were treated separately from insurance risks, which were analyzed in actuarial science. The development of quantitative methods based on stochastic analysis is a key achievement of modern nancial mathematics. These methods can be naturally extended and applied in the area of actuarial mathematics, which leads to uni ed methods of risk analysis and management. The aim of this book is to give an accessible comprehensive introduction to the main ideas, methods and techniques that transform risk management into a quantitative science. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of our book, many important notions and facts from mathematics, nance and actuarial science are discussed in an appropriately simpli ed manner. Our goal is to present interconnections among these disciplines and to encourage our reader to further study of the subject. We indicate some initial directions in the Bibliographic remark. The book contains many worked examples and exercises. It represents the content of the lecture courses {"Financial} Mathematics", {"Risk} Management" and {"Actuarial} Mathematics" given by the author at Moscow State University and State University - Higher School of Economics {(Moscow,} Russia) in 1998-2001, and at University of Alberta {(Edmonton,} Canada) in 2002-2003. Risk analysis in finance and insurance Research method Risk Boca Raton Fla. 9781584884293 2003 Chapman \& {Hall/CRC} 2003 mendis_availability_2007 article Objective To assess the availability and affordability of medicines used to treat cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and glaucoma and to provide palliative cancer care in six low- and middle-income countries. Methods A survey of the availability and price of 32 medicines was conducted in a representative sample of public and private medicine outlets in four geographically defined areas in Bangladesh, Brazil, Malawi, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. We analysed the percentage of these medicines available, the median price versus the international reference price (expressed as the median price ratio) and affordability in terms of the number of days' wages it would cost the lowest-paid government worker to purchase one month of treatment. Findings In all countries ???7.5\% of these 32 medicines were available in the public sector, except in Brazil, where 30\% were available, and Sri Lanka, where 28\% were available. Median price ratios varied substantially, from 0.09 for losartan in Sri Lanka to 30.44 for aspirin in Brazil. In the private sector in Malawi and Sri Lanka, the cost of innovator products (the pharmaceutical product first given marketing authorization) was three times more than generic medicines. One month of combination treatment for coronary heart disease cost 18.4 days' wages in Malawi, 6.1 days' wages in Nepal, 5.4 in Pakistan and 5.1 in Brazil; in Bangladesh the cost was 1.6 days' wages and in Sri Lanka it was 1.5. The cost of one month of combination treatment for asthma ranged from 1.3 days' wages in Bangladesh to 9.2 days' wages in Malawi. The cost of a one-month course of intermediate-acting insulin ranged from 2.8 days' wages in Brazil to 19.6 in Malawi. Conclusion Context-specific policies are required to improve access to essential medicines. Generic products should be promoted by educating professionals and consumers, by implementing appropriate policies and incentives, and by introducing market competition and/or... {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Chronic diseases Dieseases Fatigue syndrome Invalidity Leukemia Lymphocytic leukemia Malawi Medicine Public health World health 00429686 279--A 4 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=24765494&site=ehost-live Bulletin of the World Health Organization The availability and affordability of selected essential medicines for chronic diseases in six low- and middle-income countries. 85 April 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Bulletin of the World Health Organization is the property of World Health Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.2471/BLT.06.033647 2007-04 menike_peoples_1993 article Development in Practice People's empowerment from the people's perspective Empowerment 0961-4524 176 3 1993 3 http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/096145249100077291 1993 mensah_economic_2005 misc Economic Development and Poverty Reduction in Ghana - An overview Africa Economic development Ghana Poverty reduction September 2005 2005-09 mensah_ghanas_2009 book In 2003 the Government of Ghana established a National Health Insurance Scheme {(NHIS)} to improve health care access for Ghanaians and eventually replace the cash and-carry system. This study evaluates the {NHIS} to determine whether it is fulfi lling its purpose in the context of the Millennium Development Goals \#4 and \#5 which deal with the health of women and children. We use Propensity Score Matching techniques to balance the relevant background characteristics in our survey data and compare health outcomes of recent mothers who are enrolled in the {NHIS} with those who are not. Our fi ndings suggest that {NHIS} women are more likely to receive prenatal care, deliver at a hospital, have their deliveries attended by trained health professionals, and experience less birth complications. We conclude that {NHIS} is an eff ective tool for increasing health care access, and improving health outcomes. Ghana's national health insurance scheme in the context of the health {MDGs} : an empirical evaluation using prosensity score matching Ghana Micro health insurance Millennium development goals NHIS Propensity score Sub-Saharan Africa December 2009 http://repec.rwi-essen.de/files/REP_09_157.pdf 2009-12 mensen_afrika_1996 book Akademie V\"{o}lker und Kulturen St. Augustin Afrika zwischen Tradition und Moderne Africa Traditional arrangements Vortragsreihe 1995/96 1996 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Band 19 Steyler Verlag 1996 mersland_cost_2009 article World Development Summary We compare the ownership-cost of shareholders firms {(SHFs),} non-profit organizations {(NPOs),} and cooperatives {(COOPs)} involved in microfinance. A paradoxical situation motivates us: most providers, both historically and today, are {NPOs} or {COOPs,} while policy papers advocate {SHFs.} We lay out a theoretical framework to understand ownership-costs in microfinance organizations {(MFOs)} better. We propose that cost-variables related to market contracting favor {NPOs} and {COOPs,} whereas most cost-variables related to the practice of ownership favor {SHFs.} We conclude that what best serves the customers is the coexistence of ownership types and call for empirical research to test this theory. The Cost of Ownership in Microfinance Organizations Cooperatives Corporate governance Microfinance Non-profits Ownership Transformation {0305-750X} 469--478 February 37 2009 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4SY6YJF-4/2/c01aaff322f993071c3386b35ee96496 2009-02 mersland_performance_2009 article Journal of Banking \& Finance We examine the relationship between firm performance and corporate governance in microfinance institutions {(MFI)} using a self-constructed global dataset on {MFIs} collected from third-party rating agencies. Using random effects panel data estimations, we study the effects of board and {CEO} characteristics, firm ownership type, customer-firm relationship, and competition and regulation on an {MFI's} financial performance and outreach to poor clients. We find that financial performance improves with local rather than international directors, an internal board auditor, and a female {CEO.} The number of credit clients increase with {CEO/chairman} duality. Outreach is lower in the case of lending to individuals than in the case of group lending. We find no difference between non-profit organisations and shareholder firms in financial performance and outreach, and we find that bank regulation has no effect. The results underline the need for an industry specific approach to {MFI} governance. Performance and governance in microfinance institutions Boards Microfinance Performance 0378-4266 In Press, Corrected Proof 2009 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCY-4V42J7G-3/2/e2e026f1c9324594273b761340ce4f69 2009 mersland_microfinance_2010 article Summary Claims have been made that microfinance institutions {(MFIs)} experience mission drift as they increasingly cater to customers who are better off than their original customers. We investigate mission drift using average loan size as a main proxy and the {MFIs} lending methodology, main market, and gender bias as further mission drift measures. We employ a large data set of rated, multi-country {MFIs} spanning 11 years, and perform panel data estimations with instruments. We find that the average loan size has not increased in the industry as a whole, nor is there a tendency toward more individual loans or a higher proportion of lending to urban costumers. Regressions show that an increase in average profit and average cost tends to increase average loan and the other drift measures. More focus should be given to cost efficiency in the {MFI.} GMM estimation Mission drift Panel data {0305-750X} 28--36 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4WRD6C7-1/2/144c2326e51e5b40bb47d6febbcb6551 World Development Microfinance Mission Drift? 38 January 2010 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.05.006 2010-01 mesa-lago_ausdehnung_2007 article Internationale Revue f\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit In den letzten 25 Jahren haben fast alle 20 Lander Lateinamerikas ihre Gesundheitssysteme reformiert, aber die im Schnitt bei 53 Prozent der Gesamtbevolkerung (und damit unter der Mindestnorm der {IAO)} liegende Deckung der Sozialversicherung schwankt zwischen 7 und 26 Prozent in zehn dieser Lander sowie stagniert oder sinkt in mindestens acht Landern, wobei der Zugang zur Gesund-heitsversorgung unzureichend ist. In diesem Beitrag analysieren wir in einem ersten Teil den Wandel auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Deckung bei der sozialen Krankenversicherung, beschreiben die gesetzliche Deckung verschiedener Bevolkerungsgruppen, geben statistische Schatzungen zur Deckung/zum Zugang und deren Entwicklungstendenzen in den drei verschiedenen Bereichen (staatlicher Sektor, Sozialversicherung und Privatsektor), dokumentieren die Unterschiede in der Deckung anhand von Faktoren wie Einkommen, Geografie und ethnischer Zugehorigkeit und stellen fest, welche Schwierigkeiten bei der Eingliederung des informellen Sektors, der auf dem Lande lebenden, indigenen und armen Bevolkerung auftreten und wo die Ursachen fur die niedrige Deckung liegen und beschreiben die Zugangsbehinderungen. In einem zweiten Teil behandeln wir die Empfehlungen der internationalen Organisationen zu Deckung und Zugang, schlagen spezifische Mabetanahmen zur Ausdehnung des Schutzes im Allgemeinen sowie fur Risikogruppen vor und beleuchten Fragestellungen, die weiteres statistisches Material und entsprechende Untersuchungen erfordern, wahrend der dritte Teil die Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen zusammenfasst. Die Ausdehnung Des Schutzes Der Krankenversicherung Und Der Arbeitsmarkt: Probleme Und Politik in Lateinamerika Health insurance Labour market Latin America South America 3--36 January Die Ausdehnung Des Schutzes Der Krankenversicherung Und Der Arbeitsmarkt 60 2007 1 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1726.2007.00001.x 2007-01 meta_equity_2007 unpublished Equity Issues in {MeTA} Country Reports - Overview Equity Ghana NHIS 2007 2007 meulen_extent_2000 article International Journal of Social Welfare The Extent and Limits of Solidarity in Dutch Health Care Health care system Netherlands Solidarity 250--260 9 2000 4 2000 meze-hausken_reducing_2008 article Global Environmental Change Recurrent climate hazards challenge subsistence farmers in developing countries. Reliance on various diversification strategies and traditional risk sharing among kin and families has serious limitations, such as the problem of covariate risk within such networks. Index-based crop insurance could help to reduce people's climate-related risk, but raising the necessary capital to make insurance schemes financially secure is difficult for micro-insurance providers. We examine the extent to which spatial pooling of micro-insurance schemes could reduce these capital requirements. We simulate a hypothetical insurance market operating in Ethiopia, using rainfall data and yield estimates for 15 stations. By performing a Monte Carlo analysis, risk capital required to keep the probability of financial ruin below a threshold value is identified. We investigate the marginal benefits of pooling increasing numbers of sites, as well as the relationship between the benefits of pooling and the spatial covariance of rainfall. We find spatial diversification to offer considerable savings in required capitalization with as few as three sites pooled, as well as a weak but significant relationship between rainfall covariance and those benefits. The results suggest that spatial pooling may be an attractive option for micro-insurers, worthy of a detailed case-by-case analysis when designing index-insurance schemes. Reducing climate risk for micro-insurance providers in Africa: A case study of Ethiopia Climate adaptation Climate insurance Climate risk Ethiopia Microinsurance Spatial diversification 0959-3780 Reducing climate risk for micro-insurance providers in Africa In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VFV-4TY3XVN-1/2/79d198bc492f5de7f87918cbf1ac5929 2008 microfinance_information_exchange_mix_benchmarking_2006 book Benchmarking African Microfinance 2005 Africa Microfinance 2006 2006 microfinance_information_exchange_mix_benchmarking_2007 book Benchmarking African Microfinance 2006 Africa Microfinance 2007 2007 microfinance_opportunities_client_2007 misc Client Satisfaction with Health Insurance in Uganda Africa Client satisfaction Health insurance Uganda 2007 http://www.microfinanceopportunities.org/docs/Uganda_Client_Satisfaction%20FINAL.pdf 2007 micro_insurance_agency_holding_micro_2007 inproceedings Micro Insurance in Africa: Filling the Distribution Gap Africa Microinsurance August 2007 2007-08 microsave_comparative_2000 misc A comparative analysis of member-based microfinance institutions in East and West Africa Africa Cooperatives East Africa Microfinance West Africa 2000 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/files/2816_02816.pdf 2000 microsave_costing_2004 misc Costing and pricing of financial services: A toolkit. Costing Microfinance Pricing 2004 2004 miller_social_2006 article World Development Summary This paper empirically examines the role of community social capital in the individual's health production function. We focus on health measures relating to physical as well as mental health. In addition to exploring the relationship between social capital and health, we test for interrelationships between social and human capital in the production of health. Data come from more than 10???000 adults surveyed in the Indonesian Family Life Surveys of 1993 and 1997. We identify a robust positive empirical association between community-level social capital and good health. We find weak evidence for an interrelationship between human and social capital and mental health. Social capital and health in Indonesia Health Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) Social capital 1084--1098 June 34 2006 6 2006-06 miller_emerging_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine Botswana has the second highest {HIV} prevalence rate and highest rate of orphanhood in the world. Although child mortality rates have doubled in 15 years, the extent to which health disparities are connected to orphan status remains unclear. We conducted an analysis of the 2000 Botswana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey to examine whether orphan-based health disparities exist. We measured health inequalities using anthropometric data among 2723 under-five year olds, nested in 1854 households, and 208 communities. We calculated multilevel logistic regression models to estimate the child, household, and regional determinants of growth failure. We found that orphaned children aged 0-4 are 49\% more likely to be underweight than nonorphans (p{\textless}0.05) controlling for household poverty and other factors; and orphans disproportionately live in the poorest households. Throughout {sub-Saharan} Africa {(SSA),} Botswana is a leader in responding to the {AIDS} epidemic, in particular as one of the first countries to offer universal antiretroviral treatment. However, orphan-based health disparities confirm that the orphan response is still insufficient. Better data are needed to fully understand the mechanisms that lead to these disparities, and the public sector needs an increased capacity to fully implement the policies and programs designed to meet the needs of orphans. Findings from this study have important implications for countries throughout {SSA,} and Southern Africa in particular, where the number of orphans has doubled to tripled over the past 15 years. Emerging health disparities in Botswana: Examining the situation of orphans during the {AIDS} epidemic Africa Botswana Child health Human rights Multilevel Orphans Policy 2476--2486 June Emerging health disparities in Botswana 64 2007 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4NHD9C7-2/1/5b399beb700fc69f95171a0cab967e1c 2007-06 miller_franco_social_2004 techreport Social Participation in the Development of Mutual Health Organizations in Senegal Africa Case study Community participation Mutual health organisations Mutual insurance Participation Senegal Sub-Saharan Africa 2004 Partners for Health Reformplus {(PHRplus)} 2004 mills_cost_1993 article Described in an analysis of the cost to the Ministry of Health of providing district health services in Malawi, with particular emphasis on the district hospital. District resource allocation patterns were assessed by carefully disaggregating district costs by level of care and hospital department. A strikingly low proportion of district recurrent costs was absorbed by salaries and wages (27-39\%, depending on the district) and a surprisingly high proportion by medical supplies (24-37\%). The most expensive cost centre in the hospital was the pharmacy. A total of 27-39\% of total recurrent costs were spent outside the hospital and 61-73\% on hospital services. The secondary care services absorbed 40-58\% of district recurrent costs. Unit costs by hospital department varied considerably by district, with one hospital being consistently the most expensive and another the cheapest. A total of 3-10 new outpatients could be treated for the average cost of 1 inpatient-day, while 34-55 could be treated for the average cost of 1 inpatient. The efficiency of hospital operations, the scope for redistributing resources districtwide, and the costing methodology are discussed. Africa Capital expenditures Cost analysis Cost control Delivery of health care District hospital District hospitals Health care rationing Health care system Health resources Malawi Salaries and fringe benefits 0042-9686 329--339 3-4 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8324852 Bulletin of the World Health Organization The cost of the district hospital: a case study in Malawi 71 The cost of the district hospital 1993 {PMID:} 8324852 1993 mills_maternal_2008 article {OBJECTIVE:} In the absence of an adequate vital registration system in Ghana, the Navrongo demographic surveillance system {(NDSS)} established in 1993 presents a viable alternative to monitor, in a poor rural district, the {UN} Millennium Development Goal on maternal health {(MDG)} of reducing maternal mortality by 75\% between 1990 and 2015. {METHODS:} Of the 518 women aged 12-49 years identified in the {NDSS} database to have died in the {Kassena-Nankana} district in the period January {2002-December} 2004, spouses or family members completed verbal autopsy interviews for 516 female deaths. {RESULT:} Of the 516 female deaths, 45 were identified as maternal deaths. 71\% of the maternal deaths were attributed to direct maternal causes while 29\% were due to indirect maternal causes. Abortion-related deaths were the most frequent cause of maternal deaths. The maternal mortality ratio for the period 2002-2004 was 373 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births indicating a 40\% reduction of maternal mortality from the 1995-1996 level of 637 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. However, the health-facility based maternal mortality ratio in the district (which excludes maternal deaths outside health facilities) was 141 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births for the period 2002-2004. {CONCLUSION:} This district may be on track to achieve the {MDG} on maternal health. Ultimately, strengthening vital registration systems to provide timely information to policymakers should supersede the other methods of measuring maternal mortality. Africa Cause of death Child Female Ghana Health status indicators Maternal health Maternal health services Maternal mortality Middle aged Rural population Young adult 1092-7875 577--585 5 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17957459 Maternal and Child Health Journal Maternal mortality decline in the {Kassena-Nankana} district of northern Ghana 12 September 2008 10.1007/s10995-007-0289-x {PMID:} 17957459 2008-09 ministere_de_la_sante_republique_du_rwanda_politique_2004 book Politique de D\'{e}veloppement des Mutuelles de Sant\'{e} au Rwanda Africa Micro health insurance Mutual health insurance Rwanda Kigali 2004 2004 minister_of_health_canada_health_2006 article Strengthening the Policy - Research connection Health Policy Bulletin: Social Capital and Health: Maximizing the Benefits Canada Health Social capital 12 2006 2006 ministry_of_finance_and_economic_planning_government_of_ghana_press_2008 misc {PRESS} {C0NFERENCE} {WITH} {HON.} {MINISTER} {OF} {STATE,} {MINISTRY} {OF} {FINANCE} {AND} {ECONOMIC} {PLANNING} - Implementation of Measures to Reduce Economic Hardships Africa Ghana NHIS June 2008 2008-06 ministry_of_health_cambodia_social_2003 book Social health insurance in Cambodia - Proposal for a masterplan Cambodia Health sector reform Social health insurance 2003 2003 ministry_of_health_ghana_national_2004 misc National Health Insurance Policy Framework for Ghana Africa Ghana Government policy NHIS August 2004 2004-08 ministry_of_health_ghana_national_2007 misc National Health Policy - Creating Wealth through Health Africa Ghana Government policy Health policy National health programs September 2007 2007-09 ministry_of_health_ghana_development_2007 misc {DEVELOPMENT} {OF} A {FIVE-YEAR} {CAPITAL} {INVESTMENT} {PLAN} {FOR} {THE} {GHANA} {HEALTH} {SECTOR} (2007 -- 2011) Ghana Health sector November 2007 2007-11 ministry_of_health_ghana_independent_2008 misc Independent Review - Health Sector Programme of Work 2007, Draft Report Ghana NHIS April 2008 2008-04 ministry_of_health_ghana_two-year_2007 misc Two-year Strategic Plan for Integrated Neglected Tropical Diseases Control in Ghana 2007-2008 Africa Ghana Strategy Tropical diseases 2007 2007 ministry_of_health_malawi_malawi_2001 techreport {MALAWI} {NATIONAL} {HEALTH} {ACCOUNTS} {(NHA)} - A Broader Perspective of the Malawian Health Sector Africa Health care sector Health sector Malawi National health accounts Lilongwe, Malawi August 2001 Planning Department Ministry of Health and Population 2001-08 ministry_of_health_malawi_malawi_2007 misc Malawi National Health accounts - {(NHA)} 2002/2003-2004/2005 Summary Report {DRAFT} Africa Health care financing Malawi National health accounts February 2007 http://www.who.int/nha/country/Malawi-NHA_2002_03-2004_05.pdf 2007-02 ministry_of_health_rwanda_mutual_2004 misc Mutual Health Insurance Policy in Rwanda Africa Insurance policy Mutual health insurance Regulation Rwanda December 2004 2004-12 misra_pro-poor_2003 techreport {Pro-Poor} Health {Reforms-Why,} What and How Health sector reform Geneva 2003 Second Consultation on Macroeconomics and Health {WHO} 2003 misra_increasing_2003 techreport Increasing Investments in Health Outcomes for the Poor - {Pro-Poor} Health {Reforms-Why,} What and How Investments in health outcomes and poverty 2003 {WHO} 2003 mitchell_measuring_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine A dominant perspective in social capital research emphasizes a "structural" dimension of social capital, consisting of network connections, and a "cognitive" dimension, consisting of attitudes toward trust. Correspondingly, membership in organizations (i.e., membership density) and general trust in people (i.e., social trust) are two indicators commonly used to relate structural and cognitive social capital, respectively, to a variety of health and other outcomes. This study analyzed relationships between membership density, social trust and a more comprehensive set of household-level social capital indicators as well as selected civic and health behaviors in the context of Nicaragua. The sample of respondents was drawn from 6 communities and interviews were conducted with 482 heads of households, resulting in data on 2882 individuals. Factor analyses suggest that membership density loaded strongly (loading=0.81) onto an "organizational participation" factor which contained a number of qualitative characteristics of involvement, including bridging social capital. Further, this structural dimension of social capital appears to be a construct consisting of more than just informal social networks. However, factor analyses suggest that distinctions between levels of trust are warranted in Nicaragua: social trust loaded weakly (loading=0.32) onto a factor characterized by institutional trust in a factor analysis of trust items, and well below 0.30 in a factor analysis of both structural and cognitive dimensions of social capital. A nuanced understanding of these household-level indicators of structural and cognitive social capital held implications for civic and health behaviors. While membership density and institutional trust were positively related to an index of political engagement, social trust was either not related or negatively associated (among urban respondents). Similarly, social trust was associated with over 50\% reduced odds of an additional childhood vaccinations whereas institutional trust was associated with increased odds {(OR=1.7)} of an additional vaccination. The findings highlight the complexity of social capital and the importance of exploring more comprehensive indicators. Measuring dimensions of social capital: Evidence from surveys in poor communities in Nicaragua Measuring Nicaragua Rating:1 50--63 January Measuring dimensions of social capital 64 2007 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4M1D0CH-2/1/8b66f3c999c12b99662de1f32c41c40f 2007-01 mizunoya_costing_2006 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} ocial protection systems are a very powerful means of alleviating and preventing poverty and can help mitigate the adverse effects of chronic poverty. They provide protection against old-age and various life risks - disability, ill-health, unemployment, and occupational injury - through contributory social insurance mechanisms and social welfare programmes, including social cash transfer schemes for those who are particularly exposed to poverty risks. This report presents the calculation of the cost of basic social protection benefit packages, and their affordability in five Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Vietnam for the period 2006 to 2034. This study offers a first estimate on the feasibility of basic social protection in low-income countries in Asia with a view to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Costing of Basic Social Protection Benefits for Selected Asian Countries: First Results of a Modelling Exercise Calculation Low income Model Nepal Poverty Social costs Social security financing Vietnam August Costing of Basic Social Protection Benefits for Selected Asian Countries 2006 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=934347 2006-08 mkandawire_social_2004 book Social Policy in a Development Context Developing countries Social policy New York, {N.Y.} 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Palgrave Macmillan 2004 mladovsky_conceptual_2006 techreport A Conceptual Framework for {Community-Based} Health Insurance in {Low-Income} Countries: Social Capital and Economic Development Community-based health insurance Economic development Low-income insurance Participation Social capital London A Conceptual Framework for {Community-Based} Health Insurance in {Low-Income} Countries 2006 2 Working Paper {LSE} Health - The London School of Economics and Political Science 2006 mladovsky_conceptual_2008 article World Development Summary The international policy model linking community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} and universal coverage for health care in low-income countries is implicitly determined by the development of mutual health insurance in 19th century Europe and Japan. The economic and health system frameworks employed in {CBHI} policy have not sufficiently taken into account contextual considerations. Social capital theories could contribute to understanding why generally {CBHI} does not achieve significant and sustainable levels of population coverage. A framework of social capital and economic development is used to organize and interpret existing evidence on {CBHI.} This suggests that solidarity, trust, extra-community networks, vertical civil society links, and state-society relations affect the success of {CBHI.} Aligning schemes to "social determinants" of {CBHI} could result in structures that differ from those proposed by current analytic frameworks. A Conceptual Framework for {Community-Based} Health Insurance in {Low-Income} Countries: Social Capital and Economic Development Community-based health insurance Local government Micro health insurance Social capital Trust 590--607 April A Conceptual Framework for {Community-Based} Health Insurance in {Low-Income} Countries 36 2008 4 2008-04 molak_fundamentals_1997 book Vlasta Molak Fundamentals of Risk Analysis and Risk Management Cancer Epidemiology Risk analysis Risk assessment Risk communication Risk perception New York 1997 Lewis Publishers Boca Raton 1997 molyneux_combating_2008 article This paper suggests that the 'other diseases' of Millennium Development Goal 6 {(MDG} 6) are ignored by policy-makers and politicians who overfocus on unachievable objectives and targets around the 'big three' diseases of {HIV,} tuberculosis {(TB)} and malaria, which if the planet was viewed by aliens would be seen as the only diseases that existed on the planet. The diseases of the majority of the poor represent 'low hanging fruit' for control and elimination and opportunities are ignored despite the availability of cheap or donated drugs and ample evidence that such interventions are effective and reduce incidence, as well as mortality and morbidity. The time frame available to achieve the {MDGs} of some 7-8 years requires a re-evaluation of what can be done with the tools available now and which can address the problems faced by the majority of poor people afflicted by disabling conditions which together represent a global burden greater than malaria or {TB.} The author considers also the volume of research relevant to the {MDGs} and their achievement is distorted by the focus on high tech end research which cannot be delivered by 2015 and that in terms of the 90:10 gap in research relevant to the problems of the poorest the real gap is 99:1. The concepts of distortion of donor funding for diseases of {MDG} 6 for implementation of largely curative interventions which do not reduce incidence as well as research which addresses problems that cannot reach poor people in the time frame to 2015 is emphasised. New paradigms are required if any impact on {MDG} 6 is to be achieved recognising the needs of the majority via an equitable distribution of funding. Diseases and poverty Millennium development goals Poverty reduction 00359203 509--19 6 Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Combating the "other diseases" of {MDG} 6: changing the paradigm to achieve equity and poverty reduction? 102 Combating the "other diseases" of {MDG} 6 June 2008 {PMID:} 18413278 2008-06 molyneux_role_2007 article There is growing concern that health policies and programmes may be contributing to disparities in health and wealth between and within households in low-income settings. However, there is disagreement concerning which combination of health and non-health sector interventions might best protect the poor. Potentially promising interventions include those that build on the social resources that have been found to be particularly critical for the poor in preventing and coping with illness costs. In this paper we present data on the role of one form of social resource--community-based organizations {(CBOs)--in} household ability to pay for health care on the Kenyan coast. Data were gathered from a rural and an urban setting using individual interviews (n = 24), focus group discussions (n = 18 in each setting) and cross-sectional surveys (n = 294 rural and n = 576 urban households). We describe the complex hierarchy of {CBOs} operating at the strategic, intermediate and local level in both settings, and comment on the potential of working through these organizations to reach and protect the poor. We highlight the challenges around several interventions that are of particular international interest at present: community-based health insurance schemes; micro-finance initiatives; and the removal of primary care user fees. We argue the importance of identifying and building upon organizations with a strong trust base in efforts to assist households to meet treatment costs, and emphasize the necessity of reducing the costs of services themselves for the poorest households. Ability to pay Africa Community-based development Community networks Cross-sectional studies Financial support Financing Focus groups Health status disparities Interviews as topic Kenya Rural population Urban population 02681080 381--92 6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18006525?ordinalpos=5&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Health policy and planning The role of community-based organizations in household ability to pay for health care in Kilifi District, Kenya 22 November 2007 {PMID:} 18006525 2007-11 molyneux_ethics_2008 article Social science \& medicine (1982) The ethics of medical research have grown as an area of expertise and debate in recent years, with two broad approaches emerging in relation to transnational research: (1) the refinement of guidelines and strengthening of review, processes primarily to protect the right of individual research participants and strengthen interpersonal relations at the micro-level; and (2) considering more centrally, as crucial ethical concerns, the wider interests of whole populations, the functioning of research institutions, the processes of collaboration, and the ethics of inequitable international relations. We see the two areas of debate and action as complementary, and believe that social science conducted in and around transnational medical research environments can bring these two perspectives together in a more 'situated ethics' of research. To explore this idea for medical research in Africa, we organized a conference in December 2005 in Kilifi, Kenya. In this introduction we outline the two emerging approaches to medical ethics, summarise each of eight papers selected from the conference for inclusion in this special issue on ethics and ethnography, and finally highlight two areas of lively debate at the conference itself: the appropriateness and value of ethics guidelines and review boards for medical research; and the ethical review of social science research. Together, the papers and debates point to the importance of focusing on the ethics of relationships and on justice in both biomedicine and social science research, and on giving greater voice and visibility to the field staff who often play a crucial and under-supported role in 'doing ethics' in the field. They also point to the potential value of social science research on the range of relationships operating at different levels and time scales in medical research, including those surrounding community engagement activities, and the role and functioning of ethics review boards. We conclude by highlighting the ethical priority of capacity strengthening in medical research, social science and research ethics in Africa to ensure that local and national priorities and concerns are considered at both the micro and macro levels. Ethics and the ethnography of medical research in Africa Africa Ethics Medical research May 2008 {PMID:} 18455856 2008-05 monheit_health_2004 techreport Health Insurance Enrollment Decisions: Understanding the Role of Preferences for Coverage Coverage Health insurance enrollment decisions Michigan 2004 31 {ERIU} Working Paper Economic Research Initiative on the Uninsured 2004 monye_appraisal_2006 article The article examines the provisions of the National Health Insurance Scheme {(NHIS)} of Nigeria. Some of its objectives are to ensure that every Nigerian has access to good health-care services and to protect families from the financial hardship of huge medical bills. Section 6 of the {NHIS} provides that it shall be responsible for approving the format of contracts proposed by the health-maintenance organizations for all health-care providers and determining the remuneration of all {NHIS} staff. Africa Cost of medical care Health insurance Health maintenance organization National health insurance Nigeria 03050718 415--427 3 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=24876172&site=ehost-live Commonwealth Law Bulletin An Appraisal of the National Health Insurance Scheme of Nigeria. 32 2006 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Accession} Number: 24876172; Monye, Felicia N. 1; Affiliation: 1: Faculty of Law, University of Nigeria. Enugu Campus. Nigeria; Source Info: Sep2006, Vol. 32 Issue 3, p415; Subject Term: {HEALTH} insurance -- Law \& legislation; Subject Term: {MEDICAL} care, Cost of; Subject Term: {HEALTH} maintenance organizations; Subject Term: {NATIONAL} health insurance; Subject Term: {NIGERIA;} {NAICS/Industry} Codes: 621491 {HMO} Medical Centers; Number of Pages: 13p; Document Type: Article{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1080/03050710601074450 2006 moore_income_???? unpublished Income Measurement Error in Surveys: A Review Cognitive research Data quality Income amount reports Income source reports Measuring income Random error Response bias Response error Willingness to pay Income Measurement Error in Surveys morduch_between_1999 article The World Bank Research Observer Between the State and the Market: Can Informal Insurance Patch the Safety Net? Informal insurance Safety 187--207 Between the State and the Market 14 1999 2 1999 morduch_microinsurance:_2002 techreport Microinsurance: The Next Revolution? Microinsurance Revolution New York Microinsurance 2002 New York University, Oxford University Press 2002 morduch_borrowing_2009 misc Borrowing to Save: Perspectives from Portfolios of the Poor 2009 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.41454/13.pdf 2009 morduch_strengthening_2001 techreport Strengthening public safety nets: Can the informal sector show the way? Informal sector Public safety nets Washington, {D.C.} {STRENGTHENING} {PUBLIC} {SAFETY} {NETS} 2001 Discussion Paper 122 International Food Policy Research Institute 2001 morgan_community_2001 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press Community Participation on Health: perpetual allure, persistent challenge Community participation Health Participation 221--230 16 2001 3 2001 morris_value_2006 article Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship The Value of Networks in Enterprise Development: Case studies in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia Eastern Europe Networks in enterprise development South East Asia 345--356 11 2006 4 2006 morris_validity_2006 article J Epidemiol Community Health Validity of rapid estimates of household wealth and income for health surveys in rural Africa Africa Health survey 381--387 2000 2006 54 2006 morris_measuring_2007 article In spite of growing interest in socioeconomic differentials in health outcomes and access to health services, little has been written about methodologies for assessing the impact of equity-enhancing policies or programs. This paper describes three methodological challenges involved in designing a randomised trial with an equity outcome, and how these were met in a trial of alternative strategies to improving the uptake of benefits of a health insurance scheme among its poorest members. The Vimo {SEWA} trial is nested within a community-based insurance scheme in rural India. While conducting this trial, three methodological problems were encountered: (i) measuring poverty (or "wealth", or "socioeconomic status") (ii) assessing beneficiaries against an appropriate reference standard population and (iii) settling on an appropriate equity measure as an outcome indicator. These problems are likely to arise in any policy or program assessment that has an equity outcome. In the Vimo {SEWA} trial, the socioeconomic status of beneficiaries (claimants) is assessed relative to that of all scheme members living in same sub-district by applying a rapid assessment questionnaire - which reduces to an integrated index of socioeconomic status - to both a random sample of members in each sub-district, and to all claimants. The results are used to estimate the full distribution of socioeconomic status of members in each sub-district, with each member given a rank score between 0 and 100. Interpolation is used to estimate the rank scores of claimants relative to the membership base. The primary outcome measure for the trial is the mean socioeconomic rank score of claimants. In developing country settings, using an index of socioeconomic status is simpler than assessing household income or the value of household consumption. It is also relatively straightforward to compare the socioeconomic status of health program beneficiaries with a relevant reference population, although two independent surveys are required. Expressing relative wealth on a scale from zero to 100 is conceptually appealing, and the mean value of this rank score provides an equity-specific outcome measure readily integrated into the usual analytic framework for cluster-randomised trials. Asia Health intervention India Outcome measures Randomized trials 1551-7144 382--390 4 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7P72-4M4004R-3/2/4640f323f1f868da81efd4136d6e0ebe Contemporary Clinical Trials Measuring improved targeting of health interventions to the poor in the context of a community-randomised trial in rural India 28 July 2007 10.1016/j.cct.2006.10.008 2007-07 moser_confronting_1996 book Confronting Crisis - A Summary of Households responses to Poverty and vulnerability in Four Poor Urban Communities Case study Housing Poverty Urban poor Urban population Vulnerability Washington {D.C.} 1996 1996 mosley_assessing_2009 article {DESA} Working Paper Recommendations for demand-driven microinsurance services This paper reviews attempts to provide insurance against risks afflicting the poorest. The paper presents empirical evidence on the impact of different types of microinsurance, and recommends the idea of quasi insurance, which is the provision of insurance functions through a non-insurance route, where institutional or regulatory constraints prevent insurance proper from being offered. The paper states that microinsurance has been supply-driven rather than driven by demand from the poorest. As a result, insurance products that would benefit the poorest are still at a limited stage of development. Institutional innovations and new insurance products therefore deserve promotion. The paper suggests policy recommendations to make microinsurance focus on poverty. These include: * Lower cost of microinsurance by enabling microinsurance firms to move down their cost curve; * Vary microinsurance product mix; * Make microinsurance services more affordable to the ultra poor; * Design microfinsurance schemes so that they maximize spillovers to the very poor; * Provide quasi insurance services where microinsurance is unavailable or unsuitable; * Anticipate and counter shocks where possible and use it as a complementary approach, rather than simply providing insurance against those shocks. Assessing the success of microinsurance programmes in meeting the insurance needs of the poor Assessment Low-income households Microinsurance Needs October 84 2009 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.40604/06.pdf 2009-10 mosley_microfinance_2004 article Journal of International Development We examine a range of six African microfinance institutions with a view to assessing and if possible enhancing their poverty impact. The impact of microfinance loans is variable between institutions, with a tendency in particular for savings services to be taken up by people well below the poverty line, especially in South Africa and {Kenya.However,} many benefits to the poor from microfinance programmes, in Africa at least, are likely to come via an indirect route, via lsquowider impactsrsquo or lsquospin-offsrsquo, rather than by through direct impacts on borrowers. We examine, here, three of these indirect {routes:We} examine, in a non-rigorous way, the magnitude of these lsquowider impactsrsquo, and in a concluding section examine how they may be developed and expanded by means of institutional and policy initiatives. Copyright 2004 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd. Microfinance, labour markets and poverty in Africa: a study of six institutions Africa Labour market Microfinance Poverty 467--500 Microfinance, labour markets and poverty in Africa 16 2004 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1090 2004 mossialos_voluntary_2002 article International Journal of Health Services The authors examine the role and nature of the market for voluntary health insurance in the European Union and review the impact of public policy, at both the national and {E.U.} levels, on the development of this market in recent years. The conceptual framework, based on a model of industrial analysis, allows a wide range of policy questions regarding market structure, conduct, and performance. By analyzing these three aspects of the market for voluntary health insurance, the authors are also able to raise questions about the equity and efficiency of voluntary health insurance as a means of funding health care in the European Union. The analysis suggests that the market for voluntary health insurance in the European Union suffers from significant information failures that seriously limit its potential for competition or efficiency and also reduce equity. Substantial deregulation of the {E.U.} market for voluntary health insurance has stripped regulatory bodies of their power to protect consumers and poses interesting challenges for national regulators, particularly if the market is to expand in the future. In a deregulated environment, it is questionable whether this method of funding health care will encourage a more efficient and equitable allocation of resources. Voluntary Health Insurance in the European Union: A Critical Assessment Europe European Union Voluntary health insurance 19--88 32 2002 1 2002 moutade_naimbaye_inventaire_2003 misc Inventaire des syst\`{e}mes d'assurance maladie en Afrique - Rapport du Tchad Chad Micro health insurance August 2003 http://www.ilo.org/gimi/concertation/resource.do?page=/concertation/publications/carte/tchad/Etudes_3330373026_10110.pdf 2003-08 msuya_impacts_2004 techreport Impacts of Community Health Insurance Schemes on Health Care Provision in Rural Tanzania Africa Case study Community-based health insurance Community participation Health care provision Impact studies Mutual insurance Participation Rural sector Sub-Saharan Africa Tanzania Bonn January 2004 82 Discussion Papers on Development Policy {ZEF} - {ZEntrum} f\"{u}r Entwicklungsforschung 2004-01 msuya_impact_2007 article In 1996 the Tanzanian government initiated community health insurance schemes to improve access to health care and to protect people against the financial cost of illness in an environment with shrinking budgets for the health sector. This study aims to evaluate the role of the community-health funds {(CHF)} in lowering the barriers to assessing health care. Three important results emerge from this study: first, the results show that income is amongst the most important factors determining household participation in the schemes. This means that despite exemption mechanisms, the poorest of the poor within the society are not reached as they can not afford to pay regular insurance premiums. Secondly, though we find no significant differences between members and non-members in the overall amount of health expenditure and in the use of preventive measures, sick individuals in member households were 15 percentage points more likely to get treatment than non-member households. Hence, being insured leads to an increase in the effective utilization of health care. Third, the analysis reveals that members of the {CHF} are better financially protected against health shocks than non members. The result of this work provides further evidence of the important role that micro-insurance schemes can play in the risk management of people in developing countries. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Access to health care Africa Community health fund Cost of medical care GROUP Health Inc. Health services accessibility Management Poor Social protection Tanzania 01900692 813--833 8/9 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=25728942&site=ehost-live International Journal of Public Administration Impact of Community Health Funds on the Access to Health Care: Empirical Evidence from Rural Tanzania. 30 Impact of Community Health Funds on the Access to Health Care July 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of International Journal of Public Administration is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts.){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1080/01900690701227263 2007-07 mtei_community_2007 misc Community Health Funds in Tanzania: A literature review Africa Community health fund Literature review Tanzania January 2007 http://www.tgpsh.or.tz/uploads/media/CHF_DESK_STUDY_IFAKARA_RC.pdf 2007-01 mtika_political_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine This study examines how livelihood struggles push rural Malawians into {AIDS-risky} sexual behavior. The study involved in-depth interviews of 59 household guardians, four key informant group discussions, and after work observations and interviews of 19 people working, traveling, or running businesses. Findings reveal that circular migration has become a livelihood practice for adults aged 20-49 in rural Malawi through which they contract {AIDS.} This migration springs from the fragile political economy brought about by development strategies that did not build up and deploy human capital in rural communities. Doing so would advance local economic enterprise that would reduce prime age adults' involvement in circular migration and improve their opportunities for self-determination thus increasing the adoption of {AIDS} prevention interventions in rural Malawi. The abstinence, being faithful, and condom use {(ABC)} interventions in controlling {AIDS} need to be complemented by developing human capital and using it to unlock the economic growth and problem-solving potential in rural communities. Political economy, labor migration, and the {AIDS} epidemic in rural Malawi Africa AIDS epidemic Circular migration Economic insecurity HIV/AIDS Malawi Multi-partner sexual relations Political economy 2454--2463 June 64 2007 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4NK47BM-7/1/c7951e5f52ddcb85f38b0e10e409bf2c 2007-06 mtonya_systemwide_2006 techreport Systemwide Effects of the Global Fund in Malawi: Final Report Africa External assistance health sector Global fund Malawi Bethesda, Maryland 2006 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for health Reformplus), {USAID,} Abt Associates Inc. 2006 mubyazi_health_2000 techreport This report describes a study of health care financing mechanisms appropriate for the poor and vulnerable groups, performed by the Amani Medical Research Center, Tanzania, under a grant from the small applied research program of the Partnerships for Health Reform. The study was carried out in Korogwe District and used malaria, a relatively endemic public disease in the district, as a tracer disease. Data was collected through qualitative and quantitative techniques, adopting structured and semistructured interview approaches. Multistage sampling method was adopted for selecting study villages and health facilities. The study sampled households, exit patients, health personnel, central and local government officers, district health management team officers, traditional healers, shopkeepers, and religious leaders. More than 80 percent of the respondents perceived malaria as the major public disease, and some 70 percent said that modern health facilities are contacted for treatment. Nevertheless, selfmedication using modern and local medicines and traditional healers were also found to be an important source of care. More than 60 percent of the respondents reported their willingness to pay for health care at public and/or private facilities provided they are assured of good service, although they preferred different modes of payments. Cash payment was generally preferred to in-kind payment, both by the health care providers and the consumers. Women depended on farm crop sales as a source of money for medical care payments more than men (p-value {\textless} 0.05). Prepayment mechanisms were suggested as desirable for the poor who are not certain of a steady cash income. Waiver and exemption mechanisms seem to exist but the majority of the respondents had little knowledge of and faith in the way they were implemented, especially in the private sector. The study concluded that, although residents and officials in Korogwe district find payment for health care in public and private health facilities acceptable, many are concerned about how much they need to pay, why they should pay, and which means of payment they can use. To enhance community participation in payment for health care, efforts are needed to educate and sensitize the population regarding the cost-recovery programs that exist. In addition, a desirable definition of who is "poor" should be put in place, and local people involved in judging who is eligible for waivers. Health Financing Policy Reform in Tanzania: Payment Mechanisms for Poor and Vulnerable Groups in Korogwe District Africa Health care financing Health sector reform Korogwe district Payment mechanisms for the poor Tanzania Willingness to pay Bethesda, {MD} 2000 13 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2000 mubyazi_local_2007 article {Ethno-Med.} Local Primary Health Care Committees and {Community-Based} Health Workers in Mkuranga District, Tanzania: Does the Public Recognise and Appreciate Them? Africa Community-based health insurance Primary health care Tanzania 27--35 1 2007 1 2007 mubyazi_understanding_2003 techreport Understanding mechanisms for integrating community priorities in health planning, resource allocation and service delivery - Results of a literature review Health planning Service delivery 2003 {EQUINET,} {IDRC} {(Canada)} 2003 mullan_non-physician_2007 article The Lancet Summary Many countries have health-care providers who are not trained as physicians but who take on many of the diagnostic and clinical functions of medical doctors. We identified non-physician clinicians {(NPCs)} in 25 of 47 countries in {sub-Saharan} Africa, although their roles varied widely between countries. In nine countries, numbers of {NPCs} equalled or exceeded numbers of physicians. In general {NPCs} were trained with less cost than were physicians, and for only 3-4 years after secondary school. All {NPCs} did basic diagnosis and medical treatment, but some were trained in specialty activities such as caesarean section, ophthalmology, and anaesthesia. Many {NPCs} were recruited from rural and poor areas, and worked in these same regions. Low training costs, reduced training duration, and success in rural placements suggest that {NPCs} could have substantial roles in the scale-up of health workforces in {sub-Saharan} African countries, including for the planned expansion of {HIV/AIDS} prevention and treatment programmes. Non-physician clinicians in 47 {sub-Saharan} African countries Africa Health care provider 2158--2163 June 370 2007 9605 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T1B-4NYSH9K-2/1/0993af91ae754aa99a6e510e18420cb4 2007-06 mueller_distribution_2008 article {BACKGROUND:} Insecticide-impregnated bed nets {(ITNs)} have been shown to be a highly effective tool against malaria in the endemic regions of {sub-Saharan} Africa {(SSA).} There are however different opinions about the role of {ITN} social marketing and {ITN} free distribution in the roll-out of {ITN} programmes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of free {ITN} distribution through antenatal care services in addition to an {ITN} social marketing programme in an area typical for rural {SSA.} {METHODS:} A cluster-randomised controlled {ITN} trial took place in the whole Kossi Province in north-western Burkina Faso, an area highly endemic for malaria. Twelve clusters were assigned to long-term {ITN} {(Serena} brand) social marketing plus free {ITN} {(Serena} brand) distribution to all pregnant women attending governmental antenatal care services (group A), and 13 clusters to {ITN} social marketing only (group B). The intervention took place during the rainy season of 2006 and thereafter. The trial was evaluated through a representative household survey at baseline and after one year. Serena {ITN} household ownership was the primary outcome measure. {FINDINGS:} A total of 1052 households were visited at baseline in February 2006 and 1050 at follow-up in February 2007. Overall Serena {ITN} household ownership increased from 16\% to 28\% over the study period, with a significantly higher increase in group A (13\% to 35\%) than in group B (18\% to 23\%) (p{\textless}0.001). {INTERPRETATION:} The free distribution of {ITNs} to pregnant women through governmental antenatal care services in addition to {ITN} social marketing substantially improved {ITN} household ownership in rural Burkina Faso. {TRIAL} {REGISTRATION:} {Controlled-Trials.com} {ISRCTN07985309.} Bedding and Linens Burkina Faso Community Health Services Female Humans Insecticides Malaria Male Pregnancy Prenatal Care Public Health Research Design Rural Health Rural Population Social Marketing 1932-6203 e3182 9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784840 {PloS} One Distribution systems of insecticide-treated bed nets for malaria control in rural Burkina Faso: cluster-randomized controlled trial 3 Distribution systems of insecticide-treated bed nets for malaria control in rural Burkina Faso 2008 10.1371/journal.pone.0003182 {PMID:} 18784840 2008 mundial_world_2005 book World Development Report 2006:: Equity and Development Equity World development report World Development Report 2006 2005 The World Bank 2005 muenkner_entwicklungspolitische_1989 book Institut f\"{u}r Kooperation in Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern, {Philipps-Universit\"{a}t} - Studien und Berichte {Hans-H.} M\"{u}nkner Entwicklungspolitische Konsequenzen einer konsequenten Selbsthilfef\"{o}rderung Cooperatives Development cooperation Self-help support {Marburg/Lahn} 1989 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {S\&W} Druckerei und Verlag {GmbH} 1989 muenkner_genossenschaftliche_1990 book Ver\"{o}ffentlichungen der {DG-Bank} Deutsche Genossenschaftsbank Genossenschaftliche Identit\"{a}t und Identifikation der Mitglieder mit ihrer Genossenschaft. Strukturfragen der Genossenschaft Teil {II} Cooperatives Germany Participation Frankfurt 17 1990 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 1990 munoz_matching_2010 article {AIDS} and Behavior From December 2005 to April 2007, we enrolled 60 adults starting antiretroviral therapy {(ART)} in Lima, Peru to receive community-based accompaniment with supervised antiretrovirals {(CASA),} consisting of 12 months of {DOT-HAART,} as well as microfinance assistance and/or psychosocial support group according to individuals' need. We matched 60 controls from a neighboring district, and assessed final clinical and psychosocial outcomes at 24 months. {CASA} support was associated with higher rates of virologic suppression and lower mortality. A comprehensive, tailored adherence intervention in the form of community-based {DOT-HAART} and matched economic and psychosocial support is both feasible and effective for certain individuals in resource-poor settings. Matching Social Support to Individual Needs: A {Community-Based} Intervention to Improve {HIV} Treatment Adherence in a {Resource-Poor} Setting Adherence Community-based project HIV/AIDS Needs 1573-3254 April Matching Social Support to Individual Needs 2010 {PMID:} 20383572 10.1007/s10461-010-9697-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383572 2010-04 muraleedharan_private_2003 incollection Abdo S. Yazbeck Private Health Care Sector in India - Policy Challenges and Options for partnership India Primary health care Washington, {D.C.} 2003 Health Policy Research in South Asia - Building Capacity for Reform The World Bank 2003 murray_what_1999 techreport What Matters Most: The Health of the Poorest or the Health of the Sickest? Health of the poorest Health of the sickest Target groups 1999 {HEALTH/NUTRITION/POPULATION} {AND} {POVERTY} {HNP/Poverty} Thematic 1999 musango_profil_2004 article The establishment of mutual health insurance systems is one of the priorities of the Rwandan government. Pilot studies have been conducted in three districts of the country. Nonetheless, after 4 years of implementation (1999-2003), the population coverage by these insurance systems remains relatively low. A cross-sectional study of 1042 households in the Kabutare health district allowed for a comparison of socio-economic and demographic variables, and the medical, surgical, gynaecological, and obstetrical history of health insurance scheme members and non-members. The results of the study demonstrate that the distribution of members and non-members is similar in terms of sex, marital status, professional status and medical history. However, larger households (more than five members) and those having a relatively higher income (more than {USD} 230 per annum) are more likely to be insured than other households. Members of the mutual health insurance use more the health services than non-members, spend less on health care and increasingly maintain membership. The study emphasizes the relevance to further promote mutual health insurance, but also points to the need for mechanisms to ensure financial access for the poor rural population. Cross-sectional studies Family characteristics Female Health insurance Health policy Health services needs and demand Insurance coverage Male Marital status Medically uninsured persons Social class 1360-2276 1222--1227 11 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15548320 Tropical Medicine \& International Health: {TM} \& {IH} Le profil des membres et des non membres des mutuelles de sant\'{e} au Rwanda: le cas du district sanitaire de Kabutare {(Profile} of members and non members of mutual health insurance system in Rwanda: the case of the health district of Kabutare) 9 {[Profile} of members and non members of mutual health insurance system in Rwanda November 2004 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01318.x {PMID:} 15548320 2004-11 musau_community_1999 techreport Community Based Health Insurance: Experiences and Lessons Learned from East and Southern Africa Africa Case study Community-based health insurance East Africa Kenya Micro health insurance Mutual insurance South Africa Uganda Bethesda, Maryland Community Based Health Insurance 1999 34 Technical Report {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 1999 musgrove_health_2003 techreport Health Economics in Development Developing countries Development Health economics 475 September 2003 Bank World\ 2003-09 musgrove_basic_2002 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Analysed in this paper are national health accounts estimates for 191 {WHO} Member States for 1997, using simple comparisons and linear regressions to describe spending on health and how it is financed. The data cover all sources - out-of-pocket spending, social insurance contributions, financing from government general revenues and voluntary and employment-related private insurance - classified according to their completeness and reliability. Total health spending rises from around 2-3\% of gross domestic product {(GDP)} at low incomes {({\textless}US\$} 1000 per capita) to typically 8-9\% at high incomes {({\textgreater}US\$} 7000). Surprisingly, there is as much relative variation in the share for poor countries as for rich ones, and even more relative variation in amounts in {US\$.} Poor countries and poor people that most need protection from financial catastrophe are the least protected by any form of prepayment or risk-sharing. At low incomes, out-of-pocket spending is high on average and varies from 20-80\% of the total; at high incomes that share drops sharply and the variation narrows. Absolute out-ofpocket expenditure nonetheless increases with income. Public financing increases faster, and as a share of {GDP,} and converges at high incomes. Health takes an increasing share of total public expenditure as income rises, from 5-6\% to around 10\%. This is arguably the opposite of the relation between total health needs and need for public spending, for any given combination of services. Within public spending, there is no convergence in the type of finance - general revenue versus social insurance. Private insurance is usually insignificant except in some rich countries Basic patterns in national health expenditure Financing Health care expenditure Health care sector Health statistics Health trends Linear models Personal financing 134--142 80 2002 2 2002 mushi_financing_2007 misc For about two decades now, debates on the impacts of user fees on the public health sector have not clearly been conclusive. While Uganda, for example, recently decided to abandon these fees, Tanzania is looking to extend user fees to the sub-district primary health facilities. Welfare concerns feature as major controversial issues in community contributions towards the improvement of public health services; leading to the question: what is the best way to finance public health services? This paper is part of those efforts seeking to carry out a comparative analysis of the community insurance scheme and user fees for public health care in Tanzania. The paper begins with a background that provides a summary of the controversies and achievements of user fees in poor countries, and Tanzania in particular, before outlining the problem context of this study, which was conducted during 2004. The rest of the paper is organised in three sections: Methodology of the Study, Results and Discussion, and Conclusion and Emerging Policy Issues. Financing public health care: Insurance, user fees, or taxes? Welfare comparisons in Tanzania Africa Health care financing Insurance Public health care Tanzania Taxation User charges 2007 http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0002891/Welfare_Tanzania_REPOA_2007.pdf 2007 mushkin_toward_1958 article Public Health Reports Health economists are concerned with the organization of the market for health services and the net yield of investment in people for health. The "optimum" use of resources for the care of the sick and the promotion of health defines the special field of inquiry. Toward a definition of health economics Health and economics Health care efficiency Theory 0094-6214 785--794 September 73 1958 9 {PMID:} 13579116 {PMCID:} 1951624 1958-09 muula_how_2006 article {BMC} Health Services Research {BACKGROUND:} The migration of health professionals from southern Africa to developed nations is negatively affecting the delivery of health care services in the source countries. Oftentimes however, it is the reasons for the out-migration that have been described in the literature. The work and domestic situations of those health professionals continuing to serve in their posts have not been adequately studied. {METHODS:} The present study utilized a qualitative data collection and analysis method. This was achieved through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with health professionals and administrators to determine the challenges they face and the coping systems they resort to and the perceptions towards those coping methods. {RESULTS:} Health professionals identified the following as some of the challenges there faced: inequitable and poor remuneration, overwhelming responsibilities with limited resources, lack of a stimulating work environment, inadequate supervision, poor access to continued professionals training, limited career progression, lack of transparent recruitment and discriminatory remuneration. When asked what kept them still working in Malawi when the pressures to emigrate were there, the following were some of the ways the health professionals mentioned as useful for earning extra income to support their families: working in rural areas where life was perceived to be cheaper, working closer to home village so as to run farms, stealing drugs from health facilities, having more than one job, running small to medium scale businesses. Health professionals would also minimize expenditure by missing meals and walking to work. {CONCLUSION:} Many health professionals in Malawi experience overly challenging environments. In order to survive some are involved in ethically and legally questionable activities such as receiving "gifts" from patients and pilfering drugs. The efforts by the Malawi government and the international community to retain health workers in Malawi are recognized. There is however need to evaluate of these human resources-retaining measures are having the desired effects. How are health professionals earning their living in Malawi? Africa Attitude of health personnel Career choice Career Mobility Developing countries Emigration and immigration Entrepreneurship Focus groups Health personnel Health resources Institutional practice Malawi Motivation Private Practice Professional practice location Rural health services Social problems Socio-economic factors Theft 1472-6963 97 6 2006 {PMID:} 16899130 10.1186/1472-6963-6-97 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16899130 2006 mwabu_financing_2002 techreport Financing medical care through Insurance: Policy lessons from Household- and {Community-Level} Analysis in Kenya Case study Insurance policy Kenya 75--97 2002 African Development Bank 2002 mwansa_non-governmental_2007 article Journal of Social Development in Africa Non-governmental organisations and poverty reduction in Africa: the need for a paradigm shift Africa NGOs Poverty reduction 53--70 22 2007 1 2007 mwenda_towards_2004 article International Journal of Social Economics Micro-finance institutions are critical to Africa's quest for solutions to the continent's development challenge. The area of their greatest potential impact, rural Africa, is not only home to the bulk of the continent's population, but also the vast majority of Africa's poor. This paper not only defines {MFIs} with examples from Zambia, South Africa, Mali and Zimbabwe, it also establishes a clear link between {MFIs} and both poverty eradication and the empowerment and equality of women, two of the major Millennium Development Goals. The paper concludes with some policy recommendations and a set of "best practices" for the future success of {MFIs} on the continent, including the need to ensure flexibility and careful government regulation and supervision of {MFIs.} Towards best practices for micro finance institutional engagement in African rural areas: Selected cases and agenda for action Africa Best practices Mali Microfinance South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe 143 -- 158 Towards best practices for micro finance institutional engagement in African rural areas 31 2004 1/2 2004 nabeth_mikroversicherung_2007 incollection Mikroversicherung also Antwort auf ein Grundbed\"{u}rfnis Microinsurance Needs Geneve 978-2-88247-069-0 2007 Schweizerisches Jahrbuch f\"{u}r Entwicklungspolitik - Entwicklungsfinanzierung durch Mobilisierung lokaler Ressourcen Inst. 2007 nagendranath_health_2002 inproceedings Health insurance in India - the emerging paradigm Health insurance India New Delhi 2002 2002 nair_sustainability_2005 book Sustainability of Microfinance Self Help Groups in India: Would Federating Help India Microfinance Self-help groups Sustainability of Microfinance Self Help Groups in India 2005 World Bank, South Asia Region, Finance and Private Sector Development Unit 2005 nambiar_planning_2007 article The major challenge for health care planners lies in integrating health promotion and disease prevention on the one hand and treatment of acute illness and chronic care on the other. This has to be done at all levels of the health system with the aim of delivering quality services equitably and efficiently to the whole population. This is a particular problem as many governments spend less than {US} \$10 per person per year on health. Acute sector healthcare, including anaesthesia, is often deficient under these circumstances. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Developing countries Health education Malawi Medical care Medical sciences Preventive health services 00032409 5--10 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=27091290&site=ehost-live Anaesthesia Planning health care in developing countries. 62 December 2007 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Anaesthesia is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05290.x 2007-12 nam_relationship_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among {HIV} patients is the most important patient-enabled factor related to virological failure and can lead to drug resistance. It is important to avoid virological failure, especially in resource-limited settings where treatment options are limited and the effects of treatment failure are profound. This qualitative study aimed to identify the psycho-social factors related to adherence behaviour in Gaborone, Botswana, a high prevalence setting in southern Africa. One-to-one, in-depth interviews were conducted with adult antiretroviral patients in the private and public health sectors who had been on antiretroviral therapy for a minimum of 6 months. A grounded theory approach was adopted and patients were selected purposively and theoretical sampling determined the final sample size. Thirty-two patients were interviewed, 22 from the public-sector, the mean age was 9.5 years and 53\% were women. We found that acceptance of {HIV-status,} the ability to avoid internalising stigmatising attitudes and identification of an encouraging confidante were key factors related to good adherence. Encouraging confidantes (including clinicians) and contributed to promoting hope and acceptance of {HIV-status,} enabling patients to develop a positive therapeutic relationship with their antiretrovirals and make lifestyle changes that promoted adherence. Active participation in a social network and a desire to avoid being thin and visibly identifiable as {HIV-positive} were also adherence-motivating factors. Conversely, participants who expressed some degree of denial about their {HIV-status} tended to express emotions associated with depression, and internalised stigma that inhibited the development of a relationship with a confidante. We feel it is important to identify individuals with {HIV} who are still in some degree of denial about their status and to identify depression among patients on antiretrovirals. This will enable more targeted, individualised support in the management of individuals' {HIV} disease. The relationship of acceptance or denial of {HIV-status} to antiretroviral adherence among adult {HIV} patients in urban Botswana Adherence Africa Antiretrovirals Botswana HIV/AIDS In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4SDH5SV-2/1/884608a754a05baab8904412a962f35d 2008 nanavaty_local_2005 techreport From Local to Global and Informal to Formal - Entering Mainstream Markets Cooperatives India Informal economy Institutions Poverty Women 2005 2005/02 Discussion Paper {EGDI} - Expert Group on Development Issues, United Nations University; {WIDER} - World Institute for Development Economics Research 2005 nandraj_accreditation_2000 techreport Accreditation system for hospitals in India Health sector reform Mumbai 2000 Centre for Enquiry into Health \& Allied Themes 2000 nandraj_contracting_2000 techreport Contracting and regulating in the health sector: Concerns, Challenges and Options Contracting Health sector India Regulating New Delhi, India 2000 Ministry of Health \& Family Welfare; The World Bank 2000 narayan_what_2000 inproceedings The seminar was the eighteenth in a series sponsored by the World Bank's {HNP/Poverty} Thematic Group. The approximately forty participants included representatives from five of the Bank's six geographic regions; from the Bank's {HNP} anchor unit; and from the {U.S.} Agency for International Development. Dave Gwatkin, {HNP/Poverty} Thematic Group Coordinator, served as moderator. The speaker was Deepa Narayan. She reported on findings related to {HNP} emerging from a Bank-initiated project, entitled {"Consultations} with the Poor", that she is leading. The consultations had been undertaken in order to provide background information about poverty from the perspective of those who are poor, for use in preparing the Bank's poverty-oriented 2000/01 World Development Report. The consultation project was in two parts. The first was a review of over 75 participatory studies undertaken in the mid to late 1990s, covering some 40,000 people in 41 countries. The second was a series of new studies executed in 1999. These new studies, each with a similar design, took place in 23 countries and included interviews with around 20,000 poor men and women. The studies were qualitative in nature and relied primarily on small group discussions and individual interviews. What Do the Poor Have to Say about Health, Nutrition, and Population? Asia Community participation Health and poverty India Participation India What Do the Poor Have to Say about Health, Nutrition, and Population? 2000 {Health/Nutrition/Population} and Poverty seminar report 2000 narayan_empowerment_2002 book World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty presents a multidimensional view of poverty. In particular, it underscores the importance of increasing poor people's access to opportunity, security, and empowerment for economic growth and poverty reduction. Building on {WDR} 2000/2001, the World Bank's Strategic Framework Paper identifies two priority areas for Bank support to client governments: (a) building the climate for investment, jobs, and growth, and (b) empowering poor people and investing in their assets. This book defines the World Bank's approach to empowerment for economic growth and poverty reduction. It will also inform the World Bank's social development strategy. A growing body of evidence is showing the linkages between empowerment and good governance and growth, growth that is more pro-poor, and improved project performance. However, there remain many questions about what empowerment means, how it applies to the Bank's work, and what actions should be undertaken to move the empowerment agenda forward. This book addresses these three issues, taking into account the World Bank's mandate and comparative advantage in this field. The final section of the book documents tools and practices that can support the implementation of an empowering approach to poverty reduction. The World Bank's Role The World Bank's comparative advantage in pursuing an empowerment agenda for poverty reduction lies in its relationship with governments around the world. The Bank is well placed to provide analysis, evaluation, and advice on issues from governance to sector reform and economic growth, based on research and learning from projects co-financed with governments. The Bank can convene stakeholders to stimulate debate, consensus, and coalition building for reform. It can support information disclosure and public accountability mechanisms in projects and lending products. Finally, the Bank can build capacity and support the strengthening of civil society and government institutions at the local and national levels. Empowerment and Poverty Reduction: A Sourcebook Empowerment Poverty reduction 0821351664 July Empowerment and Poverty Reduction 2002 World Bank Publications 2002-07 narayan_ensuring_2003 techreport Ensuring a healthy future Case study Charitable model Health sector reform Health system India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Provider model Hyderabad, India Ensuring a healthy future 2003 {LOK} {SATTA} 2003 national_democratic_congress_ndc_manifesto_2008 misc Manifesto for a better Ghana 2008 Africa Ghana NDC 2008 2008 national_development_planning_commission_government_of_ghana_scaling-up_2005 misc Scaling-up health investments for better health, economic growth and accelerated poverty reduction Report of the Ghana Macroeconomics and Health Initiative Africa Ghana Health sector Poverty reduction October 2005 2005-10 national_development_planning_commission_government_of_ghana_growth_2005 misc Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy {(GPRS} {II).} Costing Framework (2006-2009). Volume {II} Africa Ghana Poverty reduction November 2005 2005-11 national_resource_centre_for_consumer_participation_methods_2002 techreport Methods Of Consumer Participation Community participation Consumer participation Participation 2002 2002 national_statistical_office_malawi_malawi_2001 misc This final report presents the major findings of the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey {(MDHS)} carried out from July to November 2000. The survey collected information on fertility levels, nuptiality, fertility preferences, knowledge and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of mothers and children, childhood illnesses and mortality, use of maternal and child health services, malaria, maternal mortality, and {HIV/AIDS-related} knowledge and behaviours. {(D\"{U}I-Hff)} Malawi demographic and health survey 2000 Africa Health survey Malawi 2001 http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/FR-175-MW04.pdf 2001 national_statistical_office_malawi_malawi_2005 misc This final report presents the major findings of the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey {(MDHS)} carried out from October 2004 to January 2005. It is the third of its kind to be conducted in Malawi; the first was in 1992 and the second was in 2000. The 2004 {MDHS} included for the first time testing of blood samples to provide national rates for anaemia and {HIV.} It collected information on fertility levels, nuptiality, fertility preferences, knowledge and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of mothers and children, childhood illnesses and mortality, use of maternal and child health services, malaria, maternal mortality, and {HIV/AIDS-related} knowledge and behaviours. {(D\"{U}I-Hff)} Malawi demographic and health survey 2004 Africa Health survey Malawi 2005 http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/FR-175-MW04.pdf 2005 natu_linking_2008 article Centre for Micro Finance {(CMF/IFMR)} This paper advocates the combining of financial inclusion and social security schemes, with the underlying assumption that financial inclusion driven by banks will yield substandard outcomes if the clients have no reliable income streams. The paper describes a social security scheme called the National Rural Employment Guarantee Program {(NREGP)} in India that provides a regular and steady income to the poor, although for a limited period of time in a year. The authors argue that a drive towards financial inclusion will be more relevant to clients if it is tied to schemes such as {NREGP} that ensure a reliable stream of income. The paper: Examines a model currently being pilot-tested in Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh, India, where a technology provider {(FINO)} has tried to facilitate financial inclusion over the channel and reach created by {NREGP;} Explains the ways that this model can be put into practice: through {NREGP} partnerships with local {MFIs,} {NGOs} and Post Offices {(POs)} that act as a "business correspondent" for the local bank; Illustrates how technology can facilitate efficient and effective financial inclusion, through the Karimnagar pilot study, where the State Government, with the help of the technology provider, has used smart cards, biometrics, and hand-held devices to digitize the disbursement of {NREGP} wages. The paper concludes by examining the outcomes of the project. Linking Financial Inclusion with Social Security Schemes Inclusion Social security January 2008 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/46756 2008-01 nayar_self-help:_2004 article International Journal for Equity in Health Self-help: What future role in health care for low and middle-income countries Self-help low income country Self-help 3 2004 1 2004 ndahinyuka_etude_2004 misc Etude de cas sur les r??les des acteurs dans le d\'{e}veloppement des mutuelles de sant\'{e} au Rwanda Micro health insurance Rwanda 2004 http://www.ilo.org/gimi/concertation/resource.do?page=/concertation/publications/carte/rwanda/Etudes_3341214645_8911.PDF 2004 ndiaye_editorial:_2007 article Tropical Medicine and International Health This paper presents an overview of the development of Community Health Insurance {(CHI)} in sub- Saharan Africa. In 2003, nearly 600 {CHI} initiatives were registered in a dozen countries of francophone West Africa alone. At regional level, coordination networks have been created in Africa with the aim to support and monitor the developments of this innovative model of health care financing. At national level, governments are preparing the necessary legal frameworks for {CHI} implementation. {CHI} is increasingly seen as a strategy to meet other development goals than only health. It constitutes an interesting model to finance health care, to pool financial resources in a fair way and to empower health care users. The {CHI} movement however still faces many challenges. The relevance of more professional inputs in the management of {CHI} and the need for careful subsidy of {CHI} schemes are increasingly recognized. There is also need to optimize the relationship of {CHI} with the other actors in the health system and to scale-up {CHI} so as to gain in effectiveness and efficiency. The boom in the number of schemes in Africa during the last years is an indicator of the increasing attractiveness of the model. In practice however, enrolment rates per scheme remain low or are only slowly increasing. Context-specific research is needed on the reasons that prevent people from enrolling in larger numbers. On that basis, relevant action to be taken locally can be identified. Editorial: A view from beneath: Community Health Insurance in Africa Access Africa community health insurance Finance Micro health insurance Sub-Saharan Africa User empowerment 157--161 February 12 2007 2 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01814.x 2007-02 network_of_mutual_health_organizations_of_ghana_gnemho_annual_2006 misc Annual Report January -- December 2005 Africa Ghana Micro health insurance Mutual health insurance Mutual health organisations 2006 2006 newbrander_private_1997 book Private health sector growth in Asia: issues and implications Asia Primary health care Manila 1997 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Asian Development Bank 1997 newhouse_reimbursing_1996 article Journal of Economic Literature Reimbursing health plans and health providers: Efficiency in production versus selection. Cost effectiveness Health planning Industrial efficiency Medical policy Public health Unit pricing 00220515 1236 Reimbursing health plans and health providers 34 1996 3 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}The} article focuses on reimbursing health plans and health providers with emphasis on efficiency in production versus selection. This paper argues that widespread health insurance creates another important tradeoff, less well recognized in the literature, between efficiency in production and selection. By efficiency in production the authors mean least cost treatment of a patient's medical problem, holding quality constant. Thus efficiency includes the quantity of services used to treat the problem, as well as the unit price of those services. By selection, the authors mean actions of economic agents on either side of the market to exploit unpriced risk heterogeneity and break pooling arrangements, with the result that some consumers may not obtain the insurance they desire. Section {II} describes changes in the structures of the health insurance and medical care industries and how those changes have affected the tradeoff between efficiency in production and selection. Section {III} delineates a theory of selection based on the traditional {Rothschild-Stiglitz} model. {\textless}/p{\textgreater} http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=9610113171&site=ehost-live 1996 nikkhah_role_2010 article Journal of Human Ecology This paper attempts to illustrate the contribution of {NGOs} towards sustainable community development. {NGOs} have many programs, functions and roles which assist community to become empowered, and eventually attain sustainable development. This paper reviews some of these roles, functions and programs of {NGOs,} such as microfinance, capacity building and self-reliance. Microfinance programs improve the economic well-being of communities by job creation and income generation. In the long run, this economic empowerment will contribute to sustainable community development. {NGOs,} through capacity building, develop community capacities such as ability, skill and knowledge of mobilizing resources, planning and evaluating community initiation and solving problems to gain the mastery over their lives. It also motivates the community to participate in the projects and help them to improve quality of their lives. Participants are expected to coordinate meetings, plan community activities, and be practical in community initiatives. In this way, {NGOs} contribute towards sustainable community development. Furthermore, {NGOs} mobilize the communities to be self-reliant. It assists the communities to discover their own potentials and rely on their own resources. In short, this paper demonstrates that all these programs and functions of {NGOs} could contribute towards the realization of sustainable community development. The Role of {NGOs} in Promoting Empowerment for Sustainable Community Development Capacity building Empowerment Microfinance NGOs Self-reliance 85--92 30 2010 2 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m/template.rc/1.9.45559/ 2010 noble_healthy_2001 unpublished Healthy Wealthy and Wise: An Introduction to Microfinance based Group Health Schemes. Group health schemes Microfinance Kampala, Uganda 2001 2001 noland_religion_2005 article World Development Summary. - This paper investigates the relationship between religion and economic performance. In both cross-country and within-country regressions, the null hypothesis that religious affiliation is uncorrelated with performance can frequently be rejected (i.e., religion matters), though the regressions do not yield a robust pattern of coefficients with respect to particular religions. The results with respect to Islam do not support the notion that it is inimical to growth. On the contrary, virtually every statistically significant coefficient on Muslim population shares reported in this paper-in both cross-country and within-country statistical analyses-is positive. If anything, Islam promotes growth. Religion and Economic Performance Religion and economy 1215--1232 33 2005 8 2005 norberg_life_2002 misc Since the pioneering days of Black, Merton and Scholes financial mathematics has developed rapidly into a flourishing area of science. Its impacts on insurance are great by any calculation: applications are virtually countless and even the basic paradigms are being rethought. This talk focuses on life insurance and shows how the mathematics of finance and of insurance dovetail into a consistent model-based approach to measurement and management of combined insurance risk and finance risk. Life insurance mathematics 2002 Financial mathematics Research method 2002 http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~cemapre/ime2002/main_page/papers/RagnarNorberg.pdf 2002 northridge_environment_2004 article American Journal of Public Health Environment and Health: Capacity Building for the Future Environment and health 1949--1850 94 2004 11 2004 norton_long-term-care_2000 incollection Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Long-term-care Demand and reimbursement for medical services Disabled people Economics and menthal health Equity and health Health care system Health habits Insurance Long-term care Mental health Amsterdam (a.o.) 957--994 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 nugroho_building_2001 book Building Community Health: A Practical Handbook for Practitioners. Curriculum Guide 2001 http://www.healthdevelopment.org/pdfs/Building%20Community%20Health.pdf Health Development International 2001 nyambedha_ethical_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper is based on the experiences drawn from a long-term social science research programme on the impact of the {AIDS} pandemic on orphanhood in western Kenya. It discusses the ethical dilemma of maintaining a delicate balance between research ethics, the expectations of the study population and negotiating the community's vested interests in a health related research project in a low-income society. I argue that informed consent and the intended benefits of the study to the participants continue to be major challenges facing the justification of social research with people affected by or living with {AIDS} in low-income societies. The paper underscores the importance of community feedback sessions as a way of enhancing chances of acceptability of research efforts and obtaining informed consent. It further shows how community feedback sessions contribute to local knowledge of the problem being studied, creating opportunities for advocacy. This discussion adds to the existing ethical debate on the wider contexts within which research on vulnerable people affected by {AIDS} is conducted by arguing that research practice is inseparable from epistemological concerns of knowledge production. I suggest that ethnographers should enhance efforts to innovatively design action research projects to serve the twin purposes of data collection and deal with ethical challenges that are experienced when doing long-term research on vulnerable groups. Ethical dilemmas of social science research on {AIDS} and orphanhood in Western Kenya Ethnography Informed consent Orphanhood Research ethics Social science research In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4S7S1BW-2/1/01c9194b96de2b89f1a2012ab58fada9 2008 nyamukapa_extended_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine The extended family forms the basis for orphan care and education in {sub-Saharan} Africa. Initial absence followed by emergence of differentials in primary school enrolment between orphans and non-orphans have been attributed to the strength and subsequent {HIV/AIDS-induced} breakdown of extended family orphan care arrangements. Yet, few attempts have been made to describe how these arrangements are affected by {HIV/AIDS} or how they relate to observed patterns of childhood outcomes by sex and orphan status. We use a combination of quantitative and qualitative data to show that maternal orphans but not paternal or double orphans have lower primary school completion rates than non-orphans in rural Zimbabwe, and that these patterns reflect adaptations and gaps in extended family orphan care arrangements. Sustained high levels of primary school completion amongst paternal and double orphans--particularly for girls--result from increased residence in female-headed households and greater access to external resources. Low primary school completion amongst maternal orphans results from lack of support from fathers and stepmothers and ineligibility for welfare assistance due to residence in higher socio-economic status households. These effects are partially offset by increased assistance from maternal relatives. These findings indicate that programmes should assist maternal orphans and support women's efforts by reinforcing the roles of extended families and local communities, and by facilitating greater self-sufficiency. Extended family's and women's roles in safeguarding orphans' education in {AIDS-afflicted} rural Zimbabwe Africa Extended family HIV/AIDS Orphans Primary education and female-headed households Zimbabwe 2155--2167 May 60 2005 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4F14YNV-1/1/7ab505f393579af573bc29da64da04b4 2005-05 obaidullah_introduction_2008 article The Islamic Business and Finance Network {(IBF} {NET)} This monograph explains the building blocks of a microfinance program targeted at Islamic societies. Islamic societies are characterized by high and rising levels of poverty and financial exclusion. Financial exclusion is aggravated by failure on the part of conventional microfinance programs to give due importance to the religious sensitivities of Muslims. For poverty alleviation efforts to succeed in these societies, there is need for an appropriate model that is rooted in Islam and conforms to beliefs, cultures of the Muslim clients. The monograph argues that there are no fundamental contradictions in the global microfinance best practices and the Islamic approach to poverty alleviation. It seeks to present the Islamic approach as a composite and compassionate one that is rooted in charity, but permits wealth creation and for-profit enterprise. Spanning over four chapters, it focuses on the mechanisms, models, tools and instruments of the Islamic approach as prescribed by the glorious Shariah. Introduction to Islamic Microfinance Islamic microfinance Microcredit Microfinance 2008 http://microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/54157 2008 obermann_social_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine Very little is known about the Philippine health care system, and in particular its experience with social health insurance {(SHI).} Having initiated an {SHI} programme 35 years ago, the Philippines hold many lessons for the development of such schemes in other low and middle-income countries. We analyse the challenges currently facing {PhilHealth,} the national health insurer. {PhilHealth} was formed in 1995 as a successor to the Medicare programme and was given a mandate to achieve universal coverage by 2010. To date, {PhilHealth} has been quite successful in some areas (e.g. enrolment), but lags behind in others (e.g. quality and price control). We conclude that {SHI} in the Philippines has been a success story so far and provides lessons for countries in a similar situation. For example: (i) {SHI} is based on value decisions and the clear statement of societal goals can give guidance in the technical execution, (ii) {SHI} is a financing institution and needs to be treated accordingly, (iii) {SHI} can be implemented independently of the current economic situation and might actually contribute to economic development, (iv) community-based health care financing schemes should be merged with the national {SHI} in the long run, and (v) there is a strong need to push for high quality care and improved physical access. No clear suggestions can be given with respect to the benefit catalogue and the balance between economies of scale and decentralisation. Although riddled with many inadequacies, {PhilHealth} was set up as a strong and largely politically independent institution for the development of {SHI.} {SHI} can act as a stabilizing institution in a politically and economically volatile environment. Social health insurance in a developing country: The case of the Philippines Developing countries Philippines Social health insurance 3177--3185 June Social health insurance in a developing country 62 2006 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4J022W1-2/1/6f73419dc54ae2e6a4545091ec45e31a 2006-06 ockenfels_a._types_1999 article Journal of Public Economics In a study of public good and solidarity experiments conducted in eastern and western Germany, we found in both games that eastern subjects behave in a significantly more selfish manner than do western subjects. Besides that we found that many qualitative results of both data sets are similar. Since our experiments were conducted in two parts of one nation, we present an unusually well controlled cross-cultural study by avoiding difficulties that usually arise in multinational settings. We conclude that cooperation and solidarity behavior seem to depend strongly on different culture-specific norms resulting from opposing economic and social histories in the two parts of Germany. Types and patterns: an experimental {East-West-German} comparison of cooperation and solidarity Cross-cultural comparison Europe Experimental design Germany Norms Public goods Solidarity 275--287 February Types and patterns 71 1999 10.1016/S0047-2727(98)00072-3 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00472727/1999/00000071/00000002/art00072 1999-02 odell_measuring_2010 misc Reviewing microfinance impact assessment evaluations This paper surveys significant microfinance assessment evaluations released or published between 2005 and 2010. Media coverage on the impact of microfinance has painted a mixed, and often, negative picture. Findings from various microfinance impact assessments indicate that: * Microfinance has positive impacts on poor clients' lives; * Formal savings accounts increase business investment and savings for women; * Microfinance leads to an increase in profits, but only for male borrowers; * Microfinance has no overall effects on income or poverty; * Microcredit has no social impact; * Microfinance services are more likely to reach wealthier borrowers; * Women-targeted {MFIs} promote consumption smoothing, asset growth and occupational mobility. It is almost impossible to answer whether microfinance works, because it operates in extremely heterogeneous situations, offering diverse products to various types of clients. The studies in this survey demonstrate that it is not easy to evaluate microfinance's financial and social impact. Researchers and practitioners should not over interpret the results of empirical studies. They should, instead, think of each impact assessment as contributing to a growing body of work on knowledge about microfinance in all its forms. Measuring the Impact of Microfinance: Taking Another Look Impact Impact studies Measuring impact Microfinance June 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m/template.rc/1.1.5403/ 2010-06 odonnell_analyzing_2008 techreport Equity has long been considered an important goal in the health sector. Yet inequalities between the poor and the better-off persist. The poor tend to suffer higher rates of mortality and morbidity than do the better-off. They often use health services less, despite having higher levels of need. And, notwithstanding their lower levels of utilization, the poor often spend more on health care as a share of income than the better-off. Indeed, some nonpoor households may be made poor precisely because of health shocks that necessitate out-of-pocket spending on health. Most commentators accept that these inequalities refl ect mainly differences in constraints between the poor and the better-off - lower incomes, higher time costs, less access to health insurance, living conditions that are more likely to encourage the spread of disease, and so on - rather than differences in preferences (cf. e.g., Alleyne et al. 2000; Braveman et al. 2001; Evans et al. 2001a; Le Grand 1987; Wagstaff 2001; Whitehead 1992). Such inequalities tend therefore to be seen not simply as inequalities but as inequities {(Wagstaff} and van Doorslaer 2000). Some commentators, including Nobel prize winners James Tobin (1970) and Amartya Sen (2002), argue that inequalities in health are especially worrisome - more worrisome than inequalities in most other spheres. Health and health care are integral to people's capability to function -their ability to fl ourish as human beings. As Sen puts it, {"Health} is among the most important conditions of human life and a critically signifi cant constituent of human capabilities which we have reason to value" {(Sen} 2002). Society is not especially concerned that, say, ownership of sports utility vehicles is low among the poor. But it is concerned that poor children are systematically more likely to die before they reach their fi fth birthday and that the poor are systematically more likely to develop chronic illnesses. Inequalities in out-of-pocket spending matter too, because if the poor - through no fault of their own - are forced into spending large amounts of their limited incomes on health care, they may well end up with insuffi cient resources to feed and shelter themselves. Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data - A Guide to Techniques and Their Implementation Household data Measuring equity Washington, {D.C.} 2008 The World Bank 2008 oecd_private_2001 techreport Private health insurance in {OECD} countries - {INSURANCE} {AND} {PRIVATE} {PENSIONS} OECD countries Private health insurance 2001 Book 1 - Part 2:4 {OECD} - Insurance Committee Secretariat 2001 oecd_achieving_2009 book Rising public health care spending remains a problem in virtually all {OECD} and {EU} member countries. As a consequence, there is growing interest in policies that will ease this pressure through improved health system performance. This report report examines selected policies that may help countries better achieve the goal of improved health system efficiency and thus better value for money. Drawing on multinational data sets and case studies, it examines a range policy instruments. These include: the role of competition in health markets; the scope for improving care coordination; better pharmaceutical pricing policies; greater quality control supported by stronger information and communication technology in health care; and increased cost sharing. {OECD} Health Policy Studies 1 Achieving Better Value for Money in Health Care 9264074201 November 2009 http://lysander.sourceoecd.org/vl=1453562/cl=28/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/fulltextew.pl?prpsv=/ij/oecdthemes/99980142/v2009n19/s1/p1l.idx {OECD} Publishing 2009-11 oecd_regions_2009 book Why do some regions grow faster than others, and in ways that do not always conform to economic theory? This is a central issue in today's economic climate, when policy makers are looking for ways to stimulate new and sustainable growth. {OECD} work suggests that there is no one-size-fits-all answer to regional growth policy. Rather, regions grow in very varied ways and the simple concentration of resources in a place is not sufficient for long-term growth. This report draws on {OECD} analysis of regional data (including where growth happens, country-by-country), policy reviews and case studies. It argues that it is how investments are made, regional assets used and synergies exploited that can make the difference. Public investment should prioritise longer-term impacts on productivity growth and combine measures in an integrated way. This suggests an important role for regional policies in shaping growth and economic recovery policies, but also challenges policy makers to implement policy reforms. There is no unique pattern of sustainable growth. Concentration of economic activity does not necessarily yield higher levels of productivity or higher growth rates. Opportunities for growth exist in all types of regions across the entire territory and will depend on how well the region is capable of mobilising its assets to make full use of its potential growth. Regions Matter: Economic Recovery, Innovation and Sustainable Growth 9264076514, 9789264076518 December 2009 http://puck.sourceoecd.org/vl=1391011/cl=13/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/fulltextew.pl?prpsv=/ij/oecdthemes/99980096/v2009n32/s1/p1l.idx {OECD} Publishing 2009-12 oecd_health_2009 book This fifth edition of Health at a Glance provides the latest comparable data on different aspects of the performance of health systems in {OECD} countries. It provides striking evidence of large variations across countries in the costs, activities and results of health systems. Key indicators provide information on health status, the determinants of health, health care activities and health expenditure and financing in {OECD} countries. This edition also contains new chapters on the health workforce and on access to care, an important policy objective in all {OECD} countries. The chapter on quality of care has been extended to include a set of indicators on the quality of care for chronic conditions. Each indicator in the book is presented in a user-friendly format, consisting of charts illustrating variations across countries and over time, brief descriptive analyses highlighting the major findings conveyed by the data, and a methodological box on the definition of the indicator and any limitations in data comparability. An annex provides additional information on the demographic and economic context within which health systems operate, as well as a concise description of key characteristics in health system financing and delivery of services in {OECD} countries. Health at a Glance 2009: {OECD} Indicators 9264061533 December Health at a Glance 2009 2009 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/55/2/44117530.pdf Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development {(OECD)} 2009-12 oecd_centre_for_co-operation_with_non-members_glossary_1999 book This glossary aims at providing simple and easily comprehensible explanations of the main regulatory and supervisory insurance terms used in most {OECD} countries. Readers will also find helpful illustrations of important, related policy and technical issues. The publication is intended as a practical tool for government insurance officials, academic and business communities as well as journalists worldwide. It is hoped that it will contribute to mutual understanding and policy dialogue, two key objectives of {OECD's} co-operation with {non-Member} economies. It is one of the many significant initiatives undertaken by the {OECD} Insurance Committee, under the aegis of the Centre for Co-operation with {Non-Member} countries {(CCNM).} Readers will find specific references to individual {OECD} countries and cross references to the {OECD} Insurance Guidelines for Economies in Transition and related {OECD} publications (see the annex and bibliography). The glossary complements the publication Insurance Regulation and Supervision in {OECD} Countries (1999) which contains an extensive analysis of regulatory and supervisory systems in {OECD} countries. The {OECD} Insurance and Private Pensions Unit prepared this glossary, based on contributions from Professor Harold D. Skipper, Jr. {(Georgia} State University) and Professor Guy Simonet {(Institut} libre des finances et des assurances). Mr. Hidekatsu Sekiguchi {(Insurance} and Private Pensions Unit) edited and compiled the glossary with the editorial assistance of Mr. Edward Smiley. It also benefited from the expertise of the Task Force of the Insurance Committee on Insurance Regulation. The {OECD} Internet Site, www.oecd.org contains more information on {OECD} insurance activities. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of the Insurance Committee or the Member countries. It is published on the responsibility of the {Secretary-General} of the {OECD.} {OECD} {CENTRE} {FOR} {CO-OPERATION} {WITH} {NON-MEMBERS} Glossary of insurance policy terms Glossary Insurance policy Paris, France 1999 1999 oecd_african_2009 book The annual African Economic Outlook {(AEO)} is published jointly by the African Development Bank {(AfDB),} the {OECD} Development Centre and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, with support from the European Commission. The 2009 Outlook covers 47 African countries, up from 35 last year. The report finds the region gravely affected by the global economic downturn. Following half a decade of above 5 per cent economic growth, the continent can expect only 2.8 per cent in 2009, less than half of the 5.7 per cent expected before the crisis. The {AEO's} authors anticipate growth rebounding to 4.5 per cent in 2010. Growth in oil-exporting countries is expected to fall to 2.4 per cent in 2009 compared to 3.3 per cent for the net oil importers. The 2009 {AEO} has a special focus on innovations in information and communication technologies {(ICTs).} It concludes that despite low penetration rates for new technologies, innovative applications of {ICT} have been proliferating to areas such as e-banking, e-payments, e-agriculture, e-trade, e-government and e-education. Many of these new tools are helping to shape an improved business environment by contributing to market development, overcoming traditional infrastructure constraints and reducing business costs. African Economic Outlook 2009 9264061703 July African Economic Outlook 2009 2009 http://puck.sourceoecd.org/vl=727812/cl=18/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/fulltextew.pl?prpsv=/ij/oecdthemes/99980010/v2009n13/s1/p1l.idx {OECD} Publishing 2009-07 ofori-adjei_health_2005 article Ghana Medical Journal Some Health Challenges for the Coming Year Africa Ghana Health care system Health policy Health sector reform 39 2005 4 2005 ogawa_scaling_2003 article Health Policy and Planning Interest in community health insurance has grown rapidly in many developing countries, usually as a result of the weak capacity of governments to raise sufficient tax revenues and then to secure an adequate share for health care. There are many pitfalls, however, and only under specific conditions do community health insurance schemes appear to succeed in effectively improving access to care and enhancing financial protection against health care costs. In this paper, we focus on the initial experience with community health insurance in 19th century Japan, called {"Jyorei".} Whereas Jyorei began in 1835 in one village in Fukuoka Prefecture, it gradually expanded and the basic ideas came under government stewardship. It was scaled up as the core model of the National Citizen's Health Insurance Fund, one of the pillars of the Japanese social health insurance system. Several Jyorei success points are relevant today for developing countries wishing to support community health insurance. One of the key characteristics was social cohesion and the acceptance of equity goals with transfers between the rich and the poor Scaling up community health insurance: Japan's experience with the 19th century Jyorei scheme Community-based health insurance Health and poverty Inclusion Japan National health insurance Social health insurance 270--278 Scaling up community health insurance 18 2003 3 2003 ogunbekun_private_1999 article Private health care in Nigeria: walking the tightrope Africa Nigeria Private health care Regulation 174--181 June Private health care in Nigeria 1999 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/2/174 1999-06 okello_socioeconomic_2004 techreport Socioeconomic Characteristics of Enrollees in Community Health Insurance Schemes in Africa Africa Community-based health insurance Socio-economic characterisitics Washnigton, {D.C.} 2004 {USAID} 2004 oliveira-cruz_approaches_2003 article Journal of International Development This paper reviews the current evidence base regarding efforts to overcome constraints to effective health service delivery in low and middle-income countries. A systematic literature review was chosen as the approach to gather and analyse existing knowledge about how to improve the ?close-to-client? health system. We focused on three levels of constraints: community and household, the health services delivery level itself, and health sector policy and strategic management. In total, 116 studies were reviewed and their main findings presented. The results should be interpreted with caution due to the considerable limitations in the existing evidence base. Copyright: 2003 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd Approaches to overcoming constraints to effective health service delivery: a review of the evidence Health service delivery 41--65 Approaches to overcoming constraints to effective health service delivery 15 2003 1 2003 olsen_implicit_2005 article Journal of Health Economics The paper explores the merit of the willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} method as a way to elicit public preferences regarding health care priorities. The aim is to test the extent to which the implicit ranking inferred from the ordinal differences in {WTP-values} corresponds with respondents' explicit ranking of the same programmes. This issue of convergent validity is explored by face-to-face interviewing of population samples in six European countries-in total 1240 respondents. The most consistent result is the inconsistency of {WTP} and explicit ranking in all six countries. The convergent validity of {WTP} is low, particularly among those who did not state different {WTP-values} on the three programmes being considered Implicit versus explicit ranking: On inferring ordinal preferences for health care programmes based on differences in willingness-to-pay Health care Willingness to pay 990--996 2005 24 2005 onwujekwe_criterion_2004 article Social Science \& Medicine Contingent valuation question formats that will be used to elicit willingness to pay for goods and services need to be relevant to the area they will be used in order for responses to be valid. A novel contingent valuation question format called the "structured haggling technique" {(SH)} that resembles the bargaining system in Nigerian markets was designed and its criterion and content validity compared with those of the bidding game {(BG)} and binary-with-follow-up {(BWFU)} technique. This was achieved by determining the willingness to pay {(WTP)} for insecticide-treated nets {(ITNs)} in Southeast Nigeria. Content validity was determined through observation of actual trading of untreated nets together with interviews with sellers and consumers. Criterion validity was determined by comparing stated and actual {WTP.} Stated {WTP} was determined using a questionnaire administered to 810 household heads and actual {WTP} was determined by offering the nets for sale to all respondents one month later. The phi (correlation) coefficient was used to compare criterion validity across question formats. The phi coefficients were {SH} (0.60: 95\% {C.I.} 0.50-0.71), {BG} (0.42: 95\% {C.I.} 0.29-0.54) and the {BWFU} (0.32: 95\% {C.I.} 0.20-0.44), implying that the {BG} and {SH} had similar levels of criterion-validity while the {BWFU} was the least criterion-valid. However, the {SH} was the most content-valid. It is necessary to validate the findings in other areas where haggling is common. Future studies should establish the content validity of question formats in the contexts in which they will be used before administering questionnaires. Criterion and content validity of a novel structured haggling contingent valuation question format versus the bidding game and binary with follow-up format Contingent valuation Haggling Insecticide-treated nets Nigeria Validity Willingness to pay 525--537 February 58 2004 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-49BS7HD-G/1/08662f59f141685dff61c9532bf4f8a8 2004-02 onwujekwe_inter-rater_2005 article Health Economics Inter-rater and test-retest reliabilityof three contingent valuation question formats in south-east Nigeria Africa Contingent valuation Inter-rater and test-retest Nigeria Research methodology 529--536 14 2005 2005 onwujekwe_preferences_2010 article {BACKGROUND:} It is important that community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} schemes are designed in such a way as to ensure the relevance of the benefit packages to potential clients. Hence, this paper provides an understanding of the preferred benefit packages by different economic status groups as well as urban and rural dwellers for {CBHI} in Southeast Nigeria. {METHODS:} The study took place in rural, urban and semi-urban communities of south-east Nigeria. A questionnaire was used to collect information from 3070 randomly picked household heads. Focus group discussions were used to collect qualitative data. Data was examined for links between preferences for benefit packages with {SES} and geographic residence of the respondents. {RESULTS:} Respondents in the rural areas and in the lower {SES} preferred a comprehensive benefit package which includes all inpatient, outpatient and emergencies services, while those in urban areas as well as those in the higher {SES} group showed a preference for benefit packages which will cover only basic disease control interventions. {CONCLUSION:} Equity concerns in preferences for services to be offered by the {CBHI} scheme should be addressed for {CBHI} to succeed in different contexts. Benefit package Micro health insurance Nigeria Preferences Willingness to pay 1472-6963 162 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540787 {BMC} Health Services Research Preferences for benefit packages for community-based health insurance: an exploratory study in Nigeria 10 Preferences for benefit packages for community-based health insurance 2010 10.1186/1472-6963-10-162 {PMID:} 20540787 2010 onwujekwe_willingness_2010 article Objective We examine socio-economic status {(SES)} and geographic differences in willingness of respondents to pay for community-based health insurance {(CBHI).} Methods The study took place in Anambra and Enugu states, south-east Nigeria. It involved a rural, an urban and a semi-urban community in each of the two states. A pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from a total of 3070 households selected by simple random sampling. Contingent valuation was used to elicit willingness to pay {(WTP)} using the bidding game format. Data were examined for correlation between {SES} and geographic locations with {WTP.} Log ordinary least squares {(OLS)} was used to examine the construct validity of elicited {WTP.} Results Generally, less than 40\% of the respondents were willing to pay for {CBHI} membership for themselves or other household members. The proportions of people who were willing to pay were much lower in the rural communities, at less than 7\%. The average that respondents were willing to pay as a monthly premium for themselves ranged from 250 Naira {(US\$1.7)} in a rural community to 343 Naira {(US\$2.9)} in an urban community. The higher the {SES} group, the higher the stated {WTP} amount. Similarly, the urbanites stated higher {WTP} compared with peri-urban and rural dwellers. Males and people with more education stated higher {WTP} values than females and those with less education. Log {OLS} also showed that previously paying out-of-pocket for health care was negatively related to {WTP.} Previously paying for health care using any health insurance mechanism was positively related to {WTP.} Conclusion Economic status and place of residence amongst other factors matter in peoples' {WTP} for {CBHI} membership. Consumer awareness has to be created about the benefits of {CBHI,} especially in rural areas, and the amount to be paid has to be augmented with other means of financing (e.g. government and/or donor subsidies) to ensure success and sustainability of {CBHI} schemes. Africa Community health financing Micro health insurance Nigeria Sub-Saharan Africa Willingness to pay 155--161 2 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/2/155 Health Policy Plan. Willingness to pay for community-based health insurance in Nigeria: do economic status and place of residence matter? 25 Willingness to pay for community-based health insurance in Nigeria March 2010 10.1093/heapol/czp046 2010-03 ooms_medicines_2007 article AIDS Financing Health personnel International agencies Salaries and fringe benefits World health 1549-1676 e128 4 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17439295 {PLoS} Medicine Medicines without doctors: why the Global Fund must fund salaries of health workers to expand {AIDS} treatment 4 Medicines without doctors April 2007 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040128 {PMID:} 17439295 2007-04 organisation_for_economic_co-operation_and_development_oecd_insurance_1999 book Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development {(OECD)} Insurance Regulation and Supervision in Asia Insurance Regulation Supervision 9264171584 1999 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {OECD} Online Bookshop 1999 osei-akoto_demand_2003 techreport In recent years the number of formal risk-sharing schemes for health care services in Ghana has risen rapidly. At present about 42 out of 110 districts are operating some form of formal community-based health insurance, which are voluntary and to a greater extent integrated to health care facilities. The success of these schemes depend largely on the extent to which they directly or indirectly lessen the financial burden of people who have suffered most since the inception of economic reforms in the health sector. The paper looked at the social inclusion aspects of the schemes by studying demand for the two oldest schemes by the poor and exploring design features that could enhance better coverage and improve financial protection for health care services. The results from this study show that the schemes perform quite well in terms of paying hospitalisation bills for beneficiaries. However the findings portray a remarkable exclusion of the poorest of the poor, even from other forms of risk-sharing arrangements in the informal sector. Apart from poverty, the analysis also reveals that high-risk households are less likely to participate fully in the insurance schemes. Among other suggestions, the study recommends that the schemes should be redesigned to benefit rural and poor households more than they do now. Demand for voluntary health insurance by the poor in developing countries: Evidence from rural Ghana Africa Community-based health insurance Ghana Health sector reform Micro health insurance Rural health infrastructure Bonn 2003 {ZEF} 2003 osei_technical_2005 article {BACKGROUND:} The Government of Ghana has been implementing various health sector reforms (e.g. user fees in public health facilities, decentralization, sector-wide approaches to donor coordination) in a bid to improve efficiency in health care. However, to date, except for the pilot study reported in this paper, no attempt has been made to make an estimate of the efficiency of hospitals and/or health centres in Ghana. The objectives of this study, based on data collected in 2000, were: (i) to estimate the relative technical efficiency {(TE)} and scale efficiency {(SE)} of a sample of public hospitals and health centres in Ghana; and (ii) to demonstrate policy implications for health sector policy-makers. {METHODS:} The Data Envelopment Analysis {(DEA)} approach was used to estimate the efficiency of 17 district hospitals and 17 health centres. This was an exploratory study. {RESULTS:} Eight (47\%) hospitals were technically inefficient, with an average {TE} score of 61\% and a standard deviation {(STD)} of 12\%. Ten (59\%) hospitals were scale inefficient, manifesting an average {SE} of 81\% {(STD} = 25\%). Out of the 17 health centres, 3 (18\%) were technically inefficient, with a mean {TE} score of 49\% {(STD} = 27\%). Eight health centres (47\%) were scale inefficient, with an average {SE} score of 84\% {(STD} = 16\%). {CONCLUSION:} This pilot study demonstrated to policy-makers the versatility of {DEA} in measuring inefficiencies among individual facilities and inputs. There is a need for the Planning and Budgeting Unit of the Ghana Health Services to continually monitor the productivity growth, allocative efficiency and technical efficiency of all its health facilities (hospitals and health centres) in the course of the implementation of health sector reforms. Africa District hospitals Ghana Health centres Pilot study Public district hospitals Technical efficiency 1478-7547 9 http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/3/1/9 Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation: {C/E} Technical efficiency of public district hospitals and health centres in Ghana: a pilot study 3 Technical efficiency of public district hospitals and health centres in Ghana September 2005 10.1186/1478-7547-3-9 {PMID:} 16188021 2005-09 osinde_poverty_2002 misc How to create and operate a healthy health insurance portfolio? This paper introduces Poverty Africa as an international non-governmental organization {(NGO)} headquartered in Dar es Salaam. It has a holistic approach to development with multi-faceted interventions: * Microfinance; * Education; * Nutrition; * {HIV/AIDS} prevention; * Healthcare microinsurance. Poverty Africa has the following insurance products in its healthcare portfolio, with varying premiums, durations and coverage norms: * Insurance against basic out-patient healthcare; * Insurance against in- and out-patient care including simple surgeries and ambulance; * Insurance against complicated surgeries. Discussing the operations, marketing, risk assessment, products and accounting methods of Poverty Africa, the paper recommends the following lessons for creating a strong health insurance portfolio: * Adopting a careful and comprehensive approach towards calculating premiums; * Offering incentives for providers to help prevent fraud; * Basing product price on conservative estimates of total number of customers; * Preparing a marketing plan and providing training and incentives to insurance sales agents; * Formalizing clear guidelines with funders; * Conducting professional risk assessment. Poverty Africa Health Programme - Health {MicroInsurance:} Notes from a Visit July 2002 Africa Micro health insurance December 2002 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.25883 2002-12 osterkamp_public_2003 article The European Journal of Health Economics Moral hazard in an insurance system can be reduced by introducing {copayments.Unfortunately,} this may exert undesired distribution effects, which are generally regarded to be of specific relevance in the health sector. The article concentrates on an obligatory social health insurance system and tries to show that rightly adjusted and double-differentiated copayment rates can at least partially resolve the dilemma between allocation and {distribution.The} differentiation considered is with respect to income and to treatment sickness {costs.The} argument is presented by means of diagrammatic exposition. Public health insurance Pareto-efficient allocative improvements through differentiated copayment rates Copayments Income distribution Moral hazard Public health insurance 79--84 4 2003 2 2003 ottersen_distribution_2008 article Health Policy Background Maximising health as the guiding principle for resource allocation in health has been challenged by concerns about the distribution of health outcomes. There are few empirical studies that consider these potentially divergent objectives in settings of extreme resource scarcity. The aim of this study is to help fill this knowledge gap by exploring distributional preferences among health planners in {Tanzania.Methods} A deliberative group method was employed. Participants were health planners at district and regional level, selected by strategic sampling. The health planners alternated between group discussion and individual tasks. Respondents ranked health programmes with different target groups, and selected and ranked the reasons they thought should be given most importance in priority {setting.Results} A majority consistently assigned higher rankings to programmes where the initial life expectancy of the target group was lower. A high proportion of respondents considered "affect those with least life expectancy" to be the most important reason in priority {setting.Conclusions} Distribution of health outcomes, in terms of life-years, matters. Specifically, the lower the initial life expectancy of the target group, the more important the programme is considered. Such preferences are compatible, within the sphere of health, with what ethicists call "prioritarianism". Distribution matters: Equity considerations among health planners in Tanzania Africa Equity and health Tanzania 218--227 February Distribution matters 85 2008 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4PKX5HV-1/1/24f6eccba56b37ff5b2a34608aa1638c 2008-02 ouattara_lassurance_2005 misc L'assurance maladie sociale dans les pays francophones {d'Afrique} au Sud du Sahara Situation et reforme en cours Africa Francophone Africa Social health insurance 2005 http://www.tnchf.or.tz/typo3conf/ext/myth_repository/secure.php?u=0&file=fileadmin/Documents/Conference/04_Dr_Oumar_Ouattara_SHI_in_Fr._Speaking_Afr._SS__F_.pdf&t=1247318909&hash=82eca1bd09d5b8a0855e1b8351b65058 2005 ouattara_social_2007 incollection {GTZ,} {ILO,} {WHO} Social health insurance in French-speaking {sub-Saharan} Africa: situation and current reform Africa Health insurance Micro health insurance Social protection West Africa 2007 Extending Social Protection in Health: Developing Countries' Experiences, Lessons Learnt and Recommendations 2007 overbye_extending_2005 article International Journal of Social Welfare Extending social security in developing countries: a review of three main strategies Developing countries Social security 305--314 14 2005 2005 owen_state_2004 article Medical Benefits State {High-Risk} Pools - A Weighty Health Care Burden GL High risk pools 2004 2004 owour_is_2009 inproceedings With access to formal credit proving almost impossible to smallholder farmers, group based lending is steadily becoming popular in Africa. However, little is documented on the role of such programmes. In this paper, we employ propensity score matching method to evaluate effects of micro-finance credit {(MFC)} on borrower's productive performance in Kenya. Our findings reveal that participation in {MFC} credit improves household productive incomes by a range of between {US\$} 200 and {US\$} 260 in a single production period. However, participation in the {MFC} among smallholder farmers is constrained by low literacy levels, gender differentials in asset endowment, poor road infrastructure, and maintenance of indigenous group structures as key factors for policy intervention. Is {Micro-Finance} Achieving Its Goal Among Smallholder Farmers in Africa? Empirical Evidence from Kenya Using Propensity Score Matching Beijing, China August 2009 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.41449/09.pdf 2009-08 oxfam_health_2008 techreport Health insurance in low-income countries. Where is the evidence that it works? Impact Low-income countries Micro health insurance May 2008 bp No. 112 Joint {NGO} Briefing Paper http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/policy/health/downloads/bp112_health_insurance.pdf 2008-05 oyaya_health_2003 article Health Policy The paper examines health sector reforms in Kenya at the district level based on the Government of Kenya's Health Policy Framework of 1994. The authors present the context of and historical perspective to health sector reforms in Kenya and discuss the major reform policies including decentralization to the district level. The authors then review intended policy outcomes, investigating assumptions on which the implementation and effectiveness of the reform agenda at the local level are based. The authors argue that emphasis on outcomes rather than process have not supported sustainable reforms or achieved the government's goal of improving health and ensuring equity for the citizens of the country. Health sector reforms in Kenya: an examination of district level planning Health sector reform Kenya 113--127 April Health sector reforms in Kenya 64 2003 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4845YP1-1/1/0c9770ceeb102eb3ec4708101f822d59 2003-04 ozawa_trust_2009 article {TRUST} {IN} {THE} {CONTEXT} {OF} {COMMUNITY-BASED} {HEALTH} {INSURANCE} {SCHEMES} {IN} {CAMBODIA:} {VILLAGERS'} {TRUST} {IN} {HEALTH} {INSURERS} Cambodia Community-based health insurance Micro health insurance Trust Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2009 www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/S0731-2199(2009)0000021008 2009 paal_group_2009 article Journal of Development Economics We construct a dynamic model of self-enforcing insurance provision and lending to a community of borrowers who are connected by risk-sharing arrangements that are themselves subject to enforcement problems, as in Kocherlakota (1996). We show that an outside lender offering constant-consumption contracts can earn a higher profit if he conditions his repeated interactions with each borrower on the history of his interactions with all the group members (a joint liability contract), rather than on his history with that borrower only (individual liability contracts). This result holds even in the absence of informational asymmetries. The observation driving it is that with individual liability contracts, a joint-welfare maximizing group may prefer to have one or more group members default on their contracts, so that the group can consume a mix of outside funds and the defaulters' stochastic income. One contribution of our work is to give precise economic content to the concept of "social collateral" as the per-agent surplus from group risk sharing over autarky. The group can deter its members from defaulting on their contracts with the principal by threatening to reduce that surplus. Group insurance and lending with endogenous social collateral Group insurance Group lending Joint liability Social collateral 0304-3878 In Press, Accepted Manuscript 2009 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.11.009 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBV-4XVK43G-1/2/e0a92a4ce2b6c597019a121d5066052d 2009 paldam_social_2000 article Journal of Economic Surveys Social Capital - One or Many? - Definiton and Measurement Measurement Measuring social capital Social capital 629--653 14 2000 5 2000 pal_can_2005 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} t presents the methodology and the results of a modelling exercise that demonstrates that basic social protection benefits are not out of reach for low-income countries in {Sub-Saharan} Africa, even though some international assistance would be necessary for a transitory period. The Social Protection Sector of the International Labour Organization {(ILO)} has estimated the cost of basic social protection benefits education, health, pensions) for a selected number of developing countries in {sub-Saharan} Africa, namely Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Senegal and Tanzania. The selection of countries aimed to provide regional diversity within Africa but was nevertheless largely driven by data availability. A preliminary version of the result tables and assumptions were set-up by the Social Protection Sector of the {ILO} and then discussed with {DFID} {(United} Kingdom Department for International Development). Following that {DFID} provided comments and suggested modifications to some of the assumptions. These are included in the Base Case {(Scenario} I). The main aim of this paper is to provide a costing of a basic social protection benefit package with the description and sources of the data and assumptions used for the projections as well as a brief description of the methodology used. Can Low Income Countries Afford Basic Social Protection? First Results of a Modelling Exercise Economic model Poverty alleviation Social security Can Low Income Countries Afford Basic Social Protection? 2005 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=807366 2005 palmer_new_2003 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization The use of private health care providers in low- and middle-income countries {(LMICs)} is widespread and is the subject of considerable debate. We review here a new model of private primary care provision emerging in South Africa, in which commercial companies provide standardized primary care services at relatively low cost. The structure and operation of one such company is described, and features of service delivery are compared with the most probable alternatives: a private general practitioner or a public sector clinic. In a case study of cost and quality of services, the clinics were popular with service users and run at a cost per visit comparable to public sector primary care clinics. However, their current role in tackling important public health problems was limited. The implications for public health policy of the emergence of this new model of private provider are discussed. It is argued that encouraging the use of such clinics by those who can afford to pay for them might not help to improve care available for the poorest population groups, which are an important priority for the government. Encouraging such providers to compete for government funding could, however, be desirable if the range of services presently offered, and those able to access them, could be broadened. However, the constraints to implementing such a system successfully are notable, and these are acknowledged. Even without such contractual arrangements, these companies provide an important lesson to the public sector that acceptability of services to users and low-cost service delivery are not incompatible objectives. A new face for private providers in developing countries: what implications for public health? Africa Comparative study Delivery of health care Primary health care Private sector Public sector Quality of health care South Africa 292--297 A new face for private providers in developing countries 81 2003 4 2003 palmer_health_2004 article In this article we outline research since 1995 on the impact of various financing strategies on access to health services or health outcomes in low income countries. The limited evidence available suggests, in general, that user fees deterred utilisation. Prepayment or insurance schemes offered potential for improving access, but are very limited in scope. Conditional cash payments showed promise for improving uptake of interventions, but could also create a perverse incentive. The largely African origin of the reports of user fees, and the evidence from Latin America on conditional cash transfers, demonstrate the importance of the context in which studies are done. There is a need for improved quality of research in this area. Larger scale, upfront funding for evaluation of health financing initiatives is necessary to ensure an evidence base that corresponds to the importance of this issue for achieving development goals. Financing Health care expenditure International cooperation {1474-547X} 1365--1370 9442 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15474141 Lancet Health financing to promote access in low income settings-how much do we know? 364 October 2004 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17195-X {PMID:} 15474141 2004-10 panis_note_2008 misc Note sur l'extension de la couverture d'assurance maladie au Rwanda Micro health insurance Rwanda Universal coverage January 2008 http://www.microinsurance.org/gimi/RessFileDownload.do;jsessionid=0a038009ce814bf9f2c74b945a4b12a9f1f4345a19f.hkzFngTDp6WImQuUaNaKb3D3lN4K-xaIah8S-xyIn3uKmAiN-AnwbQbxaNvzaAmI-huKa30xgx95fjWTa3eIpkzFngTDp6WImQuxaxyRaheLaxeO8OexpQaOozXBokPDagbynknvrkLOlQzNp65In0__?ressourceId=4834&ressFilename=4834.doc&sizeKb=157184&longTitle=Note+sur+l%27extension+de+la+couverture+d%27assurance+maladie+au+Rwanda&author=BIT-STEP%2C+A.+Panis&ressYear=2008 2008-01 pantoja_exploring_2000 techreport Exploring the Concept of Social Capital and its Relevance for Community-based Development: The Case of Coal Mining Areas in Orissa, India Community-based development Orissa Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank 2000 pargal_social_1999 techreport Social Capital in Solid Waste Management: Evidence from Dhaka, Bangladesh - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 16 Bangladesh Social capital Solid waste management Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 parishrama_bhawan_concept_2004 techreport Concept Paper on Need for Developing {Micro-Insurance} in India India Microinsurance Hyderabad, India 2004 Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority 2004 parkhurst_health_2005 article Health Policy It is widely understood that maternal health care relies on the entire health system. However, little empirical, country-specific, research has been done to trace out the ways in which health system elements can shape maternal health outcomes. This study seeks to redress this situation, by providing an example of how a health systems approach can benefit the understanding of maternal health services. A comparative analysis was conducted based on extensive case studies of maternal health and health systems in Bangladesh, Russia, South Africa, and Uganda. A number of cross-cutting health system characteristics affecting maternal health were identified by comparing these diverse settings. The most important common systems issues underlying maternal health care were found to be the human resource structures, the public-private mix of service provision, and the changes involved with health sector reforms. Specific country contexts can further determine many factors influencing maternal health outcomes and service performance. Systems issues were found to influence the access to and utilization of services, quality of care provided, and ultimately maternal health outcomes. This paper provides a first step in tracing out how such broad systems issues actually work to influence maternal health. Health systems factors influencing maternal health services: a four-country comparison Africa Asia Bangladesh Europe Maternal health Russia South Africa Uganda 127--138 August Health systems factors influencing maternal health services 73 2005 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4F1J8XB-1/1/cc6f8740dd21b07ca6a7c5636e9658cd 2005-08 patel_insurance_2002 techreport Insurance and Poverty Alleviation: The cooperative advantage Cooperatives Insurance and poverty Cheshire, {UK} Insurance and Poverty Alleviation 2002 {ICMIF} 2002 patel_reinsurance:_???? techreport Reinsurance: The {ICMIF} Experience Reinsurance Manchester, United Kingdom International Co-operative and Mutual Insurance Federation {(ICMIF)} patt_how_2009 article Global Environmental Change Innovative micro-insurance schemes can be one tool to help African small-holder farmers cope with climate variability and change. A critical challenge for implementing such risk transfer programs, however, is helping participants understand how insurance operates, and there is evidence that farmers with a poor understanding of insurance are less likely to use it. One of the proposed tools to help farmers understand insurance is a simulation game, through which farmers can gain first-hand experience with a functioning insurance market. This paper reports on the results of experiments in Ethiopia and Malawi, investigating farmers' understanding and the effectiveness of a role-playing game at improving that understanding. Our results suggest a generally poor understanding of basic insurance concepts, and are consistent with past results in suggesting that better understanding correlates with greater willingness to purchase it. Our results also suggest that role-playing games may be an important tool for improving understanding, but that they do not necessarily out-perform more conventional training practices. How do small-holder farmers understand insurance, and how much do they want it? Evidence from Africa Africa Climate adaptation Farmers Insurance education Microfinance 0959-3780 How do small-holder farmers understand insurance, and how much do they want it? In Press, Corrected Proof 2009 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.10.007 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VFV-4XNVTB4-4/2/0d4bdaf4eae76c063aebebde59f36868 2009 pauly_insurance_2000 incollection This paper discusses theoretical and empirical findings concerning insurance reimbursement of patients or providers by insurers operating in private markets or in mixed public and private systems. Most insurances other than health insurance do not "reimburse"; instead they pay cash to insureds conditional on the occurrence of a prespecified event. In contrast, health insurance ties the payment to medical expenditures or costs incurred in some fashion, often making payments directly to medical providers. These differences are caused by a much higher degree of moral hazard and the dominant effect of insurer demand on provider prices. Health insurances also often prohibit "balance billing," provider charges in excess of some prespecified amount. Such prohibitions are related to patient inability to shop or bargain, and to insurer market power. Empirical evidence suggests that some versions of physician and hospital reimbursement have increased the level of medical spending relative to the level that would be experienced under prospective payment. In particular, cost-based reimbursement raises total spending. Optimal reimbursement, with balance billing prohibited, may also be chosen to control moral hazard; payment will generally involve a mix of fee-for-service and predetermined (salary or capitation) payment, and may well involve positive patient cost sharing. Monopsony behavior by dominant insurers is possible, and may improve consumer welfare but not total welfare. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Insurance Reimbursement Insurance Moral hazard Private sector Public sector Reimbursement Amsterdam (a.o.) 537--560 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 pauly_demand_2005 misc The Demand for Heath Insurance: Insights from Theory and Voluntary Markets in {Less-Developed} Countries. Background paper presented at Wharton impact conference on voluntary health insurance in developing countries, March 15--16 2005, University of Pennsylvania, {USA.} Demand Health insurance Micro health insurance 2005 http://hc.wharton.upenn.edu/impactconference/pauly_%20paper_%20030905.pdf 2005 pauly_private_2006 article Health Affairs A joint Wharton {School--World} Bank conference called attention to the high proportions of medical care spending paid out of pocket in most developing countries. One of the reasons for this, attendees said, is the problem in such economies of generating high tax revenues in a nondistortive way. Since people are paying out of pocket, they should be able to afford some private insurance that can spread the risk of above-average out-ofpocket payments. The potential efficiency gains from greater use of voluntary private insurance seem large, but there are a number of possible impediments to the emergence of such insurance. {[Health} Affairs 25, no. 2 (2006): 369--379; 10.1377/hlthaff.25.2.369 Private Health Insurance in Developing Countries - Voluntary private insurance could fill in the gaps that limited public Developing countries Private health insurance Voluntary private insurance 369--379 25 2006 2 2006 pauly_how_2009 article Could voluntary insurance markets exist in developing countries? We used data from the World Health Survey for eleven countries to estimate, at different income levels, variation in total medical spending and spending for hospitals, physicians, and outpatient drugs. The goal was to generate estimates of risk premiums that consumers might pay for insurance coverage and to calculate likely insurance administrative costs. We conclude that insurance covering either hospital spending or total spending is feasible for much of the population, but not insurance for physician services or medicines. Spending varies by income, so insurance markets should be segmented by income. Developing countries Private health insurance Voluntary health insurance 1544-5208 1778--1787 6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19887419 Health Affairs {(Project} Hope) How private, voluntary health insurance can work in developing countries 28 December 2009 10.1377/hlthaff.28.6.1778 {PMID:} 19887419 2009-12 peabody_health_1995 article Health Policy Health for all in the Republic of Korea: one country's experience with implementing universal health care Delivery of health care Health care costs Health for all Health policy Health sector reform Insurance Korea Social values Universal coverage Universal health care 29--42 Health for all in the Republic of Korea 31 1995 1 1995 pellini_social_2005 techreport Social Capital and Village Governance: Experiences with Village Networks - A Discussion Paper Social capital Village networks 2005 {GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit 2005 peltzer_traditional_2009 article The Lancet Traditional health practitioners in South Africa Africa South Africa Traditional health care 0140-6736 956--957 September 374 2009 9694 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61261-7 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T1B-4X30J77-C/2/d72e00fb10c74940bf00b980ca3b8aee 2009-09 perbarindo_perhimpunan_bank_perkreditan_rakyat_indonesia_bpr_2004 misc {BPR} {(Bank} Perkreditan Rakyat) - The Rural Banks MF Indonesia 2004 2004 perdana_risk_2005 article {CSIS} Working Paper Series Risk Management for the Poor and Vulnerable Low-income households Poverty Risk management Social risk management Vulnerability 093 2005 http://www.csis.or.id/working_paper_file/54/wpe093.pdf 2005 perelman_deriving_2008 article The imperfect risk adjustment of prospective payment for hospitals may have dramatic consequences on equity. If the hospital is able to distinguish subgroups of patients with different expected costs within a group for which the risk-adjusted payment per admission is the same, it is likely to select the most profitable cases and deny care to the others. Meanwhile, hospitals refusing to practice patients' selection may experience solvency problems. In the long term, either those hospitals fail and access to care is at risk, or they decrease the quality of treatments and access to quality is at risk. In Belgium, since 1995, a prospective payment per case has replaced the traditional per diem payments for non-medical expenditures. A fixed number of days are paid to each admission, based on the patient's characteristics, namely diagnosis, age and geriatric profile. In this paper, we examine the imperfect risk adjustment related to the non-inclusion of socio-economic factors in the hospital financing formula. Using data from 61 Belgian hospitals from 1995, we observe that socio-economic status, which is currently not accounted for as risk adjuster, has a significant impact on length of stay {(LOS).} We estimate that patients in the upper-income categories, patients with a self-employed status and patients with an employee status are beneficial for hospitals' financial results, due to their shorter stays. On the contrary, the non-active, the low-income patients and patients benefiting from an insurance preferential regime represent, on average, a financial loss for hospitals. Finally, we find that financial results under the current financing scheme are biased due to the non-inclusion of {SES} risk-adjustors. Hospitals with the most beneficial social case-mix are shown to experience a shift from a positive to a negative financial outcome when {SES} risk adjustors are included, while the reverse is observed for hospitals with the worst social case-mix. Diagnosis-Related Groups Econometric models GL Prospective payment system Rating:1 Risk adjustment Social class 02779536 88--98 1 Social science \& medicine (1982) Deriving a risk-adjustment formula for hospital financing: integrating the impact of socio-economic status on length of stay 66 Deriving a risk-adjustment formula for hospital financing January 2008 {PMID:} 17888552 2008-01 perrot_applying_2000 book Applying the contractual approach to health service delivery in developing countries Developing countries Service delivery 2000 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Discussion article. {WHO,} Department of the Organisation of Health Services Delivery, Geneva 2000 peters_rural_2006 article Journal of Development Studies Malawi is one of the poorest countries in Africa. There is widespread, though not universal, agreement about the shape of poverty in the country and the policy challenge this sets. Agriculture continues to be the most obvious means to stimulate broad-based rural growth and to provide levels of food security and income needed for the majority rural population. A longitudinal study over a decade during which radical policy and political changes occurred provides the data and basis for discussing the appropriate policy directions for reducing poverty. Rural Income and Poverty in a Time of Radical Change in Malawi Africa Malawi Poverty Rural income 322--345 42 2006 2 2006 peters_india_2001 techreport India - raising the sights: better health systems for India's poor - overview Asia Health and poverty Health care system Health sector reform India Washington, {D.C.} India--raising the sights 2001 Bank World\ 2001 peters_better_2002 book Human Development Network - Health, Nutrition, and Population Series Better health systems for India's poor - Findings, Analysis, and Options Health and poverty Health sector Health system reform India Washington, {D.C.} Better health systems for India's poor 2002 The World Bank 2002 phelan_pulling_2004 article Best's Review Pulling it together - How riskpools can manage {HIPAA} compliance costs by taking a step-by-step apporach HIPAA 84--86 2004 1 2004 phelps_information_2000 incollection Incomplete information issues pervade health care markets, with market participants often having relatively little information, and their behavior exhibiting corresponding aberrations from classic market behavior. Consumers often have relatively little information about prices and quality offered in health care markets, leading to substantial dispersion in prices of apparently identical services. Equilibrium price dispersion increases as the demand elasticity for the product falls. Since health insurance lowers the elasticity of demand, price dispersions should occur more often (and with greater magnitude) in markets such as physician services with relatively complete insurance. Further, many insurance plans blunt incentives for search, compounding the problem. On the supply side, evidence shows that physicians behave as if they did not share the same information about the productivity of medical care. At the level of geographic regions, numerous studies show the rates at which various medical interventions are used on standardized populations differ hugely - often by an order of magnitude or more from high to low - and these differences in treatment rates do not converge through time as would occur in standard market learning models. Similarly, individual physicians within a given region also display differences in the propensity to use medical resources. Information from a major study of doctors' "styles" shows large and statistically significant differences in doctors' use of medical resources to treat their patients, even with strong measures of illness severity of the patients included in the models. Although requiring strong assumptions, one can estimate the welfare losses arising from incomplete information on the provider side of the market. Estimates of the upper bound of these welfare losses place the magnitude of loss in the same range on a per capita basis as the traditionally emphasized welfare losses associated with perverse incentives in health insurance. The importance of incomplete information leads to discussions of the economic and legal incentives for the production and dissemination of information. Legal incentives to produce such information for medical strategies (treatment protocols) are weak, particularly compared with the incentives in markets for specific products such as prescription drugs. The public good nature of such information and the government role in supporting its production and dissemination form the concluding parts of this chapter. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Information Diffusion and Best Practice Adoption Dissemination Doctor Incomplete information Insurance Patient Production of information property rights Welfare Amsterdam (a.o.) 222--264 Part 1 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 philippe_fontaine_making_2000 article European Journal of the History of Economic Thought European Journal of the History of Economic Thought Making use of the past: theorists and historians on the economics of altruism Altruism 407--422 Making use of the past 7 2000 3 http://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/eujhet/v7y2000i3p407-422.html 2000 philipson_economic_2000 incollection Infectious diseases are is currently the main cause of mortality in the world and have been even more important historically. This paper reviews recent research in economic epidemiology. Specifically, it discusses the occurrence of infectious diseases and the effects of public health interventions designed to control them. Several key points include: differences in the predictions regarding short- and long-run disease occurrence between rational and epidemiological epidemics, the nonstandard effects of interventions when epidemics are rational, the desirability and possibility of eradicating infectious diseases, as well as the components of the welfare loss induced by infectious diseases. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Economic Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Health HIV/AIDS Infectious disease Public health care Amsterdam (a.o.) 1761--1799 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 platteau_mutual_1997 article The Journal of Development Studies Mutual Insurance as an Elusive Concept in Traditional Rural Communities Community participation Mutual insurance Participation 764--796 33 1997 6 1997 poku_political_2004 book Global Health The Political Economy of {AIDS} in Africa Africa HIV/AIDS Political economy Hants, {England/Burlington,} {USA} 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Ashgate 2004 polder_cross-national_2005 article The European Journal of Health Economics All Western health systems are in search of efficiency. Cost of illness {(COI)} studies can contribute to the efficiency debate by elucidating the relation between health expenditure and health status and population demography. Since the purpose of {COI} data being summarized in the {OECD} Health Data publications is to facilitate cross-national comparisons, it is important to assess the comparability. We compared {COI} data from six countries at macrolevel of total health expenditure and disaggregated the data from four countries to sectors such as hospitals, drugs, health professionals, and residential care. Although the distribution of health expenditure over major diseases showed similar patterns in all countries, overall comparability was bad. We conclude that the current scope of {COI} studies is bound to national levels because health care systems dominate the magnitude and distribution of health expenditure. Cross-national comparisons may be possible if data and methods are standardized, and {COI} estimates are made for a common comparable package. A cross-national perspective on cost of illness 223--232 6 2005 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-005-0295-0 2005 policy_research_initiative_government_of_canada_measurement_2005 techreport Measurement of Social Capital - Reference Document for Public Policy Research, Development, and Evaluation Policy research Social capital September 2005 http://www.policyresearch.gc.ca/page.asp?pagenm=rp_sc_final2 2005-09 pollet_development_2004 techreport Development co-operation: how co-operatives cope: a survey of major co-operative development agencies Cooperatives Microfinance Development co-operation 2004 {BRS;} {CERA} foundation 2004 polonsky_equity_2009 article {INTRODUCTION:} Community health insurance {(CHI)} schemes are growing in importance in low-income settings, where health systems based on user fees have resulted in significant barriers to care for the poorest members of communities. They increase revenue, access and financial protection, but concerns have been expressed about the equity of such schemes and their ability to reach the poorest. Few programmes routinely evaluate equity impacts, even though this is usually a key objective. This lack of evidence is related to the difficulties in collecting reliable data on utilization and socio-economic status. This paper describes the findings of an evaluation of the equity of Oxfam's {CHI} schemes in rural Armenia. {METHODS:} Members of a random sample of 506 households in villages operating insurance schemes in rural Armenia were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Household wealth scores based on ownership of assets were generated using principal components analysis. Logistic and Poisson regression analyses were performed to identify the determinants of health facility utilization, and equity of access across socio-economic strata. {RESULTS:} The schemes have achieved a high level of equity, according to socio-economic status, age and gender. However, although levels of participation compare favourably with international experience, they remain relatively low due to a lack of affordability and a package of primary care that does not include coverage for chronic disease. {CONCLUSION:} This paper demonstrates that the distribution of benefits among members of this community-financing scheme is equitable, and that such a degree of equity in community insurance can be achieved in such settings, possibly through an emphasis on accountability and local management. Such a scheme presents a workable model for investing in primary health care in resource-poor settings. Armenia Asia Community-based health insurance Equity and health Micro health insurance 0268-1080 209--216 3 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19237388 Health Policy and Planning Equity in community health insurance schemes: evidence and lessons from Armenia 24 Equity in community health insurance schemes May 2009 10.1093/heapol/czp001 {PMID:} 19237388 2009-05 ponthieux_concept_2004 article 10th {ACN} Conference The concept of social capital : a critical review Social capital 2004 2004 poortinga_social_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine Although it is now widely acknowledged that the social environment plays an important role in people's health and well-being, there is considerable disagreement about whether social capital is a collective attribute of communities or societies, or whether its beneficial properties are associated with individuals and their social relationships. Using data from the European Social Survey (22 countries, N=42,358), this study suggests that, rather than having a contextual influence on health, the beneficial properties of social capital can be found at the individual level. Individual levels of social trust and civic participation were strongly associated with self-rated health. At the same time, the aggregate social trust and civic participation variables at the national level were not related to people's subjective health after controlling for compositional differences in socio-demographics. Despite the absence of a main contextual effect, the current study found a more complex cross-level interaction for social capital. Trusting and socially active individuals more often report good or very good health in countries with high levels of social capital than individuals with lower levels of trust and civic participation, but are less likely to do so in countries with low levels of social capital. This suggests that social capital does not uniformly benefit individuals living in the same community or society. Social capital: An individual or collective resource for health? European social survey Multilevel modelling Self-rated health Social trust 292--302 January Social capital 62 2006 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4GMS9GY-1/1/fc9ca5a38eae970fea92096a67731460 2006-01 poortinga_social_2006-1 article Social Science \& Medicine Social capital has become one of the most popular topics in public health research in recent years. However, even after a decade of conceptual and empirical work on this subject, there is still considerable disagreement about whether bonding social capital is a collective resource that benefits communities or societies, or whether its health benefits are associated with people, their personal networks and support. Using data from the 2000 and 2002 Health Survey for England this study found that, in line with earlier research, personal levels of social support contribute to a better self-reported health status. The study also suggests that social capital is additionally important for people's health. In both datasets the aggregate social trust variable was significantly related to self-rated health before and after controlling for differences in socio-demographics and/or individual levels of social support. The results were corroborated in the second dataset with an alternative indicator of social capital. These results show that bonding social capital collectively contributes to people's self-rated health over and above the beneficial effects of personal social networks and support. Social relations or social capital? Individual and community health effects of bonding social capital Health survey Multilevel modelling Self-rated health UK 255--270 July Social relations or social capital? 63 2006 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4J2VYFR-2/1/fc2489a1f1fda3d661ad4bed364c71d0 2006-07 pope_evaluating_1998 article Health Care Financing Review Evaluating Alternative Risk Adjusters for Medicare GL Risk equalization United States 109--129 20 1998 2 1998 pope_principal_2000 article Health Care Financing Review Principal Inpatient Diagnostic Cost Group Model for Medicare Risk Adjustment GL Risk equalization 93--118 21 2000 3 2000 portes_social_1998 article Annu. Rev. Sociol. Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology Social capital 1--24 24 1998 1998 poulin_sex_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine In this paper, I argue two main points. First, in premarital, sexual partnerships in rural Malawi, the purpose of money exchange extends beyond the alleviation of female partners' economic constraints, and, second, by clarifying this broader purpose, it becomes possible to recognize where women exert control over their own sexual selves. These findings come from field observations and a rich set of in-depth interviews {(N=54),} bolstered on occasion by survey data, conducted with young women and men, aged 15-24 years, in the Balaka district in the southern region of the country. This research demonstrates that, contrary to typical expectations, money and gift transfers in sexual partnerships are part and parcel of the courting practices of young Malawian women and men. Transfers are as much about the expression of love and commitment as they are about meeting the financial needs of women or the acquisition of sex for men. Using narrative information to shed light on the semiotics of the sex-money link, these findings from Malawi offer a new perspective that broadens usual interpretations of transactional sex, the understanding of which is critical in fighting {AIDS.} Sex, money, and premarital partnerships in southern Malawi Africa Malawi Sexual behavior Transactional sex Youth 2383--2393 December 65 2007 11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4PJ6BW1-1/1/5929b0d4540db8abea8d12d4048d438e 2007-12 poursat_letude_2006 misc L'\'{e}tude de faisabilit\'{e} en micro-assurance sant\'{e} Feasibility study Micro health insurance May 2006 2006-05 prabhu_public_2001 inproceedings Public Financing for Health Security in India: Issues and Trends Health care financing Health care system Health insurance India Public health care expenditures New Delhi, India Public Financing for Health Security in India 2001 2001 preker_voluntary_2004 techreport Voluntary Health Insurance in Development - Review of Role in Africa Region and Other Selected Developing Country Experiences Africa Developing countries Health insurance Voluntary health insurance 2004 Worldbank 2004 preker_mutual_2005 techreport The objective of this report is to contribute to a better understanding of the key development opportunities and policy options for improving the implementation of the new health insurance law in Ghana. The burden of illness in Ghana remains considerable, although there have been recent improvements in some indicators. Expenditure on health care in Ghana is one of the lowest in the world. Yet Ghanaians have demonstrated both an ability and a willingness to pay for additional health services out of pocket. Much health care is bought through a system of direct "cash-and-carry" payments to providers, exposing them to prices set at whatever the market can bear and the impoverishing effects of expensive illness. The overall theme of the report is how to secure a stable source of financing for health care (public and private), financial protection against the cost of illness, and value for money spent on health services while at the same time ensuring that the new health insurance system is fiscally sustainable, equitable, and efficient at a time when budgetary restraint and poverty impact are important parts of the country's economic and development policy. Mutual Health Insurance in Ghana - Fiscal Sustainability and Strategic Purchasing of Priority Health Services Africa Fiscal sustainability Ghana Micro health insurance Mutual health insurance Washington {DC} January 2005 Bank World\ 2005-01 preker_make_2000 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization A central theme of recent health care reforms has been a redefinition of the roles of the state and private providers. With a view to helping governments to arrive at more rational "make or buy" decisions on health care goods and services, we propose a conceptual framework in which a combination of institutional economics and organizational theory is used to examine the core production activities in the health sector. Empirical evidence from actual production modalities is also taken into consideration. We conclude that most inputs for the health sector, with the exception of human resources and knowledge, can be efficiently produced by and bought from the private sector. In the health services of low-income countries most dispersed production forms, e.g. ambulatory care, are already provided by the private sector (non-profit and for-profit). These valuable resources are often ignored by the public sector. The problems of measurability and contestability associated with expensive, complex and concentrated production forms such as hospital care require a stronger regulatory environment and skilled contracting mechanisms before governments can rely on obtaining these services from the private sector. Subsidiary activities within the production process can often be unbundled and outsourced. {"Make} or buy" decisions in the production of health care goods and services: new insights from institutional economics and organizational theory Institutional economics Organizational theory Production of health care goods and services 779--790 78 2000 6 2000 preker_effectiveness_2002 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization How to finance and provide health care for the more than 1.3 billion rural poor and informal sector workers in low- and middle-income countries is one of the greatest challenges facing the international development community. This article presents the main findings from an extensive survey of the literature of community financing arrangements, and selected experiences from the Asia and Africa regions. Most community financing schemes have evolved in the context of severe economic constraints, political instability, and lack of good governance. Micro-level household data analysis indicates that community financing improves access by rural and informal sector workers to needed heath care and provides them with some financial protection against the cost of illness. Macro-level cross-country analysis gives empirical support to the hypothesis that risk-sharing in health financing matters in terms of its impact on both the level and distribution of health, financial fairness and responsiveness indicators. The background research done for this article points to five key policies available to governments to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of existing community financing schemes. This includes: (a) increased and well-targeted subsidies to pay for the premiums of low-income populations; (b) insurance to protect against expenditure fluctuations and re-insurance to enlarge the effective size of small risk pools; (c) effective prevention and case management techniques to limit expenditure fluctuations; (d) technical support to strengthen the management capacity of local schemes; and (e) establishment and strengthening of links with the formal financing and provider networks. Effectiveness of community health financing in meeting the cost of illness Community health financing Community health services/economics Consumer participation Cost of illness Costs Developing countries Financing Household Multicenter studies Subsidies 143--150 80 2002 2 2002 preker_health_2002 techreport Health Care Financing for Rural and {Low-Income} Populations: The Role of Communities in Resource Mobilization and Risk Sharing Health care financing Low-income sector Resource mobilization Risk sharing Role of community Rural sector Washnigton, {D.C.} Health Care Financing for Rural and {Low-Income} Populations 2002 The Worldbank 2002 preker_private_2007 book Alexander S. Preker and Richard M. Scheffler and Mark C. Bassett Private Voluntary Health Insurance in Development: Friend Or Foe Africa Best practices Developing countries Health insurance Health insurance in developing countries Market outcome Policy recommendations Private voluntary health insurance Public benefit package Regulation Washington, {D.C.} Private Voluntary Health Insurance in Development 2007 The World Bank 2007 preker_health_2004 book Alexander Preker and Guy Carrin Health financing for poor people: resource mobilization and risk sharing Health care financing Poverty Risk sharing Health financing for poor people 2004 Bank World\ 2004 preker_government-run_2005 misc {Government-Run} Mandatory Health Insurance in West Africa Opportunities and Constraints Government policy Health insurance Mandatory health insurance West Africa December 2005 2005-12 preker_health_2002-1 book A. Preker and {WHO} Commission on Macroeconomics and Health Health Care Financing for Rural and {Low-Income} Populations: The Role of Communities in Resource Mobilization and Risk Sharing Developing countries Health care financing Risk sharing Role of community 2002 The World Bank 2002 pronyk_is_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine The role of social capital in promoting health is now widely debated within international public health. In relation to {HIV,} the results of previous observational and cross-sectional studies have been mixed. In some settings it has been suggested that high levels of social capital and community cohesion might be protective and facilitate more effective collective responses to the epidemic. In others, group membership has been a risk factor for {HIV} infection. There have been few attempts to strengthen social capital, particularly in developing countries, and examine its effect on vulnerability to {HIV.} Employing data from an intervention study, we examined associations between social capital and {HIV} risk among 1063 14 to 35-year-old male and female residents of 750 poor households from 8 villages in rural Limpopo province, South Africa. We assessed cognitive social capital {(CSC)} and structural social capital {(SSC)} separately, and examined associations with numerous aspects of {HIV-related} psycho-social attributes, risk behavior, prevalence and incidence. Among males, after adjusting for potential confounders, residing in households with greater levels of {CSC} was linked to lower {HIV} prevalence and higher levels of condom use. Among females, similar patterns of relationships with {CSC} were observed. However, while greater {SSC} was associated with protective psychosocial attributes and risk behavior, it was also associated with higher rates of {HIV} infection. This work underscores the complex and nuanced relationship between social capital and {HIV} risk in a rural African context. We suggest that not all social capital is protective or health promotive, and that getting the balance right is critical to informing {HIV} prevention efforts. Is social capital associated with {HIV} risk in rural South Africa? Africa HIV/AIDS Intervention study Men South Africa Women 1999--2010 May 66 2008 9 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4S02PWH-2/1/04307badf0cf6e96f47e98a25c6a619c 2008-05 prudhon_scn_2006 article Food and Nutrition Bulletin, United Nations University {SCN} Nutrition Policy Paper No. 21 - {WHO,} {UNICEF,} and {SCN} Informal Consultation on {Community-Based} Management of Severe Malnutrition in Children Children Community-based health care Malnutrition 27 2006 3 2006 puig-junoy_managing_1999 article Int. J. Health Plann. Mgmt Managing Risk Selection incentives in health sector reforms Health sector reform Risk selection 287--311 14 1999 1999 purohit_private_2001 article In the recent past the impact of structural adjustment in the Indian health care sector has been felt in the reduction in central grants to States for public health and disease control programmes. This falling share of central grants has had a more pronounced impact on the poorer states, which have found it more difficult to raise local resources to compensate for this loss of revenue. With the continued pace of reforms, the likelihood of increasing State expenditure on the health care sector is limited in the future. As a result, a number of notable trends are appearing in the Indian health care sector. These include an increasing investment by non-resident Indians {(NRIs)} in the hospital industry, leading to a spurt in corporatization in the States of their original domicile and an increasing participation by multinational companies in diagnostics aiming to capture the potential of the Indian health insurance market. The policy responses to these private initiatives are reflected in measures comprising strategies to attract private sector participation and management inputs into primary health care centres {(PHCs),} privatization or semi-privatization of public health facilities such as non-clinical services in public hospitals, innovating ways to finance public health facilities through non-budgetary measures, and tax incentives by the State governments to encourage private sector investment in the health sector. Bearing in mind the vital importance of such market forces and policy responses in shaping the future health care scenario in India, this paper examines in detail both of these aspects and their implications for the Indian health care sector. The analysis indicates that despite the promising newly emerging atmosphere, there are limits to market forces; appropriate refinement in the role of government should be attempted to avoid undesirable consequences of rising costs, increasing inequity and consumer exploitation. This may require opening the health insurance market to multinational companies, the proper channelling of tax incentives to set up medical institutions in backward areas, and reinforcing appropriate regulatory mechanisms. Private initiatives and policy options: recent health system experience in India Health care system India 87--97 March Private initiatives and policy options 2001 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/1/87 2001-03 putnam_social_2001 article Isuma: Canadian Journal of Policy Research 2 Social Capital - Measurement and Consequences Measurement Social capital 41--52 2 2001 2001 quaye_underdevelopment_1996 book Underdevelopment and Health Care in Africa Africa Health care system Lewiston, New York, {USA/Queenston,} Ontario, Canada 1996 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Edwin Mellen Press 1996 quiggin_risk_2002 article Journal of Risk and Uncertainty Journal of Risk and Uncertainty Risk and {Self-Protection:} A {State-Contingent} View Financing Health economics Health insurance Insurance Risk protection Self protection Willingness to pay 133--45 Risk and {Self-Protection} 25 2002 2 http://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jrisku/v25y2002i2p133-45.html 2002 qureshi_governance_2006 incollection Governance in microinsurance; Board composition and expertise; The foundation stone; Microinsurance governance in practice Craig Churchill Governance Governance Microinsurance Microinsurance operations Geneva / Munich 288--306 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 qureshi_loss_2006 incollection A retrospective look at loss prevention; Converging interests; Pinpointing prevention; Practising prevention; Minimization: A stitch in time; Evaluating the return on investment in prevention Craig Churchill Loss control Losses Microinsurance Microinsurance operations Geneva / Munich 307--320 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 radermacher_yeshasvini_2005 article {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study Yeshasvini Trust, Karnataka India Case study Charitable model India Micro health insurance Mutual insurance November 20 2005 2005-11 radermacher_genossenschaftliche_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen Mikroversicherungen sind Risikomanagementangebote f\"{u}r Geringverdiener. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die komparativen Vorteile, die genossenschaftlichen Mikroversicherungen aufgrund der genossenschaftlichen Prinzipien erwachsen. Ebenso werden Beschr\"{a}nkungen aufgezeigt, die dieser Ansatz aufweist, und auf diese mit einem holistischen F\"{o}rderansatz geantwortet. Genossenschaftliche Mikroversicherungen als Mittel zur Bew\"{a}ltigung von Krankheitsrisiken in Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern - Potential und F\"{o}rderansatz Community-based health insurance Micro health insurance Mutual insurance 58--70 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 radermacher_karuna_2005 techreport Karuna Trust, Karnataka India Case study India Karnataka Micro health insurance Microinsurance Partner-agent-model 2005 19 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 radermacher_challenges_2006 incollection Product manufacturing; Product sales; Product servicing; Maintenance of long-term stability Craig Churchill Challenges and strategies to extend health insurance to the poor Micro health insurance Universal coverage Geneva / Munich 66--93 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/AF8FD93E-7483-4AE5-B68F-CC17CBF4DF83/0/Part2Microinsuranceproductsandservices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 radermacher_integrated_2009 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} ance can be a tool in Disaster Risk {Reduction/Management} - but only if it survives the disaster itself. Reinsurance can help microinsurance to survive disasters. However, reinsurers regard the microinsurance entity a risky client and are hesitant to engage in this market. An Integrated Risk Management approach can help a microinsurer to become a better client for reinsurance and thus to obtain reinsurance cheaper - or obtain it at all. However, Integrated Risk Management for microinsurance is insufficiently conceptualized so far. This paper takes a first step by providing examples of risks faced by microinsurance schemes and risk management techniques available to tackle them. It presents the Integrated Risk Management cycle and screens the business process of microinsurance for risks. Integrated Risk Management in Microinsurance Covariant risks Disaster risk management Enterprise risk management Health insurance Integrated risk management Microinsurance Risk management 2009 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1477272 2009 radermacher_microinsurance_2010 misc Reviewing challenges in financing healthcare expenditures This paper discusses the financial vulnerability of poor households in Nepal and how microinsurance can reduce this vulnerability. Nepal's policy to provide free primary care to the poor is a positive step. But the poor would still have to pay for services not covered under this policy. Currently, poor households finance health expenses out of their income, savings and through borrowing. Insurance could act as the solution to this problem, by using a solidarity mechanism to spread costs of illness over many households, thus reducing the burden on the affected household. Insurance converts unpredictable health expenses into predictable costs, making financial planning easier and reducing the need to borrow in emergency situations. To make insurance attractive to the poor, it is important to: * Design user-friendly insurance processes; * Overcome user information asymmetry through social penalties or a local community-based mutual insurance scheme; * Control fraud and moral hazard on the provider side by using tight quality control and information technology; * Make the insurance product affordable; * Develop trust among users; * Develop products that respond to the needs of the target population. Microinsurance as a Tool to Reduce Vulnerability Due to Costs of Ill-health Cost of illness Microinsurance Social risk management Vulnerability February 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.1.4830/6.pdf 2010-02 radermacher_institutional_2006 incollection Institutional options; Value, interests and conflicts in the insurance business process Craig Churchill Institutional options for delivering health microinsurance Institutional options Micro health insurance Geneva / Munich 401--423 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 rajasekhar_design_2006 misc Unorganised workers, constituting over 92 percent of the total workforce in India, are so 'visible' in our daily life and so essential to the country's economic development. Yet, most of them have to cope with out-of-pocket expenses when it comes to an interruption in their working income. Not having formal contracts with employers and access to government initiated social security benefits, most of these workers are also poor and vulnerable. Supporting efforts to promote social security systems and to contribute towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, {GTZ,} on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development {(BMZ),} and the Department of Labour, Government of Karnataka, initiated this study. Design and Management of Social Security Benefits for Unorganised Workers in Karnataka Asia India Informal sector Karnataka Social security 2006 http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/bib/gtz2008-3107en-benefit-workers-karnataka.pdf 2006 rajkotia_ghana_2007 techreport The Ghana Health Insurance Act Ghana Health insurance NHIS NHIS law 2007 {USAID} 2007 rajkotia_political_2007 techreport The Political Development of the Ghanaian National Health Insurance System: Lessons in Health Governance Africa Ghana Governance Health policy NHIS NHIS implementation Bethesda, Maryland November 2007 {USAID} 2007-11 ramadhani_extending_2003 inproceedings Extending social security coverage - Social security coverage through micro-insurance schemes in Tanzania Africa Microinsurance Social security Tanzania Banjul, the Gambia 2003 International Social Security Association 2003 ramm_risikostrukturausgleich_???? techreport Der Risikostrukturausgleich in der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung in Deutschland Germany GL Public health insurance Risk adjustment Outcome - Unternehmensberatung {GmbH} ramm_microinsurance_2006 misc Microinsurance in Aceh - Feasibility Study Aceh Asia Feasibility study Indonesia Microinsurance December 2006 http://www.aceh-eye.org/data_files/english_format/analisys/analysis_others/analysis_others_2006_12_01.pdf 2006-12 ramsay_medical_1998 techreport Medical Savings Accounts: Universal, Accessible, Portable, Comprehensive Health Care for Canadians Adverse effects Canada Health insurance Health sector reform Medical savings accounts Traditional forms of cost sharing Canada Medical Savings Accounts 1998 Bulletin Fraser Institute 1998 rankin_social_2002 article Feminist Economics Social Capital, Microfinance, and the Politics of Development Microfinance Social capital 1354-5701 1 8 2002 1 http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/13545700210125167 2002 ranson_health_2001 article The Lancet Health Insurance in India Health insurance India 1555--1556 358 2001 2001 ranson_impact_2001 misc This paper assesses the impact of the {Self-Employed} Women's Association's {(SEWA's)} Medical Insurance Fund, Gujarat, in terms of inclusion of the poor, hospital utilization, and expenditure. Age-matched insured and uninsured women were compared using survey data (2000). We found that wealth was not a determinant of membership in the Fund; i.e., the poor were not excluded. Of 28 hospitalizations among Fund members over one year, only five were reimbursed. Membership in {SEWA} was not significantly associated with increased frequency of hospitalization, but there was a significant association with lower costs of hospitalization, net of reimbursement. Unlike many other {CBHI} schemes, the Fund has overcome barriers that exclude the poorest. This is due in part to nesting of the Fund within a larger development organization. Utilization of the Fund, and thus impact on hospital utilization and expenditure, was minimal. This may relate to a lack of awareness of benefits among Fund members, or costs and difficulties associated with submitting an insurance claim. The Impact of {SEWA's} Medical Insurance Fund on Hospital Utilization and Expenditure A Household Survey Asia Health care expenditure Health care utilization Impact Impact studies India Micro health insurance SEWA September 2001 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1095698140167/Ranson-TheImpactofSewa-whole.pdf 2001-09 ranson_reduction_2002 article {OBJECTIVE:} To assess the Self Employed Women's Association's Medical Insurance Fund in Gujarat in terms of insurance coverage according to income groups, protection of claimants from costs of hospitalization, time between discharge and reimbursement, and frequency of use. {METHODS:} One thousand nine hundred and thirty claims submitted over six years were analysed. {FINDINGS:} Two hundred and fifteen (11\%) of 1927 claims were rejected. The mean household income of claimants was significantly lower than that of the general population. The percentage of households below the poverty line was similar for claimants and the general population. One thousand seven hundred and twelve (1712) claims were reimbursed: 805 (47\%) fully and 907 (53\%) at a mean reimbursement rate of 55.6\%. Reimbursement more than halved the percentage of catastrophic hospitalizations ({\textgreater}10\% of annual household income) and hospitalizations resulting in impoverishment. The average time between discharge and reimbursement was four months. The frequency of submission of claims was low (18.0/1000 members per year: 22-37\% of the estimated frequency of hospitalization). {CONCLUSIONS:} The findings have implications for community-based health insurance schemes in India and elsewhere. Such schemes can protect poor households against the uncertain risk of medical expenses. They can be implemented in areas where institutional capacity is too weak to organize nationwide risk-pooling. Such schemes can cover poor people, including people and households below the poverty line. A trade off exists between maintaining the scheme's financial viability and protecting members against catastrophic expenditures. To facilitate reimbursement, administration, particularly processing of claims, should happen near claimants. Fine-tuning the design of a scheme is an ongoing process - a system of monitoring and evaluation is vital. Adult Catastrophic illness Family characteristics Females Health care expenditure Health services research Hospitalization Insurance pools Middle aged Patient discharge Reimbursement mechanisms Working women World health 0042-9686 613--21 8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12219151 Bulletin of the World Health Organization Reduction of catastrophic health care expenditures by a community-based health insurance scheme in Gujarat, India: current experiences and challenges 80 Reduction of catastrophic health care expenditures by a community-based health insurance scheme in Gujarat, India 2002 {PMID:} 12219151 2002 ranson_community-based_2003 misc Community-based health insurance schemes in India: A review Asia Community-based health insurance India Micro health insurance 2003 2003 ranson_review_2003 techreport A review of community-based health insurance schemes in india Community-based health insurance India London, {GB} 2003 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 2003 ranson_how_2003 techreport This study synthesises data regarding the potential of community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} to benefit poorer groups, and the underlying aspects of scheme design, management and context that may influence impact. We present information regarding aspects of design and management that can be readily applied by other non-governmental organizations {(NGOs)} wishing to implement health insurance schemes. Data were collected through personal visits (of 2-4 days duration) to nine Indian {CBHI} schemes. A combination of qualitative and quantitative data were collected using pre-defined schedules. {CBHI} schemes in India are extremely diverse in terms of their design, size and context (including the size and nature of their target populations). While some of the schemes are run by {NGO} providers (which may or may not own the health care services themselves), there is an increasing trend towards collaboration with the {GIC.} We have little empirical information on the impact of existing {CBHI} schemes. The data that do exist suggest that the schemes: generally reach a fairly small percentage of their target populations and face difficulties in enrolling diverse member populations (and may face the problem of adverse selection). In the absence of special studies comparing the insured with the non-insured, it is not possible to tell whether the schemes have impacted on access to health care services. There seems to be considerable variation in terms of the extent to which the schemes protect the poor from the direct costs of inpatient care. Nonetheless, there remains hope that {CBHI} schemes will be able to contribute to health systems goals including increased access (particularly to inpatient care) at protection from the financial burden of health care seeking. This document offers a list of tentative recommendations as to how to (or how not to) design and implement a {CBHI} scheme so as to contribute towards these, and other, health systems goals. The list includes: - Nesting the scheme with a member-based organization, and if possible, one that includes small self-help or micro-finance groups; - Packaging health insurance with other insurance products (most notably life insurance); - Marketing the insurance, and processing claims, through local "agents"; - Making family, rather than individual, the unit of membership; - Designing an insurance package that is relatively simple (or that can be explained in a simple manner) - Putting an emphasis on after-sales-service, for example, by engaging in "active case finding", i.e. identifying people who have been hospitalized but who may not have submitted a claim; - Developing, from the time of scheme conceptualization, a simple {MIS} that will provide data necessary for making adjustments to the insurance package, and for monitoring quality of health care. How to (or how not to) design a community-based health insurance scheme: lessons learned from a review of Indian Schemes Community-based health insurance Design GL 2003 Report to the World Bank - draft version 2003 ranson_making_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine How best to provide effective protection for the poorest against the financial risks of ill health remains an unanswered policy question. Community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} schemes, by pooling risks and resources, can in principal offer protection against the risk of medical expenses, and make accessible health care services that would otherwise be unaffordable. The purpose of this paper is to measure the distributional impact of a large {CBHI} scheme in Gujarat, India, which reimburses hospitalization costs, and to identify barriers to optimal distributional impact. The study found that the Vimo Self-employed Women's Association {(SEWA)} scheme is inclusive of the poorest, with 32\% of rural members, and 40\% of urban members, drawn from households below the 30th percentile of socio-economic status. Submission of claims for inpatient care is equitable in Ahmedabad City, but inequitable in rural areas. The financially better off in rural areas are significantly more likely to submit claims than are the poorest, and men are significantly more likely to submit claims than women. Members living in areas that have better access to health care submit more claims than those living in remote areas. A variety of factors prevent the poorest in rural and remote areas from accessing inpatient care or from submitting a claim. The study concludes that even a well-intentioned scheme may have an undesirable distributional impact, particularly if: (1) the scheme does not address the major barriers to accessing (inpatient) health care; and (2) the process of seeking reimbursement under the scheme is burdensome for the poor. Design and implementation of an equitable scheme must involve: a careful assessment of barriers to health care seeking; interventions to address the main barriers; and reimbursement requiring minimum paperwork and at the time/place of service utilization. Making health insurance work for the poor: Learning from the {Self-Employed} Women's Association's {(SEWA)} community-based health insurance scheme in India Micro health insurance SEWA 707--720 Making health insurance work for the poor 62 2006 3 2006 ranson_crts--cluster_2006 article This paper addresses the logistical challenges of implementing public health interventions in the setting of cluster randomized trials {(CRTs),} drawing on the experience of carrying out a {CRT} within a community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} scheme in rural India. Our {CRT} is seeking to improve the equity impact--i.e., reduce the differential in claims submission for hospitalization between poor and less poor--of this {CBHI} in rural areas. Five main challenges are identified and discussed: 1) assigning control clusters, 2) blinding, 3) implementing interventions simultaneously, 4) minimizing leakage, and 5) piggy-backing on a changing scheme. These challenges are not likely to be unique to low-income settings, although the fifth challenge is particularly likely when working with relatively small and resource-constrained programs. While compromises to methodological best-practice may reduce internal validity, they make the intervention more 'real', and potentially more applicable, to other programs and settings. Further, careful documentation of compromises allows them to be considered in the final analysis. Asia Cluster analysis Community health services India Organizations Program evaluation Randomized trials Reproducibility 0008-4263 72--75 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512334 Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sant\'{e} Publique {CRTs--cluster} randomized trials or "courting real troubles": challenges of running a {CRT} in rural Gujarat, India 97 {CRTs--cluster} randomized trials or "courting real troubles" February 2006 {PMID:} 16512334 2006-02 ranson_making_2006-1 article Social Science \& Medicine How best to provide effective protection for the poorest against the financial risks of ill health remains an unanswered policy question. Community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} schemes, by pooling risks and resources, can in principal offer protection against the risk of medical expenses, and make accessible health care services that would otherwise be unaffordable. The purpose of this paper is to measure the distributional impact of a large {CBHI} scheme in Gujarat, India, which reimburses hospitalization costs, and to identify barriers to optimal distributional impact. The study found that the Vimo Self-employed Women's Association {(SEWA)} scheme is inclusive of the poorest, with 32\% of rural members, and 40\% of urban members, drawn from households below the 30th percentile of socio-economic status. Submission of claims for inpatient care is equitable in Ahmedabad City, but inequitable in rural areas. The financially better off in rural areas are significantly more likely to submit claims than are the poorest, and men are significantly more likely to submit claims than women. Members living in areas that have better access to health care submit more claims than those living in remote areas. A variety of factors prevent the poorest in rural and remote areas from accessing inpatient care or from submitting a claim. The study concludes that even a well-intentioned scheme may have an undesirable distributional impact, particularly if: (1) the scheme does not address the major barriers to accessing (inpatient) health care; and (2) the process of seeking reimbursement under the scheme is burdensome for the poor. Design and implementation of an equitable scheme must involve: a careful assessment of barriers to health care seeking; interventions to address the main barriers; and reimbursement requiring minimum paperwork and at the time/place of service utilization. Making health insurance work for the poor: Learning from the {Self-Employed} Women's Association's {(SEWA)} community-based health insurance scheme in India Community-based health insurance Equity Gender India Inpatient care SEWA 707--720 February Making health insurance work for the poor 62 2006 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4GRH797-1/1/8e84592f21da66ad6d830dbac6b67379 2006-02 ranson_equitable_2007 article {OBJECTIVE:} To evaluate alternative strategies for improving the uptake of benefits of a community based health insurance scheme by its poorest members. {DESIGN:} Prospective cluster randomised controlled trial. {SETTING:} Self Employed Women's Association {(SEWA)} community based health insurance scheme in rural India. Participants 713 claimants at baseline (2003) and 1440 claimants two years later among scheme members in 16 rural sub-districts. {INTERVENTIONS:} After sales service with supportive supervision, prospective reimbursement, both packages, and neither package, randomised by sub-district. {MAIN} {OUTCOME} {MEASURES:} The primary outcome was socioeconomic status of claimants relative to members living in the same sub-district. Secondary outcomes were enrolment rates in {SEWA} Insurance, mean socioeconomic status of the insured population relative to the general rural population, and rate of claim submission. {RESULTS:} Between 2003 and 2005, the mean socioeconomic status of {SEWA} Insurance members (relative to the rural population of Gujarat) increased significantly. Rates of claims also increased significantly, on average by 21.6 per 1000 members {(P{\textless}0.001).} However, differences between the intervention groups and the standard scheme were not significant. No systematic effect of time or interventions on the socioeconomic status of claimants relative to members in the same sub-district was found. {CONCLUSIONS:} Neither intervention was sufficient to ensure that the poorer members in each sub-district were able to enjoy the greater share of the scheme benefits. Claim submission increased as a result of interventions that seem to have strengthened awareness of and trust in a community based health insurance scheme. Trial registration Clinical trials {NCT00421629.} Asia Cluster analysis Community-based health insurance Community health services Health policy India Medically uninsured persons Micro health insurance Prospective studies Rural health Utilization 1468-5833 1309 7607 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526594 {BMJ} {(Clinical} Research Ed.) Equitable utilisation of Indian community based health insurance scheme among its rural membership: cluster randomised controlled trial 334 Equitable utilisation of Indian community based health insurance scheme among its rural membership June 2007 10.1136/bmj.39192.719583.AE {PMID:} 17526594 2007-06 ranson_health_???? unpublished Health Insurance for the Poor Health insurance Poverty ranson_towards_???? unpublished Towards developing a "how to" guide on implementing and administering a community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} scheme: proposal for a detailed survey of Indian schemes Community-based health insurance Guide India ranson_quality_2001 article Health Policy and Planning Community-based health insurance is an emerging and promising concept, which addresses health care challenges faced in particular by the rural poor. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether rural Senegal members of a health insurance scheme are actually better-off than nonmembers. The results show that in poor environments, insurance programs can work: Members of les mutuelles de sant\'{e} (mutual health organizations) have a higher probability of using hospitalization services than nonmembers and pay substantially less when they need care. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that while the schemes achieved to attract poor people, the poorest of the poor remained excluded Quality of hysterectomy care in rural Gujarat: the role of community-based health insurance Community-based health insurance Hysterectomy care Micro health insurance Rural gujarat Willingness to pay 395--403 Quality of hysterectomy care in rural Gujarat 16 2001 4 2001 rao_health_???? incollection Health insurance in india Asia Health insurance India New Delhi 275--295 Health insurance in india Commission on macroeconomica and health of India rao_energy-microfinance_2009 article Energy Policy More than 72\% of India's population resides in rural India1 and it also has a high concentration of people living under abject poverty. Of the total rural population 27.1-28.3\% lives below the poverty line2 {(BPL).} A lack of energy-finance options is hampering the "quality of life" of the {BPL} community. The members of this disadvantaged household which forms 27.1\% and 23.6\% of the India's rural and urban population3 has no ready access to mainstream finance or know--how of sustainable energy products nor do they have access to energy service providing agency. This lack of energy-finance options has provided the marginalized population little means to break the conventional energy paradigm and the corresponding poverty cycle. Considering the afore-mentioned problem we propose an energy-microfinance intervention or a model that encompasses two independent entities. One has an energy expertise and the other possesses finance management skills. Alternately, we also propose a special purpose entity that comprises of these two entities. This entity fosters different institutional, technical and financial engineering approaches to the provision of energy, finance and infrastructure services necessary for poverty alleviation. Energy-microfinance intervention for below poverty line households in India Energy Energy policy India Microfinance Poor 0301-4215 In Press, Corrected Proof 2009 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2W-4VNCJG5-7/2/72148a729201fab09683390c8e934778 2009 ravallion_should_2000 article Economic and Political Weekly If one replaces average consumption from India's National Sample Surveys with private consumption per capita from the National Accounts, while retaining the survey-based distributions, then one finds a faster rate of poverty reduction in the 1990s. However, the case made for this method of measuring poverty is questionable on many counts. There do appear to be problems in the poverty data for India in the 1990s, but this step is unlikely to solve them. Should Poverty Measures be Anchored to the National Accounts? India Measuring poverty 3245--52 34 2000 35/36 2000 record_economic_2006 article Background: The medical "brain drain" has been described as rich countries "looting" doctors and nurses from developing countries undermining their health systems and public health. However this "brain-drain" might also be seen as a success in the training and "export" of health professionals and the benefits this provides. This paper illustrates the arguments and possible policy options by focusing on the situation in one of the poorest countries in the world, Malawi. Discussion: Many see this "brain drain" of medical staff as wrong with developed countries exploiting poorer ones. The effects are considerable with Malawi facing high vacancy rates in its public health system, and with migration threatening to outstrip training despite efforts to improve pay and conditions. This shortage of staff has made it more challenging for Malawi to deliver on its Essential Health Package and to absorb new international health funding. Yet, without any policy effort Malawi has been able to demonstrate its global competitiveness in the training ("production") of skilled health professionals. Remittances from migration are a large and growing source of foreign exchange for poor countries and tend to go directly to households. Whilst the data for Malawi is limited, studies from other poor countries demonstrate the power of remittances in significantly reducing poverty. Malawi can benefit from the export of health professionals provided there is a resolution of the situation whereby the state pays for training and the benefits are gained by the individual professional working abroad. Solutions include migrating staff paying back training costs, or rich host governments remitting part of a tax (e.g. income or national insurance) to the Malawi government. These schemes would allow Malawi to scale up training of health professionals for local needs and to work abroad. Summary: There is concern about the negative impacts of the medical "brain-drain". However a closer look at the... {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Africa Brain drain Developing countries Health care Malawi Medical health care Medical policy Physicians Public health 17448603 12 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=28743564&site=ehost-live Globalization \& Health An economic perspective on Malawi's medical "brain drain". 2 January 2006 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Globalization \& Health is the property of {BioMed} Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1186/1744-8603-2-12 2006-01 reddy_health_2003 techreport Health Care Health sector reform 2003 {BSE} 2003 rees_microeconomics_2008 article Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics The Microeconomics of Insurance Insurance Microeconomics 1--163 4 2008 1-2 2008 reid_understanding_2000 techreport Understanding Social Capital: Agricultural Extension in Mali: Trust and Social Cohesion - Field Research conducted by Mamadou Camara, Cheick Kamat\'{e}, Catherine Reid and Maimouna Sow Sangar\'{e} - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 22 Africa Agriculture Mali Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 2000 reid_comparing_2008 article Health Policy The objective of this research was to compare the casemix systems used in the United Kingdom {(UK),} Australia and the United States of America {(USA)} to identify possible improvements in the design of the {UK} Healthcare Resource Groups. The data consisted of over 12 million inpatient and day case discharge records from 574 National Health Service acute hospitals in England for 2001-2002. These data were grouped into four casemix systems, namely Versions 3.1 and 3.5 of Healthcare Resource Groups, the United States-based All Patient Diagnosis Related Groups, and the Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups. The statistical performance of the groups was measured using the reduction in variance {(RIV)} statistic. The Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups produced the best {RIV} overall but this grouper had the advantage of more groups than the others. The comparison of the performance of the chapters within each grouper showed that each had some chapters with a better {RIV} than the other groupers. Comparing the performance of these groupers was successful in identifying changes to the Healthcare Resource Groups that improved its performance. Further revision of the Healthcare Resource Groups should be focused on the chapters with the best potential for improved performance. Comparing diagnosis-related group systems to identify design improvements GL Hospital records Information management International classification of diseases Risk adjustment 82--91 July 87 2008 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4RTTKKP-1/1/5cac57c650f44a4a3cbdb36658410685 2008-07 reinhard_microinsurance_2006 inproceedings {MunichRe} Microinsurance Conference 2006 - Making insurance work for Africa Africa Microinsurance Cape Town, South Africa 2006 2006 rengarajan_anatomy_2006 article Pravartak Strategies for improving outreach of microinsurance products to the rural poor This paper presents demand side perspectives of microinsurance and suggests remedial measures for effective outreach to excluded people. Understanding vulnerability and micro-level risks from the demand side is imperative for designing policy and microinsurance products. Theoretical and empirical observations include: * Marginal communities' vulnerability makes them more susceptible to health related risks; * Within households, there is gender inequality with women more susceptible to health risk; * Unprotected health risks lead to deprivation in income consumption and employment; * Covariant risks like droughts and epidemics push the poor further into the poorer category; * Cultural risks in the form of traditional beliefs and myths push the poor into vulnerability, while also influencing their behavior in livelihood activities and health systems. Demand side realities highlight the need to design demand-oriented products and services and active involvement of public and private institutions for effective inclusion of the most disadvantaged section of the poor. Strategies include: * Developing demand-oriented microinsurance products; * Developing free insurance packages that are linked to government development programs or are formulated exclusively for the poor. An Anatomy on Demand Side Perspectives of Micro Insurance Demand Demand side Microinsurance 54--70 4 2006 1 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34490/An%20anatomy%20on%20demand%20side%20perspectives%20of%20Micro%20Insurance.pdf 2006 reschke_klassifikationsmodelle_2004 techreport Klassifikationsmodelle f\"{u}r Versicherte im Risikostrukturausgleich - Untersuchungen zur Auswahl geeigneter Grupppenbildungen, Gewichtungsfaktoren und Klassifikationsmerkmale f\"{u}r einen direkt morbit\"{a}tsorientierten Risikostrukturausgleich in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung GL Risk equalization 2004 Endbericht Bundesministerium f\"{u}r Gesundheit und Soziale Sicherung 2004 reschke_methoden_2005 article Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik Methoden der Morbidit\"{a}tsadjustierung GL Risk adjustment 10--19 2005 1-2 2005 rice_capitation_2001 article The Milbank Quarterly Capitation and Risk Adjustment in Health Care Financing: An International Progress Report GL Risk adjustment Risk equalization 81--113 79 2001 1 2001 ridde_fees-for-services_2003 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization {OBJECTIVE:} To gauge the effects of operating the Bamako Initiative in Kongoussi district, Burkina Faso. {METHODS:} Qualitative and quasi-experimental quantitative methodologies were used. {FINDINGS:} Following the introduction of fees-for-services in July 1997, the number of consultations for curative care fell over a period of three years by an average of 15.4\% at "case" health centres but increased by 30.5\% at "control" health centres. Moreover, although the operational results for essential drugs depots were not known, expenditure increased on average 2.7 times more than income and did not keep pace with the decline in the utilization of services. Persons in charge of the management committees had difficulties in releasing funds to ensure access to care for the poor. {CONCLUSION:} The introduction of fees-for-services had an adverse effect on service utilization. The study district is in a position to bear the financial cost of taking care of the poor and the community is able to identify such people. Incentives must be introduced by the state and be swiftly applied so that the communities agree to a more equitable system and thereby allow access to care for those excluded from services because they are unable to pay. Fees-for-services, cost recovery, and equity in a district of Burkina Faso operating the Bamako Initiative Burkina Faso Cost sharing Essential drugs Health policy 0042-9686 532--538 81 2003 7 {PMID:} 12973646 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12973646 2003 ridker_health_1999 article Pr\'{e}cis - World Bank Operations Evaluations Department Health Care in India: Learning from Experience Health care system India Lessons learnt 1--5 Health Care in India 1999 187 1999 rienstra_health_2002 article the courier {ACP-EU} - meeting point Health is a key to development ACP countries Developing countries Health and development Health and poverty 2--5 Health is a key to development 2002 2002 rifkin_community_1990 book Community participation in maternal and child health/family planning programmes: an analysis based on case study materials Community participation Community participation in health Maternal health services Participation Geneva, Switzerland Community participation in maternal and child health/family planning programmes 1990 World Health Organization 1990 rifkin_paradigms_1996 article Acta Tropica Paradigms lost: towards a new understandign of community participation in health programmes Community participation Health care Participation 79--92 61 1996 1996 rifkin_ten_2001 article Afri. Health Sci. Ten Best Readings on Community Participation and Health Community participation Health Participation 43--47 1 2001 1 2001 rifkin_primary_1988 article Soc. Sci. Med. Primary Health Care: on measuring Participation Community participation Measurement Participation 931--940 26 1988 9 1988 ripperger_aekonomik_1998 book \"{O}konomik des Vertrauens - Analyse eines Organisationsprinzips Economics of trust Trust T\"{u}bingen 1998 {JCB} Mohr 1998 roberts_getting_2004 book Getting health reform right - a guide to improving performance and equity Health sector reform New York 2004 Oxford University Press 2004 robinson_microfinance_2001 book 1. printing The microfinance revolution Microfinance Washington, {DC} 0-8213-4524-9 2001 World Bank [u.a.] 2001 robinson_group_2004 phdthesis Group reactions to risky prospectment members GL Group analysis Risk equalization University of Pittsburgh, Faculty of Arts and Sciences 2004 2004 rodriguez_serviperu_2004 article {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance Good and Bad Practices Case Study Serviper\'{u} Case study Microfinance Micro health insurance Partner-agent-model Peru January 1 2004 2004-01 rogers_health_???? unpublished Health and Economic Consequences of Malnutrition Consequences of malnutrition Health and economics romero_marquez_performance_2006 techreport Performance Indicators for Microinsurance Practitioners Indicators Microinsurance Luxembourg 2006 Workshop Report, Luxembourg, 16 - 17 October 2006 {ADA,} {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance, {BRS} 2006 ron_ngos_1999 article In poor rural communities, access to basic health care is often severely limited by inadequate supply as well as financial barriers to seeking care. National policies may introduce social health insurance, but these are likely to begin with the salaried public and private sector workers while the informal sector population may be the last to be covered. Community initiatives to generate health care financing require a complex development process. This paper covers attempts to develop such schemes in rural populations in Guatemala and the Philippines through non-government organizations and notes the major factors which have contributed to unequal progress in the two schemes. The scheme of the Association por Salud de Barillas {(ASSABA)} in Guatemala was not sufficiently established as an administrative body at the conceptual stage and there was no clear national policy on health care financing. By the time the necessary action was taken, local conflicts hindered progress. In the Philippines, the {ORT} Health Plus Scheme {(OHPS)} was implemented during the period of legislation of a national health insurance act. The appraisal after three years of operation shows that {OPHS} has made health care affordable and accessible to the target population, composed mainly of low and often unstable income families in rural areas. The major success factors are probably the administrative structure provided by a cooperative and controls in the delivery system and in expenditures, through the salaried primary health care team, referral process and the capitation agreement for hospital-based services. The proliferation of such schemes could benefit from national guidelines, a formal accreditation process and an umbrella organization to provide assistance in design, training and information services, involving government, non-government and academic institutions as an integral part of the development process. Accreditation Consumer participation Guidelines as Topic Health insurance Participation Private sector Program development Program evaluation Referral and Consultation Rural health 0277-9536 939--950 7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10192560 Social Science \& Medicine (1982) {NGOs} in community health insurance schemes: examples from Guatemala and the Philippines 48 {NGOs} in community health insurance schemes April 1999 {PMID:} 10192560 1999-04 ron_extending_2008 misc The participants in this Regional Social Security Forum are mainly directors of social security systems, most of which have not yet introduced health care benefits. Considerations to introduce health care benefits are however undertaken in numerous countries, and provide a great challenge in the current reforms or changes that are underway in the social security systems in Africa. Extending health care coverage in social security systems Coverage Social security Universal coverage Universal health care 2008 http://www.issa.int/aiss/content/download/69484/1297465/version/6/file/TR-28-2.pdf 2008 ron_health_2010 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} niversal health-care coverage requires an appropriate mix of compulsory contributory social insurance schemes, with mechanisms to include the informal-economy population, and tax-based social assistance for those whose incomes preclude their own contributions. This article urges a reversal of the trend that favours the separate development of social health insurance by separate health authorities and makes the case for the extension of health-care coverage using existing formal-sector social security schemes, not least because they have the necessary political backing and institutional structures. The article reviews reasons for the slow pace of coverage extension to date, and stresses the added value of incorporating health care as a social security benefit while also acknowledging the importance of retaining linkages between statutory and well-regulated community-based or micro health-insurance schemes. Health Care as a Social Security Benefit: Institutional Approaches to Extending Coverage Coverage Health care Social security Health Care as a Social Security Benefit 2010 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1525972 2010 ronsmans_maternal_2006 article The risk of a woman dying as a result of pregnancy or childbirth during her lifetime is about one in six in the poorest parts of the world compared with about one in 30 000 in Northern Europe. Such a discrepancy poses a huge challenge to meeting the fifth Millennium Development Goal to reduce maternal mortality by 75\% between 1990 and 2015. Some developed and transitional countries have managed to reduce their maternal mortality during the past 25 years. Few of these, however, began with the very high rates that are now estimated for the poorest countries-in which further progress is jeopardised by weak health systems, continuing high fertility, and poor availability of data. Maternal deaths are clustered around labour, delivery, and the immediate postpartum period, with obstetric haemorrhage being the main medical cause of death. Local variation can be important, with unsafe abortion carrying huge risk in some populations, and {HIV/AIDS} becoming a leading cause of death where {HIV-related} mortaliy rates are high. Inequalities in the risk of maternal death exist everywhere. Targeting of interventions to the most vulnerable--rural populations and poor people--is essential if substantial progress is to be achieved by 2015. Adolescent Adult Female HIV/AIDS Hospital mortality Maternal health Maternal mortality Maternal welfare Middle aged Pregnancy Risk factors {1474-547X} 1189--1200 9542 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17011946 Lancet Maternal mortality: who, when, where, and why 368 Maternal mortality September 2006 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69380-X {PMID:} 17011946 2006-09 rose_what_1999 techreport What does Social Capital add to individual Welfare? An empirical Analysis of Russia, Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 15 Russia Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 rosenberg_new_2009 article Consultative Group to Assist the Poor {(CGAP)} There is currently no abstract available for this document. The New Moneylenders: Are the Poor Being Exploited by High Microcredit Interest Rates? Interest rates Microcredit Microfinance February The New Moneylenders 2009 http://microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/55866 2009-02 rose_mutual_2005 misc {MUTUAL} {HEALTH} {INSURANCE} {IN} {GHANA} - Fiscal Sustainability and Strategic Purchasing of Priority Health Services Africa Ghana Micro health insurance Mutual health insurance Purchasing Sustainability January 2005 2005-01 raesner_genossenschaften_2000 incollection Michael Kirk and Jost Kramer and Rolf Steding Genossenschaften im volkswirtschaftlichen Entwicklungsprozess Cooperatives Development M\"{u}nster 431--450 2000 Genossenschaften und Kooperation in einer sich wandelnden Welt - Festschrift f\"{u}r Prof. Dr. {Hans-H.} M\"{u}nkner zum 65. Geburtstag 2000 raesner_chinas_2004 article International Social Security Review China's health insurance system in transformation: Preliminary assessment, and policy suggestions China GL High risk pools 65--90 57 2004 3 2004 raesner_uebertragbarkeit_2005 incollection Studien aus dem {Max-Planck-Institut} f\"{u}r ausl\"{a}ndisches und internationales Sozialrecht \"{U}bertragbarkeit von sozialpolitischen Erfahrungen der Industriel\"{a}nder auf Entwicklungsl\"{a}nder Developed countries Developing countries Health care system Social policy {Baden-Baden} 105--113 2005 Grundfragen und Organisation der Sozialversicherung in China und Deutschland 36 2005 raesner_risikomanagementstrategien_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen Der Beitrag analysiert einleitend die Struktur von Humanrisiken, um darauf aufbauend theoretische Optionen f\"{u}r die Gestaltung von Risikomanagementstrategien zu entwerfen. Dabei spricht sich der Verfasser hinsichtlich der Zielgruppe armer l\"{a}ndlicher Bev\"{o}lkerungsgruppen f\"{u}r eine differenzierte Anwendung des Versorgungs-, F\"{u}rsorge- und Versicherungsprinzips aus. Der genossenschaftlichen Selbsthilfe werden dabei sowohl f\"{u}r die Verbesserung des individuellen Risikobew\"{a}ltigungspotentials als auch bei der Entwicklung geeigneter Vorsorgeangebote wichtige Funktionen zugeschrieben. Risikomanagementstrategien f\"{u}r arme l\"{a}ndliche Bev\"{o}lkerungsgruppen Developing countries Social risk management 17--41 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 rossing_feldman_social_1999 techreport Social Capital: Conceptual Frameworks and Empirical Evidence - An annotated Bibliography - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 5 Bibliography Conceptual framework Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 roth_informal_1999 misc How do the poor pay for bereavement? This article looks at how the bereaved cover funeral expenses from a number of sources including informal credit, informal insurance and friendly societies. Two main types are: * For-profit, typically run by owners of funeral parlours who sell insurance schemes for relatively expensive services to low-income households * not-for-profit, similar to {ROSCAs,} formed by those living in the same neighbourhood Detail of obtaining credit is given in terms of cost components by amount, cash flow, flexibility of premium payments, complexity of transactions, privacy issues and the specific coverage details. The processes of obtaining finance are listed as: * Selling assets * Credit - trader credit, {ROSCAs,} moneylenders, informal lenders and formal banks * Savings * Gifts * Insurers - formal and regulated insurers, formal friendly societies, informal non-profit insurers and informal for-profit insurers Concludes that there is a need for: * Local knowledge * Transaction simplicity * Low-value comprehensive policies rather than high-value policies with exclusions * Flexible premium payments * Payout in cash and kind * A favourable legislative framework Informal Microinsurance Schemes - The Case of Funeral Insurance in South Africa Africa Funeral insurance Microinsurance South Africa 1999 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.28671 1999 roth_microinsurance_2005 techreport Microinsurance and Microfinance Institutions - Evidence from India Case study Credit-life insurance India Life insurance Microfinance institutions Microinsurance schemes 2005 15 Case Study {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 roth_long-term_2006 incollection Providing savings to the poor; Long-term savings and insurance products for the poor; Key issues in offering long-term savings and insurance Craig Churchill Long-term savings and insurance Microinsurance Microsavings Risk management Savings Geneva / Munich 94--110 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/AF8FD93E-7483-4AE5-B68F-CC17CBF4DF83/0/Part2Microinsuranceproductsandservices.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 roth_landscape_2007 techreport This report provides a description of how microinsurance works, and presents a landscape survey (a detailed quantitative overview) of microinsurance in the world's hundred poorest countries. The paper states that: * Microinsurance has to be well-administered, cost-efficient and delivered on a large scale if it is to benefit the poor and those who provide microinsurance. * The microinsurance supply chain is made up of five components: the reinsurers, the insurer, the delivery channel, the policy-holder and "covered lives". A team of microinsurance experts, who identified and assessed micro-insurers, products, delivery channels, regulations, social security schemes and donor interventions, gathered the information for the report from primary and secondary research. The research team found: * Significant presence of health microinsurance, especially in West and Central Africa, with a large number of programs, small membership and limited growth potential. * Dramatic effect of insurance regulation introduced in India, which has pushed microinsurance out of the rural areas and towards the poor. * A noticeable lack of microinsurance in North Africa and the Middle East. * Non-existent broker activity in microinsurance and weak delivery channels that hinder microinsurance activity. The report concludes that microinsurance for the world's poor is growing fast, with most growth coming from the private sector, and micro-insurers are positive about the future, predicting 100\% growth over the next five years. The Landscape of Microinsurance in the World's Poorest 100 Countries Developing countries Microinsurance 2007 {MicroInsurance} Centre 2007 roth_tata-aig_2005 techreport {TATA-AIG} Life Insurance Company Ltd., India Case study India Life insurance Microinsurance 2005 14 Case Study {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2005 roth_retailers_2006 incollection Why retailers? Which retailers? Microinsurance {istribution/Product} combinations for retailers Craig Churchill Retailers as microinsurance distribution channels Institutional options Micro health insurance Geneva / Munich 439--449 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 roth_agricultural_2008 misc This report will be useful for development agents such as donors, development banks and development workers in {NGOs,} co-operatives, credit unions and microfinance institutions {(MFIs).} It is written for a reader who has no prior knowledge of insurance. Agricultural Microinsurance - Global Practices and Prospects Agricultural insurance Agriculture Microinsurance 2008 http://www.microinsurancenetwork.org/publication/fichier/Agriculture_Microinsurance__Global_Practices_and_Prospects.pdf 2008 rowe_how_2005 article In low and middle income countries, health workers are essential for the delivery of health interventions. However, inadequate health-worker performance is a very widespread problem. We present an overview of issues and evidence about the determinants of performance and strategies for improving it. Health-worker practices are complex behaviours that have many potential influences. Reviews of intervention studies in low and middle income countries suggest that the simple dissemination of written guidelines is often ineffective, that supervision and audit with feedback is generally effective, and that multifaceted interventions might be more effective than single interventions. Few interventions have been evaluated with rigorous cost-effectiveness trials, and such studies are urgently needed to guide policy. We propose an international collaborative research agenda to generate knowledge about the true determinants of performance and about the effectiveness of strategies to improve performance. Furthermore, we recommend that ministries of health and international organisations should actively help translate research findings into action to improve health-worker performance, and thereby improve health. Behaviour Employee performance Health personnel Health services research Personnel management Psychological theory Quality assurance Quality of health care {1474-547X} 1026--1035 9490 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16168785 Lancet How can we achieve and maintain high-quality performance of health workers in low-resource settings? 366 September 2005 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67028-6 {PMID:} 16168785 2005-09 roy_alternative_2003 inproceedings Alternative Data Sources for Demographic and Health Statistics in India Alternative demographic and health statistics India Bombay, India 2003 2003 roy_equity_2007 article Health Policy Background The lack of formal health insurance and inadequate social safety nets cause families in most low-income countries to finance health spending through out-of-pocket {(OOP)} payments, leaving poor families unable to insure their consumption during periods of major {illnesses.Objective} To examine how well the Indian healthcare system protects households of differing living standards against the financial consequences of unanticipated health {shocks.Data} The data are drawn from the 52nd round of National Sample Survey, a nationally representative socioeconomic and health survey conducted in 1995-1996. The sample comprises 24,379 (3.84\%) households where a member was hospitalized during the 1-year reference {period.Methods} We estimate, using ordinary least squares, the relationship between household consumption (proxy for ability to pay) and {OOP} payments for hospitalization. We also estimate the relationship between consumption and {OOP} share in {consumption.Results} Our results indicate that both utilization (payments) and the consequent financial burden (payment share) increases with increasing ability to pay {(ATP).} While this relationship is retained across the different subgroups (e.g., gender, social code, region, etc.), comparisons across groups indicate horizontal inequities including differences in both degrees of progressivity and the redistributive {effect.Conclusion} The finding that {OOP} payments do not decline with {ATP} could be an indication of: (1) the lack of insurance which implies that the better-off must pay from {OOP} to secure quality health care and (2) the absence of risk-pooling or prepayments mechanisms which poses financial impediments to the consumption of health care by the poor. Equity in out-of-pocket payments for hospital care: Evidence from India Equity Hospital care India Out-of-pocket payments 297--307 February Equity in out-of-pocket payments for hospital care 80 2007 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4JW7WKR-1/1/0f99d139c1ced2b22f7f331aa5be5fa6 2007-02 rubin_determinants_1993 article Social science quarterly Determinants of household out-of-pocket health expenditures Health care expenditure 721--735 74 1993 4 1993 ruchismita_delivering_2007 misc Delivering Micro Health Insurance Through the National Rural Health Mission - A Strategy Paper Asia India Micro health insurance National rural health mission August 2007 2007-08 ruger_changing_2005 article American Journal of Public Health The Changing Role of the {WORLD} {BANK} in Global Health Global health Health actors Role of the world bank 60--70 The Changing Role of the {WORLD} {BANK} in Global Health 95 2005 1 2005 ruhm_valuation_1995 incollection It is a generally accepted principie of fmanacial theory that an assumption of risk entitles the assuming party to a higher expected return on investment. This is paralleled in propertylcasualty insurance by the concept of a risk/contingency loading, or underwtiting profit margin, which varies directly with the riskiness of the business written. A risky liability can be separated into two distinct components: a tixed liability, and a pure-risk element which is neither an asset nor a liability, but which negatively impacts net Worth. It is demonstrated that, under certain assumptions: 1) the dollar value of a given risky liability is inversely related to the net capitalization of the entity assuming or retaining it, and 2) the transfer of risk from a lowercapitalized entity to a higher-capitalized entity for an appropriate premium results in gain for both parties, allowing them to achieve higher rates of return than would otherwise be available. This implies that insurance offered at an appropriate premium creates net economic value for both parties, aside from the value created by the pooling" of risks. A fair premium is defined to be the premium which equalizes the gains to both parties. The Valuation of a pure risk Element Risk assumption Valuation 299ff 1995 1995 russell_economic_2004 article The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Ill-health contributes to impoverishment, a process brought into sharper focus by the impact of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome {(HIV/AIDS)} epidemic. This paper reviews studies that have measured the economic costs and consequences of illness for households, focusing on malaria, tuberculosis {(TB),} and {HIV/AIDS.} It finds that in resource-poor settings illness imposed high and regressive cost burdens on patients and their families. Direct and indirect costs of illness for malaria were less than 10\% of the household income, but still significant when combined with the costs of other illnesses. The costs of {TB} and {HIV/AIDS} were catastrophic for households (more than 10\% of the income). Health service weaknesses in many countries, including low coverage, user charges, and poor quality of care, contributed to high costs. Poor households in developing countries with a member with {TB} or {HIV/AIDS} struggled to cope, highlighting the urgent need for a substantial increase in health sector investment to expand access to preventive and curative health services. Government and non-governmental interventions should also be broadened to encompass measures that reduce the substantial indirect costs associated with diseases such as malaria, {TB,} and {HIV/AIDS.} The economic burden of illness for households in developing countries: a review of studies focusing on malaria, tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Developing countries Economic burden of illness HIV/AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis 147--155 The economic burden of illness for households in developing countries 71 2004 {(Suppl.)} 2 2004 ruster_franchising_???? techreport Franchising in Health - Emerging Models, Experiences, and Challenges in Primary Care Franchising in health Models Primary health care Washington, {D.C.} 263 The Worldbank Group - Private Sector and Infrastructure Network ryan_valuing_2004 article Journal of Health Economics This paper compares willingness to pay {(WTP)} estimates generated from the dichotomous choice {(DC)} and payment card {(PC)} approaches. In a split-sample {WTP} experiment concerned with allocating scarce health care resources across three health care interventions, the {DC} approach is shown consistently to generate larger welfare estimates than the {PC.} Observed difference between {PC} and {DC} experiments cannot be explained by the inclusion of non-demanders or methods of statistical analysis but may be partly explained by "yea-saying". No evidence of range bias or mid-point bias was found with {PC} responses. Data were also collected on respondents' ordinal rankings of the three interventions and person-trade-offs {(PTOs).} Neither of these approaches converged with {WTP.} Future work must address the decision heuristics individuals employ when responding to valuation experiments. Valuing health care using willingness to pay: a comparison of the payment card and dichotomous choice methods Dichotomous choice methods Payment card Person-trade-off Willingness to pay 237--258 Valuing health care using willingness to pay 23 2004 2004 sabates-wheeler_risk_2005 misc Risk and Vulnerability: Case Studies of Practical {Country-Level} Instruments and Approaches used by Various Agencies Case study Risk Vulnerability September 2005 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/33/59/36570697.pdf 2005-09 sabri_healthcare_2003 article Healthcare financing is in crisis in most African countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region of {WHO.} In low-income countries, spending on health is very low and populations are not protected against financial risks. Middle- and high- income countries are suffering from inappropriate use of resources devoted to health and lack of use of economic tools in priority setting. As coverage by insurance is not well developed, concerns over equity in access are voiced in most countries. Planned policy changes or health sector reforms are designed to address these challenges. The approaches used are based on capacity building, institutional development and provision of needed expertise. International agencies are providing technical support to help in setting the reform agenda, in managing the planned changes and in monitoring the impact. Efforts are being made to strengthen national capabilities in developing national health account functions and in promoting the use of economic tools such as cost-effective analysis, costing and cost analysis in health system management. A particular interest is paid to the development and strengthening of health insurance, and particularly microinsurance for uncovered populations. Countries of the subregion are encouraged to make better use of their training and research institutions and to facilitate the development of networks of health professionals dealing with health system development, supported by international agencies and development banks. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Health care financing Mediterranean region Public health insurance {0020871X} 73 3/4 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=11185012&site=ehost-live International Social Security Review Healthcare Financing in the African Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean. 56 July 2003 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of International Social Security Review is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts){\textless}/p{\textgreater} 10.1111/1468-246X.00170 2003-07 sachs_macroeconomics_2001 techreport Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development Developing countries Health and development Macroeconomics and health Geneva, Switzerland Macroeconomics and Health 2001 Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health World Health Organization 2001 sachs_summary:_2001 techreport Summary: Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development Developing countries Health and development Macroeconomics and health Geneva, Switzerland Macroeconomics and Health 2001 Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health World Health Organization 2001 sadoulet_can_2004 article {SP} Discussion Paper Can Conditional Cash Transfer Programs Improve Social Risk Management? Lessons for Education and Child Labor Outcomes Child labor Conditional cash transfers Education Social risk management December 0420 2004 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/Social-Protection-General-DP/0420.pdf 2004-12 saha_reducing_2008 article Development in Practice Reducing poverty in {sub-Saharan} Africa: the need for participatory governance Poverty reduction 0961-4524 267 Reducing poverty in {sub-Saharan} Africa 18 2008 2 http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/09614520801899192 2008 sahn_exploring_2003 article Review of Income and Wealth Exploring alternative measures of welfare in the absence of expenditure data Expenditure data Measuring welfare 463--489 49 2003 4 2003 sahni_cancer_2005 article Health Administrator Cancer Epidemiology Cancer Epidemiology 14--15 {XVII} 2005 1 2005 sakyi_retrospective_2008 article The International Journal of Health Planning and Management Ghana has undertaken many public service management reforms in the past two decades. But the implementation of the reforms has been constrained by many factors. This paper undertakes a retrospective study of research works on the challenges to the implementation of reforms in the public health sector. It points out that most of the studies identified: (1) centralised, weak and fragmented management system; (2) poor implementation strategy; (3) lack of motivation; (4) weak institutional framework; (5) lack of financial and human resources and (6) staff attitude and behaviour as the major causes of ineffective reform implementation. The analysis further revealed that quite a number of crucial factors obstructing reform implementation which are particularly internal to the health system have either not been thoroughly studied or overlooked. The analysis identified lack of leadership; weak communication and consultation; lack of stakeholder participation, corruption and unethical professional behaviour as some of the missing variables in the literature. The study, therefore, indicated that there are gaps in the literature that needed to be filled through rigorous reform evaluation based on empirical research particularly at district, sub-district and community levels. It further suggested that future research should be concerned with the effects of both systems and structures and behavioural factors on reform implementation. Copyright ??? 2008 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd. A retrospective content analysis of studies on factors constraining the implementation of health sector reform in Ghana Content analysis Ghana Health sector reform NHIS 259--285 23 2008 3 2008 salkever_regulation_2000 incollection With the spread of cost-based hospital payment systems in the United States in the 1960s, and the implementation of the Medicare and Medicaid programs in 1966, rapidly rising hospital costs imposed unexpected pressures on Federal and state budgets and generated a demand for regulatory interventions. Large numbers of states responded with regulatory controls on hospital investment and a significant minority of states enacted hospital price regulation (rate-setting) laws. As strong hospital sector inflation continued into the 1970s, Federal efforts to regulate prices (through the Economic Stabilization Program) and to encourage additional state regulation were also enacted. This chapter reviews the economic research on the impact of these regulatory interventions, focusing on econometric studies in particular. Several conclusions emerge from this review. First, studies of adoption of regulation show that pressure on state budgets and pro-regulation political views were more influential than "provider capture" or "rentseeking" factors. Second, cost-containment impacts of state rate-setting programs varied over time, with changes in the national health care economy and major Federal policy thrusts. Third, there is little evidence that investment controls reduced the rate of cost growth though inconsistent reports of constraining effects on numbers of beds and diffusion of some specialized services did appear. Fourth, econometric studies of the Medicare Prospective Payment System {(PPS)} supported the presumption that {PPS} would constrain the growth in cost per case, but concomitant increases in case-mix intensity and declines in admissions raised questions about (1) the extent to which {PPS} truly induced efficiency gains and (2) the adequacy of our analytic models of hospital behavior. Fifth, as cost-based payment was replaced by prospective payment in Medicare, Medicaid and the private sector, and as managed care encouraged price competition, the evidence of regulatory cost savings dwindled and rate regulation virtually disappeared. While investment regulation is still widespread, its role and effect in the new hospital marketplace is still unclear. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Regulation of Prices and Investement in Hospitals in the {U.S.} Certificate of need Demand for regulation Economic stabilization program Investment regulation Prospective payment Rate regulation Rate setting Amsterdam (a.o.) 1488--1535 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 sapelli_risk_???? techreport Risk Segmentation, Moral Hazard and Equity in a Mandatory Health Insurance System Equity Mandatory health insurance Moral hazard Risk segmentation Chile Risk Segmentation, Moral Hazard and Equity in a Mandatory Health Insurance System Department of Economics Pontificia Universidad Cat\'{o}lica de Chile sathymala_public_2003 unpublished Public Health Care System: Threats and Options Public health care systems Threats and options 2003 concept paper, draft 2003 satish_institutional_2001 article Journal of Microfinance Institutional Alternatives for the Promotion of Microfinance - {Self-Help} Groups in India India Microfinance Promotion Self help groups 49--74 3 2001 2 2001 savedoff_private_2004 techreport Private health insurance plays a large and increasing role around the world. This paper reviews international experiences and shows that private health insurance is significant in countries with widely different income levels and health system structures. It contrasts private health insurance across regions and highlights countries with particularly high rates of private expenditures. It argues that policy makers need to confront the role that private health insurance will play in their health systems and regulate the sector appropriately so that it serves public goals of universal coverage and equity. Private Health Insurance: Implications for Developing Countries Developing countries Health insurance Private health insurance 2004 3 Discussion Paper http://www.who.int/health_financing/issues/en/private_health_in_dp_04_3.pdf World Health Organization {(WHO),} Department {"Health} system Financing, Expenditure and Resource Allocation" 2004 sbarbaro_trade_2000 techreport Trade Liberalization in Health Insurance - Opportunities and Challenges - The Potential Impact of Introducing or Expanding the Availability of Private Health Insurance within Low and Middle Income Countries Health insurance Trade liberalization Geneva 2000 World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2000 scheil-adlung_social_2005 inproceedings Social health insurance Social security and {HIV/AIDS} HIV/AIDS Social health insurance Social security Lusaka, Zambia 2005 2005 scheil-adlung_what_2006 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} summarizes the results of three individual research projects {(Asfaw,} 2005; Lamiraud et al., 2005; Xu et al., 2005) measuring the impact of membership in a health insurance scheme in three African countries, namely Kenya, Senegal and South Africa. It is structured as follows. The first section briefly outlines the health care systems in Kenya, Senegal and South Africa, followed by a short description of the methodology and data used in the research. The later sections focus on empirical results and policy implications. What Is the Impact of Social Health Protection on Access to Health Care, Health Expenditure and Impoverishment? A Comparative Analysis of Three African Countries Access to health care Africa Comparative study Health care expenditure Impact studies Social health protection Vulnerable groups What Is the Impact of Social Health Protection on Access to Health Care, Health Expenditure and Impoverishment? 2006 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=916703 2006 scheil-adlung_impact_2007 incollection {GTZ,} {ILO,} {WHO} Impact of social health protection on access to health care, health expenditure and impoverishment - A comparative analysis of three African countries Africa Health insurance Kenya Micro health insurance Senegal Social protection South Africa 132--145 2007 Extending Social Protection in Health: Developing Countries' Experiences, Lessons Learnt and Recommendations 2007 scherer_pharmaceutical_2000 incollection This Handbook chapter surveys the extensive body of research on the economics of the pharmaceutical industry (with peripheral attention paid also to regulated medical devices). Pharmaceuticals is one of the world's most research-intensive industries, generating a continuing steam of new products that save lives and raise the quality of life. The discovery of new drugs has evolved over time from a decidedly empirical process to one based to a considerable degree upon fundamental scientific knowledge. Rich linkages have emerged between profit-seeking manufacturers and basic research performers such as universities and national laboratories. The safety and efficacy of new pharmaceutical products are stringently regulated in most industrialized nations, adding to clinical testing costs. Because of high expenditures on research, development, and clinical testing and because new products, once proven, might be imitated easily, patent protection is unusually important. The extension of patent protection to third-world nations under Uruguay Round Treaty mandates has precipitated vigorous policy debates. Patents, first-mover advantages, and the lack of good substitutes for significant new drugs often give rise to substantial monopoly power, against which many national governments have counterpoised a diverse panoply of price control mechanisms. When patents expire, however, generic substitutes often introduce vigorous price competition. The extent to which generics capture market share from the branded original drugs depends upon government regulatory policies, the reimbursement strategies of health care insurers, and the organization of health care provider institutions. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse The Pharmaceutical Industry Demand and reimbursement for medical services Medical care market Pharmaceutical industry Amsterdam (a.o.) 1297--1336 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 schicho_zentralafrika_1999 book Handbuch Afrika: In drei B\"{a}nden Zentralafrika, S\"{u}dliches Afrika und die Staaten im Indischen Ozean - Band 1 Africa Frankfurt 1999 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Brandes \& Apsel Verlag {GmbH} 1999 schieber_health_1999 article Health Affairs {(Project} Hope) Developing countries account for 84 percent of world population and 93 percent of the worldwide burden of disease; however, they account for only 18 percent of global income and 11 percent of global health spending. Limited resources and administrative capacity coupled with strong underlying needs for services pose serious challenges to governments in the developing world. This paper analyzes health spending, health outcomes, and health delivery system characteristics for the six developing regions of the world as well as for low-, medium-, and high-income country groupings. Health care financing and delivery in developing countries Data collection Delivery of health care Developing countries Health care expenditure Health care system Health sector reform Health status indicators 02782715 193--205 18 1999 3 {PMID:} 10388216 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10388216?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum 1999 schindler_credit_2006 misc How do working women in Ghana manage market risk to overcome the poverty trap? This paper addresses the case of market women located in the Central Market of Tamale, northern Ghana, and analyzes the coping strategies these women employ to insure against risk. For the purpose of the study, the author used qualitative research techniques, aiming the data collection at understanding the existing constraints and risk factors that interfere with market women's businesses. The main findings of this research are that: * The market women employ informal credit relationships as their main coping strategy to insure against risk in the case of a loss of capital. * However, this comes at a cost, both in terms of time and interest. * Informal credit is highly complex with respect to the types of providers, the amount of credit and the type of credit contract, ranging from commercial to reciprocal. * The design of intra-household allocation decisions appears to be a key determinant of market women's coping strategies. The research also highlights the following policy implications: * There is a demand for micro insurance schemes which may provide market women with a less expensive coping strategy in terms of transaction costs. * Providing market women with access to formal, reliable, long-term financial services may assist them to permanently raise their working capital. This may enable them to better cope with risk and to overcome the poverty trap, while at the same time, the living standard of their household may rise. * The research findings suggest that the maintenance of informal credit networks may be used as an alternative to titled credit security in formal microfinance programs as it indicates market women's social capital and success in trade. Credit for what? Informal credit as a coping strategy of market women in northern Ghana - {DRAFT} Africa Ghana Informal borrowing Microcredit September 2006 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.27423 2006-09 schmidt_measuring_1996 article International Journal of Health Planning and Management Measuring Participation: Its use as a managerial tool for district health planners based on a case study in Tanzania Africa Case study District health planners Measuring participation Tanzania 345--358 11 1996 1996 schneider_why_2004 article Health Policy and Planning Why should the poor insure? Theories of decision-making in the context of health insurance Insurance and poverty 349--355 Why should the poor insure? 19 2004 6 2004 schneider_trust_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine Micro-health insurance {(MHI)} has been proposed as an alternative to user fees to improve access to medical care without the threat of financial impoverishment. To enrol in health insurance and pay a premium, consumers should be able to trust that insurers use their funds to reimburse providers who will deliver quality care when needed. In 1998, shortly after the re-introduction of user fees, the Rwandan Ministry of Health in close collaboration with the local population developed and implemented {MHI} in three districts. Member benefits cover preventive and curative care in health centres and ambulance transport to the district hospital where a limited package of services is also covered by {MHI.} This paper examines trust-building structures and practices in {MHI} in Rwanda. It is an exploratory, descriptive analysis using information collected from focus groups. Findings suggest that {MHI} managers, providers and policy-makers need to think systematically about a wide range of initiatives that enhance trust and caring, and to design trust-building structures and practices in the consumer-insurance-provider arrangement. Trust in micro-health insurance: an exploratory study in Rwanda Access to health care Micro health insurance Rwanda 1430--1438 October Trust in micro-health insurance 61 2005 7 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4F923T6-4/1/6156454689d708f192a23393287f9343 2005-10 schneider_impact_2007 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press The impact of micro health insurance on Rwandan health centre costs Africa Health center costs Micro health insurance Rwanda 40--48 22 2007 2007 schneider_development_2000 techreport Nearly three-fourths of the Rwandan population falls below the poverty line. It is no surprise that a poor population consumes less health care when user fees are charged. Primary health care consultation rates for rural populations dropped to 0.28 per capita per year in 1998 and to 0.24 in 1999, prompting the Ministry of Health to test prepayment schemes in three districts. The schemes focus on improving equity in access to quality care for rural populations, strengthening financial management in health centers, and increasing community participation in health financing management. Members pay an annual premium of {FRw.} 2,500 per family of up to seven members. The benefit package includes all services and essential drugs provided in public and mission health centers and ambulance transfer to the district hospital where a limited package of services is offered. Prepayment schemes pay health centers a monthly capitation rate. The schemes are being evaluated in a quasi-experimental study using quantitative and qualitative data. Preliminary findings show that in the first six months, more than 50,000 individuals, or 4.5 percent of the target population, joined prepayment scheme plans. Members seek care more often than non-members and contribute a higher per capita contribution to health care. Because members seek care earlier, they need fewer drugs and recover faster, an observation supported by health center personnel. Prepayment schemes are a viable tool to improve financial autonomy in health centers where average fixed costs remain low, and members use care moderately. Development and Implementation of Prepayment Schemes in Rwanda Africa Ambulatory health facilities Community health centres Community health services Fees and charges Financial management Health economics Health facilities Micro health insurance Poverty Prepayment scheme Qualitative methods Quantitative research Rwanda Socio-economic factors Bethesda, {MD} 2000 45 Technical Report Partnerships for Health Reform {(PHR)} 2000 schneider_impact_2001 techreport This household survey conducted by Partnerships for Health Reform {(PHR)} and the Rwandan Ministry of Health evaluates the impact of prepayment schemes on access to health care for poor households. Rwanda is one of the poorest countries in the world: approximately 70 percent of the population of 8 million lives below the poverty line {(World} Bank, 1998). During the humanitarian assistance period that followed the genocide in 1994, public health care services were financed by donors and the government and provided free to patients. In 1996, the Ministry of Health reintroduced pre-war level user fees in health facilities. Following this, utilization of primary health care services dropped from a national average of 0.3 annual consultations per capita in 1997 to 0.25 in 1999. This sharp drop in demand for health services, combined with growing concerns about rising poverty and poor health outcome indicators, motivated the Rwandan government to develop prepayment schemes to assure access to the modern health system for the poor. In early 1999, the Ministry of Health in collaboration with the local communities and the technical support of {PHR} started the process to pilot test prepayment schemes in three health districts. At the end of their first operational year, the 54 schemes counted 88,303 members. Detailed analysis of the pilot phase has revealed that members reported up to four times higher health service use than non-members. Based on household survey data, the findings presented in this report reveal that insurance enrollment is determined by household characteristics, such as the health district of household residence, education level of household head, family size, distance to the health facility, and radio ownership, whereas health and economic indicators did not influence the demand for health insurance. The analysis confirms earlier findings reported by {PHR} based on provider data: health insurance has significantly improved equity in financial accessibility to maternal, preventive, and curative care for members while at the same time out-of-pocket spending has gone down per episode of illness. Survey findings suggest that the Rwandan health financing policy endorse and promote prepayment as a valuable alternative to the still dominating out-of-pocket user fee payments. Impact of Prepayment Pilot on Health Care Utilization and Financing in Rwanda: Findings from Final Household Survey Africa Community health services Financing Health economics Health insurance Insurance Population Poverty Prepaid health plans Public policy Rural population Rwanda Social control policies Socio-economic factors Bethesda, {MD} 2001 Partnerships for Health Reform {(PHR)} 2001 schneider_synopsis_2001 article {HNP} Discussion Paper Synopsis of Results on the Impact of {Community-Based} Health Insurance on Financial Accessibility to Health Care in Rwanda Africa Community-based health insurance Impact Micro health insurance Rwanda September 2001 2001-09 schneider_horizontal_2006 article This paper uses two methods to compare the impact of health care payments under insurance and user fees. Concentration indices for insured and uninsured groups are computed following the indirect standardisation method to evaluate horizontal inequity in utilisation of basic health care services. The minimum standard approach analyses the extent to which out-of-pocket health spending contributed to increased poverty. The analysis uses cross-sectional household survey data collected in Rwanda in 2000 in the context of the introduction of community-based health insurance. Results indicate that health spending had a small impact on the socio-economic situation of uninsured and insured households; however, this is at the expense of horizontal inequity in utilisation of care for user-fee paying individuals who reported significantly lower visit rates than the insured. Africa Cost sharing Cross-sectional studies Econometric models Family characteristics Health services accessibility Medical fees Medically uninsured persons Micro health insurance Rwanda Social justice Utilization 1057-9230 19--31 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16145721 Health Economics Horizontal equity in utilisation of care and fairness of health financing: a comparison of micro-health insurance and user fees in Rwanda 15 Horizontal equity in utilisation of care and fairness of health financing January 2006 10.1002/hec.1014 {PMID:} 16145721 2006-01 schnell_missing-data-probleme_1986 phdthesis {Missing-Data-Probleme} in der empirischen Sozialforschung Empiric research sociology Missing data problems {Ruhr-Universit\"{a}t} Bochum {Missing-Data-Probleme} in der empirischen Sozialforschung 1986 Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Sozialwissenschaft 1986 schramm_social_2004 techreport Social Health Insurance - Systems of Solidarity - Experiences from German development cooperation Risk equalization Social health insurance Solidarity Eschborn, Germany 2004 Gemeinschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit 2004 schremmer_ausweitung_2009 article Internationale Revue f\"{u}r Soziale Sicherheit Die Ausweitung der sozialen Absicherung im Krankheitsfall in Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern wird vermehrt als eine vorrangige Aufgabe anerkannt. Um dieses Ziel zu verfolgen, k\"{o}nnen verschiedene Finanzierungsmodelle und institutionelle Methoden verwendet werden. Kurzfristig kann eine gesamthafte Absicherung jedoch mit keiner von ihnen erreicht werden. Auf der Grundlage einer Analyse der jeweiligen St\"{a}rken und Schw\"{a}chen sozialer Krankenversicherungssysteme sowie gemeinschaftsgest\"{u}tzter Sozialschutzseinrichtungen zeigt dieser Artikel das gro\sse Potenzial von Strategien zur Ausweitung der Absicherung auf, die einen pluralistischen institutionellen Ansatz verwenden, um in optimaler Weise Verkn\"{u}pfungen zu schaffen und Komplementarit\"{a}tseffekte zu nutzen. Verschiedene Arten m\"{o}glicher Verkn\"{u}pfungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Methoden werden vorgestellt, deren spezifischer Mehrwert anhand von Beispielen auf der Landesebene veranschaulicht wird. Ausweitung der Absicherung im Krankheitsfall: potenzielle Verkn\"{u}pfungen zwischen gesetzlichen sozialen Sicherungssystemen und gemeinschaftsgest\"{u}tzten Sozialschutzeinrichtungen Linking Micro health insurance Social health insurance Social health protection 25--47 Ausweitung der Absicherung im Krankheitsfall 62 2009 1 10.1111/j.1752-1726.2008.01322.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1726.2008.01322.x 2009 schuller_reflections_2007 article Review of Social Economy Reflections on the Use of Social Capital Social capital {LXV} 2007 1 2007 schultz_social_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Using data from the 2006 Social Capital Community Survey in Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin, {USA,} we investigate associations between individual social capital measures (attitudes on trust, formal group involvement, informal socializing, organized group interaction, social support and volunteer activity) and self-rated health after controlling for individual and economic characteristics. In particular, we address issues of social capital as an endogenous determinant of self-reported health using instrumental variables probit estimation. After accounting for the endogeneity of these various measures of individual social capital, we find that individual social capital is a significant predictor of self-rated health. Social capital and self-rated health: Results from the {US} 2006 social capital survey of one community Individual social capital Self-rated health Social interaction Social trust 606--617 August Social capital and self-rated health 67 2008 4 2008-08 schulz_auslandsmaerkte:_2004 article {MEDICA} Auslandsm\"{a}rkte: Indien - Medizintechnik: Das ungenutzte Potenzial Health care system India Insurance policy 2004 2004 scott_economics_2000 incollection General (or family) practice and its role within primary care is increasingly regarded as the key to achieving efficiency and equity in many health care systems. This is particularly relevant where general practitioners {(GPs)} act as gatekeepers to specialist care. This chapter outlines the main economic issues in general practice. Within the context of gatekeeping, the first half of the chapter examines literature on agency, patient choice and preferences for {GP} services, and the utilisation of {GP} services. Given that much demand is determined by supply, this is followed by an examination of the determinants of referral behaviour, the effects of payment systems, and {GPs} as firms (partnerships and vertical integration). Overall, there has been little research by economists in these areas. This needs to be rectified giving the growing importance of primary care in many health care systems. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Economics of General Practice Agency relationship Financial incentives Medical care market Referral Utilization Vertical integration Amsterdam (a.o.) 1175--1200 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 sebageni_assessing_2002 techreport In everyday life, people are exposed to risks that threaten their lives, health, and property. Although everyone is affected by these risks to one extent or another, low-income people are the most vulnerable as they do not have adequate means to manage or minimise their exposure to risk. For many of the poor, microfinance has provided a lifeline for poverty alleviation. However, although many of the poor have made great progress through the use of microfinance products, others have simply been helped to stay reasonably stable financially and avoid falling into extreme poverty. The extent to which the poor are assisted by microfinance is still being assessed and debated, but what seems clear is that microcredit does not alleviate risk, although access to savings and credit services may reduce overall vulnerability. New products such as microinsurance may be needed, but more information is needed before appropriate microinsurance products can be developed. The following study was undertaken to investigate common risks affecting the poor in rural and urban Uganda, and to assess the demand for microinsurance by urban and rural poor households. First, we wished to understand the vulnerability of the poor - the most common crises and risks faced by poor households. Second, we examined the relative effectiveness and cost of various coping strategies used by the poor. Finally, we explored the level of satisfaction with services currently being provided by existing formal and informal insurance programmes. Respondents identified a number of risks that we organised into three categories: risks faced in the course of business, risks faced in daily life, and risks faced by communities. We also discovered that individuals have devised various coping mechanisms to help them to deal with these issues in their lives. The data revealed striking differences between the needs and expectations of rural and urban populations. These differences are important to consider in any discussion on microinsurance, and include differences in education levels, socio-economic status, and the relative availability of formal and informal schemes. The data revealed that this sector of society is generally not well educated about insurance and the concept of risk pooling. When one is dealing with low levels of understanding of a concept, simplicity and clarity are very important. It was surprising that the very people who were meant to sell these products did not understand them well enough themselves. Even where a product was mandatory, credit officers in both {FAULU} Uganda and {FINCA} Uganda admitted that they were unclear on the products and many clients complained that they still had many unanswered questions. Some clients also complained that the credit officers are very quick to demand repayment of a loan but do not take the trouble to listen to their problems when a crisis strikes. This is a key issue that must be addressed in this new industry. Assessing the Demand for Microinsurance in Uganda Africa Microinsurance Uganda Nairobi, Kenya 2002 Micro Insurance Center - Microfinance Opportunities 2002 sebstad_microfinance_2000 misc Microfinance, Risk Management, and Poverty Microfinance Poverty Risk management March 2000 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.27070/2468_file_02468.pdf 2000-03 sedhain_potential_2005 misc {MASTER'S} {PROGRAMME} {IN} {URBAN} {MANAGEMENT} {AND} {DEVELOPMENT} Lund, September 2005 The Potential of Mutual-aid Housing Cooperatives to meet the Housing need of Urban Poor in Nepal Asia Cooperative societies Housing 2005 www.hdm.lth.se/fileadmin/hdm/alumni/papers/umd2005/umd2005-06.pdf 2005 seeley_methods_1995 article Health Policy and Planning, Oxford University Press Methods used to study household coping strategies in rural South West Uganda Africa Household coping strategies Risk coping strategies Uganda 79--88 10 1995 1 1995 segal_strengths_2002 article Integrated budget-holding (fundholding) based on risk-adjusted capitation is commonly proposed as a central element of health system reform. Two contrasting models have been developed: the competitive model where fundholders or health plans compete for enrollees; and the non-competitive model, where plan membership is determined according to an objective attribute such as place of residence. Under the competitive model, efficiency is sought through consumer choice of plan. A range of regulatory elements may also be introduced to moderate undesirable elements of competition. Under the non-competitive model, efficiency is achieved through government regulation and the fact that the fundholder has continuing responsibility for the health of a defined population, supported by micro-management tools (such as quality assurance and selective payment arrangements). In theory, the non-competitive model encourages population-based health services planning. While both models assume risk-adjusted capitated funding, the requirements of any formula are more stringent under the competitive model. Economic theory, as well as documented health system experience, can help identify the relative strengths and limitations of each model. Concerns with the competitive model relate primarily to the capacity to develop robust risk adjusters for capitation sufficient to reduce the incentives for patient risk selection. Possible reductions in the quality of care are also a concern, compounded by difficulties for consumers in discriminating between plans. Efficiency under the non-competitive model requires a strong and appropriate regulatory/policy framework and effective use of micro-management tools. Funding equity objectives can be met through either model by the adoption of income-related contributions, but under the competitive model this may be compromised by incentives for the fundholders to select low-risk patients. Evidence drawn from regional fundholding in New South Wales {(NSW,} Australia), the {US} Veterans Health Agency and the literature on managed care in the {USA} illustrate these concerns. The problem of risk selection in the competitive model is a major theoretical concern, confirmed by the empirical evidence. This, together with concerns regarding other aspects of performance, suggests that the non-competitive model may be preferable, at least as an interim step in reform in public or mixed systems. Future research on this issue is clearly required. Strengths and limitations of competitive versus non-competitive models of integrated capitated fundholding Competitive models GL Non-competitive models 56--64 July 2002 2002-07 segrado_case_2005 misc Case study: {"Islamic} microfinance and socially responsible investments" Investments Islamic microfinance August 2005 http://www.gdrc.org/icm/islamic-microfinance.pdf 2005-08 seibel_upgrading_1997 article {AEF} University of Cologne In the transition process from financial repression to a prudentially deregulated financial system, an increasing number of developing countries are becoming concerned about access of the rural and urban masses to microfinance. Only viable institutions with sound practices, which mobilize their own resources and cover their costs from the margin, can respond to the increasing demand for microsavings, microcredit and microinsurance services on a sustainable {basisThree} major approaches contribute to the development of a system of microfinance:reform of the policy environmentinstitutional transformationinstrumental innovation In this framework there is a wide variety of institutions that have to undergo major adjustments to play their role effectively as financial intermediaries for the microeconomy: commercial and development banks; formal local banks and semiformal financial institutions under private, cooperative, community or local government ownership; credit {NGOs;} and informal financial institutions. Contingent upon the policy environment, the institutional infrastructure, and the degree of market integration, there are four major strategies of institutional transformation:institutional adaptation, or downgrading, of formal financial institutions institutional enhancement, or upgrading, of non formal financial institutionslinking formal and non formal financial institutionsin the absence of a sufficient number of adaptable formal and non formal institutions, infrastructural innovation: establishing new microfinance institutions In each case, sound financial practices appropriate to the institution and its market are essential. There is no single best approach that can be simply replicated without regard to the unique situation of a country or region. Upgrading, Downgrading, Linking, Innovating: Microfinance Development Strategies: A Systems Perspective Downscaling Linking Microfinance Upgrading June Upgrading, Downgrading, Linking, Innovating 1997 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/1795 1997-06 seibel_challenges_2000 techreport Challenges, oppurtunities and options for the development of rural financial institutions Microfinance Rural financial institutions Cologne 2000 University of Cologne - Development Research Center 2000 seibel_poverty_2000 article Cologne, Germany: University of Cologne This paper offers suggestions for making poverty reduction sustainable in the rural scenario. It also presents examples of unsustainable project interventions that have turned into sustainable institutions. The author offers the following suggestions for sustainable poverty reduction: It requires well-designed, long term development measures and a prudentially regulated institutional framework; It must build on individual self-help and institutional self-reliance; The growth of outreach to the poor is contingent upon the dynamic growth of self-reliant institutions; It requires political will and adequate policies; Rural and microfinance have a crucial role to play in it; Only viable institutions can continually increase their outreach to the poor. Poverty Reduction and Rural Finance: From Unsustainable Programs to Sustainable Institutions with Growing Outreach to the Poor Microfinance Poverty reduction August Poverty Reduction and Rural Finance 2000 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/29708 2000-08 seibel_rural_2001 techreport {RURAL} {FINANCE} {FOR} {THE} {POOR:} {FROM} {UNSUSTAINABLE} {PROJECTS} {TO} {SUSTAINABLE} {INSTITUTIONS} Informal finance Microfinance 2001 University of Cologne - Development Research Center 2001 seibel_informal_2001 article Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship {(ISSN} 1084-9467) {INFORMAL} {FINANCE:} {ORIGINS,} {EVOLUTIONARY} {TRENDS} {AND} {DONOR} {OPTIONS} Informal finance Microfinance {INFORMAL} {FINANCE} 6 2001 1 2001 seibel_what_2004 article Cologne, Germany: University of Cologne This paper examines the question of what matters in rural and microfinance. It identifies client experience as one of the items that matter. The paper also discusses items that matter in the following areas: The origin, history and culture of rural and microfinance; The financial systems, institutions and operations; Donor policy and coordination. The paper concludes with the following recommendations: Sustainable development requires continual growth of the rural economy, access to all sections of the rural population and a conducive policy environment; Sustainable rural microfinance requires local initiatives and careful donor support for the development of institutions; Governments, along with donor assistance, should provide a sound legal, regulatory and policy framework; Donors can contribute to the development of rural financial systems in many ways; Self help groups in marginal areas have to be supported. What Matters in Rural and Microfinance Microfinance 2004 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/25572 2004 seibel_changing_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen This article examines the Nigerian experiments of attempting to modernize indigenous savings and credit associations and of linking them to commercial banks. In a first part historical forms of self-help organizations are presented in a comparative perspective as they emerged in Germany. In a second part the various experiments in Nigeria during the last sixty years are presented. The article comes to the concluding observation that until today in Nigeria only the traditional esusu-type self-help organizations offered at least some opportunities for risk management, while cooperatives and banks largely failed in that respect. Changing patterns of risk management by self-help organizations of savings and credit: the Nigerian experience Microfinance Nigeria Self-help Social risk management 42--57 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 seibel_commercial_2002 article Seminar on {SHG-bank} Linkage Programme, New Delhi, 25\&26 November Commercial Aspects of {SHG} Banking in India India Microfinance SHG banking 2002 2002 seibel_how_2000 techreport How an Agricultural Development Bank Revolutionized Rural Finance: The Case of Bank Rakyat Indonesia Agriculture bank Bank Rakhyat Indonesia Microfinance Rural financing How an Agricultural Development Bank Revolutionized Rural Finance 2000 University of Cologne - Development Research Center 2000 seiler_beitraege_2008 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen In Entwicklungsl\"{a}ndern sind die nationalen Einrichtungen meist nicht in der Lage, nach Naturkatastrophen rechtzeitig und umfassend Hilfe leisten zu k\"{o}nnen. Insbesondere in den l\"{a}ndlichen Regionen m\"{u}ssen die Menschen die Folgen der Katastrophe h\"{a}ufig aus eigener Kraft bew\"{a}ltigen. In Nicaragua unterst\"{u}tzt die Welthungerhilfe ein Pilotvorhaben, dass auf die St\"{a}rkung lokaler Selbsthilfeorganisationen der Bev\"{o}lkerung sowie lokaler Institutionen zur verbesserten Pr\"{a}vention und Bew\"{a}ltigung von Naturkatastrophen abzielt. Beitr\"{a}ge von kooperativer Selbsthilfe zum Risikomanagement von Naturkatastrophen Natural catastrophes Risk management Self-help 71--80 Sonderheft 2008 2008 2008 sein_regional_2004 techreport Regional Overview of Social Health Insurance in {South-East} Asia Social health insurance South East Asia New Delhi 2004 World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2004 sekhri_regulation_2005 techreport Regulation Private health insurance to Serve the Public Interest - Policy Issues for Developing Countries Developing countries Private health insurance Geneva, Switzerland 2005 World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2005 sekhri_private_2005 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Private health insurance: implications for developing countries Developing countries Health care expenditure Health policy Private health insurance Private sector 127--134 Private health insurance 83 2005 2 2005 seloilwe_community_2007 article International Nursing Review Community mental health care in Botswana: approaches and opportunities Africa Botswana Community-based health care Mental health 173--178 54 2007 2007 selten_experimental_1998 article 120 subjects played a three-person-game in which each player could win {DM} 10,00 with probability 2/3. Before the independent random decisions were made, the players had to decide under double blind conditions how much they were willing to give to one loser or each of two losers in the case of their winning. The great majority of subjects were willing to make substantial conditional gifts. The most common type of gift behavior does not lend itself to a straightforward interpretation as the result of altruistic utility maximization. We found an education effect, a gender effect, and a false consensus effect. An experimental solidarity game Game theory Solidarity 517--539 March 1998 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8F-3T82THN-1/2/8072a21a01baedb7ec0bf9698918d103 1998-03 sen_community_1997 techreport Community Control of Health Financing in India: A Review of Local Experiences Community control Health care financing India Bethesda, Maryland Community Control of Health Financing in India 1997 8 Technical Report Partnerships for Health Reform, Abt Associates 1997 sen_mozambique_2006 misc Issue 9 of a bulletin covering issues and trends in Mozambique's microfinance sector This paper provides a brief analysis of some of the existing practices in micro-insurance and raises challenges that are being faced in the growth of the sector. The paper suggests that most successful models use the partner-agent model in which the microfinance institution {(MFI)} acts as a distribution channel for the insurer. The author studies cases that indicate the following observations on the delivery and impact of micro-insurance services: * Poor not aware of concept of risk pooling; reluctant to part with funds before problems arise. * Clients perceive insurance as the cost of acquiring loan when insurance premium is collected from loan payments with other loan fees. * Claims processing and settlement is a weak link in the partner-agent model. * Large membership is imperative for sustainability. Further, the paper provides the following recommendations: * For women to benefit, coverage should be on the lives of their husband; * Government regulations should encourage participation of formal insurance sector; * Strategy of cross-subsidization by charging higher rates to the less poor should be explored. Finally, the paper observes that penetration of insurance in many Islamic countries is low. It also provides a brief description on the philosophy and the present status of Takaful - the Islamic insurance system. Mozambique Microfinance Facility Bulletin \#9 - A Brief Introduction to Microinsurance Africa Microinsurance Mozambique 2006 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.27533 2006 senchanthixay_community-based_2005 article Juth Pakai {UN} Development Research Awards Edition, 2005 The {Community-Based} Health Insurance Scheme: the New Hope in Lao Healthcare Community-based health insurance Laos Micro health insurance 13--22 2005 2005 sengupta_microfinance_2008 article Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis This article tracks the rise of microfinance since its inception and the various mechanisms that make it an effective tool in reducing poverty. The article discusses: The evolution of the Grameen Bank; Grameen's innovation of group lending contracts; The current state of microfinance and services provided by Banco Solidario {(Bolivia),} Compartamos {(Mexico)} and Good Faith Fund {(United} States); Common perceptions in microfinance; The future of microfinance. It reviews questions related to microfinance based on numerous studies, technical surveys and newspaper reports. These include the following: Is microfinance a desirable alternative to informal, exploitative sources of finance? How are high are the repayment rates for {MFIs?} Is there more to microfinance than group lending or joint liability contracts? Is microfinance an important tool for poverty alleviation? Is microfinance sustainable or even profitable? Could competition among {MFIs} lead to better results? Does microfinance have any social impact in terms of female empowerment and education? Can the microfinance experiment be successfully replicated anywhere in the world? This article concludes that microfinance remains a viable solution to economic development and poverty alleviation. The Microfinance Revolution: An Overview Microfinance February The Microfinance Revolution 2008 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/48563 2008-02 sepehri_does_2006 article Many low-income countries are implementing non-profit medical insurance to increase access to health services, especially among low-income households, and to raise additional revenue for financing public health services. This paper estimates the effect of insurance on out-of-pocket health expenditures using the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys for 1993 and 1998 and appropriate models for panel data. Our findings suggest that health insurance reduces health expenditure when unobserved heterogeneity is accounted for. Failure to capture unobserved heterogeneity produces contrary results that are consistent with previous cross-sectional studies in the literature. Health insurance is found to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure between 16 and 18\% and the reduction in expenditure is more pronounced for individuals with lower incomes. At mean income, the effect of health insurance is to reduce health expenditures between 28 and 35\%. Asia Econometric models Micro health insurance Nonprofit institutions 1057-9230 603--616 6 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16389632 Health Economics Does non-profit health insurance reduce financial burden? Evidence from the Vietnam Living Standards Survey Panel 15 Does non-profit health insurance reduce financial burden? June 2006 10.1002/hec.1080 {PMID:} 16389632 2006-06 sewankambo_health_2009 article Africa Health system South Africa 0140-6736 957--959 9694 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T1B-4X30J77-D/2/68c4e5dbc3bdb32fa807dc6e8f864575 The Lancet Health systems in Africa: learning from South Africa 374 Health systems in Africa September 2009 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61244-7 2009-09 shankar_insurance_2005 techreport This paper presents evidence that balance sheet effects are critical determinants of both the likelihood of a crisis and of income losses following a crisis. The paper tests the validity of insurance and liquidity models of currency crisis. Both models predict that the occurrence of a balance of payments crisis is conditional on the health of the nation accounts vis-a-vis the rest of the world. Problems in the balance sheet either cause a financial crisis that develops into a run on the Central Bank, or generate a run on the Central Bank once contingent liabilities exceed reserves and the yield differential moves against domestic assets. Estimations of crisis likelihoods based on several specifications of single and simultaneous equation probit models confirm that output losses following the crisis are persistent and conditional on the balance sheet indicator, i.e. the ratio of the stock of gross external liabilities to assets. Measures of contingent liabilities, capital flight, and financial depth perform well as crisis predictors, and the marginal effects on the probability of a crisis are of the expected sign. The panel data set covers the time period 1973 through 2003 for 90 countries. Insurance and Liquidity: Panel Evidence Health sector reform Insurance Liquidity Panel data 2005 3648 Working Paper Bank World\ 2005 shaw_new_1999 techreport New Trends in Public Sector Management in Health - Applications in Developed and Developing Countries Developed countries Developing countries Health sector reform Public health care Public sector management Washington, {D.C.} 1999 37146 The World Bank Institute 1999 shehata_hospital_2000 book Hospital Autonomy in Malawi: Assessment and Implementation Plan Africa Autonomy Hospitals Malawi September Hospital Autonomy in Malawi 2000 http://www.healthsystems2020.org/files/1374_file_te46fin.pdf 2000-09 shen_cost-minimizing_2002 article Journal of Health Economics Cost-minimizing risk adjustment GL Risk equalization 515--530 21 2002 3 2002 shen_out--pocket_2006 article Medical Care {Out-of-Pocket} Health Spending Between Low- and {Higher-Income} Populations: Who is at Risk of Having High Expenses and High Burdens? High-income population Low-income population Risk 200--209 44 2006 3 file:///X:/Bibliography-Edulink/Neu-und-unsortiert/Lisa-Neu-2008-01-22/Neue%20Literatur%20von%20Pandora/OOPS-Equitable-Financing/Shen_OOPS_between_Low_HIgher_Income_Populations.htm 2006 shewry_risk_1996 article Health Affairs Risk adjustment: the missing piece of market competition GL Risk adjustment Risk equalization 171 Risk adjustment 15 1996 1 1996 shmueli_risk_2003 article Israel, like several other countries, introduced a national risk adjusted capitation system during the 1990s. However, the Israeli move was drastic, implementing from the beginning a fully prospective risk adjustment scheme based on age, supplemented by a 100\% five condition-specific risk sharing. That scheme, together with open enrollment (periodic switching options), was intended to transform an unregulated competitive health insurance market, characterized by adverse selection and preferred risk selection, into managed competition assuring quality of care, efficiency and fairness. This paper presents the Israeli experience during the first 6 years of the reformed system, focusing on issues related to the risk adjustment and risk sharing arrangements. Aged Age factors GL Health sector reform Insurance selection bias Israel Managed competition National health programs Prospective payment system Risk adjustment Universal coverage 01688510 37--48 1 Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) Risk adjustment and risk sharing: the Israeli experience 65 Risk adjustment and risk sharing July 2003 {PMID:} 12818744 2003-07 shukla_pricing_2002 techreport Pricing policy and user fees in power, health and education sectors in the state of Tamilnadu Health sector reform India User charges Tamilnadu 2002 Center for International Development, Harvard University 2002 siddiqi_framework_2008 article Health Policy Governance is thought to be a key determinant of economic growth, social advancement and overall development, as well as for the attainment of the {MDGs} in low- and middle-income countries. Governance of the health system is the least well-understood aspect of health systems. A framework for assessing health system governance {(HSG)} at national and sub-national levels is presented, which has been applied in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean. In developing the {HSG} framework key issues considered included the role of the state vs. the market; role of the ministries of health vs. other state ministries; role of actors in governance; static vs. dynamic health systems; and health reform vs. human rights-based approach to health. Four existing frameworks were considered: World Health Organization's {(WHO)} domains of stewardship; Pan American Health Organization's {(PAHO)} essential public health functions; World Bank's six basic aspects of governance; and United Nations Development Programme {(UNDP)} principles of good governance. The proposed {HSG} assessment framework includes the following 10 principles--strategic vision, participation and consensus orientation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, equity and inclusiveness, effectiveness and efficiency, accountability, intelligence and information, and ethics. The framework permits [`]diagnoses of the ills' in {HSG} at the policy and operational levels and points to interventions for its improvement. In the case of Pakistan, where the framework was applied, a positive aspect was the growing participation and consensus orientation among stakeholders, while weaknesses were identified in relation to strategic vision, accountability, transparency, effectiveness and efficiency and rule of law. In using the {HSG} framework it needs to be recognized that the principles are value driven and not normative and are to be seen in the social and political context; and the framework relies on a qualitative approach and does not follow a scoring or ranking system. It does not directly address aid effectiveness but provides insight on the ability to utilize external resources and has the ability to include the effect of global health governance on national {HSG} as the subject itself gets better crystallized. The improved performance of the ministries of health and state health departments is at the heart of this framework. The framework helps raise the level of awareness among policymakers of the importance of {HSG.} The road to good governance in health is long and uneven. Assessing {HSG} is only the first step; the challenge that remains is to carry out effective governance in vastly different institutional contexts. Framework for assessing governance of the health system in developing countries: Gateway to good governance Assessment framework 0168-8510 Framework for assessing governance of the health system in developing countries In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4TKXD41-1/2/e386dfa15de64a39ccbeb8d90bafde87 2008 siegel_viewing_2001 article Social Protection Discussion Paper Series Can microinsurance enrich the Social Risk Management toolbox? Drawing on the existing literature on social risk management {(SRM)} and microinsurance, this paper highlights some of the potential uses, and limitations, of microinsurance in the context of the {SRM} framework. The {SRM} approach concerns itself with how, and with what instruments, the society manages risks. According to the authors, {SRM} practitioners need to recognize that the effectiveness of any risk management instrument depends on: * Specific characteristics of the targeted households or groups; * Nature of risks that these households and groups face; * Availability of alternative risk management options. The authors conclude that there is potential for efficient and equitable risk management through microinsurance: * Evidence suggests that insurance, along with savings and credit, may assist capital accumulation and improve risk-bearing capacity; * {SRM} options should strike a balance between household risk management activities and the multiple instruments including: o Informal mechanisms; o Market-based mechanisms; o Publicly provided mechanisms. * Microinsurance is a potential part of the {SRM} toolbox; however, risk management can be enhanced through combinations of instruments. Viewing Microinsurance as a Social Risk Management Instrument Microinsurance Social risk management June 2001 0116 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.25447/21498_21498.pdf 2001-06 siegel_asset-based_1999 book Social Protection Discussion Paper Series An asset-based approach to social risk management - a conceptual framework Assets Conceptual framework Social risk management {(Washington)} October 9926 1999 1999-10 silvers_workshop_2002 techreport {PHRplus} held a workshop on January 30, 2002 to discuss the work {PHRplus} has done with community-based health insurance/financing {(CBHI/F).} The purpose of the meeting was to exchange information, reflect on lessons learned, identify outstanding questions, and promote better information sharing across the project. The team recognized the continuing need for technical assistance to {CBHI/F} schemes especially in the areas of financial management and training. The team also concluded that as the schemes become larger and multiply, technical assistance must be provided in a more economical way. Given the experience {PHRplus} has in the field of {CBHI/F} schemes, workshop participants felt that facilitating information sharing on this subject is crucial. The idea of creating a portion of the website for best practices and discussion on the {CBHI/F} schemes was one such idea for promoting exchange. Workshop participants recognized that it is important to learn as much as possible from the activities {PHRplus} is undertaking presently. Monitoring and evaluation of technical assistance and some in-depth research into {CBHI/F} is needed. Workshop Summary: {PHRplus} {Community-Based} Health Financing Coordination Meeting - Information Sharing, Key Findings, {Knowledge-Building} Needs Community-based health financing Community-based health insurance Health sector reform Bethesda, {MD} Workshop Summary: {PHRplus} {Community-Based} Health Financing Coordination Meeting 2002 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2002 simon_valuing_1999 book Valuing Mortality Reductions in India: A Study of Compensating Wage Differentials India Mortality reduction Valuing Mortality Reductions in India 1999 World Bank, Development Research Group, Infrsastructure and Development 1999 simtowe_does_2008 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} icance of the problem of poor health is reflected in the Millennium development goals numbers four, five and six which aim at reducing the child mortality rate, improving maternal health and reducing the prevalence and death rates associated with diseases such as {HIV/AIDS,} Malaria, Tuberculosis and others by 2015. While the link between microfinance and poverty reduction has become common knowledge, less has been done to unearth the potential of using microfinance as a tool for combating morbidity and mortality. A number of studies have shown that microfinance leads to poverty reduction through increased incomes. Also, a clear and robust relationship between individual income and individual health has been established by a number of empirical investigations showing that poverty leads to lower health status. However, such studies fail to explicitly isolate the causal effect of an intervention on wellbeing as they use approaches such as the difference in the mean of a target response indicator of beneficiaries and that of non-beneficiaries or by running an ordinary least squares procedure of the indicator variable on the beneficiary status variable and a set of household, demographic and environmental variables. In so doing they fail to establish an adequate counterfactual situation and identify the true causality of change. This study examines the relationship between microfinance and health by applying a counterfactual outcomes framework on data from the Malawi's second Integrated Household Survey {(IHS2)} data of 2004. The counterfactual outcomes framework of modern evaluation theory is used to estimate the Local Average Treatment Effect {(LATE)} of participation in microfinance on household health outcomes such as morbidity and mortality. Results indicate that although improving health status of borrowers is not a primary goal of most microfinance institutions, borrowing has a reducing effect on morbidity as well as mortality. These findings suggest that there is scope for using microfinance as a tool for achieving the millennium development goals on health. This would require the adoption of an integrated approach in which microfinance institution link up with health service providers to provide both credit and health services to their clients. Does Microfinance Lead to Good Health? A Local Average Treatment Effect Analysis for Rural Malawi Health Impact Malawi Microfinance Treatment effect April Does Microfinance Lead to Good Health? 2008 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1120576 2008-04 singh_exploring_2006 misc Exploring the perceptions of ultra poor for low utilization of micro-health insurance schemes, {BRAC} Bangladesh: A qualitative study Asia Bangladesh BRAC Low-income households Utilization January 2006 http://www.karmayog.org/redirect/strred.asp?docId=2285 2006-01 singleton_negotiating_2006 unpublished Negotiating Change: An Analysis of the Origins of Ghana's National Health Insurance Act Africa Ghana Micro health insurance NHIS Minnesota Negotiating Change 2006 2006 singleton_microfinance_2006 article London, {UK:} Globalisation Institute Research Ltd This paper presents an overview of microfinance, its evolution and the future trends. It examines the difficulties of implementing the Bangladeshi model of microfinance in Africa, and looks at how people are working to 'fit' microfinance into the African context. The paper further examines successful microfinance experiments across the world. These include case studies on: Concern Worldwide -- Bangladesh; Jamii Bora Trust -- Nairobi, Kenya; Swayam Krishi Sangham {(SKS)} -- Hyderabad, India; {ACORD} -- Ethiopia; Trust Bank - Uganda and the Philippines; {PlaNet} Finance supported post-tsunami reconstruction through microfinance in Tamil Nadu, India. It asserts that village banks are particularly suited to African circumstances and resonate well with African culture. The paper also provides brief snapshot of the innovations that are currently occurring the microfinance industry worldwide. These include: Microleasing; Warehouse receipts; Microinsurance. It concludes that: By helping people to help themselves, microfinance has had a significant effect in promoting enterprise and reducing poverty. However, despite its growing reputation, microfinance still operates on far too small a scale; it must be expanded, especially in Africa. But policymakers should be wary of simply throwing money at microfinance or of thinking that what works in one place (for example, in Asia) can easily be transplanted somewhere else (like Africa). Microfinance Harnessing Enterprise to Fight Poverty Microfinance Poverty reduction 2006 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/content/article/detail/36673 2006 sinha_making_2009 book This document presents findings from India on the role of regulation in microinsurance market development. There is a strong political imperative for financial inclusion in India, resulting in regulation that mandates low-income market expansion, as well as a dedicated microinsurance space. Yet, microinsurance penetration in India remains small. State-owned insurance monopolizes the market. Private insurers as well as the insurance regulatory authority are recent entrants in the sector, and as such have found it difficult to prioritize microinsurance. Characteristics of the market include: * High share of compulsory products; * Low share of microinsurance agents in distribution; * Endowment products dominate voluntary sales; * There are virtually no completely informal insurance programs operating in India; * Low consumer awareness restricts market development. The regulatory strategy to compel insurers to reach down-market has triggered some action, but rarely beyond that required by law. Further, general insurance regulation and the specific provisions for microinsurance impose restrictions that limit the success of microinsurance. Making Insurance Markets Work for the Poor: Microinsurance Policy, Regulation and Supervision -- India Case Study Asia India Microinsurance Regulation Supervision 2009 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34170/10_Making%20Insurance%20Markets%20Work%20for%20the%20Poor_Microinsurance%20Policy,%20Regulation%20and%20Supervision_India%20Case%20Study.pdf {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2009 sintonen_economics_2000 incollection The purpose of this chapter is to review dental economics in three major areas: (i) demand for and utilisation of dental care, (ii) productivity, technical efficiency and economies of scale in dental care production, and finally (iii) economic evaluation of dental care procedures and programmes. As a background to the review, we consider what makes dental care different from other health care, describe briefly dental care systems in a number of countries and present data on inputs and outcomes in terms of dental health. Within each major area, we review developments in conceptual and theoretical thinking, consider developments in the measurement of key variables and methods, and present some major results. We also draw lessons to be learnt concerning the state of the art in terms of theory, methodology and results, and outline directions for future research. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Economics and Dental Services Cleanings Demand Dental care Examinations Extractions Fillings Medical care market Prevention Utilization Amsterdam (a.o.) 1250--1296 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 siringi_kenya_2001 article Africa Health insurance Kenya 0140-6736 1884 9296 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11741645 Lancet Kenya promises care for all with launch of health-insurance scheme 358 December 2001 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06940-9 {PMID:} 11741645 2001-12 sirven_endogenous_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine The aim of this study is to analyse the pathways between income and self-rated health through the mediating role of social capital. Taking up recent criticisms on statistical approaches to social capital, we propose to endogenize this concept as an outcome of households' economic status and personal characteristics. In this way it becomes possible to analyse both the compositional effect of social capital and its mediating role in the income-health causal pattern. The originality of this work rests on the production of two kinds of variables of social capital: the probability a household gets involved in social activities according to its characteristics; and a residual variable of social capital that is not predicated by household characteristics. Based on cross-sectional data from five rural areas of Antsirabe {(Madagsacar)} in 2001, this work suggests that a high level of social capital--especially in collective actions and social networks--leads to better self-rated health. Endogenous social capital and self-rated health: Cross-sectional data from rural areas of Madagascar Cross-sectional studies Madagascar Self-rated health Social capital 1489--1502 September Endogenous social capital and self-rated health 63 2006 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4K4WN1J-1/1/13ddf09f3c0517b07989ed594ea62e3c 2006-09 sivakumar_fixing_2003 misc Fixing India's healthcare system Health sector reform India 2003 {www.refidd.com/Business} 2003 sky_high_???? misc High risk pool alternatives - a case study of New Hampshire's Individual Health Insurance Market Reforms GL Health sector reform High risk pools Individual health New Hampshire slater_trainers_2001 techreport Trainer's Guide to the Policy Toolkit for Strengthening Health Sector Reform Health sector reform Trainers guide Trainer's Guide to the Policy Toolkit for Strengthening Health Sector Reform 2001 The Latin America and Caribbean Regional Health Sector Reform Initiative 2001 sloan_not-for-profit_2000 incollection Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse {Not-For-Profit} Ownership and Hospital Behaviour Analysis of health care markets Contracting Government policy Nonprofit institutions Personal and professional services Privatization Public enterprises Public goods Public health care Regulation Amsterdam (a.o.) 1141--1174 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 small_business_project_sbp_gaining_2003 techreport Gaining Momentum - The State of Regulatory Best Practice in Africa Africa Regulation Johannesburg, South Africa 2003 2003 smith_copayments_2003 techreport User chargers are the major source of finance for many health care systems. However, traditional approaches to health care priority setting, such as cost-effectiveness analysis, take no account of the impact on equity and efficiency of user charges. This paper therefore develops a rudimentary model of priority setting in which the fixed health care budget can be augmented by user charges. The paper uses methods analogous to models of optimal commodity taxation to develop a set of rules for the inclusion of a health technology in the subsidized health care package, and the calculation of its associated copayment rate. The results indicate that optimal copayments depend on the costeffectiveness of the intervention, its price elasticity of demand, the epidemiology of the associated disease, and the policy maker's attitude towards equity. The model has important implications for policy making in three domains: health care priority setting, evaluation of health care technologies, and charging policy. Copayments and priority setting in health care: balancing equity and efficiency Copayments Equity Health technology assessment Priority setting York, {UK} Copayments and priority setting in health care 2003 draft version Centre for Health Economics 2003 smith_user_2005 article Journal of Health Economics Approaches to health care priority setting, such as cost-effectiveness analysis, usually assume there are no user charges and therefore may ignore important implications for equity and efficiency. This paper therefore develops a rudimentary model of priority setting in which the fixed health care budget can be augmented by user charges. The paper uses methods analogous to models of optimal commodity taxation to develop a set of rules for the inclusion of a health technology in the subsidized health care package, and the calculation of its associated copayment rate. The results indicate that optimal levels of subsidy depend on the cost-effectiveness of the intervention, its price elasticity of demand, the epidemiology of the associated disease, and the policy maker's attitude towards equity. The model has important implications for policy making in three domains: health care priority setting, evaluation of health care technologies, and charging policy User charges and priority setting in health care: balancing equity and efficiency Copayments Equity Health technology assessment Priority setting User charges 1018--1029 User charges and priority setting in health care 24 2005 5 2005 smith_sensitivity_2005 article Journal of Health Economics The possible insensitivity of willingness-to-pay {(WTP)} values to changes in scale continues to cause concern within the contingent valuation {(CV)} literature. Although several reasons for this phenomenon have been suggested, empirical evidence both supports and refutes insensitivity. This paper presents data that suggest that insensitivity may be significantly determined by the individual's budget constraint: the higher the proportion of income the expressed {WTP} represents, the greater the insensitivity of that {WTP} to changes in the scale of the good, irrespective of changes in underlying marginal utility. The methodological implication for {CV} studies in health care is outlined. Copyright 2004 Elsevier {B.V.} All rights reserved. Sensitivity to scale in contingent valuation: the importance of the budget constraint Contingent valuation Income Sensitivity to scale Willingness to pay 515--529 Sensitivity to scale in contingent valuation 24 2005 2005 smith_making_2009 book Role of regulation in development of microinsurance market in Uganda This document describes the regulatory and non-regulatory drivers to microinsurance market development in Uganda. Statistics reveal extremely low levels of financial usage, and a population that is not actively engaged by the formal or informal financial sector. Uganda has poor microinsurance products usage, mostly restricted to compulsory credit life insurance, and limited distribution infrastructure. Non-regulatory drivers include extremely low and irregular household incomes, mistrust of insurance, strong consumer need for health insurance and limited footprint of formal sector activity. Regulatory drivers include: * Specific and inhibitive restrictions to market conduct; * Recent establishment of regulations and a supervisory body; * Openness to benefits of foreign entry; * Absence of explicit health insurance regulation; * Size and other compliance restrictions on mutual insurers. The Ugandan experience highlights the challenges of expanding microinsurance access in a poor developing economy with an underdeveloped financial sector. Low-income individuals need to be won over through positive experiences in credit life insurance to break their mistrust of insurance. The introduction of a new regulatory regime offers an opportunity to facilitate financial inclusion. Making Insurance Markets Work for the Poor: Microinsurance Policy, Regulation and Supervision - Uganda Case Study Microinsurance Regulation Supervision Uganda 2009 {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2009 smith_planning_2009 article European Journal of Operational Research In this research, we consider the planning of community health schemes by non-governmental or faith-based organisations in rural areas of developing countries, from both top-down and ground level viewpoints. We conclude that both types of planning approach are valid and necessary for sustainability of such developments. With top-down planning in mind, we describe our hierarchical models especially designed for location of community health facilities, with objectives pertaining to both efficiency and equity of provision. As an additional case study, we present modelling of the location of a maximal number of self-sustainable primary healthcare workers in a rural region of India. Planning sustainable community health schemes in rural areas of developing countries Community-based health insurance Developing countries Sustainability 0377-2217 768--777 March 193 2009 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VCT-4PYGVW2-K/2/da5d2e12b46a44c150dbe5542adb3f63 2009-03 smith_analysing_2009 article There are concerns that existing methods for analysing equity in Irish health care financing, based on progressivity index measures, are not adequately capturing patterns of inequity that occur in practice. This paper follows a new direction in the literature whereby equity in health care financing and delivery are analysed together. A flow of funds for Irish health care resources is developed and applied to data for 2004. The framework traces the flow of public and private health resources from individuals to financial intermediaries, from there to health care providers and functions, and from there to individuals. Individuals are categorised by health care entitlement status. Findings indicate that broad progressive patterns in aggregate resource flows hide less equitable patterns that require further attention and there are complex interactions between public and private resources. The flow of funds approach complements existing analytic methods and generates policy lessons for Irish and international policy makers. Equity and health Europe Flow of funds Ireland Resource flows 0277-9536 379--386 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4WJK5S8-1/2/60f6075f49380cdd4cbef77b7d89c05d Social Science \& Medicine Analysing equity in health care financing: A flow of funds approach 69 Analysing equity in health care financing August 2009 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.030 2009-08 smith_community-based_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} has been incorporated into the health financing strategies of governments and communities in several {Sub-Saharan} African countries. Despite the support for and proliferation of {CBHI} schemes in this region, empirical evidence on how {CBHI} impacts access to health care, particularly maternal health services, is very limited. We use recent household surveys in three West African countries - Senegal, Mali, and Ghana - to examine the relationship between {CBHI} membership and access to formal sector maternal health care. We find that membership in a {CBHI} scheme is positively associated with the use of maternal health services, particularly in areas where utilization rates are very low and for more expensive delivery-related care. Our findings suggest, however, that membership in a {CBHI} scheme is not sufficient to influence maternal health behaviors - it is the inclusion of maternal health care in the benefits package that makes a difference. While many questions remain about {CBHI,} this study provides preliminary evidence suggesting that {CBHI} is a potential demand-side mechanism to increase maternal health care access. However, complementary supply-side interventions to improve quality of and geographic access to health care are also critical for improving health outcomes in this region. Community-based health insurance and access to maternal health services: Evidence from three West African countries Access Africa Ghana Mali Maternal health Maternal health services NHIS Senegal Sub-Saharan Africa 2460--2473 June Community-based health insurance and access to maternal health services 66 2008 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4S4BK25-1/1/390ef19102d5232fece832230fb932e7 2008-06 smith_perceptions_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper combines quantitative and qualitative data to investigate changes in perceived risk of contracting {HIV/AIDS} in rural Malawi. Using longitudinal survey data, we find that Malawians worried less about contracting {HIV/AIDS} in 2001 than in 1998. According to qualitative interviews and observational journal accounts, {HIV/AIDS} and strategies to prevent it are a frequent topic of conversation amongst married Malawians. Women report worrying most about their husbands as a possible source of infection, discussing with them the importance of avoiding infection, and, increasingly, using divorce to reduce their risk. Men report worrying most about their extramarital partners and adopting preventive strategies such as fewer partners and more careful partner selection. We show that the decline in perceived risk is significantly associated with declines in the behaviors that Malawians worry most about and perceptions of risk in individuals' social networks. We interpret these findings as evidence that Malawians are changing their behavior in ways that may reduce the spread of {HIV/AIDS.} Perceptions of risk and strategies for prevention: responses to {HIV/AIDS} in rural Malawi Africa HIV/AIDS Malawi Perceived risk Sub-Saharan Africa 649--660 February Perceptions of risk and strategies for prevention 60 2005 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4CYPYRJ-1/1/76b0185b2fc57c7e865b90a6ee3d9742 2005-02 smith_risk_2004 techreport Risk Pooling in Health Care Financing: The Implications for Health System Performance GL Health care financing Risk equalization Washington {D.C.} 2004 The World Bank 2004 sobel_interdependent_2005 article Interdependent Preferences and Reciprocity Reciprocity Solidarity 392--436 2005 http://econ.ucsd.edu/~jsobel/Papers/IPRdraft.pdf 2005 saederlund_health_2000 article Health Policy and Planning This paper reports an empirical investigation into the pattern of private health insurance coverage in South Africa before and after deregulation of the health insurance industry. More specifically, we sought to measure trends in risk-pooling over the period 1985-95, and to assess the impact of risk pooling on the costs of health insurance cover over this period. South African mutual health insurers {(Medical} Schemes) have existed for over 100 years, and have been regulated under a specific Act since 1967. Up until 1989, health insurers were required by law to community rate their premiums, and were not allowed to exclude high-risk enrolees from cover. In 1989 these regulations were removed, effectively allowing health insurers to risk-rate the cover which they provided, and exclude medically uninsurables'. Data were obtained from the office of the health insurance regulator (the Registrar of Medical Schemes) for the period 1985-95, and consisted of the statutory returns from all registered medical schemes for each year during the study period. Multiple regression methods were used to assess the determinants of changes in the risk pools of insurers, and their costs. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal models were estimated. Unadjusted data suggest changes in risk-pooling since the deregulation period after 1985. Health insurers with open enrolment had worse than average risk profiles in the 1980s, but this reversed by the early 1990s, leaving them with significantly better risk profiles by 1995. Worsening risk profiles were associated with decreasing fund size, higher loss-ratios and past premium increases. Most models showed that risk rating of premiums was consistently associated with higher premiums, after adjustment for risk, quality, scale and other environmental differences between insurers. Likely explanations include the additional costs required for marketing and underwriting risk-rated policies, insufficient incentives to use cost-control techniques, and higher levels of moral hazard associated with diminished risk-pooling. Current re-regulation of risk-pooling within medical schemes may thus improve both equity and efficiency of private health care cover. Health insurance in South Africa: an empirical analysis of trends in risk-pooling and efficiency following deregulation Africa GL Risk equalization South Africa 378--385 Health insurance in South Africa 15 2000 4 2000 saederlund_potential_1997 article Health Policy and Planning The potential role of risk equalization mechanisms in health insurance: the case of south africa Africa GL Risk equalization South Africa 341--353 12 1997 4 1997 soors_micro-assurance_2008 article Studies in {HSO\&P} La micro-assurance sant\'{e} en Afrique subsaharienne : une opportunit\'{e} pour am\'{e}liorer l'acc\`{e}s aux soins obst\'{e}tricaux d'urgence Access to health care Africa Micro health insurance 165--182 25 2008 http://www.itg.be/itg/Uploads/Volksgezondheid/shsop25/08_La%20micro-assurance%20sant%C3%A9%20en%20Afrique%20sub-saharienne%20-%20une%20opportunit%C3%A9%20pour%20am%C3%A9lriorer%20l%27acc%C3%A8s%20aux%20soins%20obst%C3%A9tricaux%20d%27urgence.pdf 2008 souares_using_2010 article Access to health-care is low in developing countries. Poor people are less likely to seek care than those who are better off. Community-based health insurance {(CBI)} aims to improve healthcare utilisation by removing financial barriers, unfortunately {CBI} has been less effective in securing equity than expected. Poor people, who probably require greater protection from catastrophic health expenses, are less likely to enrol in such schemes. Therefore, it is important to implement targeted interventions so that the most in need are not left out. {CBI} has been offered to a district in Burkina Faso, comprising 7762 households in 41 villages and the district capital of Nouna since 2004. Community wealth ranking {(CWR)} was used in 2007 to identify the poorest quintile of households who were subsequently offered insurance at half the usual premium rate. The {CWR} is easy to implement and requires minimal resources such as interviews with local informants. As used in this study, the agreement between the key informants was more (37.5\%) in the villages than in Nouna town (27.3\%). {CBI} management unit only received nine complaints from villagers who considered that some households had been wrongly identified. Among the poorest, the annual enrolment increased from 18 households (1.1\%) in 2006 to 186 (11.1\%) in 2007 after subsidies. {CWR} is an alternative methodology to identify poor households and was found to be more cost and time efficient compared to other methods. It could be successfully replicated in low-income countries with similar contexts. Moreover, targeted subsidies had a positive impact on enrolment. Burkina Faso Community wealth Indigents Micro health insurance 1365-2524 363--368 4 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20180867 Health \& Social Care in the Community Using community wealth ranking to identify the poor for subsidies: a case study of community-based health insurance in Nouna, Burkina Faso 18 Using community wealth ranking to identify the poor for subsidies July 2010 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2009.00905.x {PMID:} 20180867 2010-07 soulas_de_russel_les_1984 article Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics Les Cooperatives Des Pays Les Plus Pauvres: Role Fixateur Des Populations Rurales Et Conditions De Succes Africa Cooperatives 71--90 55 1984 1 1984 spss_inc._spss_1999 misc {SPSS} Inc. {SPSS} Interaktive Grafiken 9.0 Manual Quantitative research Research method Statistics 1999 1999 spss_inc._spss_2001 misc {SPSS} Inc. {SPSS} Categories 11.0 Manual Quantitative research Research method Statistics 2001 2001 spss_inc._spss_2002 misc {SPSS} Inc. {SPSS} Tables 11.5 Manual Quantitative research Research method Statistics 2002 2002 spss_inc._spss_2003 misc {SPSS} Inc. {SPSS} Regression Models 12.0 Manual Quantitative research Research method Statistics 2003 2003 spss_inc._spss_2003-1 misc {SPSS} Inc. {SPSS} Base 12.0 Benutzerhandbuch Manual Quantitative research Research method Statistics 2003 2003 spss_inc._spss_2003-2 misc {SPSS} Inc. {SPSS} 12.0 Schneller Einstieg Manual Quantitative research Research method Statistics 2003 2003 spss_inc._spss_2005 book {SPSS} 14.0 - Command Syntax Reference SPSS Statistics Chicago, {IL} {SPSS} 14.0 2005 {SPSS} Inc. 2005 srinivasan_self-help_???? article Journal of Microfinance {Self-Help} Groups as Financial Institutions - Policy Implications Using a Financial Model Microfinance 1--14 5 1 srivastava_financial_2010 misc Examining feasibility of launching health insurance plans This paper presents information about the need and feasibility of launching community-based health insurance in two districts of Nepal. The study, conducted in 2009, entailed a survey of 2,008 households, focus group discussions with potential beneficiaries and key informant interviews with healthcare providers. The data covered the socioeconomic status of the target population, incidence of illness and health-seeking behavior, cost of healthcare and their willingness to pay {(WTP)} for health insurance. The study proves the need for health insurance, and the feasibility of launching community-based mutual insurance in the Banke and Dhading districts of Nepal. In response to the population's desire for catastrophic coverage, the study seeks to introduce reinsurance-like services. Findings include: * Levels of {WTP} offer scope for designing various options in the benefits package, allowing prospective clients to choose according to their priorities; * Risk equalization mechanism makes it possible to enhance the benefits package; * Reinsurance would provide an entry point to link micro health insurance schemes to commercial insurers, so that the scheme would be sustainable in the long run. Financial Inclusion Opportunities for Micro Health Insurance in Nepal: An Exploratory Analysis of Health Incidence, Costs and Willingness to Pay in Dhading and Banke Districts of Nepal Asia Financial inclusion Micro health insurance Nepal January 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.1.4939/Financial%20Inclusion%20Opportunities.pdf 2010-01 standing_understanding_2004 techreport Understanding the Demand Side in Service Delivery: Definitions, Frameworks and Tools from the Health Sector Demand side Development Service delivery Willingness to pay London, {GB} Understanding the Demand Side in Service Delivery 2004 {DFID} Health Systems Resource Centre 2004 standing_beyond_2002 inproceedings Beyond public and private? Unorganised markets in health care delivery Health care delivery Health sector reform Oxford 2002 2002 state_health_access_data_assistance_center_shadac_university_of_minnesota_school_of_public_health_why_2001 misc Why Surveying {"Willingness} to Pay" is Difficult Measurement Willingness to pay {http://www.sph.umn.edu/img/assets/18528/SurveyWillingnessToPay.pdf} March 2001 http://www.sph.umn.edu/img/assets/18528/SurveyWillingnessToPay.pdf 2001-03 statistics_social_2001 techreport Social Capital - A Review of the Literature Literature review Social capital 2001 Social Analysis and Reporting Division 2001 stekelenburg_poor_2003 article Health Policy Objective: To determine the factors contributing to low performance of community health workers in Kalabo District, Zambia. Methods: In a cross-sectional descriptive study, 86 community members, 27 community health workers and nine rural health centre staff were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Other methods were focus group discussions and checklists. Data analysis was done manually. Results: The low performance of community health workers is a real problem for Kalabo District. The two most important factors are the irregular and unreliable supply of drugs and selection of the wrong people to be trained for community health workers. Conclusion: Though initially implemented as such, the comprehensive approach of the primary health care project is no longer functioning in Kalabo. Community health workers are mainly valued because of their curative services. Communities do not properly follow the official criteria for selection of people to be trained, but have other considerations. Strategies will have to be formulated to rehabilitate the programme, mainly focussing on these two findings. Other factors, like inadequate community support and inadequate supervision, were mentioned by many contributors. Poor performance of community health workers in Kalabo District, Zambia Africa Drugs Kalabo Low performance Selection criteria Zambia 109--118 August 65 2003 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-48Y5GM8-2/1/4e58a88c8d6110b63fb82d948f1d6cb9 2003-08 stekelenburg_health_2005 article Health Policy Objective: To identify traditional healers in the catchment area of Kalabo District Hospital and to investigate determinants which play a role in the choice between different health care options, and to explore possibilities for increasing co-operation between the District Hospital and traditional healers. Methods: In a cross-sectional comparative and descriptive study, a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods was used. A total of 12 health workers, 13 traditional healers and 100 community representatives were interviewed, using (semi)-structured questionnaires. A focus group discussion was held with 12 traditional healers. Results: This study shows that all respondents are willing to visit the hospital if they fall ill in future, and 88\% of the respondents will visit a traditional healer. More women than men visit traditional healers, but the men who do visit them, do so more frequently. Level of education is not an important determinant. Increasing age leads to more frequent visits to both the hospital and traditional healers. Almost half of the respondents (49\%) only have to walk less than 30???min to a traditional healer, but the hospital is the same distance for only 34\% of the respondents. Waiting time turned out to be an important factor: in the hospital, 48\% of the respondents are not helped within time, and only 28\% are not helped in time by the traditional healer. Demon possession, mbaci, kanono and infertility are typical health problems for which people visit a traditional healer. The cost of treatment from a traditional healer is usually one cow, but only if the patient is cured. Satisfaction was measured at 89\% after hospital treatment, and 74\% after treatment from a traditional healer. If dissatisfied with the traditional healer, 86\% would consider attending the hospital. Health care seeking behaviour and utilisation of traditional healers in Kalabo, Zambia Africa Health care seeking behaviour Kalabo Traditional healing Zambia 67--81 January 71 2005 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4CSYS3X-1/1/dbe6feabaeb1177bff4d3a12eda76e66 2005-01 stephens_social_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Social capital has been controversially linked to public health benefits, particularly as an explanation for the relationship between economic inequalities and health. This paper focuses on social capital in this context, particularly a recent emphasis on social capital in neighbourhoods and growing use of Bourdieu's social theory in empirical investigations. A review of some of this work is used to suggest the need for a more coherent theoretical approach to using Bourdieu and to introduce an ethnographic study of social connections in New Zealand. Forty-six residents of, a rural town, a deprived city suburb, or an affluent suburb, volunteered to be interviewed about their social connections. Their talk was transcribed and analysed in terms of everyday practice. The results of this study suggest that social connections are not necessarily located in neighbourhoods, and that social capital will be better understood in a broader social context which includes competition for resources between deprived and non-deprived groups, and the practices of all citizens across neighbourhoods. When considering social capital, an exclusive focus on deprived neighbourhoods as sites for research and intervention is not helpful. Social capital in its place: Using social theory to understand social capital and inequalities in health Bourdieu Health inequalities 1174--1184 March Social capital in its place 66 2008 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4RDC02H-5/1/ed669391a5b161d2d78fab640b9906cc 2008-03 stich_poverty_2004 misc Most empirical studies on poverty consider the extent of poverty either for the entire society or for separate groups like elderly people. However these papers do not show what the situation looks like for persons of a certain age. In this paper poverty measures depending on age are derived using the joint density of income and age. The density is nonparametrically estimated by weighted Gaussian kernel density estimation. Applying the conditional density of income to several poverty measures provides an insight into the extent of poverty over the life cycle. Furthermore convidence bands for the poverty age proviles were computed. Poverty and life cycle effects. A nonparametric analysis for Germany Germany Life cycle Poverty 2004 preliminary version 2004 stone_measuring_2001 techreport Measuring social capital - Towards a theoretically informed measurement framework for researching social capital in family and community life - Research Paper No. 24 Measurement Social capital Melbourne 2001 Australian Institute of Family Studies 2001 streefland_public_2005 article Health Policy Taking as point of departure the need for a strong public health care sector in developing countries the article firstly outlines how in {sub-Saharan} Africa enhanced scarcity has characterized the content and quality of health care in the public sector. This has eroded the trust among the public in the government as provider of health care and guardian of public health. Secondly, it describes how workers in the public health domain have dealt with the implications of scarcity by etching out a "puvate" zone in health care provision and how these informal activities need to be interpreted as "muddling through". It also points out what are reactions of clients to a decline in public health care provision. Thirdly, it discusses the changing relation between the state as provider of health care and private sector health care provision at a time of emerging public-private partnerships. The article emphasizes the need for strong health services at basic health centre level. It is at that level that the state has to address problems of scarcity and regain public trust. It also is at that level where major long-term health policies like the imminent large-scale delivery of antiretrovirals (3by5) have to be accomplished. Public health care under pressure in {sub-Saharan} Africa Africa Public-private mix Quality of health care Scarcity Sub-Saharan Africa 375--382 March 71 2005 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4D491G5-1/1/331216f520c12b4d5bf50511c400a736 2005-03 strm_gender_2010 misc Does female leadership influence {MFI} performance? This paper investigates relationships between female leadership, firm performance and corporate governance in a global panel of 379 microbanks in 73 countries. The microfinance industry's newness, its market orientation and diverse institutional conditions make it a potentially advantageous place to study gender impact. Being young and entrepreneurial, microbanks do not bear the weight of traditional male domination. Most microbanks target women customers. The paper hypothesizes that female leadership should be a competitive advantage for the microbank, because a female leader may more easily tap into local information sources and be able to set up products better suited for the microbanks' customers than their male peers. Study findings include: * 27 percent of microbanks in the sample are led by a female chief executive officer {(CEO);} * Female leadership is significantly associated with larger boards, younger firms, a non-commercial legal status and more female clientele; * Female {CEOs} and chairpersons are positively related to microbank performance; * Female leadership is negatively related to corporate governance indicators such as number of board meetings and separation of the {CEO} and chairman roles. Gender, Performance and Governance in Microfinance Institutions Female leadership Financial performance Gender Governance Microfinance Microfinance institutions May 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.44301 2010-05 subramanian_unravelling_2005 article Economic and Political Weekly For some time now, there has been growing dissatisfaction with the conceptual basis of India's official poverty statistics, with specific reference to the manner in which the Planning Commission has sought to address the 'identification' problem in poverty measurement. Unfortunately, this has evoked little in the way of official acknowledgement, and still less in the way of official rectification; apart from which, the faulty procedures underlying the official methodology have been replicated in a number of 'non-official' scholarly studies. The present paper makes an effort to identify, within an analytical framework of elementary demand theory, the source of the conceptual muddle, and to indicate how seriously misleading it could be to continue to employ the official methodology (or variants thereof) in assessments of income poverty in India. Unravelling a Conceptual Muddle: India's Poverty Statistics in the Light of Basic Demand Theory' India Poverty 1--7 Unravelling a Conceptual Muddle 40 2005 1 2005 subramanian_are_2009 article Self-reported measures of poor health and morbidities from developing countries tend to be viewed with considerable skepticism. Examination of the social gradient in self-reported health and morbidity measures provides a useful test of the validity of self-reports of poor health and morbidities. The prevailing view, in part influenced by Amartya Sen, is that socially disadvantaged individuals will fail to perceive and report the presence of illness or health-deficits because an individual's assessment of their health is directly contingent on their social experience. In this study, we tested whether the association between self-reported poor health/morbidities and socioeconomic status {(SES)} in India follows the expected direction or not. Cross-sectional logistic regression analyses were carried out on a nationally representative population-based sample from the 1998 to 1999 Indian National Family Health Survey {(INFHS);} and 1995-1996 and 2004 Indian National Sample Survey {(INSS).} Four binary outcomes were analyzed: any self-reported morbidity; self-reported sickness in the last 15 days; self-reported sickness in the past year; and poor self-rated health. In separate adjusted models, individuals with no education reported higher levels of any self-reported, self-reported sickness in the last 15 days, self-reported sickness in the last year, and poor self-rated health compared to those with most education. Contrary to the prevailing thesis, we find that the use of self-rated ill-health has face validity as assessed via its relationship to {SES.} A less dismissive and pessimistic view of health data obtained through self-reports seems warranted. Morbidity Socioeconomic Status (SES) Subjective health Validity 0277-9536 260--265 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBF-4TY8GG1-6/2/63929a1a0e424c696c7c122195b66215 Social Science \& Medicine Are self-reports of health and morbidities in developing countries misleading? Evidence from India 68 Are self-reports of health and morbidities in developing countries misleading? January 2009 2009-01 suchindran_racial_2009 article {PURPOSE:} We sought to determine whether the association between family history, a surrogate for genetic predisposition, and diabetes was modified by any known diabetes risk factors and if these relationships were constant across different ethnic groups. {METHODS:} We examined 10,899 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999 -2004) to identify interactions between family history and clinical, demographic, and lifestyle variables for the outcome of diabetes using logistic regression analysis in racial/ethnic subgroups. {RESULTS:} There was significant heterogeneity by race/ethnicity in the interaction between covariates and family history in relation to diabetes. In black {(P} = 0.0001) and Hispanic {(P} = 0.013), but not white {(P} = 0.75) subgroups, high-familial risk was a strong risk factor for diabetes among lean individuals but less so among overweight or obese {subjects.Among} blacks, high-familial risk conferred a 20-fold increased odds of diabetes among lean subjects and only a sixfold increased odds among obese individuals. {CONCLUSIONS:} These findings suggest possible race/ethnic-specific differences in gene by environment interaction and identify body mass index as an important effect modifier of familial risk in diabetes in non-white populations. These findings may help guide future genetic studies and improve the utility of family history as a public health screening tool. Diabetes North America Racial differences Risk factors United States 1530-0366 542--547 7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19606541 Genetics in Medicine: Official Journal of the American College of Medical Genetics Racial differences in the interaction between family history and risk factors associated with diabetes in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, 1999-2004 11 July 2009 {PMID:} 19606541 2009-07 su_assessment_2007 article Health Policy Indirect costs or productive labour time lost are the largest share of household economic burden of illness. However, the estimate of household indirect cost can vary depending on the valuation methods used. We therefore estimated household indirect cost in a subsistence farming society in Burkina Faso based on daily production value. These results were validated by using willingness-to-pay method and current wage rate. Among the three methods, the value of a day lost for adults assessed by willingness-to-pay method was considerably higher than other methods. There were no significant differences in indirect costs estimated by daily production value and wage rate. There were significantly higher indirect costs for households which were of higher economic status when daily production value was used. It might raise a question of equity. The willingness-to-pay method can capture the various aspects of indirect cost such as differences among age groups and gender, important individual characteristics and seasons. Thus, it is an appropriate approach for rural subsistence farmer communities. Estimation of indirect cost by wage rate can also be used as a rapid estimation of indirect cost in a rural area in developing countries as an alternative for daily production value. Assessment of indirect cost-of-illness in a subsistence farming society by using different valuation methods Burkina Faso Household cost-of-illness Indirect cost Rating:1 Willingness to pay 353--362 October 83 2007 2-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4NBRYD0-1/1/be53196c2668d1003dea0c49a3ece93e 2007-10 sugden_reciprocity:_1984 article The Economic Journal Reciprocity: The Supply of Public Goods Through Voluntary Contributions External assistance health sector Public goods Voluntary help 772--787 Reciprocity 94 1984 376 1984 sulzbach_evaluating_2005 techreport Evaluating the Effects of the National Health Insurance Act in Ghana: Baseline Report Africa Ghana Ghana CHI Health insurance Micro health insurance NHIS Bethesda, Maryland 2005 {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2005 sulzbach_evaluating_2008 techreport Evaluating the Impact of National Health Insurance in Ghana Ghana NHIS NHIS implementation 2008 Abt Associates Inc. 2008 supakankunti_future_2000 article Voluntary health insurance schemes in Thailand are still under development and have yet to seriously address the questions of equity and efficiency, while private health insurance is limited to people who can afford the premium. One form of insurance, commonly known as the health insurance card scheme, was first introduced as the Health Card Program in 1983. This program is based on risk sharing of health expenditures, with no cost sharing, in a voluntary health insurance prepayment scheme. With the uncertain performance of the Thai economy, program sustainability and the efficient use of resources are major concerns. The Health Card Program needs enough enrollees to ensure a sufficient pool of risks. This study looks at health card purchase and utilization patterns, using data from Khon Kaen Province, and finds that employment, education levels and the presence of illness are significant factors influencing card purchase. The last factor is related to the problem of adverse selection of the program; families with symptoms of sickness are more likely to buy cards, resulting in greater use of health services. The results also show an improvement in accessibility to health care and a high level of satisfaction among card holders, both key objectives of the program. It is suggested that changes in the health card system could enable it to evolve into a community-based compulsory health insurance scheme for rural areas. Asia Health insurance Health services accessibility Infant Middle aged Newborn Preschool child Thailand Voluntary health insurance 0268-1080 85--94 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731239 Health Policy and Planning Future prospects of voluntary health insurance in Thailand 15 March 2000 {PMID:} 10731239 2000-03 supakankunti_determinants_2001 techreport Determinants of Demand for Health Card in Thailand Asia Community-based health insurance Demand Health Card Health insurance Thailand 2001 2001 swain_does_2009 article Summary We evaluate the effect of Self Help Group participation on a long-term impact parameter, namely, asset creation. Indian Self Help Groups {(SHGs)} are unique in that they are mainly {NGO-formed} microfinance groups but later funded by commercial banks. The results reveal that longer membership in {SHGs} positively impacts asset creation, robust to various asset specifications. With longer participation in {SHGs,} members move away from pure agriculture as an income source toward other sources such as livestock income. Training by {NGOs} positively impacts asset creation but the type of {SHG} linkage per se has no effect. Assets Impact studies Participation Self-help groups Self-help organisations {0305-750X} 1674--1682 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-4WHH778-1/2/779b8a30248da8a0c4f0518c026074ad World Development Does Self Help Group Participation Lead to Asset Creation? 37 October 2009 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.03.006 2009-10 swamy_local_1999 techreport The Local Level Instititutions Study: Local Institutions and Service Delivery in Burkina Faso - Local Level Institutions Working Paper No. 8 Africa Burkina Faso Local level institutions Service delivery Washington, {D.C.} 1999 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 1999 swartz_markets_2001 article Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing Simple income-based incentives to purchase health insurance (tax credits or deductions, or subsidies) are unlikely to succeed in significantly reducing the number of uninsured because income is not a good predictor of the extent to which individuals use medical service. Proposals to provide incentives to low-income people so they will purchase individual health insurance need to address the inherent tension between the interests of low-risk and high-risk people who rely on individual coverage. If carriers are forced to cover all applicants and to community rate premiums, low-risk people will drop coverage or not apply for it because premiums will exceed their expected need for insurance. Concern for people who currently have access to individual coverage calls for careful examination of options to permit incentive programs to succeed with the individual insurance markets. In particular, attention should focus on using alternatives to simple income-based subsidies to spread the burden of high-risk people's costs broadly, rather than impose the costs on low-risk people who purchase individual coverage. This paper describes three such alternatives. One uses risk adjustments and two rely on reinsurance so that carriers are compensated for the higher costs of covering high-risk people who use incentives to buy insurance. One alternative also permits risk selection by insurance carriers. Markets for individual health insurance: can we make them work with incentives to purchase insurance? Economic competition Financing Health insurance Income tax Insurance pools Medically uninsured persons Motivation Organizational models Private sector 00469580 133--45 Markets for individual health insurance 38 2001 2 {PMID:} 11529511 2001 swartz_government_???? article Health affairs {(Project} Hope) Fear of adverse selection drives carriers in nongroup insurance markets to compete in their use of selection mechanisms to screen out high-risk applicants. This contributes to economic inefficiency. Government could assume the role of reinsurer, by assuming responsibility for most of the costs of people who are in the highest 2-3 percent of the national spending distribution. This would spread the burden of costs of very-high-cost persons to the broad population base and could cause premiums to fall as carriers spend less on efforts to avoid adverse selection. Government as reinsurer for very-high-cost persons in nongroup health insurance markets Financing Health care expenditure Health insurance Health status Insurance selection bias Organizational efficiency Politics Social justice 02782715 W380--2 Suppl Web Exclusives {PMID:} 12703597 swidler_syncretism_2006 article International Affairs Syncretism and subversion in {AIDS} governance: how locals cope with global demands HIV/AIDS 269--284 82 2006 2 2006 swiss_re_-_schweizerische_rueckversicherungsgesellschaft_innovationen_2005 article sigma Innovationen zur Versicherung unversicherbarer Risiken GL High risk groups Reinsurance 4 2005 2005 sync_consult_limited_impact_2006 techreport Impact Study - Innovation for increasing the security of unserved and needy clients (insurance) - {ANIDASO} microinsurance product Africa Case study Ghana Microinsurance Mutual insurance Ghana 2006 {CARE} international 2006 tabor_community-based_2005 techreport Of all the risks facing poor households, health risks pose the greatest threat to their lives and livelihoods. A health shock adds health expenditures to the burden of the poor precisely at the time when they can afford it the least. One of the ways that poor communities manage health risks, in combination with publicly financed health care services, are community-based health insurance schemes {(CBHIs).} These are small scale, voluntary health insurance programs, organized and managed in a participatory manner. They are designed to be simple and affordable, and to draw on resources of social solidarity and cohesion to overcome problems of small risk pools, moral hazard, fraud, exclusion and cost-escalation. Less than 10 percent of the informal sector population in the developing nations has health coverage from a {CBHI,} but the number of such schemes is growing rapidly. On average, {CBHIs} recover between a quarter to a half of health service costs. As a social protection device, they have been shown to be effective in reducing out-of-pocket payments of their members, and in improving access to health services. Many schemes do fail. Problems, such as weak management, poor quality government health services, and the limited resources that local population can mobilize to finance health care, can impede success. {CBHIs} should be regarded as a complement to, not as a substitute for, strong government involvement in health care financing and risk management related to the cost of illness. Government, and its development partners, can support the growth of {CBHIs} by ensuring that there is a satisfactory supply of appropriate health services, by subsidizing start-up costs and the premium costs of the poor, by assisting {CBHIs} build technical and managerial competence, by helping to foster development of {CBHI} networks, and by assisting {CBHIs} establish and strengthen links with formal financial institutions and health care providers to better manage covariate shocks and catastrophic health risks. {Community-Based} Health Insurance and Social Protection Policy - Social Protection Unit Health insurance Micro health insurance Microinsurance March 2005 0503 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/0503.pdf Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, The World Bank 2005-03 takyi_religion_2003 article Social Science \& Medicine Since the late 1970s when the first cases of {HIV/AIDS} were identified in Africa, there has been an upsurge of research on the epidemic. Although religious involvement may be germane to {AIDS} protective and risk behavior, few of these studies deal with religion and {AIDS.} This article contributes to the discourse on religion and health in Africa by analysing the interrelationship between religion and {AIDS} behavior in Ghana, a West African country at the early stages of the {AIDS} epidemic, and one where religious activities are more pronounced. We explore whether a woman's knowledge of {HIV/AIDS} is associated with her religious affiliation, and whether religious affiliation influences {AIDS} preventive (protective) attitudes. Findings from our analysis of Ghanaian data indicate that religious affiliation has a significant effect on knowledge of {AIDS.} However, we did not find religious affiliation to be associated with changes in specific protective behavior, particularly the use of condoms. The limitations and implications of the study are discussed, promising directions for further research on religion and {AIDS} protective and risk behaviors are also discussed, and the design and development of culturally sensitive programs to help in the ongoing {AIDS} prevention efforts in the region are proposed. Religion and women's health in Ghana: insights into {HIV/AIDs} preventive and protective behavior Africa Behavior changes Ghana HIV/AIDS Protective behavior Religion 1221--1234 March Religion and women's health in Ghana 56 2003 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-45PTSD9-2/1/508cb14cb5c98206c7902af4536a1c2b 2003-03 tapay_regulation_1999 article Draft, Georgetown University, Institute for Health Care Research and Policy, Washington, {DC} Regulation of a Health Insurance System: Outline of Operational Principles Health insurance Regulation Regulation of a Health Insurance System 1999 1999 tawfik_sex_2007 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper compares three interpretations of women and the transmission of {HIV} in rural Malawi. One is disseminated world-wide by institutions with a global reach such as the World Health Organization in Geneva and United States Agency for International Development {(USAID);} the second is provided by urban Malawians situated in the capital of Lilongwe, the seat of government and the site of the many international and national non-governmental agencies; the third is articulated by rural women and men in Balaka District, Malawi. We focus on women's motivations for extramarital sex, using qualitative interview data. We find that whereas in Geneva and Lilongwe women from rural Malawi are said to engage in sexual relationships outside of marriage because they need money for survival, in Balaka they are said to be motivated not only by money for survival but also for attractive consumer goods as well as by passion and by revenge for a husband's infidelity. We also find that data collection procedures influence explanations for women's affairs, as does the respondent's gender. An implication of this study is that {AIDS-prevention} policies based on the view from Geneva and Lilongwe need modification for Balaka, and by implication for rural Africa more generally. Sex in Geneva, sex in Lilongwe, and sex in Balaka Political economy of sex Sex perceptions 1090--1101 March 64 2007 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4MD9KF0-2/1/ce57bc23bc804881c97d1dc58720fad6 2007-03 teerawattananon_health_2003 article Health Policy This paper reviews the current system of regulation and assesses its effectiveness in the health-care system of Thailand. In order to achieve this, extensive documentary reviews were performed and supplemented by in-depth interviews. We found the existing regulatory framework to be fairly comprehensive with rules and roles firmly established. Regulations cover almost all relevant private and public organisations including individuals. However, the incomplete performance of regulatory functions was detected resulting in problems of overburdened staff and delays in performance of functions. Our recommendations propose the promotion of professional ethics and continuing education, an effort to narrow the gap between expectation and reality through public education, and the empowering of consumer organisations. The increasing popularity of medical lawsuits and professional insurance, which in part reflects the imperfect administration of the system, highlights the need for careful consideration of how best to handle the increase in complaints. The mapping of the regulatory system in this paper, together with the discussion of how to cope with the expansion of medicine as a business and with greater consumerism, will be of interest to other middle income countries that seek to reform and strengthen their regulatory system. Health Policy Health sector regulation in Thailand: recent progress and the future agenda Health sector regulation Regulation Thailand 323--338 Health sector regulation in Thailand 63 2003 3 http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/hepoli/v63y2003i3p323-338.html 2003 tenkorang_health_2001 techreport Studies and literature reviews of health insurance schemes targeting rural or informal sector populations in developing countries (often termed as community insurance schemes) frequently conclude that schemes have design weaknesses, yet do not explore in detail the effect of design features on performance. The paper presents a conceptualization of how performance in the area of risk protection and resource mobilization is determined by the interaction of design features with institutional and technical factors. Design features refer to the scheme specifications, such as required contribution, and to operating modalities, such as procedures for enrollment or obtaining benefits. Performance, with respect to risk protection and resource mobilization, of several potential "high population schemes" for the informal sector in Africa, is assessed. The outcome suggests that the design of community health insurance schemes may be improved by: 1) design specifications that utilize data on willingness to pay {(WTP)} of the target population and projected health care costs; 2) incorporating modalities of operations that facilitate cost-effective exchange between a formal organization and individuals acting in an informal environment. Health Insurance for the Informal Sector in Africa: Design Features, Risk Protection, and Resource Mobilisation Africa Informal sector Micro health insurance Setting-up Health Insurance for the Informal Sector in Africa 2001 {WG3:} 1 World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2001 terry_community_2008 article Development in Practice Community sustainable-development indicators: a useful participatory technique or another dead end? Development indicators Participatory research 0961-4524 223 Community sustainable-development indicators 18 2008 2 http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/09614520801899044 2008 tetteh_providing_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Medicines are integral of any healthcare system, and limited access to medicines undermines health systems' objectives of equity, efficiency and health development. In African countries, where it is estimated that 50-60\% of the populace lack "access" to essential medicines, health problems associated with limited drug benefits are more damaging. However, there is no single solution to medicine access problem given its multiple dimensions: availability, acceptability, affordability and accessibility. This paper explores affordability dimension of medicine access and concentrates solely on price regulatory policies and institutional structures that national and international policy makers may consider in making prices of essential drugs compatible to the purchasing power of African households. The main theme is the application of the concept of bilateral dependence in creating price-sensitive purchasers to exert countervailing market power on drug price setting in African healthcare systems. Providing affordable essential medicines to African households: The missing policies and institutions for price containment Africa Bilateral dependence solution Medicine access Price containment and regulation Procurement 569--581 February Providing affordable essential medicines to African households 66 2008 3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4R5G8FH-3/1/d6cb57fd8037bdd70579f5353a5e62ca 2008-02 the_committee_on_invisibles_and_financing_related_to_trade_and_co-operative_1977 unpublished Co-operative insurance Cooperative insurance Participation 1977 1977 the_economist_intelligence_unit_limited_part_2004 article The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited {PART} 1: Regional and global perspectives Middle East and Africa: Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals {-Healthcare} and pharmaceuticals: In focus Africa East Africa Health care system Middle Africa 2004 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 2004 the_hlsp_institute_health_2006 misc Contents Improving aid effectiveness (page 1) Financing proposals (page 2) Africa (page 3) Health, {HIV} and {AIDS} (page 4) Reaching the Millennium Development Goals (page 7) Health and development: global update July 2006 Health and development July 2006 http://www.hlspinstitute.org/files/project/75203/Health_Development_July07.pdf 2006-07 theobald_research_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine The case for research to promote equity in health in resource poor contexts such as Malawi is compelling. In Malawi, nearly half of all the people with tuberculosis cannot afford to access free tuberculosis services. In this scenario, there is a clear need to understand the multiple barriers poor women and men face in accessing services and pilot interventions to address these in a way that engages policy makers, practitioners and communities. This paper provides a critical reflection on our experience as applied social researchers working at the {REACH} {(Research} for Equity and Community Health) Trust in Malawi. Our work largely uses qualitative research methodologies as a tool for applied social research to explore the equity dimensions of health services in the country. We argue that a key strength of qualitative research methods and analysis is the ability to bring the perceptions and experiences of marginalised groups to policy makers and practitioners. The focus of this paper is two-fold. The first focus lies in synthesising the opportunities and challenges we have encountered in promoting the use of applied social research, and in particular qualitative research methods, on {TB} and {HIV} in Malawi. The second focus is on documenting and reflecting on our experiences of using applied social research to promote gender equity in {TB/HIV} policy and practice in Malawi. In this paper, we reflect on the strategic frameworks we have used in the Malawian context to try and bring the voices of poor women and men to policy makers and practitioners and hence intensify the research to policy and practice interface. The research, policy and practice interface: Reflections on using applied social research to promote equity in health in Malawi Africa Applied social research Gender equity HIV/AIDS Malawi Policy The research, policy and practice interface In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4S7S1BW-1/1/bd450d4aad85994b4c998921e9fa7521 2008 the_scottish_parliament_european_2001 techreport This Note provides a comparison among some European countries on how each provides for health care. It considers the financial structure of health care systems in respect of sources of income (public, voluntary, private and out-of-pocket) and expenditure (inpatient, outpatient, pharmaceutical and public investment. Countries being considered are the United Kingdom, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and Spain. These have been chosen to provide a range of countries in Western Europe which are comparable to the United Kingdom and on which there are recent available data. This Note is intended to provide background information for the health debate on 20th September 2001. European Health Care Financing \& Expenditure Europe Health care expenditure Health care financing Health care system European Health Care Financing \& Delivery 2001 {RN} 01/88 Research Note 2001 the_world_bank_world_1996 techreport The World Bank Participation Sourcebook Community participation Participation Washington, {D.C.} 1996 Environmentally Sustainable Development {(ESD),} The World Bank 1996 the_world_bank_republic_2004 misc The Republic of Ghana. Joint {IDA-IMF} Staff Assessment of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Annual Progress Report Ghana Poverty reduction Sub-Saharan Africa June 2004 2004-06 the_world_bank_malawi_2006 misc Malawi Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment Investing in Our Future Africa Malawi Poverty June 2006 2006-06 the_world_bank_chapter_???? incollection The World Bank Chapter 6 - Social Capital: The Missing Link? Social capital 77--93 Expanding the Measure of Wealth the_world_bank_measuring_???? techreport Measuring Living Standards: Household Consumption and Wealth Indices Constructing living standards variables Key outcomes and living standards Living standards Measuring equity Quantitative research Research method 4 Technical Note the_world_bank_measuring_????-1 techreport Measuring inequity in health service delivery Applications of tools to health sector Health service delivery Inequalities in health Measuring inequity Quantitative research Research method Standardization of a health care use distribution 13 Technical Note the_world_bank_who_???? techreport Who benefits from health sector subsidies? Benefit incidence analysis Benefits Health sector subsidies Incidence analysis Measuring equity Public health service Quantitative research Research method Subsidies 12 Technical Note the_world_bank_measuring_????-2 techreport Measuring progressivity of health care payments Ability to pay Applications of tools to health sector Health care payments Kakwani progressivity index Measuring equity Measuring progressivity of health care payments Progressivity by source of finance Progressivity of total health payments Quantitative research Research method 16 Technical Note the_world_bank_outcomes_???? techreport Outcomes \#1: Child Survival Complete fertility history Direct mortality estimation Incomplete fertility history Indirect mortality estimation Key outcomes and living standards Measuring equity Quantitative research Research method 1 Technical Note the_world_bank_outcomes_????-1 techreport Outcomes \#3: Adult Health Constructing health distributions Demographic standardization Key outcomes and living standards Measuring adult health Measuring equity Quantitative research Research method 3 Technical Note the_world_bank_multivariate_???? techreport Multivariate analysis of health data: General issues Causal analysis Descriptive analysis Generic tools Measuring equity Multivariate analysis Quantitative research Quantitative techniques for health equity analysis Research method Sample design and area effects 10 Technical Note the_world_bank_multivariate_????-1 techreport Multivariate analysis of health data: Non-linear estimators Binary dependent variables Count dependent variables Generic tools Limited dependent variables Measuring equity Multivariate analysis Quantitative research Research method 11 Technical Note the_world_bank_data_???? techreport Data for health equity analysis Requirements, sources, and issues in analysis Applications of tools to health sector Health equity analysis Measuring equity Quantitative research Research method Sample design and the analysis of survey data 20 Technical Note the_world_bank_decomposing_???? techreport Decomposing the Redistributive Effect of Health Care Payments Applications of tools to health sector Measuring equity Quantitative research Redistributive effects of health care programs Research method Vietnam 17 Technical Note the_world_bank_concentration_???? techreport Concentration Curves Concentration curves Generic tools Measuring equity Micro data Quantitative research Research method 6 Technical Note the_world_bank_annex_???? article Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool The World Bank Annex {1A} Community Profile And Asset Mapping - Interview Guide Interview guide Questionnaire Research method the_world_bank_annex_????-1 article Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool The World Bank Annex {1B} - Community Questionnaire Questionnaire Social capital the_world_bank_annex_????-2 article Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool The World Bank Annex {1C} - Household Questionnaire Household survey Questionnaire Research method the_world_bank_annex_????-3 article Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool The World Bank Annex {1D} - Organizational Profile Interview Guides Interview guide Questionnaire the_world_bank_annex_????-4 article Instruments of the Social Capital Assessment Tool The World Bank Annex {1E} - Organizational Profile Scoresheet Questionnaire Social capital the_world_bank_anthropometrics_???? techreport Anthropometrics Anthropometric data Anthropometric indicators Key outcomes and living standards Measuring equity Quantitative research Research method 2 Technical Note the_world_bank_concentration_????-1 techreport The Concentration Index Concentration index Generic tools Group data Income-related inequality Measuring equity Micro data Quantitative research Research method 7 Technical Note the_world_bank_catastrophic_???? techreport Catastrophic health care payments Applications of tools to health sector Catastrophic health care expenditure Measuring equity Measuring incidence and intensity of catastrophic impact Quantitative research Research method 18 Technical Note the_world_bank_poverty_???? techreport Poverty impact of health care payments Applications of tools to health sector Defining poverty line Measuring equity Poverty impact Quantitative research Research method 19 Technical Note thimm_regulation_1999 phdthesis Regulation and Regulatory Transformation in European Insurance Markets Europe Insurance markets Regulation {Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\"{a}t} 1999 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 1999 thomas_mesh_2007 article Health Policy This article addresses some of the complexities in the interactions both within the public health system and between that and civil society. It examines what needs to be done to improve the capacity of health systems, primarily through building relevant infrastructure (what is called {MESH} - management, economic, social and human - infrastructure) where this is lacking. This lack is most likely to occur in poorer communities and health districts. The problem of absorption and appropriate use of funds in disadvantaged areas has been highlighted as a critical bottleneck to the achievement of the millennium development goals {(MDGs).} {MESH} is defined as infrastructure which is built to improve the capacity of communities and other entities to implement health service programs efficiently. We employ this concept to determine how best to invest in health in poor areas so that they can better use any additional resources they receive. The article reviews some initial explorations of the relevance of {MESH} building strategies in South Africa. The research shows the usefulness of the {MESH} approach which requires inter alia a more developmental approach that goes beyond the vertical silos of much influential prioritization literature over the last two decades. In practice it is clear that {MESH} will vary from location to location which reflects the fact that investing in successful health strategies must take into account the voices of the local people with respect to what they want from their health services. The {MESH} approach: Strengthening public health systems for the {MDGs} Capacity building Community voices Health system MESH approach Millennium development goals Public health systems 180--185 October The {MESH} approach 83 2007 2-3 2007-10 thomas_actor_2004 article Health reform is inherently political. Sound technical analysis is never enough to guarantee the adoption of policy. Financing reforms aimed at promoting equity are especially likely to challenge vested interests and produce opposition. This article reviews the Health Insurance policy development in South Africa between 1994 and 1999. Despite more than 10 years of debate, analysis and design, no set of social health insurance {(SHI)} proposals had, by 1999, secured adequate support to become the basis for an implementation plan. In contrast, proposals to re-regulate the health insurance industry were speedily developed and implemented at the end of this period. The processes of actor engagement and management, set against policy goals and design details, were central to this experience. Adopting a grounded approach to analysis of primary interview data and a range of documentary material, this paper explores the dynamics between reform drivers engaged in directing policy change and a range of other actors. It describes the processes by which actors were drawn into health insurance policy development, the details of their engagement with each other, and it identifies where deliberate strategies of actor management were attempted and the results for the reform process. The primary drivers of this process were the Minister of Health and the unit responsible for health financing and economics in the national Department of Health Directorate of Health Financing and Economics, with support from members of the South African academic community. These actors worked within and through a series of four ad hoc policy advisory committees which were the main fora for health insurance policy development and the regulation of private health insurance. The different experiences in each committee are reviewed and contrasted through the lens of actor management. Differences between these drivers and opposition from other actors ultimately derailed efforts to establish adequate support for any form of {SHI,} even as regulatory proposals received sufficient support to be enacted in legislation. Drawing on this South African experience together with a simple analytical framework, the authors highlight five potential strategies by which reform drivers of any policy process could create alliances of support sufficient to overcome potential opposition to proposed policy changes. As little is currently known on how to manage the process of engaging actors in reform processes, these findings provide a foundation for further analysis of this issue. Actor management in the development of health financing reform: health insurance in South Africa, 1994-1999 Africa Health financing reform South Africa 279--291 September Actor management in the development of health financing reform 2004 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/5/279 2004-09 thomson_health_2008 misc In view of increasing cost pressures, this paper aims to provide guidance to national {EU} policy-makers faced with the challenge of reconciling financial sustainability of health systems with the safeguarding of the key underlying values of these health systems; namely universal coverage, solidarity in financing, equity, efficiency and quality of care. The paper provides an overview of the current state of health care financing in the European Union, identifying broad trends and evolutions that have occurred since the 1990s. An annex to the paper offers descriptive summaries of healthcare financing in each of the {EU} member states. The first part of this paper seeks to clarify the nature of the sustainability problem, laying emphasis on the distinction between economic and fiscal sustainability. The second and third parts provide analysis of a variety of current financing arrangements in terms of both their ability to fulfil health financing functions and in terms of their commitment to the "policy goals" or key values considered vital to uphold health systems as developed by the {WHO.} Identifying the different stages of the healthcare financing process; from the initial collection of funds to pooling to the purchasing of health services and finally coverage of the population, this paper highlights the variables affecting key values at each stage. On the basis of this analysis, it is argued in this paper that public financing of healthcare is superior to private financing on three accounts: in terms of sustainability, contribution to the value of equity and in terms of efficiency. The fourth and final part of the paper provides general policy recommendations drawn from the conclusions of the analysis. {HEALTH} {CARE} {FINANCING} {IN} {THE} {CONTEXT} {OF} {SOCIAL} {SECURITY} {(IP/A/EMPL/ST/2006-208)} Health care financing Social security February 2008 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/200806/20080604ATT30805/20080604ATT30805EN.pdf 2008-02 thornton_social_2009 misc This paper evaluates a program that randomized incentives to obtain health insurance among informal sector workers in Managua, Nicaragua. In January 2007, the government of Nicaragua extended a health insurance program to informal sector workers using microfinance institutions. We randomly varied the costs of enrolling as well as randomly assigned different affiliation locations to sign up for the insurance: either at the central Social Security {(INSS)} office, or the participating microfinance institutions. Costs were crucial to signing up for health insurance -- both monetary costs (subsidies) as well as convenience costs associated with enrollment. Approximately one year after being offered the insurance, insured individuals switched from using services at private and Ministry of Health facilities to visiting covered health facilities contracted by {INSS.} Total out-of-pocket expenditures were reduced among insured individuals, but the average out-of-pocket savings were lower than the equivalent unsubsidized insurance premiums. We also found very low retention rates after expiration of the subsidy, with less than 10 percent still enrolled in the insurance program after one year. In addition to the quantitative results, we present qualitative evidence that institutional and contextual factors are essential for understanding the results and limitations of this program and are important to consider for other similar insurance programs. Social security health insurance for the informal sector in Nicaragua: a randomized evaluation Micro health insurance Randomized evaluation South America March 2009 http://www.gdnet.org/cms.php?id=document_download&document_id=15743 2009-03 tidiane_tandia_involvement_2006 inproceedings Involvement / community participation in hygiene and water in Central and Western Africa Africa Central Africa Community participation Participation Sub-Saharan Africa West Africa Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2006 {CREPA} 2006 tidikis_microinsurance_???? techreport Microinsurance in the Health Sector Health sector Micro health insurance Microinsurance tien_community_2000 techreport Community Health Workers Incentives and Disincentives: How They Affect Motivation, Retention, and Sustainability Community health workers Community participation Participation 2000 {USAID} 2000 tikare_organizing_2001 techreport Organizing Participatory Processes in the {PRSP} Community participation Participation PRSP 2001 2001 tolhurst_he_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine This paper explores the gendered dynamics of intra-household bargaining around treatment seeking for children with fever revealed through two qualitative research studies in the Volta Region of Ghana, and discusses the influence of different gender and health discourses on the likely policy implications drawn from such findings. Methods used included focus group discussions, in-depth and critical incidence interviews, and Participatory Learning and Action methods. We found that treatment seeking behaviour for children was influenced by norms of decision-making power and [`]ownership' of children, access to and control over resources to pay for treatment, norms of responsibility for payment, marital status, household living arrangements, and the quality of relationships between mothers, fathers and elders. However, the implications of these findings may be interpreted from different perspectives. Most studies that have considered gender in relation to malaria have done so within a narrow biomedical approach to health that focuses only on the outcomes of gender relations in terms of the (non-)utilisation of allopathic healthcare. However, we argue that a [`]gender transformatory' approach, which aims to promote women's empowerment, needs to include but go beyond this model, to consider broader potential outcomes of intra-household bargaining for women's and men's interests, including their livelihoods and [`]bargaining positions'. {"He} will ask why the child gets sick so often": The gendered dynamics of intra-household bargaining over healthcare for children with fever in the Volta Region of Ghana Africa Decision-making Gender mainstreaming Ghana 1106--1117 March He will ask why the child gets sick so often 66 2008 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4RGG4TH-1/1/aeb722a62b80c90fcf5a025b27ef4007 2008-03 tooker_affordable_2003 article American Journal of Public Health Affordable Health Insurance for All Is Possible by Means of a Pragmatic Approach Health insurance Pragmatic approach Universal coverage 106--109 93 2003 1 2003 tool_social_2005 techreport Social Capital as a Public Policy Tool - Project Report September Social capital 2005 Policy Research Initiative, Canada 2005 townsend_restoration_2002 techreport The Restoration of {"Universalism".} The Rise and Fall of Keynesian Influence on Social Development Policies Development theory Keynes Social policy Social security Geneva 2002 Prepared for the {UNRISD} project on Social Policy in a Development Context in the {UNRISD} programme on Social Policy and Development United Nations Research Institute for Social Development 2002 tran_tyms_2004 techreport Lessons Learned Periodic adjustment of premiums and benefits. An insurance product needs to be tweaked periodically to reflect the client's changing risk profile over time. In {TYM's} case for example, members are growing older which means they would be more susceptible to illness. The increasing number of clients taking on the special loan of {VND} 15 million (\$1000) means that should they die, the burden on the {MAF} would be substantial. An institution should review the type of benefits covered, but changes should be made following a systematic process that includes careful market research, actuarial analysis and careful business planning. Customer service. The {MAF} is highly appreciated by {TYM} members primarily because of the personalised service provided by {TYM} staff. Members do not have to travel far to make their contribution, the technical officers come to them. Likewise, the delivery of claims by the branch head and technical officer adds a personal touch and generates good word of mouth publicity. The staff also make frequent house visits to members, which strengthen client relations and help to prevent potential fraudulent claims. Clients' willingness to pay. Interviews with {TYM} members showed that clients are willing to pay higher premiums for additional benefits. Clients view the {MAF} as a valuable tool not only for their own household but also for the larger community since it strengthens solidarity among the members. This willingness to pay is also related to the fact that {TYM} is the only programme that provides this type of product for poor households. {TYM's} Mutual Assistance Fund, Vietnam Asia Case study Microinsurance Mutual insurance Vietnam 2004 3 Case Study 2004 tremblay_mafucecto_2006 techreport {MAFUCECTO} - Togo Africa Case study Credit-life insurance Microfinance Microinsurance Togo 2006 25 Case Study {CGAP} Working Group on Microinsurance 2006 triodos_facet_risk_2009 misc Guidelines for strengthening {MFIs'} institutional capacity This handbook serves as a reference guide to strengthen the risk and sustainability management processes at {MFIs.} Risk management is an important area of mainstream banking as well as microfinance and small enterprise banks. As they expand into a wider range of financial products such as larger loan products, leasing, housing finance, term deposits and insurance products, and seek to raise money from mainstream financial markets, they will have to learn to manage risks and sustainability like mainstream financial institutions. Investors and donors have a vested interest in better risk management and transparent performance reporting, in addition to standard regulations that national regulators enforce. {MFIs} will also benefit from a proper risk and sustainability management function as it will help optimize performance. The handbook comprises eleven practical tools, with 5 tools for sustainability management and 6 tools for risk management. The approach draws from mainstream banking guidelines such as Basel {II} and the Global Reporting Initiative, but is adapted to meet the needs of smaller institutions. The handbook also includes two cases, namely the risk management project at Kixi Credito, Angola and the sustainability management project at Akiba Commercial Bank, Tanzania. Risk Management and Sustainability Management: A Handbook for Microfinance Practitioners 2009 Guide Microfinance Risk management Sustainability 2009 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.40800/Risk.pdf 2009 trommershaeuser_promotional_2006 incollection Policy-making, participation and consensus-building; Creating an enabling environment; Strengthening institutions; Providing financial assistance Craig Churchill The promotional role of governments Government Programs Microinsurance Geneva / Munich 508--523 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 trujillo_impact_2005 article International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics The Impact of Subsidized Health Insurance for the Poor: Evaluating the Colombian Experience Using Propensity Score Matching Health insurance Impact Poverty Subsidies 211--239 The Impact of Subsidized Health Insurance for the Poor 5 2005 3 2005 tschoetschel_gtz_2005 techreport {GTZ} {HIV/AIDS} Practice Collection - Mainstreaming {HIV/AIDS} in the Vocational Training Sector in Botswana Africa Botswana HIV/AIDS 2005 Deutsche Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit {(GTZ)} {GmbH} 2005 tsey_traditional_1997 article Soc. Sci. Med. Traditional Medicine in contemporary Ghana: a Public Policy Analysis Africa Ghana Public policy Traditional medicine 1065 --1074 45 1997 7 1997 turner_ii_framework_2003 article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Global environmental change and sustainability science increasingly recognize the need to address the consequences of changes taking place in the structure and function of the biosphere. These changes raise questions such as: Who and what are vulnerable to the multiple environmental changes underway, and where? Research demonstrates that vulnerability is registered not by exposure to hazards (perturbations and stresses) alone but also resides in the sensitivity and resilience of the system experiencing such hazards. This recognition requires revisions and enlargements in the basic design of vulnerability assessments, including the capacity to treat coupled human - environment systems and those linkages within and without the systems that affect their vulnerability. A vulnerability framework for the assessment of coupled human - environment systems is presented. A framework for vulnerability analysis in substainability science Conceptual framework Environment Hazards Sustainability Vulnerability Vulnerability analysis 8074--8079 100 2003 14 http://www.pnas.org/content/100/14/8074.full.pdf 2003 twahirwa_sharing_2008 article Financing Health policy Health services accessibility International agencies Micro health insurance Rwanda Universal coverage 1564-0604 823--824 11 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19030682 Bulletin of the World Health Organization Sharing the burden of sickness: mutual health insurance in Rwanda 86 Sharing the burden of sickness November 2008 {PMID:} 19030682 2008-11 ulasi_hiv/aids-related_2009 article Health \& Place Objective To assess {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma and discrimination of people living with {HIV/AIDS} {(PLWHA)} in Kumasi, {Ghana.Methods} A cross-sectional survey of 104 adults from the four sub-districts in Kumasi was {conducted.Results} Four stigma constructs, employment-based discrimination, screening and identification of {HIV} positive people, revelation of {HIV} status and social contact stigma were determined based on reliability measures from responses to the questionnaire. Regression analysis showed that participants with higher educational attainment were more likely to favor policies denying employment to {PLWHA} (p{\textless}0.05), but disapproved of revealing {HIV} sero-status (p{\textless}0.05). Muslims were more likely than Christians to agree with identifying {PLWHA} (p{\textless}0.05) and more likely to advocate revealing {HIV} sero-status (p{\textless}0.05). Males were more likely to favor revealing {HIV} status (p{\textless}0.05). Employed persons were more likely to have social contact with {PLWHA} {(p{\textless}0.05).Conclusions} These findings are useful in guiding the design of interventions against {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma in Kumasi. {HIV/AIDS-related} stigma in Kumasi, Ghana Community members 1353-8292 255--262 March 15 2009 1 2009-03 ullrich_solidaritaet_1996 article Zeitschrift f\"{u}r Soziologie Solidarit\"{a}t und Sicherheit. Zur sozialen Akzeptanz der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung Public insurance Solidarity Willingness to accept 171--189 25 1996 1996 ullrich_reziprozitaet_1999 article Soziale Welt The principle of reciprocity is widely regarded as a basic characteristic of social insurance. Thus, the expectation of reciprocity is supposed to be of central importance to the social acceptance of social insurances by the persons insured. Nonetheless, a hundred years after the inception of social insurance schemes, their acceptance seems to be more tenuous than ever. There has been a shift from a predominantly reciprocal to a predominantly redistributive exchange structure. As a consequence, we have to question whether or not the expectations of the insured persons are (still) based on the expectation of reciprocity. Based on qualitative data about the statutory health insurance in Germany, the article examines how insured persons refer to expectations of reciprocity when asked to explain their acceptance of health insurance and which types of expectations can be distinguished. The main result is that insured persons apply expectations of reciprocity also to evidently re-distributive exchange structures. Hence, it can be concluded that the expectation of reciprocity is crucial to the social acceptance not only of the reciprocal but also of the more solidarity-oriented elements of social insurance. Reziprozit\"{a}t und die soziale Akzeptanz des Sozialversicherungsstaates Reciprocity Social security 50 1999 1 1999 ullrich_solidaritaet_2000 book Solidarit\"{a}t im Sozialversicherungsstaat: Die Akzeptanz des Solidarprinzips in der gesetzlichen Krankenkasse Social security Solidarity Solidarit\"{a}t im Sozialversicherungsstaat 2000 Campus Verlag 2000 ullrich_reciprocity_2002 article Journal of European Social Policy Reciprocity, justice and statutory health insurance in Germany Europe Germany Health insurance Reciprocity Solidarity 123 12 2002 2 2002 united_nations_-_general_assembly_implementation_2004 techreport Implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration - Report of the {Secretary-General} Development Global health Millennium development goals UN Willingness to pay 2004 A/59/282 Fifty-ninth session - Item 56 of the provisional agenda - Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit 2004 uphoff_understanding_2000 article Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective Understanding Social Capital: Learning from the Analysis and Experience of Participation Participation Social capital 215--249 Understanding Social Capital 2000 2000 usaid_health_1999 book Health Insurance and Decentralization in the Philippines Decentralization Health sector reform Philippines 1999 1999 usaid_usaid_2007 misc {USAID} Country Health Statistical Report Ghana Africa Ghana Health statistics May 2007 2007-05 usaid_facilitating_2008 article Microinsurance {NOTE} Facilitating an Appropriate Regulatory and Supervisory Environment for Microinsurance Microinsurance Regulation Supervision January 8 2008 http://www.microlinks.org/file_download.php/mInsuranceNote+8_Regulation+and+Supervision.pdf?URL_ID=12725&filename=12043061001mInsuranceNote_8_Regulation_and_Supervision.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=132017&name=mInsuranceNote+8_Regulation+and+Supervision.pdf&location=user-S/ 2008-01 usaid_national_2008 misc {NATIONAL} {HEALTH} {ACCOUNTS} {RWANDA} 2006 {WITH} {HIV/AIDS,} {MALARIA,} {AND} {REPRODUCTIVE} {HEALTH} {SUBACCOUNTS} Health care financing HIV/AIDS Malaria National health accounts Rwanda June 2008 http://www.who.int/nha/country/Rwanda_NHA_2006.pdf 2008-06 usaid_health_communication_partnership_african_2007 article Communication Impact African Transformation Engenders {Self-Efficacy,} Improves Gender Norms, and Increases Community Participation Africa Community participation Gender equity Participation 23 2007 2007 van_barneveld_mandatory_1998 article Social science \& medicine (1982) Risk-adjusted capitation payments {(RACPs)} to competing health insurers are an essential element of market-oriented health care reforms in many countries. {RACPs} based on demographic variables only are insufficient, because they leave ample room for cream skimming. However, the implementation of improved {RACPs} does not appear to be straightforward. A solution might be to supplement imperfect {RACPs} with a form of mandatory pooling that reduces the incentives for cream skimming. In a previous paper it was concluded that high-risk pooling {(HRP),} is a promising supplement to {RACPs.} The purpose of this paper is to compare {HRP} with two other main variants of mandatory pooling. These variants are called excess-of-loss {(EOL)} and proportional pooling {(PP).} Each variant includes ex post compensations to insurers for some members which depend to various degrees on actually incurred costs. Therefore, these pooling variants reduce the incentives for cream skimming which are inherent in imperfect {RACPs,} but they also reduce the incentives for efficiency and cost containment. As a rough measure of the latter incentives we use the percentage of total costs for which an insurer is at risk. This paper analyzes which of the three main pooling variants yields the greatest reduction of incentives for cream skimming given such a percentage. The results show that {HRP} is the most effective of the three pooling variants. Mandatory pooling as a supplement to risk-adjusted capitation payments in a competitive health insurance market GL Health care sector Health sector reform Health services research Insurance pools Insurance selection bias National health programs Risk adjustment 02779536 223--32 July 47 1998 2 {PMID:} 9720641 1998-07 van_barneveld_risk_2001 article Journal of Health Economics Risk sharing as a supplement to imperfect capitation: a tradeoff between selection and efficiency GL Risk equalization Selection 147--168 20 2001 2001 van_bastelaer_does_2000 techreport Does Social Capital faciliate the Poor's Access to Credit? - A Review of the Microeconomic Literature - Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 8 Credit accessibility Microeconomic literature review Poverty Social capital Washington, {D.C.} 2000 The World Bank - Social Development Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network 2000 van_bastelaer_imperfect_2000 article Imperfect Information, Social Capital and the Poor's Access to Credit Imperfect information Information asymmetry Microcredit Social capital 2000 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=260058 2000 van_bastelaer_trust_2006 article World Development Summary This paper identifies factors associated with high repayment performance by collectively liable groups of seed borrowers in Southern Zambia. The results suggest that some factors facilitating collective action within seed groups, such as their size, are associated with a higher repayment performance. In addition, community-based cognitive social capital, proxied here by generalized trust, is shown to be strongly associated with repayment performance. This suggests that attitudes and values shared by community members create an environment in which seed borrowers honor their engagements, although church participation and fear of witchcraft can weaken mutual monitoring of loan use and peer pressure for repayment. Trust in Lending: Social Capital and Joint Liability Seed Loans in Southern Zambia Collective liability Group lending Social capital Trust Zambia 1788--1807 October Trust in Lending 34 2006 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VC6-4KPFKVJ-1/2/424a8af32f2af14bbc20944b08bd82cf 2006-10 van_beusekom_possibility_2006 book Possibility or {Utopia--Consumer} Choice in Health Care: A Literature Review Consumers' preferences Health care Possibility or {Utopia--Consumer} Choice in Health Care 2006 {RAND} Technical Report {TR-150BF.} Santa Monica 2004. www. rand. {org/publications/TR/TR105} 2006 van_damm_how_???? unpublished How out-of-pocket health expenditure can lead to poverty. Evidence from Cambodia. Cambodia Catastrophic health care expenditure Dengue Health care system Poverty Private providers How out-of-pocket health expenditure can lead to poverty. Evidence from Cambodia. for Trop Med Int Health van_den_berg_economic_2005 article Health Economics We provide a new test of the feasibility of using contingent valuation to value informal care. We start with a theoretical model of informal caregiving and derive that willingness to pay depends positively on wealth and negatively on own health, whereas the effect of other's health is sign-ambiguous. These predictions are tested in two new data sets on patients' and caregivers' willingness to pay {(WTP)} and willingness to accept {(WTA)} for informal care. The data are generally consistent with the theoretical predictions: wealth generally has a positive impact and own health a negative impact. Other's health has a mixed effect. We find only small differences between {WTP} and {WTA.} Our findings suggest that contingent valuation may be a useful technique to value informal care in economic evaluations of health care. The economic value of informal care: a studyof informal caregivers' and patients' willingness to pay and willingness to accept for informal care Contingent valuation Informal care Willingness to accept Willingness to pay 363--376 The economic value of informalcare 14 2005 2005 van_den_berg_preferences_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine Legislation that came into effect in 2006 has dramatically altered the health insurance system in the Netherlands, placing greater emphasis on consumer choice and competition among insurers. The potential for such competition depends largely on consumer preferences for price and quality of service by insurers and quality of affiliated providers. This study provides initial evidence on the preferences of Dutch consumers and how they view trade-offs between various aspects of health insurance product design. A key feature of the analysis is that we compare the responses of high and low risk individuals, where risk is defined by the presence of a costly chronic condition. This contrast is critically important for understanding incentives facing insurers and for identifying potential unanticipated consequences of market competition. The results from our conjoint analysis suggest that not only high risk but also low risk individuals are willing to pay substantially more for insurance products that can be shown to provide better health outcomes. This suggests that insurance products that are more expensive and provide better quality of care may also attract low risk individuals. Therefore, development and dissemination of good, reliable and understandable health plan performance indicators may effectively reduce the problem of adverse selection. Preferences and choices for care and health insurance Conjoint analysis GL Health insurance Netherlands Preferences Risk selection 2448--2459 June 66 2008 12 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBF-4S7G10W-1/2/3fb515eb4657b5af7e7b03006ddfa5c8 2008-06 van_den_boom_health_2004 misc Self-medication is predominant in Ghana, where one out of four lives outside a 15 km radius of a doctor. The cost of visiting a doctor is almost \$10, one third of monthly per capita expense, as compared to \$1.5 for self-medication. Simulated utilization patterns indicate that higher densities (doctors within 15 km) and more insurance (flat rate tax covering half of the health expense) could raise demand for doctors by 15- 20\%. The poor though continue to rely on self-medication. Medicines that are affordable and of certified quality could thus play a key supplementary role in health sector development. {HEALTH} {CARE} {PROVISION} {AND} {SELF-MEDICATION} {IN} {GHANA} Africa Ghana Health care provision Self-medication Self-treatment March 2004 2004-03 van_de_ven_was_2002 article Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung Was ist die beste Strategie eines "solidarischen" Ausgleichs der Krankheitslasten in einem wettbewerblichen Krankenversicherungssystem: Obergrenzen f\"{u}r Versicherungsbeitr\"{a}ge oder risikobezogene Pr\"{a}miensubventionen? GL Risk adjustment Risk equalization 477--489 71 2002 2 2002 van_de_ven_access_2000 article Journal of Health Economics Access to coverage for high-risks in a competitive individual health insurance market: via premium rate restrictions or risk-adjusted premium subsidies? GL Risk equalization 311--339 19 2000 2000 van_de_ven_risk_2003 article Health policy Risk adjustment and risk selection on the sickness fund insurance market in five European countries Europe GL Insurance markets Risk equalization 75--98 65 2003 1 2003 van_de_ven_health-adjusted_2004 article Health Affairs {Health-Adjusted} Premium Subsidies In The Netherlands GL Netherlands Premium subsidies Risk adjustment Risk equalization 45 23 2004 3 2004 van_de_ven_risk_2007 article In this paper we analyse the developments concerning risk adjustment and risk selection in Belgium, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands and Switzerland in the period 2000-2006. Since 2000 two major trends can be observed. On the one hand the risk adjustment systems have been improved, for example, by adding relevant health-based risk adjusters. On the other hand in all five countries there is evidence of increasing risk selection, which increasingly becomes a problem, in particular in Germany and Switzerland. Some potential explanations are given for these seemingly contradictory observations. Since the mid-1990s citizens in these countries can regularly switch sickness fund, which should stimulate the sickness funds to improve efficiency in health care production and to respond to consumers' preferences. When looking at managed care there are some weak signals of increasing managed care activities by individual sickness funds in all countries (except Belgium). However, with imperfect risk adjustment, such as in Israel and Switzerland, insurers will integrate their managed care activities with their selection activities, which may have adverse effects for society, even if all insurers are equally successful in selection. The conclusion is that good risk adjustment is an essential pre-condition for reaping the benefits of a competitive health insurance market. Without good risk adjustment the disadvantages of a competitive insurance market may outweigh its advantages. Belgium Europe Germany GL Insurance selection bias Israel Managed care programs Managed competition National health programs Netherlands Risk adjustment Switzerland 01688510 162--79 2-3 Health policy {(Amsterdam,} Netherlands) Risk adjustment and risk selection in Europe: 6 years later 83 Risk adjustment and risk selection in Europe October 2007 {PMID:} 17270311 2007-10 van_de_ven_risk_2000 article Handbook of Health Economics Risk adjustment in competitive health plan markets GL Risk adjustment Risk equalization 755--845 1 2000 2000 van_de_ven_risk_2000-1 incollection In the 1990s many countries have chosen to use prospective payment arrangements for health plans (e.g., health insurers, sickness funds or {HMOs)} together with health plan competition, as a means of creating incentives to be cost conscious, while preserving quality, innovation and responsiveness to consumer preferences. Risk adjustment is an important mechanism for attenuating problems that threaten the effectiveness of this strategy for resource allocation in health care. Without adequate risk adjustment, competing health plans have incentives to avoid individuals with predictable losses and to select predictably profitable members. This selection and the resulting risk segmentation can have adverse effects in terms of access to care, quality of care and efficiency in the production of care. This chapter first provides a conceptual framework for thinking about risk adjustment. Second, it gives an overview of the progress developing risk adjustment models in recent years. Third, several forms of risk sharing are discussed, which can be used as a tool for reducing selection in case of imperfect risk adjustment. Fourth, an overview is given of the current practice of risk adjustment and risk sharing in 11 countries. Finally some directions for future research are discussed. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Risk Adjustment in Competitive Health Plan Markets Competitive models Health plan markets Risk adjustment Amsterdam (a.o.) 754--845 Part 3 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 van_de_ven_universal_2008 article Health Aff Policy analysts consider the Netherlands health system a possible model for the United States. Since 2006 all Dutch citizens have to buy standardized individual health insurance coverage from a private insurer. Consumers have an annual choice among insurers, and insurers can selectively contract or integrate with health care providers. Subsidies make health insurance affordable for everyone. A Risk Equalization Fund compensates insurers for enrollees with predictably high medical expenses. The reform is a work in progress. So far the emphasis has been on the health insurance market. The challenge is now to successfully reform the market for the provision of health care. Universal Mandatory Health Insurance In The Netherlands: A Model For The United States? GL Mandatory health insurance Netherlands Risk adjustment Social health insurance United States 771--781 May Universal Mandatory Health Insurance In The Netherlands 27 2008 3 http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/3/771 2008-05 van_de_walle_public_1995 techreport Public Spending and the Poor: What We Know, what We Need to Know Benefit measurement Benefits Poverty Public spending and poverty Public Spending and the Poor 1995 World Bank, Policy Research Department, Public Economics Division 1995 vandeweerd_developpement_2008 misc L'objet de cet article est de d\'{e}crire un projet de recherche appliqu\'{e}e ayant pour finalit\'{e} le d\'{e}veloppement de l'activit\'{e} micro-assurance en Afrique de {l'Ouest} \`{a} travers les r\'{e}seaux partenaires du {CIF} 2. L'action, con\c{c}ue d\`{e}s le d\'{e}part sous forme de recherche-d\'{e}veloppement, a permis la configuration d'un premier produit de micro- assurance : le R\'{e}gime de Pr\'{e}voyance Cr\'{e}dit - {RPC.} Il s'agit d'un produit d'assurance de groupe obligatoire pour tous les emprunteurs individuels avec un pr\'{e}l\`{e}vement automatique de la prime lors de l'octroi du pr\^{e}t. Le produit est aujourd'hui configur\'{e}, tarifi\'{e} et a \'{e}t\'{e} test\'{e} avec succ\`{e}s au Togo et au Burkina Faso. Son d\'{e}ploiement \`{a} grande \'{e}chelle dans cinq pays est en cours et devrait se terminer fin 2007 avec l'appui de la coop\'{e}ration Luxembourgeoise. L'objectif ultime du projet est de faire \'{e}merger un pool d'expertise en micro-assurance dans la sous r\'{e}gion et une s\'{e}curisation de l ??industrie de l ??assurance coupl\'{e}e \`{a} la microfinance. D\'{e}veloppement de la micro assurance en Afrique de {l'Ouest} : un projet de recherche appliqu\'{e}e men\'{e} par le {CIF} avec une pluralit\'{e} d'acteurs, {ADA/KBC} et {DID/DSF.} Africa Microinsurance West Africa 2008 2008 van_kemenade_social_2002 techreport Social Capital as a Health Determinant - How is it Measured? - Working Paper 2/08 Health Measurement Social capital 2002 Health Canada - Policy Research Communications Unit 2002 van_kleef_does_2007 article International journal of health care finance and economics Theoretically, a risk avers consumer takes a deductible if the premium rebate (far) exceeds his/her expected out-of-pocket expenditures. In the absence of risk equalization, insurers are able to offer high rebates because those who select into a deductible plan have below-average expenses. This paper shows that, for high deductibles, such rebates cannot be offered if risk equalization would "perfectly" adjust for the effect of self selection. Since the main goal of user charges is to reduce moral hazard, some effect of self selection on the premium rebate can be justified to increase the viability of voluntary deductibles. Does risk equalization reduce the viability of voluntary deductibles? Choice behavior Cost savings Deductibles and coinsurance Econometric models GL Health care expenditure Health insurance Risk adjustment Voluntary programs 13896563 43--58 March 7 2007 1 {PMID:} 17431767 2007-03 van_vliet_predictability_1992 article The Journal of Risk and Insurance Predictability of Individual Health Care Expenditures Health care expenditure Individual health care expenditures Predictability 443--461 Predictability of Individual Health Care Expenditures 59 1992 3 1992 van_vliet_statistical_2000 article The Journal of Risk and Insurance A Statistical Analysis of Mandatory Pooling across Health Insurers GL Mandatory health insurance Risk equalization Statistical analysis 197--217 A Statistical Analysis of Mandatory Pooling across Health Insurers 67 2000 2 2000 varatharajan_public_2003 article Journal of Health \& Population in Developing Countries Public Sector and Efficiency: Are they Mutually Exclusive? An Alternative Policy Framework to Improve the Efficiency of Public Health Care System in Tamil Nadu, India India Public health care 2003 2003 vargas_hill_innovations_2009 techreport Risk and poverty are inextricably linked. Susceptibility to risk is a defining feature of what it means to be poor. Poor people often live in environments characterized by high weather and disease risk, and it is poor households that have the fewest tools to deal with drought, floods, and disease when they occur. Breaking the link between risk and poverty by insuring poor people both lessens the affliction of poverty and allows poor people to participate in income growth. This set of briefs considers how to increase the tools available to poor households to manage agricultural and health risks. The focus is how to develop insurance markets, along with other financial instruments such as credit, savings, and social protection policies. The series does not document the proven impact of insurance markets for the welfare of poor people; rather, it brings together briefs written by businesspeople, policymakers, and researchers that document innovations, lessons learned, and areas of future work and action. \# Brief 1 - Innovations in insuring the poor : Overview Ruth Vagas Hill and Maximo Torero \# Brief 2 - Risk and the rural poor John Hoddinott \# Brief 3 - Risk, poverty and insurance Stefan Dercon \# Brief 4 - Microinsurance for health and agricultural risks Richard Leftley \# Brief 5 - Sustainability and scalability of index-based insurance for agriculture and rural livelihoods Ulrich Hess and Peter Hazell \# Brief 6 - Intelligent design of index insurance for smallholder farmers and pastoralists Michael R. Carter \# Brief 7 - Experience with weather index-based insurance in India and Malawi Xavier Gin\'{e} \# Brief 8 - Providing weather index and indemnity insurance in Ethiopia Eyob Meherette \# Brief 9 - Index-based livestock insurance in Mongolia Olivier Mahul, Nathan Belete and Andrew Goodland \# Brief 10 - Health insurance for the rural poor David I. Levine \# Brief 11 - Innovations in health insurance Johannes J\"{u}tting \# Brief 12 - Microfinance and unexpected consumption expenditures Richard Hornbeck \# Brief 13 - Providing insurance through microfinance institutions Rupalee Ruchismita and Sona Varma \# Brief 14 - Social protection and risk John Hoddinott Brief 15 - Index insurance applied to agriculture Amado Villarreal Gonz\'{a}lez Innovations in Insuring the Poor Innovations Microinsurance December 2009 17 http://www.ifpri.org/publication/innovations-insuring-poor International Food Policy Research Institute 2009-12 vargas_using_2006 unpublished Using selected diagnoses to improve the chilean capitation formula Chile GL Risk equalization Greifswald 2006 Diskussionspapier 2/2006 2006 vassall_estimating_2006 article Health Policy Considerable effort has been made to estimate the global resource requirements of scaling-up {HIV/AIDS} and tuberculosis {(TB)} interventions. There are currently several medium- and long-term global estimates available. Comprehensive country specific estimates are now urgently needed to ensure the successful scaling-up of these services. This paper reviews evidence on the global resource requirements of scaling-up {HIV/AIDS} and {TB} interventions. The purpose of this review is to summarise and critically appraise the methods used in the global estimates and to identify remaining knowledge gaps, particularly those relevant to country level estimation. This review found that the estimates of global resource requirements provide sound methodological guidance for countries on the basic steps to follow. However, there are still many areas that require further development or evidence. These include the following. Firstly, the methods used to assess the capacity to scale up {HIV/AIDS} and {TB} services need to be further refined. In particular countries need simple methods to assess human resource capacity. Secondly, investments need to be made to improve country level data on the costs and effectiveness of {HIV/AIDS} and {TB} services. In particular efforts should be focused on producing standardised unit costs for each intervention by country, which reflect the reality of domestic resource use. Thirdly, simple costing models, which appropriately integrate systems costs need to be developed for use at the country level. Finally, resources needs estimation needs to be embedded by countries in multi-sectoral expenditure planning processes. Countries and global agencies will continue to need estimates for different purposes at different times. Therefore attention should move away from specific estimates, to the longer term aim of building capacity at the country level, supported by global agencies. This will be of mutual benefit. Those making national resource estimates can learn from the experience of global estimation. Concurrently, global resource estimates can build on the evidence emerging from improved national resource estimates. Estimating the resource needs of scaling-up {HIV/AIDS} and tuberculosis interventions in {sub-Saharan} Africa: A systematic review for national policy makers and planners Africa Cost HIV/AIDS Rating:2 Resource requirements Scaling-up 1--15 November Estimating the resource needs of scaling-up {HIV/AIDS} and tuberculosis interventions in {sub-Saharan} Africa 79 2006 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4HYN4YB-2/1/a29e5b6f0ee2e17e3ff37d8309589f32 2006-11 vate_insure_2002 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} How can social reinsurance sustain community health financing when governments cannot fund universal coverage? The answer to this question is the overriding focus of this book. Appropriate insurance is one option {(Musgrove} 1999, p. 55), but what kind of insurance is appropriate? The realm of insurance is ever-changing. When new risks are identified-or as new forms of risk transfer are formulated for known risks-the question about the limits of insurability comes up again and again. In the ordinary framework of casualty and liability insurance, routine technical analyses usually suffice to determine whether or not a given risk is insurable. Such calculations are performed routinely before an insurer agrees to underwrite a risk or renew a {contract.But} here the focus of debate is intrinsically different from the casualty and liability context. It is rather unusual because it concerns health costs, low-income countries, and microinsurance. The basic question is: Can insurance play any role at all in covering microinsurers' health risk and, if so, what is it? To answer this question, we draw on a set of basic concepts as well as modern problematic subjects from three parts of the literature: theory of insurance {(Briys} 1990; Ewald and Lorenzi 1998; Henriet and Rochet 1991; Outreville 1998), social protection and health care finance {(Charpentier} 2000; Cichon and others 1999), and health insurance in low-income countries {(Atim} 2000; Dror and Duru 2000; Fonteneau and Dror 2000; Gertler and Solon 2000; Meesen 2000). This chapter explores a method for establishing a coherent and simple-to-operate distinction between cost-generating health events that can be insured and those that {cannot.Health} risk, as used here, designates any situation in which the health status of an individual-or group of individuals-is exposed to possible deterioration. When this risk occurs, expenses are incurred either from treatment to improve the health status or from compensation for its deterioration. We analyze several examples to separate insurable from uninsurable health {events.Human} development is both a process and an end {(World} Bank 1993; {UNDP} 2000). This general affirmation also applies to the health risks of populations in low-income countries insofar as the related costs can both contribute to, and result from, such development. For this reason, health systems seek to improve the health of individuals (as measured by accepted indicators) and, at the same time, to adapt mechanisms to protect the overall development process. For example, insurance can provide protection against random poverty-generating events, but if similar results can be achieved by pooling resources, no matter how small, by alternative mechanisms (such as savings and prevention), they should not be ruled out. A combination of insurance and prevention can be just as effective in poor countries as it has been in rich countries. Finally, we are talking about microinsurance units, that is, community-funded health insurance schemes that are neither commercial nor national {(Dror} and Jacquier 1999). These microinsurers do not have access to the resources and financial techniques of commercial insurance and are not constrained by general policy considerations of governmental insurance. For these reasons-and no doubt more than with other types of insurance-the viability of microinsurance depends to a large extent on a coherent distinction between insurable and uninsurable risks. To Insure or Not to Insure? Reflections on the Limits of Insurability Insurability Micro health insurance Microinsurance To Insure or Not to Insure? 2002 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1021669 2002 veenstra_location_2005 article Social Science \& Medicine After decades of epidemiological exploration into individual-level risk factors for ill health, a recent surge of interest in the health effects of socially patterned attributes of geographically defined [`]places' has given the structural side of the agency-structure debate new prominence in population health research. Utilizing two original data sets, one pertaining to features of communities in British Columbia, Canada and the other to characteristics of individuals living in them, this article distinguishes the health effects of socially patterned attributes of communities, including the social capital of communities, from the health effects of characteristics of residents that contribute to social capital, e.g., trust and participation in voluntary associations. Results from multilevel analysis demonstrated that, of three different individual-level measures of health and well-being (and including measures of long-term limiting illness and self-rated health), only a measure of depressive symptoms had variability that could be reasonably attributed to the level of the community. The social capital of communities in the form of the availability of public spaces explained some of this variability, but in the direction contrary to expectations. Overall, location (community of residence) did little to explicate health inequalities in this context. The strongest predictors of health in multivariate and multilevel models were characteristics of individual survey respondents, namely, income, trust in politicians and governments, and trust in other members of the community. Breadth of participation in networks of voluntary association was not significantly related to health in multivariate models. Location, location, location: contextual and compositional health effects of social capital in British Columbia, Canada Long-term limiting illness Multilevel modelling Place Rating:2 Self-rated health 2059--2071 May Location, location, location 60 2005 9 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4DSPYTK-2/1/2e70c4cad894712bc125c04f6c7dac8e 2005-05 vellakkal_towards_???? book Towards a Comprehensive Social health Insurance Scheme for the State of Kerala: Issues and Possibilities Health sector reform India Social health insurance vialle-valentin_medicines_2008 article Health Research Policy and Systems / {BioMed} Central {ABSTRACT:} {OBJECTIVES:} The 2004 International Conference on Improving Use of Medicines recommended that emerging and expanding health insurances in low-income countries focus on improving access to and use of medicines. In recent years, Community-based Health Insurance {(CHI)} schemes have multiplied, with mounting evidence of their positive effects on financial protection and resource mobilization for healthcare in poor settings. Using literature review and qualitative interviews, this paper investigates whether and how {CHI} expands access to medicines in low-income countries. {METHODS:} We used three complementary data collection approaches: (1) analysis of {WHO} National Health Accounts {(NHA)} and available results from the World Health Survey {(WHS);} (2) review of peer-reviewed articles published since 2002 and documents posted online by national insurance programs and international organizations; (3) structured interviews of {CHI} managers about key issues related to medicines benefit packages in Lao {PDR} and Rwanda. {RESULTS:} In low-income countries, only two percent of {WHS} respondents with voluntary insurance belong to the lowest income quintile, suggesting very low {CHI} penetration among the poor. Yet according to the {WHS,} medicines are the largest reported component of out-of-pocket payments for healthcare in these countries (median 41.7\%) and this proportion is inversely associated with income quintile. Publications have mentioned over a thousand {CHI} schemes in 19 low-income countries, usually without in-depth description of the type, extent, or adequacy of medicines coverage. Evidence from the literature is scarce about how coverage affects medicines utilization or how schemes use cost-containment tools like co-payments and formularies. On the other hand, interviews found that medicines may represent up to 80\% of {CHI} expenditures. {CONCLUSION:} This paper highlights the paucity of evidence about medicines coverage in {CHI.} Given the policy commitment to expand {CHI} in several countries (e.g. Rwanda, Lao {PDR)} and the potential of {CHI} to improve medicines access and use, systematic research is needed on medicine benefits and their performance, including the impacts of {CHI} on access to, affordability, and use of medicines at the household level. Medicines coverage and community-based health insurance in low-income countries Community-based health insurance Developing countries 1478-4505 11 6 2008 {PMID:} 18973675 10.1186/1478-4505-6-11 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18973675 2008 vieira_da_cunha_limits_1997 techreport The Limits and Merits of Participation Community participation Participation 1997 The World Bank - Office of the Senior Vice President and Chief Economist Development Economics 1997 vijay_gupta_regression_2000 misc Regression explained Quantitative research Research method Statistics 2000 {VJBooks} Inc. 2000 vij_developing_2006 inproceedings Developing {Pro-Poor} Health Insurance in India - An International Conference on Micro Health Insurance India Micro health insurance Pro-poor-insurance New Delhi 2006 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Bookversion,} no digital version{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Strenghtening Micro Health Insurance Units for the Poor in {India-Project} 2006 virani_health_2009 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} ota {(GK)} operates as a division of the Grameen Financial Sevices. Pvt. Ltd. {(GFSPL),} a Non Banking Financial Company {(NBFC)} based out of Bangalore, India, offering microfinance services to the poor using the Grameen model. Over the years, Grameen Koota {(GK)} has moved beyond microcredit lending to offer insurance services to its clients. This paper documents its journey in health microinsurance and draws learnings from its experience. Health Microinsurance Experience of Grameen Koota Arogya Raksha Yojana Asia Grameen Koota India Micro health insurance Microinsurance Sampoorna Suraksha Yojana March 2009 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1358761 2009-03 vissandjee_focus_2002 article Focus groups have become increasingly popular in health research. However, their feasibility depends on the context of such research. Through discussion of focus groups they conducted in rural India, the authors argue that successful focus groups in rural contexts must be culturally sensitive, with a research team that goes beyond the mere technicalities of collecting data. A culturally competent focus group can result when the research team has geographic, political, economic, and sociocultural knowledge related to the research area and its population. With extensive local collaboration, foreign researchers are better able to conduct data collection respectfully. The authors provide recommendations for future studies toward increasing the cultural appropriateness of focus groups in areas such as rural India. Focus groups Gujarat India Qualitative methods Research methodology 826--843 6 http://qhr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/6/826 Qualitative Health Research Focus Groups in Rural Gujarat, India: A Modified Approach 12 Focus Groups in Rural Gujarat, India July 2002 10.1177/10432302012006009 2002-07 waelkens_role_2005 techreport ature review aims to increase our knowledge of the potential that social health protection has in reducing poverty in {sub-Saharan} Africa. Of all regions in the world, {sub-Saharan} Africa ranks lowest in income per capita, life expectancy at birth, and highest in mortality. It is the only region with a negative growth for the period 1980-2000. Trapped in poverty and excluded from decent health care, the African poor have to face both the catastrophic costs of seeking health care and bear the burden of lost productivity. Evidence for the link between illness and poverty is particularly striking in the case of malaria and {AIDS.} Social protection is increasingly seen as a key strategy to contribute to poverty reduction and to sustainable development. But in Africa, where the informal economy sector remains huge and where poorly effective risk management strategies often prevail, there still is a long way to go. Community health insurance, however, appears to be an interesting option for meeting the goal of universal social protection. There is convincing evidence of its positive effect on access to health care. Moreover, community health insurance constitutes a promising channel to give voice to the poor. Today, this particular instrument of social health protection reaches only a small fraction of the African population, but enjoys a growing acceptance and is subject to increasing demands. Besides the ethical imperative of providing social protection, there is evidence today, albeit limited, indicating that the expansion of social health protection, by improving access to care, may increase people's participation in the labour market, improve their income and contribute to economic growth. The Role of Social Health Protection in Reducing Poverty: The Case of Africa Africa Poverty reduction Social health protection Geneva The Role of Social Health Protection in Reducing Poverty 2005 22 Working Paper http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=703561 International Labour Organization 2005 waelkens_les_2004 misc Les Mutuelles de Sant\'{e} en Afrique {Sub-Saharienne} - \ufffd?{E}tat des Lieux et R\'{e}flexions sur un Agenda de Recherche. {HNP} Discussion Paper Micro health insurance March 2004 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1095698140167/Waelkens-LesMutuelles-whole.pdf 2004-03 wagstaff_inequalities_2002 techreport Health inequalities have recently started to receive a good deal of attention in the developing world. But how large are they? And how large are the differences across countries? Recent data from a 42-country study shows large but varying inequalities across countries. It explores the reasons for these intercountry differences and concludes that large inequalities in health are not apparently associated with high income inequalities, or with low shares of health spending financed publicly. They are, however, associated with higher per capita incomes. Evidence from trends in health inequalities - in both the developing and developed world - supports the notion that health inequalities rise with rising per capita incomes. The association between health and inequality and per capita income is probably due in part to technological change going hand-in-hand with economic growth, coupled with a tendency for the better-off to assimilate new technology ahead of the poor. Given that increased health inequality associated with rising per capita incomes is a bad thing and increased average health levels associated with rising incomes are a good thing, the paper outlines a way of quantifying the trade-off between health inequalities and health levels. The paper also suggests that successful anti-inequality policies can be devised, but that their success cannot be established simply by looking at "headline" health inequality figures, since these reflect the effects of differences and changes in other variables, including per capita income. Four approaches that can shed light on the impacts on health inequalities of anti-inequality policies include cross-country comparative studies, country-based before-and-after studies with controls, benefit-incidence analysis, and decomposition analysis. The results of studies in these four genres do not give as many clear-cut answers as one might like on how best to swim against the tide of rising per capita incomes and their apparent inequality-increasing effects. But they ought at least to help us build up our stock of knowledge on the subject. Inequalities in Health in Developing Countries: Swimming Against the Tide? Country study Developing countries Empiric study Health inequality Washington, {D.C.} Inequalities in Health in Developing Countries 2002 The World Bank 2002 wagstaff_economic_2005 techreport While there is a great deal of anecdotal evidence on the economic impacts of adverse health shocks, there is relatively little hard empirical evidence. This paper builds on recent empirical work to explore in the context of post-reform Vietnam two related issues: how far household income and medical care spending respond to health shocks; and how far household consumption is protected against health shocks. The results suggest that adverse health shocks captured by negative changes in body mass index {(BMI)} are associated with reductions in earned income. This appears to be only partly if at all due to a reverse feedback from income changes to {BMI} changes. By contrast, there is a hint the relevant coefficient is not significant that adverse {BMI} shocks may result in increases in unearned income. This may reflect additional gifts, remittances, etc. from family and friends following the health shock. Medical spending is found to increase following an adverse health shock, but not among those with health insurance. The impact for the uninsured is large, equal in absolute size to the income loss associated with a {BMI} shock. The lack of impact for the insured points to complete insurance against the medical care costs associated with health shocks, and is consistent with the very generous coverage of Vietnam\&\#8217;s health insurance program at this time (1993-98). The question arises: have Vietnamese households been able to hold their food and non-food consumption constant in the face of these income reductions and extra medical care outlays? The results suggest not. For the sample as a whole, both food and non-food consumption are found to be responsive to health shocks, indicating an inability to smooth non-medical consumption in the face of health shocks. Further analysis reveals some interesting differences across different groups within the sample. Households with insurance come no closer to smoothing non-medical consumption than uninsured households. Furthermore, and somewhat counterintuitively, better-off households including insured households fare worse than poorer households in smoothing their non-medical consumption in the face of health shocks, despite the fact that in the case of insured households there are no medical bills associated with an adverse health event. Why the poor rely on dissaving and borrowing to such an extent, and do not apparently reduce their food and non-food consumption following an adverse health shock while the better off do, may be because the levels of food and non-food consumption of the poor are simply too low relative to basic needs to enable them to cut back in the face of an adverse {BMI} shock. The Economic Consequences of Health Shocks Asia Socio-economic factors Vietnam 2005 3644 Development Research Group and East Asia \& Pacific Region The World Bank 2005 wagstaff_social_2009 article Policy Research Division Working Papers This paper exploits the transitions between tax-financed health care and social health insurance in the {OECD} countries over the period 1960-2006 to assess the effects of adopting social health insurance over tax finance on per capita health spending, amenable mortality, and labor market outcomes. The paper uses regression-based generalizations of difference-in-differences and instrumental variables to address the possible endogeneity of a country's health system. It finds that adopting social health insurance in preference to tax financing increases per capita health spending by 3-4 percent, reduces the formal sector share of employment by 8-10 percent, and reduces total employment by as much as 6 percent. For the most part, social health insurance adoption has no significant impact on amenable mortality, but for one cause--breast cancer among women--social health insurance systems perform significantly worse, with 5-6 percent more potential years of life lost. Social Health Insurance vs. {Tax-Financed} Health Systems - Evidence from the {OECD} OECD countries Social health insurance Taxation 4821 2009 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2009/01/21/000158349_20090121101737/Rendered/PDF/WPS4821.pdf 2009 wagstaff_extending_2007 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} fter over 20 years of minimal health insurance coverage in rural areas, China launched a heavily subsidized voluntary health insurance program for rural residents. The authors use program and household survey data, as well as health facility census data, to analyze factors affecting enrollment into the program and to estimate its impact on households and health facilities. They obtain estimates by combining differences-in-differences with matching methods. The authors find some evidence of lower enrollment rates among poor households, holding other factors constant, and higher enrollment rates among households with chronically sick members. The household and facility data point to the scheme significantly increasing both outpatient and inpatient utilization (by 20-30 percent), but they find no impact on utilization in the poorest decile. For the sample as a whole, the authors find no statistically significant effects on average out-of-pocket spending, but they do find some-albeit weak-evidence of increased catastrophic health spending. For the poorest decile, by contrast, they find that the scheme increased average out-of-pocket spending but reduced the incidence of catastrophic health spending. They find evidence that the program has increased ownership of expensive equipment among central township health centers but had no impact on cost per case. Extending Health Insurance to the Rural Population: An Impact Evaluation of China's New Cooperative Medical Scheme Asia China Micro health insurance March Extending Health Insurance to the Rural Population 2007 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=965078 2007-03 wagstaff_equity_2000 incollection The paper surveys the economics literature on equity in health care financing and delivery. The focus is, for the most part, on empirical work, especially that involving intemational and temporal comparisons. There is, however, some discussion of the concept and definition of equity. The empirical sections cover the literature on equity in health care financing (progressivity and horizontal equity of health care financing arrangements), equity in health care delivery (horizontal equity in the sense of treating persons in equal need similarly), and equality of health. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Equity in Health Equality Equity Equity and health Health Health care delivery Health care financing Inequality Amsterdam (a.o.) 1800--1862 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 wagstaff_overall_2002 techreport This paper outlines a framework for comparing empirically overall health inequality and socioeconomic health inequality. The framework, which is developed for both individual-level data and grouped data, is illustrated using data on malnutrition amongst Vietnamese children and on health utility amongst Canadian adults. In both cases, socioeconomic inequalities account for around 25\% of overall inequality Overall versus socioeconomic health inequality: a measurement framework and two empirical illustrations Health inequality Socioeconomic health Socioeconomic inequality in health differentials Washington, {D.C.} Overall versus socioeconomic health inequality 2002 The World Bank 2002 wagstaff_catastrophe_2003 article Health Econ This paper presents and compares two threshold approaches to measuring the fairness of health care payments, one requiring that payments do not exceed a pre-specified proportion of pre-payment income, the other that they do not drive households into poverty. We develop indices for "catastrophe" that capture the intensity of catastrophe as well as its incidence and also allow the analyst to capture the degree to which catastrophic payments occur disproportionately among poor households. Measures of poverty impact capturing both intensity and incidence are also developed. The arguments and methods are empirically illustrated with data on out-of-pocket payments from Vietnam in 1993 and 1998. This is not an uninteresting application given that 80\% of health spending in that country was paid out-of-pocket in 1998. We find that the incidence and intensity of "catastrophic" payments - both in terms of pre-payment income as well as ability to pay - were reduced between 1993 and 1998, and that both incidence and intensity of "catastrophe" became less concentrated among the poor. We also find that the incidence and intensity of the poverty impact of out-of-pocket payments diminished over the period in question. Finally, we find that the poverty impact of out-of-pocket payments is primarily due to poor people becoming even poorer rather than the non-poor being made poor, and that it was not expenses associated with inpatient care that increased poverty but rather non-hospital expenditures. Catastrophe and impoverishment in paying for health care: with applications to Vietnam 1993-1998 Catastrophic health care expenditure Fairness Health payments Poverty impact Catastrophe and impoverishmentinpaying for health care (in press) 2003 2003 wahab_assessing_2008 unpublished Assessing the implementation of Ghana's {NHIS} law Ghana NHIS NHIS implementation NHIS law 2008 Paper Prepared for Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis {Mini???Conference,} Spring 2008 http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/seminars/papers/wahab_mcpaper08.pdf 2008 walraven_silent_2005 article Developing countries Disabled persons Female Genital diseases 1470-0328 1177--1179 9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16101593 {BJOG:} An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology The silent burden of gynaecological disease in low income countries 112 September 2005 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00707.x {PMID:} 16101593 2005-09 walt_community_1989 inproceedings Community health workers in national programmes: the case of the family welfare educators of Botswana Africa Botswana Community health workers London 49--55 1989 83 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1989 wang_community-based_2005 incollection Community-based health insurance in poor rural China: the distribution of net benefits China Community-based health insurance Net benefits Rural sector 366--374 Community-based health insurance in poor rural China 20 2005 Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 2005 wang_adverse_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine This study examines adverse selection in a subsidized voluntary health insurance scheme, the Rural Mutual Health Care {(RMHC)} scheme, in a poor rural area of China. The study was made possible by a unique longitudinal data set: the total sample includes 3492 rural residents from 1020 households. Logistic regression was employed for the data analysis. The results show that although this subsidized scheme achieved a considerable high enrollment rate of 71\% of rural residents, adverse selection still exists. In general, individuals with worse health status are more likely to enroll in {RMHC} than individuals with better health status. Although the household is set as the enrollment unit for the {RMHC} for the purpose of reducing adverse selection, nearly 1/3 of enrolled households are actually only partially enrolled. Furthermore, we found that adverse selection mainly occurs in partially enrolled households. The non-enrolled individuals in partially enrolled households have the best health status, while the enrolled individuals in partially enrolled households have the worst health status. {Pre-RMHC,} medical expenditure for enrolled individuals in partially enrolled households was 206.6 yuan per capita per year, which is 1.7 times as much as the {pre-RMHC} medical expenditure for non-enrolled individuals in partially enrolled households. The study also reveals that the pre-enrolled medical expenditure per capita per year of enrolled individuals was 9.6\% higher than the pre-enrolled medical expenditure of all residents, including both enrolled and non-enrolled individuals. In conclusion, although the subsidized {RMHC} scheme reached a very high enrollment rate and the household is set as the enrollment unit for the purpose of reducing adverse selection, adverse selection still exists, especially within partially enrolled households. Voluntary {RMHC} will not be financially sustainable if the adverse selection is not fully taken into account. Adverse selection in a voluntary Rural Mutual Health Care health insurance scheme in China Adverse selection China Micro health insurance Rural 1236--1245 September 63 2006 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4JT3S8G-2/1/2326090fe331a57fa30eed699c490700 2006-09 ward_problems_1985 article Problems of measuring capital in less developed countries Developing countries Measuring capital 207--221 Review of {Income\&Wealth} 1985 1985 wasem_morbiditaetsorienteierter_2008 article Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik Wie der Beitrag informiert, erhalten mit der Einf\"{u}hrung des Gesundheitsfonds zum 1.1.2009 die Krankenkassen ihre Finanzmittel \"{u}ber Zuweisungen aus diesem Fonds. Die Zuweisungen sollen sich hierbei insbesondere nach der Morbidit\"{a}t richten. Morbidit\"{a}tsorienteierter Risikostrukturausgleich Ausgestaltung und Perspektiven f\"{u}r die Versorgung Germany GL Risk adjustment 1611--5821 2008 2008 4 2008 wasem_risk_2005 article Risk Adjustment and Primary Health Care in Chile Chile GL Primary health care Risk equalization 2005 2005 waters_pricing_2004 techreport This paper reviews methodologies and international experience related to costing and pricing health services. Several factors affect the determination of the prices purchasers pay for health services. These include: the method of provider payment; the availability of information on costs, volumes, outcomes, and patient and provider characteristics; methods used to calculate providers' costs; and characteristics of purchasers and providers- including the regulatory environment, provider autonomy, negotiating power, and the degree of competition. The paper focuses on methods for setting levels of payment under different provider payment mechanisms. Line item and global budgets remain the most common reimbursement methods in developing countries. However, many of these countries are implementing mixed payment systems that have greater information demands. The principal payment types used in high-income countries - capitation, payments per case or diagnosis, and fee-for-service - are reviewed here, and implications for low- and middle-income countries discussed. To minimize incentives for under- or overutilization, prices that purchasers pay for health care services should be related to the unit costs of services. However, establishing the true unit cost of health services is complicated, and detailed data needed to correctly allocate indirect costs to the units of services are not generally available in developing countries. The organizational characteristics of health care providers and their relationships with purchasers strongly influence the way prices for health services are determined. Pertinent characteristics include provider autonomy, provider negotiating power, and the degree of competition. The principal constraint on the development of provider payments systems in developing countries is the limited availability of information on costs, volumes, and patient characteristics. However, international experiences reveal a variety of options for setting prices for health care purchasers in developing countries that are reforming their payment systems. Pricing health services for purchasers - a review of methods and experiences Health care financing Health sector reform Pricing Provider payment Resource allocation and purchasing Washington, {D.C.} Pricing health services for purchasers 2004 Bank World\ 2004 wegemund_weg_2001 article {IAF} Der Weg Ghanas in die Demokratie Africa Ghana History 57--62 1 2001 2001 weinberger_role_2005 misc The role of local organizations in risk management: Some evidence from rural Chad Africa Chad Local level institutions Risk management 2005 http://www.isser.org/publications/older/83%20Jutting_Weinberger.pdf 2005 werner_micro-insurance_2009 article Health services and modern medicines are out of reach for over one billion people globally. Micro-insurance for health is one method to address unmet health needs. This case study used a social exclusion perspective to assess the health and poverty impact of micro-insurance for health in Bangladesh and contrasts this with several micro-insurance systems for health offered in India. Micro-insurance for health in Bangladesh targeted towards the poor and the ultra-poor provides basic healthcare at an affordable rate whereas the Indian micro-insurance schemes for health have been implemented across larger populations and include high-cost and low-frequency events. Results of analysis of the existing literature showed that micro-insurance for health as currently offered in Bangladesh increased access to, and use of, basic health services among excluded populations but did not reduce the likelihood that essential health-related costs would be a catastrophic expense for a marginalized household. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Asia Bangladesh Health care costs Health care expenditure Health expenditure Low-income households Microcredit Micro health insurance Microinsurance Risk protection Rural health services 16060997 563--573 4 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=44089706&site=ehost-live Journal of Health, Population, \& Nutrition Micro-insurance in Bangladesh: Risk Protection for the Poor? 27 Micro-insurance in Bangladesh 2009 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Copyright} of Journal of Health, Population, \& Nutrition is the property of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh {(ICDDR,B)} and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts.){\textless}/p{\textgreater} Article 2009 werner_dynamics_2010 misc Studying behavioral impacts of joint and individual liability This study investigates the behavioral impacts of joint and individual liability in a controlled laboratory environment. The study conducts an experiment in which subjects decide the effort put into risky investment projects under joint and individual credit contracts. Under the joint liability contract, borrowers face a dilemma. While it would be collectively optimal to exert the highest possible effort, it is individually rational to choose the minimum effort level. In the first run of the experiment, all participants receive group lending contracts. In the second run, participants are converted to individual contracts on the basis of self-selection or repayment success. Study findings include: * Subjects exert high effort under group lending in all treatments and both runs of the experiment; * Joint liability contracts are superior to individual contracts in terms of repayment performance; * Within-group moral hazard persists because subjects choose higher efforts under individual contracts and condition their behavior on partner behavior. The study points out the necessity to monitor within-group dynamics. Since microbanks establish lasting relationships with their customers, the dynamic interaction within borrower groups might crucially influence the functioning of joint liability. The Dynamics of Cooperation in Group Lending: A Microfinance Experiment Cooperation Microcredit Microfinance March 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.1.4942/THE%20DYNAMICS%20OF%20COOPERATION.pdf 2010-03 wiechers_yeshasvini_2005 techreport Yeshasvini Co-operative Farmers Health Care Scheme - Summary of Interviews and Field Research Case study Charitable model India Micro health insurance Mutual insurance Provider model 2005 Strengthening Micro Health Insurance Units for the Poor in India 2005 wiedmaier-pfister_regulatory_2004 techreport Microinsurance regulation is increasingly recognized as important topic for the development of insurance services for the poor; however, the topic is still a slowly maturing field. The present document analyses why microinsurance regulation is important, and describes its limitations. Further, it defines key issues and proposes steps to speed up microinsurance regulation. The document draws mainly on written information.1 It is noteworthy that no single document was found which deals with microinsurance regulation exclusively. Therefore, but to a very limited extent, it also includes information from microfinance and (micro) insurance experts, practitioners, projects and companies. Regulatory Issues of Microinsurance Microinsurance Regulation 2004 Literature Review on Microinsurance Regulation, Draft {GTZ} - Gesellschaft f\"{u}r technische Zusammenarbeit 2004 wiedmaier-pfister_regulation_2004 book Regulation and Supervision of Microinsurance Microinsurance Regulation 2004 Eschborn: {GTZ,} August 2004 wiedmaier-pfister_enabling_2006 incollection Barriers in existing regulatory frameworks; Country experiences -- preliminary insights Craig Churchill An enabling regulatory environment for microinsurance Microinsurance Regulation Geneva / Munich 488--507 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 wiedmaier-pfister_feasibility_2009 misc Feasibility Study on Support to the Microinsurance Sector in Ghana with a Financial Systems Approach Feasibility study Financial system Ghana Microinsurance January 2009 http://www.microinsurancenetwork.org/file/6_Feasibility_Study_Ghana_2009.pdf 2009-01 wiesmann_emerging_2000 article afrika spectrum The majority of {Sub-Saharan} African citizens -- informal sector workers and the rural population -- have never had access to wage-based social health insurance or privately run health insurance. As a response to the lack of social security, to the negative side-effects of user fees introduced in the eighties and to persistent problems with health care financing, nonprofit, voluntary community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} schemes for urban and rural selfemployed and informal sector workers have recently emerged. {CBHI} seems to be a promising attempt to improve access to health care, health outcomes and social protection in the case of illness. Given the unique ethnic, lingual and cultural diversity within African nations, the {CBHI} approach may be particularly valuable because it allows adaptation to local conditions. The actual implementation of {CBHI} schemes in {Sub-Saharan} Africa has had mixed results so far, with viability and acceptance largely depending on design and management of the scheme, community participation, regulations at the level of the health care provider, quality of services and on the socio-economic and cultural context. As it has turned out that small-scale health insurance can supplement other sources of finance rather than being a substitute for them, public-private partnerships may provide scope for improvement of {CBHI} performance. The Emerging Movement of Community Based Health Insurance in {Sub-Saharan} Africa: Experiences and Lessons Learned Africa Community-based health insurance 35 2000 2 2000 wiesmann_determinants_2001 phdthesis The majority of {Sub-Saharan} African citizens -- informal sector workers and the rural population -- have never had access to wage-based social health insurance or privately run health insurance. As a response to the lack of social security, to the negative side-effects of user fees introduced in the eighties and to persistent problems with health care financing, non-profit, voluntary community-based health insurance {(CBHI)} schemes for urban and rural self-employed and informal sector workers have recently emerged. {CBHI} seems to be a promising attempt to improve access to health care, health outcomes and social protection in the case of illness. Given the unique ethnic, lingual and cultural diversity within African nations, the {CBHI} approach may be particularly valuable because it allows adaptation to local conditions. The actual implementation of {CBHI} schemes in {Sub-Saharan} Africa has had mixed results so far, with viability and acceptance largely depending on design and management of the scheme, community participation, regulations at the level of the health care provider, quality of services and on the socio-economic and cultural context. Small-scale health insurance can supplement other sources of finance rather than being a substitute for them. Further research is required to identify appropriate measures and instruments to overcome the identified limitations of {CBHI} schemes. Determinants of viable health insurance schemes in rural Sub- Sahara Africa Africa Health insurance Health insurance schemes 2001 2001 wild_microfinance_2008 misc Reviewing microfinance programs supporting environmental conservation projects This review analyzes microfinance schemes that focus on improving the livelihoods of rural communities living in bio diverse environments and facilitating environmental governance. The review examined programs that supported environmental conservation projects at six locations in Tanzania and Kenya. It focused on two models, namely, the Village Savings and Loan Association {(VSLA)} and Financial Services Association {(FSA)} models. Performance varied across different models. The {VSLA} stood out in its performance across all three sustainability criteria, namely, financial, social and environmental. There is, however, a need to consider further design improvements to improve performance. Lessons and recommendations emerging from the review include: * Microfinance model design is critical to its performance; * Microfinance should be integrated into other development and conservation activities to enhance its contribution to environmental governance; * Ongoing and long-term arrangements need to be developed for support, motivation and financial regulation; * Efficiency of the {FSA} model can be improved by reviewing, adjusting and increasing support; * Importance of initial training input in establishing microfinance projects must be understood; * Role of start up revolving loans for group formation must be further examined. Microfinance and Environmental Sustainability at Selected Sites in Tanzania and Kenya Africa Environment Kenya Microfinance Tanzania August 2008 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.34277 2008-08 wilkes_coping_1997 unpublished Coping with the costs of severe illness in rural China Health care financing Severe illness Coping with the costs of severe illness in rural China 1997 {IDS} Working Paper 58 1997 wilkinson_social_1998 book Richard Wilkinson and Michael Marmot Social determinants of health: the solid facts Europe Health behaviour Health cities Health promotion Public health care Social environment Social support Socio-economic factors Copenhagen Social determinants of health 1998 {WHO} 1998 wilkinson_soziale_2004 book Soziale Determinanten von Gesundheit: Die Fakten. Zweite Ausgabe. Kopenhagen: Weltgesundheitsorganisation, 2004 Social determinants of health Denmark Soziale Determinanten von Gesundheit 2004 {WHO} 2004 williams_equity_2000 incollection Equity in health has to be distinguished from equity in access to health care, or equity in the distribution of health care resources. We take as a working definition of health for our purposes the number of quality adjusted life years that a person may expect to enjoy over his or her lifetime. Although we mostly follow the economists' custom of regarding equity as synonymous with reducing inequalities in health, we also consider the much richer variety of concepts employed by philosophers when discussing distributive justice. Here however we have distinguished notions of justice which are essentially procedural from those which are substantive, concentrating mainly on the latter. What we have sought to do is to identify the implications of various philosophical theories of justice for the way in which a welfare economist might appraise a particular distribution of health within a community. To do this we distinguish theories which place constraints on admissible outcomes (the health opportunity set), from theories which require the social welfare function (or maximand) to have particular properties. This classification is summarised in the Table 1, which is the key exhibit around which the analysis and exposition is organised Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Equity in Health Distribution Economic methodology Equity Equity and health Government expenditures and health Government policy Inequality Justice Other normative criteria and measurement Public goods Public health care Regulation Relationship of economics to social values Amsterdam (a.o.) 1863--1910 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume I Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 wilms_financial_2006 misc This study investigates the effects of a health insurance scheme on households in Uganda. This study investigates the effects if Microcare????\^{a}???\^{a}???s health insurance scheme in rural and urban households in Uganda. The paper first provides a background of the status of poverty and vulnerability in country. It then describes a theoretical framework on which the study is based, outlining the following: * Health care financing, * Informal risk sharing schemes, * Formal health insurance schemes, * Health risks and health care financing in Uganda. The study is based on household surveys in two districts - Kisiizi and Kampala. It tests the following hypotheses as part of the research through a detailed data collection exercise, estimation strategy and descriptive analysis: * Households having health insurance have, on an average, a lower out of pocket expenditure on health care. * Insurance decreases the likelihood that the out of pocket expenses become catastrophic. * Insured households rely less often on other coping strategies than households with health insurance. * Households having health insurance feel more secure about the future. The paper concludes that: * Health insurance had a pronounced effect on the financial status of the low-income segment, but other effects too showed an impact. Finally, the paper presents two issues questioning the sustainability of the health insurance to low income segment: * Can protection against critical health risks, such as malaria, be achieved by premiums well above the ability to pay of this segment? * Is the product being offered complementary, substitutes microfinance or will be rejected by many, because it is not better than the existing mechanisms? The Financial Impact of Formal Health Insurance Schemes: Evidence from Uganda Africa Micro health insurance Uganda September 2006 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m//template.rc/1.9.27012 2006-09 winarno_experience_???? misc The Experience of Bank Rakhyat Indonesia in Microfinance Asia Bank Rakhyat Indonesia Microfinance winkelhake_risk_1998 article {Soz.-Pr\"{a}ventivmedizin} Risk equalization, competition and choice in Germany: A reply to Wysong and Abel Germany Risk equalization 3--4 43 1998 1998 wipf_product_2006 incollection Market research; Eligibility; Terms and payment options; Benefits; Risk management and claims controls Craig Churchill Product design and insurance risk management Insurance risk managment Microinsurance Microinsurance operations Product design Geneva / Munich 146--173 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 wipf_pricing_2006 incollection Database design requirements for pricing (and sound microinsurance management); Pricing components, key factors and methodology; Modelling techniques Craig Churchill Pricing microinsurance products Microinsurance Microinsurance operations Pricing Geneva / Munich 238--253 2006 Protecting the poor - A microinsurance compendium http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/52FA02DB-B6A4-4DEB-8149-5A64B64D6A68/0/ProtectingthepoorAmicroinsurancecompendiumFullBook.pdf International Labour Office / Munich Re Foundation 2006 wipf_performance_2008 misc {PERFORMANCE} {INDICATORS} {FOR} {MICROINSURANCE} - A Handbook for Microinsurance Practitioners Microinsurance Performance indicators April 2008 http://www.microinsurancenetwork.org/publication/fichier/PI_MI_Handbook_PDF_AN.pdf 2008-04 witter_health_2002 article Briefing Paper for {OXFAM,} University of York, York Health Financing in Developing and Transitional Countries Developing countries Health care financing Transitional countries 2002 2002 witter_chapter_2009 article Chapter title: Service- and population-based exemptions: Are these the way forward for equity and efficiency in health financing in low-income countries? Developing countries Equity and health Exemptions Health care financing Low-income countries Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2009 www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/S0731-2199(2009)0000021013 2009 witter_something_2009 article {BACKGROUND:There} is considerable interest at present in exploring the potential of social health insurance to increase access to and affordability of health care in Africa. A number of countries are currently experimenting with different approaches. Ghana's National Health Insurance Scheme {(NHIS)} was passed into law in 2003 but fully implemented from late 2005. It has already reached impressive coverage levels. This article aims to provide a preliminary assessment of the {NHIS} to date. This can inform the development of the {NHIS} itself but also other innovations in the {region.METHODS:This} article is based on analysis of routine data, on secondary literature and on key informant interviews conducted by the authors with stakeholders at national, regional and district levels over the period of 2005 to {2009.RESULTS:In} relation to its financing sources, the {NHIS} is heavily reliant on tax funding for 70-75\% of its revenue. This has permitted quick expansion of coverage, partly through the inclusion of large exempted population groups. Card holders increased from 7\% of the population in 2005 to 45\% in 2008. However, only around a third of these are contributing to the scheme financially. This presents a sustainability problem, in that revenue is de-coupled from the growing membership. In addition, the {NHIS} offers a broad benefits package, with no co-payments and limited gate-keeping, and also faces cost escalation related to its new payment system and the growing utilisation of members. These features contributed to a growth in distressed schemes and failure to pay outstanding facility claims in {2008.The} {NHIS} has had a considerable impact on the health system as a whole, taking on a growing role in funding curative care. In 2009, it is expected to contribute 41\% of the overall resource envelope. However there is evidence that this funding is not additional but has been switched from other funding channels. There are some equity concerns about this, as the new funding source (a {VAT-based} tax) may be more regressive. In addition, membership of the {NHIS} at present has a pro-rich bias, and a pro-urban bias in relation to renewals. Only a very small proportion is registered as indigent, and there is some evidence of 'squeezing out' of non-members from health care utilisation. Finally, considerable challenges remain in relation to strengthening the purchasing role of the {NHIS,} and also settling debates about its structure and {accountability.CONCLUSION:Some} trade-offs will be necessary between the existing wide benefits package of the {NHIS} and the laudable desire to reach universal coverage. The overall resource envelope for health is likely to be stable rather than increasing over the medium-term. In the longer term, the investment costs in the {NHIS} will only be justified if it is able to increase the cost-effectiveness of purchasing and the responsiveness of the system as a whole. Africa Ghana NHIS Social health insurance {1472-698X} 20 1 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/9/20 {BMC} International Health and Human Rights Something old or something new? Social health insurance in Ghana 9 Something old or something new? 2009 10.1186/1472-698X-9-20 2009 womens_world_banking_diagnostic_2008 misc Examining major achievements, challenges and growth trends in the microfinance sector Diagnostic to Action: Microfinance in Africa Achievements Africa Challenges Microfinance October 2008 http://collab2.cgap.org//gm/document-1.9.34983/Diagnostic%20to%20Action_%20Microfinance%20in%20Africa.pdf Africa Microfinance Action Forum 2008-10 woolcock_place_2000 article This paper provides a brief introduction to the recent theoretical and empirical literature on social capital as it pertains to economic development issues, with a particular focus on its significance for {OECD} countries. In so doing it seeks to address three specific questions: {1.How} are social capital, human capital and social capability related to one another? {2.How} can social capital be measured? {3.How} might existing economic growth models give more adequate attention to social capital? The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes Social capital 2000 http://homepages.wmich.edu/~jbiles/woolcock.pdf 2000 woolcock_social_2000 article World Bank Res Obs In the 1990s the concept of social capital--defined here as the norms and networks that enable people to act collectively--enjoyed a remarkable rise to prominence across all the social science disciplines. The authors trace the evolution of social capital research as it pertains to economic development and identify four distinct approaches the research has taken: communitarian, networks, institutional, and synergy. The evidence suggests that of the four, the synergy view, with its emphasis on incorporating different levels and dimensions of social capital and its recognition of the positive and negative outcomes that social capital can generate, has the greatest empirical support and lends itself best to comprehensive and coherent policy prescriptions. The authors argue that a significant virtue of the idea of and discourse on social capital is that it helps to bridge orthodox divides among scholars, practitioners, and policymakers. Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy Development theory Social capital 225--249 August Social Capital 15 2000 2 http://wbro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/2/225 2000-08 woolhandler_health_2004 article International Journal of Health Services Health care administration in the united states and canada: micromanagement, macro costs Canada Health care administration Macro cost Macro management United States 65--78 {HEALTH} {CARE} {ADMINISTRATION} {IN} {THE} {UNITED} {STATES} {AND} {CANADA} 34 2004 1 2004 world_bank_securing_2002 techreport Securing the lives of the poor in Gujarat Asia Gujarat India Insurance Microinsurance schemes Poverty reduction SEWA 2002 {AIDE} {MEMOIRE} on a Joint Mission of the Asian Development Bank {(ADB),} the Ford Foundation {(FF),} and the Consultative Group for Assisting the Poor {(CGAP)} under the World Bank to prepare a project with the Self Employed Women's Association {(SEWA)} Bank World\ 2002 world_bank_implementation_2003 misc {IMPLEMENTATION} {COMPLETION} {REPORT} {(TF-21578;} {TF-29254;} {IDA-29940)} {ON} A {LOAN/CREDIT/GRANT} {IN} {THE} {AMOUNT} {OF} {US\$} {MILLION} {TO} {THE} {GHANA} {FOR} A {HEALTH} {SECTOR} {SUPPORT} {PROJECT} Africa Ghana Health sector 2003 2003 world_bank_monitoring_2004 book {MONITORING} \& {EVALUATION:} Some Tools, Methods \& Approaches Evaluation Monitoring 2004 2004 world_bank_governance:_2004 misc Governance: Poor People's Scorecards Governance Poverty http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/reports/crying/cry10.pdf 2004 http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/reports/crying/cry10.pdf 2004 world_bank_character_2004 misc The Character of Institutions Character of institutions http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/reports/crying/cry9.pdf 2004 http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/reports/crying/cry9.pdf 2004 world_bank_implementation_2007 misc {IMPLEMENTATION} {COMPLETION} {AND} {RESULTS} {REPORT} {(IDA-37310} {IDA-H0190)} {ON} A {DEVELOPMENT} {CREDIT} {IN} {THE} {AMOUNT} {OF} {SDR} 43.5 {MILLION} {(US\$} 57.6 {MILLION} {EQUIVALENT)} {AND} {DEVELOPMENT} {GRANT} {IN} {THE} {AMOUNT} {OF} {SDR} 24.5 {MILLION} {(US\$} 32.4 {MILLION} {EQUIVALENT)} {TO} {THE} {REPUBLIC} {OF} {GHANA} {FOR} A {HEALTH} {SECTOR} {PROGRAM} {SUPPORT} {PROJECT} {II} Africa Ghana Health sector 2007 2007 world_bank_project_2007 misc {PROJECT} {PERFORMANCE} {ASSESSMENT} {REPORT} {GHANA} {SECOND} {HEALTH} {AND} {POPULATION} {PROJECT} {(CREDIT} {NO.} 2193) {HEALTH} {SECTOR} {SUPPORT} {PROJECT} {(CREDIT} {NO.} 2994) Ghana Health sector July 2007 2007-07 world_bank_unraveling_???? techreport Unraveling causes {II:} The Oaxaca approach Quantitative research Research method 15 Technical Note world_council_of_churches_community-based_2001 article Contact - A publication of the world council of churches Community-based health insurance Community-based health insurance 2001 174 2001 world_health_organization_community_2002 book European Sustainable Development and Health Series Community participation in local health and sustainable development - Approaches and techniques Community participation Health Participation Sustainable development 4 2002 2002 world_health_organization_world_2008 book The World Health Report 2008 - Primary Health Care, now more than ever Primary health care World health report 2008 2008 world_health_organization_world_2009 book World Health Statistics 2009 Health statistics 2009 http://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf 2009 world_health_organization_who_world_1995 book World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The world health report 1995 - bridging the gaps World health report Geneva 1995 http://www.who.int/whr/1995/en/index.html 1995 world_health_organization_who_world_1996 book World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The world health report 1996 - Fighting disease, fostering development World health report Geneva 1996 http://www.who.int/whr/1996/en/index.html 1996 world_health_organization_who_world_1997 book World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The world health report 1997 - conquering suffering, enriching humanity World health report Geneva 1997 http://www.who.int/whr/1997/en/index.html 1997 world_health_organization_who_world_1998 book The world health report 1998 - Life in the 21st century: A vision for all World health report {WHO} {\textbar} The world health report 1998 - Life in the 21st century 1998 http://www.who.int/whr/1998/en/index.html 1998 world_health_organization_who_world_1999 book World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The world health report 1999 - making a difference World health report 1999 http://www.who.int/whr/1999/en/index.html 1999 world_health_organization_who_who_2000 incollection Who pays for health systems? External assistance health sector Subsidies 93--115 2000 World Health Report 2000 2000 world_health_organization_who_world_2000 book The World health report 2000 - Health Systems: Improving Performance Health care system World health report Geneva 2000 http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf 2000 world_health_organization_who_world_2001 book The world health report 2001 - Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope Mental health World health report {WHO} {\textbar} The world health report 2001 - Mental Health 2001 http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/index.html 2001 world_health_organization_who_world_2002 book The world health report 2002 - Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life World health report 2002 http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/index.html 2002 world_health_organization_who_proposed_2002 unpublished Proposed strategies for health systems performance assessment - Summary document Health care system Health system assessment Health system performance Health systems performance assessment Proposed Strategies for Health Systems Performance Assessment 2002 http://www.who.int/health-systems-performance/peer_review_docs/Final%20SPRG%205.pdf 2002 world_health_organization_who_world_2003 book World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The world health report 2003 - shaping the future World health report 2003 http://www.who.int/whr/2003/en/index.html 2003 world_health_organization_who_world_2004 book The world has reached a crucial moment in the history of {HIV/AIDS,} and now has an unprecedented opportunity to alter its course. The most important message of the latest World Health Report is that, today, the international community has the chance to change the history of health for generations to come and open the door to better health for all. Tackling {HIV/AIDS} is the world's most urgent public health challenge. Unknown barely a quarter of a century go, it is now the leading cause of death for young adults worldwide. More than 20 million people have died from it and an estimated 34-46 million others are now infected with the virus. There is as yet no vaccine and no cure. The World Health Report 2004 - Changing History, published by the World Health Organization, calls for a comprehensive {HIV/AIDS} strategy that links prevention, treatment, care and long-term support. Until now, treatment has been the most neglected element in most developing countries: almost 6 million people in these countries will die in the near future if they do not receive treatment - but only about 400 000 of them were receiving it in 2003. {WHO} and its partners have declared the treatment gap a global emergency and have launched a drive to provide 3 million people in developing countries with antiretroviral therapy by the end of 2005 - one of the most ambitious public health projects ever conceived. This report shows how it can be done. It goes further, looking beyond 2005 to explain how international organizations, national governments, the private sector and communities can combine their strengths and simultaneously fortify health systems for the enduring benefi t of all. Illustrated with photographs of people whose lives have been deeply affected by the global pandemic, The World Health Report 2004 makes essential reading for everyone with a political, professional or personal interest in health. World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The World health report 2004: changing history. World health report Geneva 2004 2004 world_health_organization_who_community_2004 incollection Community Participation: Advocacy and Action Community participation Participation World health report 42--56 2004 The World Health Report 2004 2004 world_health_organization_who_world_2005 book The world health report 2005 - make every mother and child count World health report 2005 http://www.who.int/whr/2005/en/index.html 2005 world_health_organization_who_world_2006 book World Health Organization, {(WHO)} The world health report 2006 - working together for health World health report 2006 http://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/index.html 2006 world_health_organization_who_country_2006 misc Country Health System Fact Sheet 2006 - Malawi Africa Health Health care system Malawi 2006 World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2006 world_health_organization_who_health_2006 techreport Health Action in Crises - Malawi Africa Health care system Malawi Malawi 2006 World Health Organization {(WHO)} 2006 world_health_organization_who_world_2007 book At a time when the world faces many new and recurring threats, the ambitious aim of this year's World Health Report is to show how collective international public health action can build a safer future for humanity. This is the overall goal of global public health security. For the purposes of this report, global public health security is defined as the activities required, both proactive and reactive, to minimize vulnerability to acute public health events that endanger the collective health of populations living across geographical regions and international boundaries. As the events illustrated in this report show, global health security, or the lack of it, may also have an impact on economic or political stability, trade, tourism, access to goods and services and, if they occur repeatedly, on demographic stability. It embraces a wide range of complex and daunting issues, from the international stage to the individual household, including the health consequences of poverty, wars and conflicts, climate change, natural catastrophes and man-made disasters. All of these are areas of continuing {WHO} work and will be the topics of forthcoming publications. The 2008 World Health Report, for example, will be concerned with individual health security, concentrating on the role of primary health care and humanitarian action in providing access to the essential prerequisites for health. This report, however, focuses on specific issues that threaten the collective health of people internationally: infectious disease epidemics, pandemics and other acute health events as defined by the revised International Health Regulations, known as {IHR} (2005), which came into force in June of this year. The purpose of these Regulations is to prevent the spread of disease across international borders. They are a vital legislative instrument of global public health security, providing the necessary global framework to prevent, detect, assess and, if necessary, provide a coordinated response to events that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern. Meeting the requirements in the revised {IHR} (2005) is a challenge that requires time, commitment and the willingness to change. The Regulations are broader and more demanding than those they replace, with a much greater emphasis on the responsibility of all countries to have in place effective systems for detection and control of public health risks -- and to accomplish this by 2012. A strategic plan has been developed by {WHO} to guide countries in the implementation of the obligations in the Regulations and to help them overcome the inherent challenges. The world health report 2007 - A safer future: global public health security in the 21st century World health report {WHO} {\textbar} The world health report 2007 - A safer future 2007 http://www.who.int/whr/2007/en/index.html 2007 wright_necessity_1999 techreport Necessity as the Mother of Invention: How poor people protect themselves against risk Africa Poverty Risk protection Uganda Kampala, Uganda Necessity as the Mother of Invention 1999 {MicroSave-Africa} - An Initiative of {Austria/CGAP/DFID/UNDP} 1999 xu_household_2003 article The Lancet Background Health policy makers have long been concerned with protecting people from the possibility that ill health will lead to catastrophic financial payments and subsequent impoverishment. Yet catastrophic expenditure is not rare. We investigated the extent of catastrophic health expenditure as a first step to developing appropriate policy responses. Methods We used a cross-country analysis design. Data from household surveys in 59 countries were used to explore, by regression analysis, variables associated with catastrophic health expenditure. We defined expenditure as being catastrophic if a household's financial contributions to the health system exceed 40\% of income remaining after subsistence needs have been met. Findings The proportion of households facing catastrophic payments from out-of-pocket health expenses varied widely between countries. Catastrophic spending rates were highest in some countries in transition, and in certain Latin American countries. Three key preconditions for catastrophic payments were identified: the availability of health services requiring payment, low capacity to pay, and the lack of prepayment or health insurance. Interpretation People, particularly in poor households, can be protected from catastrophic health expenditures by reducing a health system's reliance on out-of-pocket payments and providing more financial risk protection. Increase in the availability of health services is critical to improving health in poor countries, but this approach could raise the proportion of households facing catastrophic expenditure; risk protection policies would be especially important in this situation. Household catastrophic health expenditure: a multicountry analysis Catastrophic health care expenditure Multicountry analysis 111--117 Household catastrophic health expenditure 362 2003 2003 xu_understanding_2006 article Social Science \& Medicine There is currently considerable discussion between governments, international agencies, bilateral donors and advocacy groups on whether user fees levied at government health facilities in poor countries should be abolished. It is claimed that this would lead to greater access for the poor and reduce the risks of catastrophic health expenditures if all other factors remained constant, though other factors rarely remain constant in practice. Accordingly, it is important to understand what has actually happened when user fees have been abolished, and why. All fees at first level government health facilities in Uganda were removed in March 2001. This study explores the impact on health service utilization and catastrophic health expenditures using data from National Household Surveys undertaken in 1997, 2000 and 2003. Utilization increased for the non-poor, but at a lower rate than it had in the period immediately before fees were abolished. Utilization among the poor increased much more rapidly after the abolition of fees than beforehand. Unexpectedly, the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure among the poor did not fall. The most likely explanation is that frequent unavailability of drugs at government facilities after 2001 forced patients to purchase from private pharmacies. Informal payments to health workers may also have increased to offset the lost revenue from fees. Countries thinking of removing user charges should first examine what types of activities and inputs at the facility level are funded from the revenue collected by fees, and then develop mechanisms to ensure that these activities can be sustained subsequently. Understanding the impact of eliminating user fees: Utilization and catastrophic health expenditures in Uganda Africa Catastrophic health care expenditure Uganda Utilization 866--876 February Understanding the impact of eliminating user fees 62 2006 4 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-4H100B4-2/1/7d1cf94307affa4cc09d6260e63465ec 2006-02 yazbeck_attacking_2009 book Attacking inequality in the health sector - a synthesis of evidence and tools Evidence base Health sector Inequalities in health Washington, {DC} 978-0-8213-7444-3 2009 Bank World\ 2009 yesudian_policy_2001 techreport Policy Research in India: the Case of regulating Private Health Providers India Policy research Regulating private health providers 2001 5 The Alliance for Health Policy and System Research 2001 yeung_willingness_2003 article Health Economics Willingness to pay and size of health benefit: an integrated model to test for'sensitivity to scale Benefit package Health insurance Willingness to pay 791--796 Willingness to pay and size of health benefit 12 2003 9 2003 yin_case_2003 book Applied Social Research Methods Series Case Study Research: Design and Methods Case study research Research method London, New Delhi 2003 5 {SAGE} Publications 2003 yip_determinants_1998 article Health Policy and Planning Determinants of patient choice of medical provider: a case study in rural China China Choice of medical provider Determinants of patient choice Rural sector 311--322 Determinants of patient choice of medical provider 13 1998 3 1998 yip_targeted_2001 article Governments are constantly faced with competing demands for public funds, thereby necessitating careful use of scarce resources. In Egypt, the School Health Insurance Programme {(SHIP)} is a government subsidized health insurance system that targets school children. The primary goals of the {SHIP} include improving access and equity in access to health care for children while, at the same time, ensuring programme sustainability. Using the Egyptian Household Health Utilization and Expenditure Survey (1995), this paper empirically assesses the extent to which the {SHIP} achieves its stated goals. Our findings show that the {SHIP} significantly improved access by increasing visit rates and reducing financial burden of use (out-of-pocket expenditures). With regard to the success of targeting the poor, conditional upon being covered, the {SHIP} reduced the differentials in visit rates between the highest and lowest income children. However, only the middle-income children benefitted from reduced financial burden (within group equity). Moreover, by targeting the children through school enrollment, the {SHIP} increased the differentials in the average level of access between school-going children and those not attending school (overall equity). Children not attending school tend to be poor and living in rural areas. Our results also indicate that original calculations may underestimate the {SHIP} financial outlays, thereby threatening the long run financial sustainability of the programme. Access to health care Africa Equity and health Health care expenditure Health insurance Insurance coverage Low income School health services 1057-9230 207--220 3 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11288187 Health Economics Targeted health insurance in a low income country and its impact on access and equity in access: Egypt's school health insurance 10 Targeted health insurance in a low income country and its impact on access and equity in access April 2001 10.1002/hec.589 {PMID:} 11288187 2001-04 yip_non-evidence-based_2009 article In recent years, many lower to middle income countries have looked to insurance as a means to protect their populations from medical impoverishment. In 2003, the Chinese government initiated the New Cooperative Medical System {(NCMS),} a government-run voluntary insurance program for its rural population. The prevailing model of {NCMS} combines medical savings accounts with high-deductible catastrophic hospital insurance {(MSA/Catastrophic).} To assess the effectiveness of this approach in reducing medical impoverishment, we used household survey data from 2006 linked to claims records of health expenditures to simulate the effect of {MSA/Catastrophic} on reducing the share of individuals falling below the poverty line (headcount), and the amount by which household resources fall short of the poverty line (poverty gap) due to medical expenses. We compared the effects of {MSA/Catastrophic} to Rural Mutual Health Care {(RMHC),} an experimental model that provides first dollar coverage for primary care, hospital services and drugs with a similar premium but a lower ceiling. Our results show that {RMHC} is more effective at reducing medical impoverishment than {NCMS.} Under the internationally accepted poverty line of {US\$1.08} per person per day, the {MSA/Catastrophic} models would reduce the poverty headcount by 3.5-3.9\% and the average poverty gap by 11.8-16.4\%, compared with reductions of 6.1-6.8\% and 15-18.5\% under the {RMHC} model. The primary reason for this is that {NCMS} does not address a major cause of medical impoverishment: expensive outpatient services for chronic conditions. As such, health policymakers need first to examine the disease profile and health expenditure pattern of a population before they can direct resources to where they will be most effective. As chronic diseases impose a growing share of the burden on the population in developing countries, it is not necessarily true that insurance coverage focusing on expensive hospital care alone is the most effective at providing financial risk protection. Financial risk protection Medical impoverishment Rural China 0277-9536 201--209 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6VBF-4TY8GG1-2/2/004f7572b73f9d305a6d672ba76d78bc Social Science \& Medicine Non-evidence-based policy: How effective is China's new cooperative medical scheme in reducing medical impoverishment? 68 Non-evidence-based policy January 2009 2009-01 young_banks_2004 techreport Banks in Microfinance: Guidelines for successful partnerships Microfinance 2004 {USAID,} Development Alternatives Inc. 2004 young_microinsurance_2006 misc Microinsurance - Exploring Ways to Assess its Impact Impact Impact studies Microinsurance June 2006 http://www.microfinanceopportunities.org/docs/Microinsurance_Ways_To_Assess_Impact_Young06.pdf 2006-06 you_new_2008 article Health Policy The New Cooperative Medical Scheme {(NCMS)} is a heavily subsidized voluntary health insurance program established in 2003 to reduce the risk of catastrophic health spending for rural residents in China. In this review, we present the current collection of knowledge available regarding the performance of {NCMS} on the aspects of revenue collection, risk pooling, reimbursement rules and provider payment. The available evidence suggests that {NCMS} has substantially improved health care access and utilization among the participants; however, it appears to have no statistically significant effect on average household out-of-pocket health spending and catastrophic expenditure risk. As {NCMS} is rolled out to other counties, it must be careful to generalize the findings reported in the published papers and reports, because the early pilot counties were not randomly selected and there are a lot of local adaptations. In addition, we expect that {NCMS} could be an important opportunity to establish some trust-based institutions in the best interest of the participants to monitor provider quality and control cost inflation. Rigorous evaluations, based on richer and latest micro-level data, could considerably strengthen the evidence base for the performance and impact of {NCMS.} The new cooperative medical scheme in China New Cooperative Medical Scheme Risk pooling 0168-8510 In Press, Corrected Proof 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4V936HH-1/2/b6c788a74c686d2e706cf54e4c5e98c7 2008 yuen_modeling_2003 article European Journal of Health Economy Modeling risk-adjusted capitation rates for Umbria, Italy GL Italy Risk equalization 304--312 4 2003 2003 zephyr_money_2004 article Issues in Political Economy Money is Not Enough: Social Capital and Microcredit Microcredit Social capital August Money is Not Enough 13 2004 http://www.elon.edu/ipe/Zephyr_Edited.pdf 2004-08 zere_equity_2007 article {BACKGROUND:} Growing scientific evidence points to the pervasiveness of inequities in health and health care and the persistence of the inverse care law, that is the availability of good quality healthcare seems to be inversely related to the need for it in developing countries. Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals is likely to be compromised if inequities in health/healthcare are not properly addressed. {OBJECTIVE:} This study attempts to assess trends in inequities in selected indicators of health status and health service utilization in Malawi using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of 1992, 2000 and 2004. {METHODS:} Data from Demographic and Health Surveys of 1992, 2000 and 2004 are analysed for inequities in health/healthcare using quintile ratios and concentration curves/indices. {RESULTS:} Overall, the findings indicate that in most of the selected indicators there are pro-rich inequities and that they have been widening during the period under consideration. Furthermore, vertical inequities are observed in the use of interventions (treatment of diarrhoea, {ARI} among under-five children), in that the non-poor who experience less burden from these diseases receive more of the treatment/interventions, whereas the poor who have a greater proportion of the disease burden use less of the interventions. It is also observed that the publicly provided services for some of the selected interventions (e.g. child delivery) benefit the non-poor more than the poor. {CONCLUSION:} The widening trend in inequities, in particular healthcare utilization for proven cost-effective interventions is likely to jeopardize the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and other national and regional targets. To counteract the inequities it is recommended that coverage in poor communities be increased through appropriate targeting mechanisms and effective service delivery strategies. There is also a need for studies to identify which service delivery mechanisms are effective in the Malawian context. Adolescent Adult Africa Child Female Health care sector reform Health planning Health services accessibility Health status indicators Infant Malawi Male Newborn Practice guidelines Preschool child Primary health care Social justice Socio-economic factors 1471-2458 78 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504530 {BMC} Public Health Equity in health and healthcare in Malawi: analysis of trends 7 Equity in health and healthcare in Malawi 2007 10.1186/1471-2458-7-78 {PMID:} 17504530 2007 zhang_social_2006 article Health Policy In 2002, China announced a new funding strategy that would reestablish community-based health insurance {(CHI)} in rural areas, whereby the Chinese government will entice farmers' participation by providing each participant an annual subsidy of 10-20 Yuan {(US\$???1.25-2.50).} However, there is no evidence demonstrating how many farmers would be willing-to-join {(WTJ)} such newly developed government subsidized voluntary-based {CHI} scheme and what factors influence farmers' willingness-to-join. In this study, we examine the probability of farmers' willingness-to-join such {CHI} under the different scenarios of government subsidy and individual contribution, and also explore factors that influence farmers' willingness-to-join with the emphasis on social capital. The study is based on data collected from a 2002 household survey conducted in Fengsan Township, located in China's Guizhou Province. Logistic regression is used in the analysis. The findings from this study show that even with the government subsidy to the premium, the probability of {WTJ} the new voluntary-based {CHI} only reach 50\%. The results also indicate that community level social capital, as measured by reciprocity index, and individual level social capital, as measured by trust index, are significantly and positively associated with the probability of farmers' {WTJ} newly developed government subsidized {CHI.} Policy recommendations have been made based on those findings. Social capital and farmer's willingness-to-join a newly established community-based health insurance in rural China Community-based health insurance Micro health insurance Rating:1 Rural China Willingness-to-join (WTJ) 233--242 April 76 2006 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4GNKR3V-1/1/750518c50a48747ee2694d49115f6a33 2006-04 zhang_evaluation_2008 article Health Policy Objectives To evaluate the impacts of the chronic disease management program on the outcomes and cost of care for Virginia Medicaid {beneficiaries.Methods} A total of 35,628 patients and their physicians and pharmacists received interventions for five chronic diseases and comorbidities from 1999 to 2001. Comparisons of medical utilization and clinical outcomes between experimental groups and control group were conducted using {ANOVA} and {ANCOVA} {analyses.Results} Findings indicate that the disease state management {(DSM)} program statistically significantly improved patient's drug compliance and quality of life while reducing {(ER),} hospital, and physician office visits and adverse events. The average cost per hospitalization would have been \$42 higher without the {interventions.Conclusions} A coordinated disease management program designed for Medicaid patients experiencing significant chronic diseases can substantially improve clinical outcomes and reduce unnecessary medical utilization, while lowering costs, although these results were not observed across all disease groups. The {DSM} model may be potentially useful for Medicaid programs in states or other countries. If the adoption of the {DSM} model is to be promoted, evidence of its effectiveness should be tested in broader settings and best practice standards are expected. Evaluation of chronic disease management on outcomes and cost of care for Medicaid beneficiaries Chronic disease Cost Disease management GL Outcome assessment Pharmacists 345--354 May 86 2008 2-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxyhost.library.tmc.edu/science/article/B6V8X-4RN4868-1/1/93052ca1cc33c30f214562850f67b3fa 2008-05 zhang_dynamic_2008 article Social Science \& Medicine This article examines the changes of adverse selection over time during a 3-year subsidized, voluntary-based Community Health Insurance {(CHI)} scheme in rural China. The data came from a 4-year longitudinal social experimental study (2002-2006) on the {CHI} in Fengsan Township, Guizhou Province of China. A panel of 8198 observations (average of 2730 individuals) was analyzed using random effect logit model. We found that the effect of health status on the enrollment choice of the {CHI} scheme was significant. People with chronic condition history, with fair health, and with poor health were more likely to enroll in the scheme than those without chronic condition and with good health status. In addition, we found that almost all of the interaction terms of the health status variables and {CHI} wave variable were not significant, which indicates that the effects of adverse selection have not significantly changed over time. Furthermore, people with medium income and high income were more likely to enroll in the scheme compared to those with low income. This shows that adverse selection persisted in the subsequent enrollments of the {CHI} scheme, even with the government subsidy to the premium. However, adverse selection did not become more or less severe over time and worked through to a steady state. In addition, inequity of enrollment still exists under the current premium subsidy policy. Based on the findings, relevant policy implications are put forward to further improve the {CHI} scheme. Dynamic process of adverse selection: Evidence from a subsidized community-based health insurance in rural China Community-based health insurance Rural China 1173--1182 October Dynamic process of adverse selection 67 2008 7 2008-10 zhao_measuring_2001 article Health Services Research Measuring population health risks using inpatient diagnoses and outpatient pharmacy data Health risk management Measurement Population health risk 180--193 36 2001 6 Part {II} 2001 zikusooka_will_2009 article African Health Sciences {INTRODUCTION:} Uganda is currently designing a National Health Insurance {(NHI)} scheme, with the aim of raising additional resources for the health sector. Very little was known about the health insurance market in Uganda before this study, so one of our main objectives was to investigate the nature of the private health insurance market in Uganda and the opinions of various stakeholders on {NHI,} with the view to establish the impact of {NHI} implementation on the existing {PHI.} Specifically, we aimed to gather the opinions of employees and employers on the likely impact of {NHI} on their {PHI} schemes. {METHODS:} We conducted interviews with health insurance providers, and a sample of employers and employees in Kampala, using structured questionnaires and analysed quantitative data using {STATA.} Qualitative data was analysed through grouping of emerging themes. Community-based health insurances were excluded from the study. {RESULTS:} Health insurance and/or prepayment schemes are offered by a handful of organisations or private health providers, mainly in Kampala and cover a relatively small percentage of Uganda's population. The premiums charged and the benefit packages offered by the different agencies vary widely. There are 2 health insurance agencies, 2 {HMOs} and about 5 or more private providers offering pre-payment schemes to their patients. Responses from a significant proportion of employers and employees show that {PHI} schemes may be abandoned once the mandatory {NHI} scheme is implemented. A few respondents argued that they would maintain their {PHI} subscriptions because of their perceptions of the quality of services likely to be provided under the {NHI} scheme. {CONCLUSION:} If successfully introduced, the {NHI} scheme may displace existing private health insurance and/or pre-payment schemes in Uganda. The extent to which {PHI} schemes are displaced depends on whether {NHI} is successfully implemented and the quality of services being offered under the {NHI} scheme. Will private health insurance schemes subscriptions continue after the introduction of National Health Insurance in Uganda? Community health centres Health expenditures National health insurance National health programs Private health insurance Sub-Saharan Africa Uganda 1729-0503 S66--71 October 9 Suppl 2 2009 {PMID:} 20589109 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20589109 2009-10 zipperer_recommendations_2002 misc Recommendations and Comments on the Introduction of a Health Insurance System in Ghana Ghana Micro health insurance NHIS August 2002 2002-08 zohir_wider_2004 article Journal of International Development The paper distinguishes between a "wider" definition of wider impacts (which takes into account feedbacks from impacts to institutional performance) and a "narrower" definition, which does not. In respect of both definitions, the paper sets out a typology of the effects which need to be measured (cultural, economic, social and political) and of the levels at which each of these impacts needs to be assessed (local, regional and national). The purpose is not to set out a blueprint for specific studies but rather to offer a framework which may be useful for guiding the methodology of such studies. Copyright 2004 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd. Wider impacts of microfinance institutions: issues and concepts Impact studies Microfinance 301--330 Wider impacts of microfinance institutions 16 2004 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1080 2004 zschock_organization_1994 techreport This exploratory study examines the organization and financing of Ecuador's Rural Social Insurance Program {(SSC),} a dependency of the Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security {(IESS).} {SSC} operates over 500 health centers that provide basic health services to 153,000 rural households that\&\#8212;through their community organizations\&\#8212;contribute monthly payments. The study argues that {IESS} and the Government, which co-finance {SSC,} need to review {SSC} separately from current proposals for the reform of {IESS.} {SSC's} program is experiencing administrative and financial difficulties. Personnel appointments and procurement of basic medicines, administered by {IESS,} are bottlenecks in {SSC} operations; {SSC} is also internally inefficient in its management of human and financial resources. The study summarizes these problems, provides an analysis of {SSC} financing, and offers recommendations. Organization and financing of rural social insurance in Ecuador Seguridad Social Campesino Ecuador Financing Insurance Social insurance South America 1994 12 Technical Report {USAID} 1994 zwanecki_social_2001 book K\"{o}lner Schriften zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftspolitik Social Security Arrangements in {sub-Saharan} Africa Africa Social insurance Social security 42 2001 {\textless}p{\textgreater}book version, no digital version available{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}??{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Transfer Verlag 2001 zweifel_multiple_2004 techreport Multiple Payers in Health Care: A Framework for Assessment Assessment Multiple payers in health care Washington {D.C.} 2004 The World Bank 2004 zweifel_private_2004 misc Private voluntary health insurance in developing countries, Chapter 2: Supply. Report submitted to the World Bank. Background paper presented at Wharton impact conference on voluntary health insurance in developing countries, March 15-16 2005, University of Pennsylvania, {USA.} Insurance theory Micro health insurance Moral hazard Rating:1 July 2004 http://hc.wharton.upenn.edu/impactconference/Zweifel%20Conference%20Paper%20030905.pdf 2004-07 zweifel_purpose_2005 techreport This contribution seeks to answer two related questions. First, what is the purpose of social health insurance? Or put in slightly different terms, what are the reasons for social (or public) health insurance to exist, even to dominate private health insurance in most developed countries? And second, what are the limits of social health insurance? Can one say that there is "too much" social health insurance in the following two senses: Should the balance be shifted towards the private alternative? And is the degree of coverage excessive? The Purpose and Limits of Social Health Insurance social health insurance private health insurance insurance coverage September 2005 0509 Working Paper http://www.soi.uzh.ch/research/wp/2005/wp0509.pdf Socioeconomic Institute, University of Zurich 2005-09 zweifel_moral_2000 incollection Consumer incentives are reflected in a wide range of choices, many of which occur in both insurance- and tax-financed health care systems. However, health insurance and sick leave pay cause consumer incentives to be reflected in moral hazard effects of several types. Theoretically, ex ante moral hazard (a reduction of preventive effort in response to insurance coverage) is not unambiguously predicted, and there is very limited empirical evidence about it. The case for static ex post moral hazard (an increase in the demand for medical care of a given technology) is stronger. The empirical evidence reported comes from three sources, natural experiments, observational comparisons of individuals, and the Health Insurance Experiment {(HIE).} The distinguishing feature of the {HIE} is that participants were assigned to insurance plans, which forestalls the possibility of good risks self-selecting plans with substantial cost sharing, resulting in an overestimate of the effects of plan design on health care expenditure. While the values of estimated price elasticities vary widely among the three sources and less markedly according to the type of care (outpatient, hospital, dental, mental), the responsiveness of the demand for medical care to net price is beyond doubt. The pure price elasticity for medical care in excess of a deductible (i.e. where the marginal price is constant) was estimated by {HIE} at -0.2 overall. Finally, there may be a dynamic moral hazard effect (choice biased in favor of new, usually more expensive medical technology). Here, the empirical evidence is very scanty again. Another promising field for future research is the interplay between consumer incentives and rationing by the physician in managed care. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph Newhouse Moral Hazard and Consumer Incentives in Health Care Consumer incentives Health care Moral hazard Amsterdam (a.o.) 409--459 Part 2 2000 Handbook of Health Economics Volume 1a Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 zweifel_private_2004-1 misc Private Voluntary Health Insurance in Developing Countries. Chapter 3: Market Outcomes, Regulation, and Recommendations for Policy. Report submitted to the World Bank. Background paper presented at Wharton impact conference on voluntary health insurance in developing countries, March 15-16 2005, University of Pennsylvania, {USA.} Developing countries Private voluntary health insurance August 2004 http://hc.wharton.upenn.edu/impactconference/pauly.zweife_030905.pdf 2004-08 _health_1999 techreport Health Insurance and Decentralization in the Philippines Decentralization Health insurance Health sector reform Philippines 1999 {US} Agency for International Development {(USAID)} 1999 _transaction_???? unpublished Transaction formats for the health insurance sector Health insurance Transaction formats _national_???? unpublished National Health Insurance Scheme Ghana NHIS _chapter_???? incollection Chapter 3: Health First Human capital Primary health care 92--104 _risks_???? techreport Risks, Poverty and Insurance: Innovations for the informal economy Insurance Poverty Risks Workshop Proceedings Summary _financial_???? unpublished Financial Risk Protection in Kottayam District of Kerala : Is it Feasible India Risk protection _national_????-1 misc National Health Policy 2002 {(India)} Health sector reform India http://mohfw.nic.in/ http://mohfw.nic.in/ butala_improved_2010 article The world is rapidly urbanizing with over half the population now living in urban areas. As the urban population grows, so does the proportion of these persons living in slums where conditions are deplorable. These conditions concentrate health hazards leading to higher rates of morbidity and mortality. This growing problem creates a unique challenge for policymakers and public health practitioners. While the Millennium Development Goals {(MDGs)} aim to address these conditions and standards for water and sanitation as well as pertinent health outcomes, little evidence on interventions exists to guide policymakers. Upgrades in slum household water and sanitation systems have not yet been rigorously evaluated to demonstrate whether there is a direct link to improved health outcomes. This study aims to show that slum upgrading as carried out in Ahmedabad, India, led to a significant decline in waterborne illness incidence. We employ a quasi-experimental regression model using health insurance claims (for 2001-2008) as a proxy for passive surveillance of disease incidence. We found that slum upgrading reduced a claimant's likelihood of claiming for waterborne illness from 32\% to 14\% and from 25\% to 10\% excluding mosquito-related illnesses. This study shows that upgrades in slum household infrastructure can lead to improved health outcomes and help achieve the {MDGs.} It also provides guidance on how upgrading in this context using microfinance and a public-private partnership can provide an avenue to affect positive change. India Intervention Microfinance Millennium development goals Morbidity Sanitation Urban health Urban slums Waterborne illness 0277-9536 935--940 5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBF-509XR0X-6/2/6d10e6beb6f796ac892b9e7a27457476 Social Science \& Medicine Improved health outcomes in urban slums through infrastructure upgrading 71 September 2010 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.037 2010-09 de_allegri_enrol_2007 book To enrol or not to enrol in community health insurance Africa Burkina Faso Insurance benefits Medizinische Versorgung Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] 978-3-631-56460-8 2007 Lang 2007 hintz_micro-impact._2009 book {Micro-Impact.} Deconstructing the complex impact process of a simple microinsurance product in Indonesia Passau November 2009 http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-passau/volltexte/2010/2038/pdf/Hintz_Martin.pdf 2009-11 hintz_understanding_2010 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} presents the findings from a qualitative-explorative longitudinal impact assessment of an enhanced credit life microinsurance pilot in Indonesia. Different from the practical or econometric-quantitative approaches of the few microinsurance impact assessments available today, the approach applied here is sociological. Emphasis is put on contextualization. A variety of research components were executed: a baseline/endline survey of customers, interviews with 24 Muslim beneficiaries and additional research with loan officers, credit group leaders, experts, and {MFI} managers. Despite a number of methodological constraints which preempt absolute data accuracy, the breadth of available data nonetheless allows for indicative conclusions. This impact assessment identifies microinsurance as an agent of social change and highlights the complex interplay of the actual product with its respective sociocultural context in producing impact. It turns out that the social impact of the surveyed product which waives the loan balance and provides substantial additional payouts upon death of a micro-borrower, was literally "micro". For reasons of religion and tradition, most additional payouts were used for social investments. Payouts appear to substitute some of the traditional, informal, post-mortem family assistance (crowding out). To some extent, the insurance payouts also seem to have contributed to an inflation of funeral costs. Dependence on informal assistance was reduced leading to a potential erosion of equality-focused social cohesion. Positive impacts were found in the form of an increase in financial literacy. Also peace of mind of the insured increased. However, some of those insured felt less secure for reasons of religion and superstition. Customer satisfaction was nonetheless high. The insured voiced a strong demand for more urgent risk management challenges such as education and health costs. Understanding the Context Is Understanding the Impact: Evidence from a Qualitative Microinsurance Impact Survey in Indonesia credit life insurance microinsurance in Indonesia qualitative impact research sociological and asset-based approach 109--135 Understanding the Context Is Understanding the Impact 2010 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1645135 2010 ligon_targeting_2002 article Wold Institute for Development Economics Research Discussion Papers Abstract. The standard method of testing for efficient risk-sharing in village economies {(Townsend,} 1994) doesn't allow one to identify vulnerable households, only to make statements about the average risk in the village, or of sub-groups identifiable on the basis of observables. Here, by working directly with inter-household consumption correlations we're able to identify households which are probably exposed to unusually high amounts of idiosyncratic risk. An obvious use for this identifying information involves targeted interventions to help those households. However, the effectiveness of these interventions depends on the market imperfections which exposes those households to idiosyncratic risk to begin with. Using data from the Indian {ICRISAT} villages, we trace out the expected outcomes of targeted income transfers given several different hypotheses regarding why some households bear idiosyncratic risk. 1. Targeting and informal insurance Community-based insurance Informal insurance Information Information asymmetry Insurance Insurance theory Micro health insurance Risk Targeting 2002 2002/8 http://www.wider.unu.edu/stc/repec/pdfs/rp2002/dp2002-08.pdf 2002 reinsch_costs_2010 misc Can {MFIs} feasibly offer health-related services? Focusing on the impact of the {MAHP} {(Microfinance} and Health Protection) services on {CARD} {(Center} for Agriculture and Rural Development, Mutually Reinforcing Institutions), this paper explores the hypothesis that {MFIs} can feasibly offer health-related services that "pay for themselves" via a combination of financial revenues and non-financial benefits that indirectly improve the {MFI's} financial position. The paper evaluates the costs, direct and indirect benefits of offering two packages, a health microinsurance premium loan, linkage and education on the one hand, and a "preferred provider program" that links microfinance clients to private, primary health care at discounted rates, on the other. Costs and Benefits of Health Microinsurance Premium Loans and Health Provider Linkages: {CARD's} Experience with Microfinance and Health Protection in the Philippines CARD Micro health insurance Philippines Premium loans 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.47065/MAHP.CostBenefitPaper.CARD_.Eng_.pdf 2010 sinha_protecting_2010 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Using microfinance for health financing When illness strikes, people on low-incomes often respond by foregoing their children's education, selling limited assets (including those used to make a living), borrowing from informal sources at exorbitant rates or foregoing medical treatment. Limited access to formal credit and savings arrangements constrain health-care financing options for these people. In low-income countries, private sources (including out-of-pocket expenses) account for more than 60\% of health-care expenditure; 20\% more than in upper-middle and high-income {countries.With} such a high percentage of health care financed privately, residents of developing countries are particularly vulnerable to financial instability from "health shocks" (i.e. new and significant health issues). Microfinance has been successfully deployed to compensate for the lack of traditional financing opportunities in developing {countries.It} can also be used to help finance health care for excluded populations. Looking at its success in providing conventional financing for poor communities, why can't microfinance be used as a tool for health financing and also health education and prevention? Protecting Health: Thinking Small From microfinance to microinsurance Health Health care financing Microcredit Microfinance June 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.45803/protecting%20health%20thinking%20small.pdf 2010-06 su_catastrophic_2006 article {OBJECTIVE:} To quantify the extent of catastrophic household health care expenditure and determine the factors responsible for it in Nouna District, Burkina Faso. {METHODS:} We used the Nouna Health District Household Survey to collect data on 800 households during 2000-01 for our analysis. The determinants of household catastrophic expenditure were identified by multivariate logistic regression method. {FINDINGS:} Even at very low levels of health care utilization and modest amount of health expenditure, 6-15\% of total households in Nouna District incurred catastrophic health expenditure. The key determinants of catastrophic health expenditure were economic status, household health care utilization especially for modern medical care, illness episodes in an adult household member and presence of a member with chronic illness. {CONCLUSION:} We conclude that the poorest members of the community incurred catastrophic health expenses. Setting only one threshold/cut-off value to determine catastrophic health expenses may result in inaccurate estimation leading to misinterpretation of important factors. Our findings have important policy implications and can be used to ensure better access to health services and a higher degree of financial protection for low-income groups against the economic impact of illness. Burkina Faso Catastrophic health care costs Female Health expenditures Low-income countries Poverty Sub-Saharan Africa 0042-9686 21--27 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2626518/pdf/16501711.pdf Bulletin of the World Health Organization Catastrophic household expenditure for health care in a low-income society: a study from Nouna District, Burkina Faso 84 Catastrophic household expenditure for health care in a low-income society January 2006 /S0042-96862006000100010 {PMID:} 16501711 2006-01 chandler_developing_2010 misc Developing Linkages with Health Providers: A Technical Guide for {MFIs} Health care provider Linking Microfinance Microfinance institutions 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.47104/MAHP.HealthProviderLinkagesTechnicalGuide.pdf 2010 culyer_handbook_2000-1 book Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse Handbook of Health Economics Equity and health GL Health economics Health habits Insurance markets Law and regulation Managed care Medical care market Amsterdam (a.o.) Part 1 2000 Volume I {\textless}p{\textgreater}chapter 1-15{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}??{\textless}/p{\textgreater} Elsevier Science B. V. 2000 cutler_health_2000 incollection Health Care and the Public Sector Health Health care Health economics Public sector Amsterdam[u.a.] 2144--2243 2000 Handbook of health economics North Holland Publ. Co. 2000 hamid_evaluating_2010 article World Development Summary We examine the impact of Micro Health Insurance placement on health awareness, healthcare utilization, and health status of microcredit members in rural Bangladesh, using data from 329 households in the operating areas of Grameen Bank. The results are based on econometric analysis conditioned on placement of the scheme and show that placement has a positive association with all of the outcomes. The results are statistically significant for health awareness and healthcare utilization, but not for health status and these findings are potentially important for the expansion and replication of Micro Health Insurance. Evaluating the Health Effects of Micro Health Insurance Placement: Evidence from Bangladesh Asia Bangladesh Grameen Bank Health status Impact Microcredit Micro health insurance {0305-750X} Evaluating the Health Effects of Micro Health Insurance Placement In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.08.007 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC6-50XRXC8-2/2/6447f8e5d0a949bd96ecbec298df8497 2010 handoo_fino_2010 misc Using technology in public health service delivery system The paper highlights importance of technology in public health service delivery system. It discusses the role of {FINO} and biometric smart card technology in the delivery of Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna across various states in India. {FINO} is one of the primary stakeholders involved in conceptualizing and designing biometric smart card based delivery system for health insurance services in India. Initially carried out as a pilot for product design along with a leading private sector {GIC} in Manipal, Karnataka which was not implemented on field, the concept was later on employed in the delivery system of {RSBY.} This paper takes an overview of the implementation and discusses how {FINO} has contributed in the whole process from designing to implementation of the scheme. {FINO} Driven Health Microinsurance in Unorganised Sector: Case of Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna Asia Biometric technology FINO India Micro health insurance July 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.46214/Working%20paper.pdf 2010-07 international_monetary_fund_cameroon:_2010 misc Describing Cameroon's macroeconomic, structural, and social policies This revised version of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper {(PRSP)} for Cameroon describes policies that contribute to growth and poverty reduction in the country. The {PRSP} has been developed using a participatory approach, and has resulted in the growth and employment strategy paper {(GESP).} The {GESP} has been prepared within the context of rising costs of living, the international financial crisis, and the global food and energy crisis. It is the empirical expression of an integrated framework of medium-term sustainable human development for Cameroon. The {GESP} describes the country's progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The {GESP} is divided into seven interdependent chapters. They deal with: * Review of development policies; * Long-term development vision and {GESP} goals; * Growth strategy; * Employment strategy; * State governance and strategic management; * Macroeconomic and budgetary guidelines; * Institutional framework and {GESP} implementation and monitoring mechanisms. Cameroon: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Africa Cameroon Poverty reduction Strategy Sub-Saharan Africa August 2010 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10257.pdf 2010-08 khan_cooperative_2010 misc Investigating the impact of the Cooperative Microfinance Program This study investigates the impact of the Cooperative Microfinance Program {(CMFP} i-e Islamic {Relief-Pakistan]} on the living standards of poor marginalized masses. Factors such as the gender and number of beneficiaries, financing methods, the volume of disbursement as well as profitability and viability are used as measures of success. The outstanding growth rates indicate that cooperative microfinance programs have great potential, both in Muslim and {non-Muslim} communities. Cooperative Microfinance: A New Option for Government \& Development Organizations Cooperatives Government Impact studies Islamic microfinance Microfinance August 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.1.6354/03_zahoor%5B1%5D.pdf 2010-08 metcalfe_costs_2010 misc Analyzing costs and revenues associated with the provision of health services This paper presents an analysis of the financial costs and revenues associated with Bandhan's provision of health services, including health education, health product distribution and informal linkages to healthcare providers, in West Bengal, India. It describes the components of the {MFI's} health protection package that was developed and tested in partnership with Freedom from Hunger as part of its Microfinance and Health Protection {(MAHP)} initiative, and then presents an estimated income statement for the services, including both direct and allocated costs. The purpose of this analysis is to provide microfinance practitioners with practical information about the approximate cost of offering non-financial health services in conjunction with a microfinance program and to inspire further research and discussion about quantifying the potential financial and non-financial costs and benefits of such services. Costs of Health Education and Health Product Distribution: Bandhan's Experience with Microfinance and Health Protection in India Asia Health education Health protection India Microfinance 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.47064/MAHP.CostBenefitPaper.Bandhan.Eng_.pdf 2010 mukherjee_trends_2010 article {MicroSave} India Focus Notes Developing a strategic perspective towards microinsurance Microfinance in India has largely been driven by credit products of {MFIs,} and microinsurance has remained a secondary choice for financial inclusion. Recently however, many important developments have taken place in the Indian microinsurance sector. Though India has experimented a lot with microinsurance, the sector is still driven by supply-led interventions. Moreover, the insurance providers still seek government subsidies and donor funding in order to achieve financial viability instead of designing market-led, sustainable schemes. A strategic perspective towards microinsurance together with innovations in technology and assessment of client demand probably holds the key to the future of microinsurance in India. Trends of Microinsurance in India Asia India Microinsurance Strategy Trends August 49 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.1.6352/IFN_49_Trends_of_Microinsurance_in_India.pdf 2010-08 ramirez_market_2010 misc Developing innovative health protection solutions Freedom from Hunger, a recognized expert in integrated financial and nonfinancial services for the poor, launched the Microfinance and Health Protection {(MAHP)} initiative in January 2006 with funding from the Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation. In partnership with the five {MFIs,} {MAHP} developed and tested integrated health protection innovations for the very poor. At the time of developing this guide, these {MFIs} were collectively reaching more than three million clients with microfinance services. The idea behind integrating health protection services is to implement services that contribute to improved client health but that can be practically, realistically and sustainably offered by {MFIs} without dramatic changes to their business models. Lessons learned from these innovations are now available in a series of technical guides that are designed to enable other {MFIs} to successfully add and integrate health education, health financing mechanisms, health provider linkages, and/ or other health services. This technical guide, Market Research for Microfinance and Health Protection, is the first in the series, and draws primarily from the market research experiences of the {MAHP} partners. Market Research for Microfinance and Health Protection: A Technical Guide for {MFIs} Health protection Market research Microfinance Microfinance institutions Technical guide 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.47102/MAHP.MarketResearchTechnicalGuide.Eng_%5B1%5D.pdf 2010 ramirez_health_2010 misc Developing a product for microfinance practitioners The objectives of this Health Loans: A Technical Guide for {MFIs} is to provide {MFIs} and the microfinance sector at-large with a set of considerations and actual field experiences of several {MFIs} related to the design and delivery of health loans; stimulate replication, further experimentation and the sharing of new lessons learned surrounding the gamut of health financing by a wide variety of {MFIs} around the world; and increase and enhance the types of financing and other tools available to poor people to address a critical component of poverty-health. The guide is intended to be used by microfinance practitioners as a reference when considering developing such a product; during the process of configuring a health loan product; and as a springboard for sharing with the sector new results, learnings and experience-based recommendations of their own. This guide is organized into five chapters, each focusing on a different dimension of health loan development, design and implementation. Health Loans: A Technical Guide for {MFIs} Health loans Microfinance Microfinance institutions Technical guide 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.47105/MAHP.HealthLoansTechnicalGuide.pdf 2010 reinsch_costs_2010-1 misc Focusing on the impact of microfinance and health protection services Focusing on the impact of the {MAHP} {(Microfinance} and Health Protection) services on {CRECER} {(Cr\'{e}dito} con Educacion Rural), this paper explores the hypothesis that {MFIs} can feasibly offer health-related services that are efficient and inexpensive enough to be offered on a long-term basis while also potentially enhancing the financial sustainability of an {MFI.} After describing {CRECER's} multifaceted health protection package, the paper examines the costs and benefits to {CRECER} of one component: health days ("jornadas"). Health days entail {MFI-brokered} and facilitated visits by healthcare providers to {CRECER} branches or client communities, where clients may opt to come and pay a reasonable (unsubsidized) fee to public or private providers for quality diagnostic and primary healthcare services. {CRECER} arranges, promotes and manages the health days but does not collect any direct revenue from the events. Thus this is a non-income-generating product. Costs and Benefits of {"Health} Days" for Microfinance Clients: {CRECER's} Experience with Mobile Health Providers in Bolivia Bolivia Costs and benefits analysis Health days Microfinance Mobile clinics South America 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.47066/MAHP.CostBenefitPaper.CRECER.Eng_.pdf 2010 reinsch_health_2010 misc Analyzing health savings products This Technical Note shares details of R\'{e}seau des Caisses Populaires du Burkina's {(RCPB)} health savings product with the microfinance sector in order to encourage further experimentation, replication and innovation around this promising development tool. While this document focuses on the features and lessons of {RCPB's} health savings product in particular, microfinance practitioners may find this information useful for the development, design and implementation of similar products. Practitioners who require more detailed information can consult a separate report entitled The Costs and Benefits of Health Savings and Health Loans: The Experience of {RCPB} in Burkina Faso, which provides in-depth financial data and an analysis of the costs and benefits of this integrated health savings and health loan package. Health Savings: A Technical Note Health savings Microfinance Microfinance institutions Technical guide 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.47106/MAHP.HealthSavingsTechnicalNote.Eng_.pdf 2010 reinsch_costs_2010-2 misc Evaluating the impact of health protection products Focusing on the impact of health protection products on the R\'{e}seau des Caisses Populaires du Burkina {(RCPB),} this paper explores the hypothesis that {MFIs} can feasibly offer health related services that "pay for themselves" via a combination of financial revenues and nonfinancial benefits that indirectly improve the {MFI's} financial position. This paper examines the costs and benefits of offering an integrated microfinance and health protection package comprised of health savings and health loans. Costs and Benefits of Health Savings and Health Loans: {RCPB's} Experience with Microfinance and Health Protection in Burkina Faso Africa Burkina Faso Costs and benefits analysis Health loans Health protection Health savings Microfinance Sub-Saharan Africa 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.47068/MAHP.CostBenefitPaper.RCPB_.Eng_.pdf 2010 santhosha_marketing_2009 misc Marketing of Health Insurance in Rural Area: A Study With Reference to Dakshina Kannada and Udupi Districts of Karnataka Asia India Karnataka Marketing Micro health insurance 2009 http://research.vtu.ac.in/Students%20INfo/Synopsis%20--new/JNNCE--MBA--Mr.%20Santhosha.pdf 2009 tchakoute-tchuigoua_is_2010 article The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance Based on some cases of notable successes in Latin America, some microfinance practitioners advocate a transformation of non-profit microfinance organizations into private and regulated companies. The performance of the latter is supposed to be higher than those of non-profit organizations. From this point of view, there is a relationship between the legal status of {MFIs} and their performance. This article's main objective is to test this relationship from the comparison of performance of 202 {MFIs} in the period from 2001 to 2006. Rather than restricting the comparison to {NGOs} and private companies, cooperatives have also been taken into account to compare the performance by the dominant legal forms of {MFIs.} The results show that the performance of private corporations is better than that of {NGOs} only when portfolio quality is used as an indicator for measuring performance. Also, our results show that for profit {MFIs} are more socially efficient than not-for-profit {MFIs.} The commercial approach of microfinance does not seem inconsistent with the social mission of {MFIs.} Is there a difference in performance by the legal status of microfinance institutions? Efficiency Governance Legal status Microfinance Performance 1062-9769 In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.qref.2010.07.003 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W5X-50RVNTC-1/2/cd5e017f194b18164ce63dac3a900c5e 2010 venkata_diagnosing_2010 article {MicroSave} India Focus Notes Identifying the financial stress of members Microcredit evolved and became successful on the basis of its group lending methodology, with "peer pressure" and "joint liability" as the building blocks. Now, four decades after its beginnings, the group methodology is under scrutiny, especially in India, with many stakeholders (particularly elements in the political and religious establishments) alleging that it is causing financial (and indeed other) stress to the women clients. The recent past has seen instances in the south of India where groups refuse en masse to repay, which has, unsurprisingly, challenged {MFI} operations. The reasons for this are many, including the competitive environment, multiple borrowing, the perceived threat of {MFIs} to the {SHG} movement and the increasing attention being focused on the {sector.The} objective of the study is to investigage the financial stress of members, identify the sources and reasons for this stress and indicators for measuring it, and propose strategies for mitigating financial stress amongst Kendra members. This focus note presents the learnings from the study, and the authors' experiences in the sector. Diagnosing Financial Stress in Group Methodology Asia Group lending India Microfinance Peer pressure Social control April 39 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.1.6341/IFN_39_Diagnosing_Financial_Stress_in_Group_Methodology.pdf 2010-04 vetrivel_role_2010 article International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management Linking formal financial markets and grassroots organizations through microfinance This paper evaluates {MFI} successes and failures around the world, and incorporates lessons leant in a model microfinance institutional mechanism for India. Successful microfinance operations demonstrate that the poor repay their loans and are willing to pay higher interest rates if they can access credit. The poor also save, and hence, microfinance should provide them savings facilities. Attaining financial viability and sustainability is, however, a major institutional challenge. Microfinance should: * Mobilize deposits in order to expand outreach; * Be grounded on market principles; * Contribute to solving the problem of inadequate housing and urban services; * Provide multi-purpose loans for income generation, housing improvement and consumption support; * Conduct research on demand for finance and savings behavior of borrowers to determine the mix of multipurpose loans; * Enhance creditworthiness of the poor and enable them to qualify for long-term credit from the formal sector; * Build financial discipline among borrowers and educate them about repayment requirements. Eventually, it would be ideal to enhance the creditworthiness of the poor to enable them to access credit from the formal sector. {MFIs} can contribute towards this by building financial discipline and educating borrowers. Role of Microfinance Institutions in Rural Development Asia India Microfinance Microfinance institutions Rural development Rural sector 435--441 December 2 2010 2 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.1.6313/52%5B1%5D.pdf 2010-12 aggarwal_impact_2010 article Using propensity score matching techniques, the study evaluates the impact of India's Yeshasvini community-based health insurance programme on health-care utilisation, financial protection, treatment outcomes and economic well-being. The programme offers free out-patient diagnosis and lab tests at discounted rates when ill, but, more importantly, it covers highly catastrophic and less discretionary in-patient surgical procedures. For its impact evaluation, 4109 randomly selected households in villages in rural Karnataka, an Indian state, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. A comprehensive set of indicators was developed and the quality of matching was tested. Generally, the programme is found to have increased utilisation of health-care services, reduced out-of-pocket spending, and ensured better health and economic outcomes. More specifically, however, these effects vary across socio-economic groups and medical episodes. The programme operates by bringing the direct price of health-care down but the extent to which this effectively occurs across medical episodes is an empirical issue. Further, the effects are more pronounced for the better-off households. The article demonstrates that community insurance presents a workable model for providing high-end services in resource-poor settings through an emphasis on accountability and local management. Asia Community-based health insurance Impact Impact studies India Micro health insurance Yeshasvini 1099-1050 5--35 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20803629 Health Economics Impact evaluation of India's {'Yeshasvini'} community-based health insurance programme 19 Suppl September 2010 10.1002/hec.1605 {PMID:} 20803629 2010-09 ahuja_health_2003 article Working Paper Health insurance for the poor in India India Micro health insurance 123 2003 http://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp123.pdf 2003 al_hasan_reducing_2007 book Mitigating economic and social shocks through insurance This survey takes stock of existing microinsurance products offered by {MFIs/NGOs} as well as mainstream insurance companies in Bangladesh. It advocates financially and operationally sustainable microinsurance products for the poor. The study examined 92 {NGOs/MFIs,} out of which 61 reported offering microinsurance products. It found that microinsurance is gaining attraction and popularity in Bangladesh, but information and documentation on microinsurance from {MFIs/NGOs} is scarce. Features of microinsurance in Bangladesh include: * {NGO/MFI} microinsurance covers nearly 21 million clients; * 85 percent of clients are female; * Among the 10 insurance companies, nine companies reported outreach of approximately 4.5 million clients; * Cumulative premium collected for different microinsurance products and plans by the 10 insurance companies are approximately Tk.11,275 million; * {NGOs} cover risks such as primary health, hospitalization, life, loans and property; * 61 {MFIs/NGOs} offer total 81 insurance schemes of different products. Product design and policyholder issues discourage {NGOs/MFIs} and insurance companies from tapping poor households with insurance products. Microinsurance providers should consider clients' needs and demands. They should study actual demand as well as affordability of premium rate from the clients' point of view. Reducing Vulnerability of the Poor through Social Security Products: A Market Survey on Microinsurance in Bangladesh Asia Bangladesh Microinsurance Social security Vulnerability Dhaka February 2007 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.35211/Reducing%20Vulnerability%20of%20the%20Poor%20through%20Social%20Security%20Products.pdf 2007-02 arun_risk_2010 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} argues that the level of financial services provision determines the risk management strategies among the poor. The paper estimates the determinants of the household's use of one, two or all three types of microfinancial services applying ordered probit models and additionally probit models for combinations of them. By doing this on household survey data from Sri Lanka, there is empirical evidence that household's probability to participate in microfinancial services increases with rising self perception towards risk. Further, we find that it depends highly on the type of risk, if a household is more or less likely to use microfinancial services in Sri Lanka, whereas the accessibility to one, two or three microfinancial services is determined by the experience of specific hazards in the past. The study finds that the poor are less likely to use microfinancial services than their better off counterparts. Risk Management Among the Poor: The Case of Microfinancial Services Asia Financial markets Financial services Microfinance Microinsurance Social risk management South Asia Sri Lanka Risk Management Among the Poor 2010 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1675685 2010 borghi_mobilising_2006 article Summary Coverage of cost-effective maternal health services remains poor due to insufficient supply and inadequate demand for these services among the poorest groups. Households pay too great a share of the costs of maternal health services, or do not seek care because they cannot afford the costs. Available evidence creates a strong case for removal of user fees and provision of universal coverage for pregnant women, particularly for delivery care. To be successful, governments must also replenish the income lost through the abolition of user fees. Where insurance schemes exist, maternal health care needs to be included in the benefits package, and careful design is needed to ensure uptake by the poorest people. Voucher schemes should be tested in low-income settings, and their costs and relative cost-effectiveness assessed. Further research is needed on methods to target financial assistance for transport and time costs. Current investment in maternal health is insufficient to meet the fifth Millennium Development Goal {(MDG),} and much greater resources are needed to scale up coverage of maternal health services and create demand. Existing global estimates are too crude to be of use for domestic planning, since resource requirements will vary; budgets need first to be developed at country-level. Donors need to increase financial contributions for maternal health in low-income countries to help fill the resource gap. Resource tracking at country and donor levels will help hold countries and donors to account for their commitments to achieving the maternal health {MDG.} Financing Maternal health 0140-6736 1457--1465 9545 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T1B-4M0J4M8-8/2/63160556d202a2ea22e7afe95f685271 The Lancet Mobilising financial resources for maternal health 368 October 2006 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69383-5 2006-10 carr_improving_2004 article The Health Bulletin Population Reference Bureau This policy brief, based on a longer report by the Population Reference Bureau, {"Improving} the Health of the World's Poorest People," highlights the extent of the rich-poor health divide, the factors that play a role in health disparities, and approaches for improving the health of the poor. (4 pages; April 2004) Improving the Health of the World's Poorest People Developing countries Health Poverty April 2004 http://www.prb.org/pdf04/ImprovingtheHealthbrief_Eng.pdf 2004-04 crawford-ash_microinsurance:_2010 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} provides guidance to the microinsurance movement on how organisational structure impacts performance. We develop these insights through analysis of the Friendly Society Movement, a previously untapped and rich history of insurance for the poor. A particular structure, the Affiliated Order, provides a role model for exceptional performance in three key criteria of sustainability, popularity and impact. Every major insurer for the poor during the movement is analysed in contrast to the Affiliated Order to explore the relationship between different structural elements of an insurer and its performance. Microinsurance: Insights from a Historical Approach Friendly societies Insurance history Microinsurance Poverty June Microinsurance 2010 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1631470 2010-06 hermanto_social_2009 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} Asian workforce is dominated by workers in the informal sector, complicating the task of providing social security to workers nation-wide. The vast majority of these people have neither a plan to fund their retirement, nor income, health or life insurance coverage to protect them. From the year 2030, the Indonesian population will, collectively, be an aging one. This policy paper addresses the urgent need to begin post-retirement planning for the informal workforce. The Indonesian government has passed a {law(No.40/2004)} on social security, but fulfilling the aim of universal pension scheme coverage remains a distant goal. The International Labour Organisation {(ILO)} has identified microinsurance schemes as a viable solution for workers not covered by state social security. A number of pilot microinsurance projects have been undertaken by private insurance companies in Indonesia already. Although promising, challenges to expanding these projects remain. On the supply side, the highly dispersed distribution of informal workers creates economy of scale barriers for insurance companies in marketing products and providing services. Meanwhile, informal workers are often wary of insurance, put off by issues of trust, affordability or non comprehension. The authors argue that mobilising social networks can overcome the supply side issues, while improving financial literacy of the informal sector can help reduce perceptions of product complexity. Overcoming these barriers will require a coordinated approach involving insurance companies, central and local governments, industry associations, and the local social organisations. Social Security Policy Rejuvenation Through Accelerated Growth in the {Micro-Insurance} Industry Informal sector Microinsurance Social security 2009 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1679642 2009 hochrainer_natural_2010 article Cities This paper examines the characteristics of natural disaster risk in the context of megacities generally, and Asian megacities particularly. A key gap in approaches to managing megacity risk has been attention to the financial aspects, for which interest has lately been emerging in terms of exploring whether such risk may be suitable for a donor-assisted regional Asian risk pooling scheme. One suggestion concerns insuring public sector liabilities in terms of infrastructure replacement funding, liquidity support and relief to the population. Recently, this was operationalized in the Caribbean regional pooling of hurricane and earthquake risks, and by the Mexican government for earthquake risks. In both cases, central governments are the actors. We assess the rationale and applicability of such deliberations given the dynamic nature of vulnerability and risk, and discuss conditions for conducting similar transactions for Asian megacity risks. Overall, given our adopted criteria, we tentatively conclude that there may indeed be a case for risk pooling, yet the dynamics of assessing formal and informal risks as well as the specificity of conditions in respective megacities pose important hurdles that have to be overcome. Natural disaster risk in Asian megacities: A case for risk pooling? Megacities Microinsurance Natural disaster risk Risk financing Risk management Risk pooling 0264-2751 Natural disaster risk in Asian megacities In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.cities.2010.09.001 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V9W-514FW30-1/2/3a78ae72bbabf888e03a979c7e008dbe 2010 link_why_2008 article {SSRN} {eLibrary} investigates the reasons for underinsurance of the poor in south-east India. Based on data gathered during a six week assignment in Tamil Nadu, India, we analyse which factors have so far hindered the development of a market for microinsurance. Apart from a theoretical analysis, our study is based on field work during which we collected 248 questionnaires, 40 in-depth interviews with low income women and many expert interviews. We in turn test the hypotheses that the market for microinsurance is impeded by (1) transaction costs, (2) adverse selection, moral hazard and fraud, (3) lack of scalability, (4) ill-suited products offered or (5) lack of risk aversion, information, understanding and rationality. We reject the first four hypotheses and find that insurers and {NGOs} in cooperation can and already have reduced transaction costs, adverse selection, moral hazard and fraud to levels which make microinsurance feasible. Further we find that the products currently offered by Indian insurers are commensurately scalable (with the exception of health insurance) and offer significant risk reduction potential to low income clients, indicating that the products offered are not ill-suited to the clients' needs. However, we find evidence that, although risk averse, the target population for microinsurance products is widely unaware of microinsurance availability, lacks financial literacy and understanding of basic insurance concepts and shows irrational or bounded rational behaviour impeding the demand for microinsurance. Hypothesis 5 can thus not be rejected. Why the Poor Are Underinsured - A Case Study on Microinsurance in {South-East} India Asia India Microfinance Microinsurance Self-help groups South East Asia February 2008 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1616217 2008-02 baulch_social_2008 book Social Protection Index for Committed Poverty Reduction: Asia: 2 Asia Poverty reduction Social protection index 9715616674 July Social Protection Index for Committed Poverty Reduction 2008 Asian Development Bank 2008-07 holmes_microfinance_2010 article Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice Microfinance and {HIV} - mitigation among people living with {HIV} - in the era of anti-retroviral therapy: Emerging lessons from C??te {d'Ivoire} Africa Antiretroviral therapy HIV/AIDS HIV infections Ivory coast Microfinance Sub-Saharan Africa 1744-1692 Microfinance and {HIV} - mitigation among people living with {HIV} - in the era of anti-retroviral therapy 2010 10.1080/17441692.2010.515235 http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/17441692.2010.515235 2010 international_labor_organization_inventory_2003 book This inventory gives an overview of existing and newly planned micro-insurance schemes in Nepal. It is intended for promoters and practitioners of micro-insurance schemes, including Government, employers' organizations and trade unions throughout the region. An Inventory of {Micro-Insurance} Schemes in Nepal Asia Inventory Microinsurance Nepal Kathmandu, Nepal 2003 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/socsec/step/download/714p1.pdf 2003 janisch_vouchers_2010 article Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice Vouchers for health: A demand side output-based aid approach to reproductive health services in Kenya Africa Health care financing Kenya Sub-Saharan Africa Vouchers 1744-1692 578 Vouchers for health 5 2010 6 10.1080/17441690903436573 http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/17441690903436573 2010 mukhopahyay_impact_2010 misc Use of Randomized Controlled Trial methodology for assessing the impact of health micro insurance on low income households is not common in the space of health micro insurance research. This paper details the research methodology of using {RCTs} which the Centre for Insurance and Risk Management {(CIRM,} India) has adopted, as the action research partner, in two health micro insurance projects in two states of India. The paper discusses the rationale and the need for randomized controlled trials to assess the impact of the health micro insurance and allied services on chosen indicators in the subject population. This paper explores the theoretical nuances of the research methodology, and lists the outcomes expected from the interventions based on the current status of the projects. Impact Evaluation of Health Micro Insurance Through Randomized Controlled Trials - Two interventions targeting renewal rates \& health outcomes Asia Impact Impact studies India Micro health insurance Randomized trials 2010 http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/9C4D26C2-4ED1-4116-A8E1-11B9A591D339/0/S11_MIC2010_Paper_Behl.pdf 2010 saksena_mutual_2010 article Health Policy Objective Rwanda has expanded mutual health insurance considerably in recent years, which has a great potential for making health services more accessible. In this paper, we examine the effect of mutual health insurance {(MHI)} on utilization of health services and financial risk {protection.Methods} We used data from a nationally representative survey from 2005-2006. We analysed this data through summary statistics as well as regression {models.Findings} Our statistical modelling shows that {MHI} coverage is associated with significantly increased utilization of health services. Indeed, individuals in households that had {MHI} coverage used health services twice as much when they were ill as those in households that had no insurance coverage. Additionally, {MHI} is also associated with a higher degree of financial risk protection and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure was almost four times less than in households with no coverage. Nonetheless, the limitations of the {MHI} coverage also become {apparent.Conclusion} These promising results indicate that {MHI} has had a strong positive impact on access to health care and can continue to improve health of Rwandans even more if its limitations are addressed further. Mutual health insurance in Rwanda: Evidence on access to care and financial risk protection Access to care Africa Catastrophic health expenditure Micro health insurance Mutual health insurance Rwanda Sub-Saharan Africa 0168-8510 Mutual health insurance in Rwanda In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.09.009 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-518VXHP-1/2/8c43d85dd4d31e097713784198c72360 2010 stein_paying_2010 misc Rainfall Index Insurance was introduced to India in 2003 with great fanfare, but has so far failed to gain much traction with consumers. This paper looks at the dynamic nature of rainfall insurance purchasing decisions, speci...cally looking at whether receiving an insurance payout induces a greater chance of purchasing insurance again the next year. Using customer data from the Indian micro-...nance institution {BASIX,} I ...nd that receiving an insurance payout is associated with a 10-20\% increased probability of purchasing insurance the following year. These empirical results conform with the predictions of a loss aversion model where premiums paid after receiving an insurance payout are perceived as decreasing these previous gains as opposed to a true loss. I ...nd no support for other potential mechanisms, such as previous weather directly acting insurance decision or insurance payouts increasing trust in the insurance companies. Overall, low repurchasing rates even after payouts suggest that current rainfall index insurance products are likely to continue struggling in their current form. Paying Premiums with the Insurer's Money: Insurance Decisions In a Repeated Interaction Asia BASIX Game theory Index-based risk transfer products Index-based weather insurance India Insurance decision Repeated interaction Weather insurance September 2010 http://www.munichre-foundation.org/NR/rdonlyres/A0BBC138-C1BA-4ED3-845B-AE869E0D713B/0/S11_MIC2010_Paper_Stein.pdf 2010-09 vollan_difference_2010 article Journal of {Socio-Economics} This paper reports on a one-shot trust experiment with and without third party punishment {(TPP).} Participants were recruited such that each session contains multiple people who are friends, family members, and unrelated villagers. Participants were either paired with one of their reported family members, a friend or an unrelated villager. The design enables to 1) compare levels of trust and trustworthiness shown to family members vs. friends vs. unrelated villagers, 2) examine the propensity of third parties to punish selfish behaviour exhibited between friends, family members and villagers, and 3) examine the effect potential punishment has on trust and trustworthiness among family, friends and villagers. So far, microeconomic experiments have not investigated kinship in an anonymous way and also its relation to punishment is unknown. Experimental trust and trustworthiness varies between only twenty per cent when playing with a villager and nearly eighty per cent when matched with a family member. {TPP} significantly increases trust and trustworthiness in interactions among villagers and friends, but {TPP} is detrimental among family members. The difference between kinship and friendship: {(Field-)} experimental evidence on trust and punishment Africa Crowding-out Experimental design Kinship Punishment Social distance Sub-Saharan Africa Trust 1053-5357 The difference between kinship and friendship In Press, Accepted Manuscript 2010 10.1016/j.socec.2010.10.003 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W5H-519215W-1/2/496560a9ff4cb759ec1134b032152103 2010 weber_social_2006 book Axel Weber Social Protection Index for Committed Poverty Reduction Poverty reduction Social protection index 9715615996 January 2006 Asian Development Bank 2006-01 mohindra_womens_2006 article Objectives: To examine the social patterning of women's self-reported health status in India and the validity of the two hypotheses: (1) low caste and lower socioeconomic position is associated with worse reported health status, and (2) associations between socioeconomic position and reported health status vary across castes. Design: Cross-sectional household survey, age-adjusted percentages and odds ratios, and multilevel multinomial logistic regression models were used for analysis. Setting: A panchayat (territorial decentralised unit) in Kerala, India, in 2003. Participants: 4196 non-elderly women. Outcome measures: Self-perceived health status and reported limitations in activities in daily living. Results: Women from lower castes (scheduled castes/scheduled tribes {(SC/ST)} and other backward castes {(OBC)} reported a higher prevalence of poor health than women from forward castes. Socioeconomic inequalities were observed in health regardless of the indicators, education, women's employment status or household landholdings. The multilevel multinomial models indicate that the associations between socioeconomic indicators and health vary across caste. Among {SC/ST} and {OBC} women, the influence of socioeconomic variables led to a 'magnifying' effect, whereas among forward caste women, a 'buffering' effect was found. Among lower caste women, the associations between socioeconomic factors and self-assessed health are graded; the associations are strongest when comparing the lowest and highest ratings of health. Conclusions: Even in a relatively egalitarian state in India, there are caste and socioeconomic inequalities in women's health. Implementing interventions that concomitantly deal with caste and socioeconomic disparities will likely produce more equitable results than targeting either type of inequality in isolation. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Asia Caste Daily living Government Health status India Indicators Rural Socioeconomic Factors Women Women and health {0143005X} 1020--1026 12 Journal of Epidemiology \& Community Health Women's health in a rural community in Kerala, India: do caste and socioeconomic position matter? 60 Women's health in a rural community in Kerala, India December 2006 Copyright of Journal of Epidemiology \& Community Health is the property of {BMJ} Publishing Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts.) 10.1136/jech.2006.047647 2006-12 mohindra_can_2008 article Background: This study examines associations between female participation in a microcredit program in India, known as self help groups {(SHGs),} and women's health in the south Indian state of Kerala. Because {SHGs} do not have a formal health program, this provides a unique opportunity to assess whether {SHG} participation influences women's health via the social determinants of health. Methods: This cross-sectional study used special survey data collected in 2003 from one Panchayat (territorial decentralized unit). Information was collected on women's characteristics, health determinants (exclusion to health care, exposure to health risks, decision-making agency), and health achievements (self assessed health, markers of mental health). The study sample included 928 non elderly poor women. Results: The primary finding is that compared to non-participants living in a household without a {SHG} member, the odds of facing exclusion is significantly lower among early joiners, women who were members for more than 2 years {(OR} = 0.58, {CI} = 0.41-0.80), late joiners, members for 2 years and less {(OR} = 0.60, {CI} = 0.39-0.94), and non-participants who live in a household with a {SHG} member {(OR} = 0.53, {CI} = 0.32-0.90). We also found that after controlling for key women's characteristics, early joiners of a {SHG} are less likely to report emotional stress and poor life satisfaction compared to non-members {(OR} = 0.52, {CI} = 0.30-0.93; {OR} = 0.32, {CI} = 0.14-0.71). No associations were found between {SHG} participation and self assessed health or exposure to health risks. The relationship between {SHG} participation and decision-making agency is unclear. Conclusion: Microcredit is not a panacea, but could help to improve the health of poor women by addressing certain issues relevant to the context. In Kerala, {SHG} participation can help protect poor women against exclusion to health care and possibly aid in promoting their mental health. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} Asia Health Impact studies India KERALA (India) Microfinance Poor Self help groups Social aspects Women 14759276 1--14 International Journal for Equity in Health Can microcredit help improve the health of poor women? Some findings from a cross-sectional study in Kerala, India. 7 Can microcredit help improve the health of poor women? January 2008 Copyright of International Journal for Equity in Health is the property of {BioMed} Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts.) 10.1186/1475-9276-7-2 2008-01 schurmann_group-lending_2009 article Journal of Health, Population, \& Nutrition According to social exclusion theory, health risks are positively associated with involuntary social, economic, political and cultural exclusion from society. In this paper, a social exclusion framework has been used, and available literature on microcredit in Bangladesh has been reviewed to explore the available evidence on associations among microcredit, exclusion, and health outcomes. The paper addresses the question of whether participation in group-lending reduces health inequities through promoting social inclusion. The group-lending model of microcredit is a development intervention in which small-scale credit for income-generation activities is provided to groups of individuals who do not have material collateral. The paper outlines four pathways through which microcredit can affect health status: financing care in the event of health emergencies; financing health inputs such as improved nutrition; as a platform for health education; and by increasing social capital through group meetings and mutual support. For many participants, the group-lending model of microcredit can mitigate exclusionary processes and lead to improvements in health for some; for others, it can worsen exclusionary processes which contribute to health disadvantage. {[ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR]} The Group-lending Model and Social Closure: Microcredit, Exclusion, and Health in Bangladesh. Asia Bangladesh Economic assistance Exclusion Group lending Group-lending model Health equity Health status Microcredit Microfinance Social exclusion 16060997 518--527 The Group-lending Model and Social Closure 27 2009 4 Copyright of Journal of Health, Population, \& Nutrition is the property of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh {(ICDDR,B)} and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. {(Copyright} applies to all Abstracts.) 2009 holvoet_impact_2005 article Evaluations of the effects of microfinance programmes on women's empowerment generate mixed results. While some are supportive of microfinance's ability to induce a process of economic, social and political empowerment, others are more sceptical and even point to a deterioration of women's overall well-being. Against this background, development scholars and practitioners have sought to distil some of the ingredients that might increase the likelihood of empowerment or at least reduce adverse effects. This article formally tests the impact of some of the suggested changes in programme features on one particular dimension of empowerment: decisionmaking agency. Using household survey data from South India, the author explores the importance of the borrower's gender and the lending technology for intrahousehold decisionmaking processes. It is shown that direct bank-borrower credit delivery does not challenge the existing decisionmaking patterns, regardless of whether men or women receive the credit. These findings change when credit is combined with financial and social group intermediation. Women's group membership seriously shifts overall decisionmaking patterns from norm-guided behaviour and male decisionmaking to more joint and female decisionmaking. Longer-term group membership and more intensive training and group meetings strengthen these patterns. Asia Decision-making Economic development Economics of Gender Financial markets Gender Household Production Impact studies India Intrahousehold allocation Microfinance Savings and capital investment {0012155X} 75--102 1 Development and Change The Impact of Microfinance on {Decision-Making} Agency: Evidence from South India 36 The Impact of Microfinance on {Decision-Making} Agency January 2005 Accession Number: 0782536 Alternate Accession Number: {EP16567550;} Keywords: Development; Women; Geographic Descriptors: India; Asia; Geographic Region: Asia; Publication Type: Journal Article; Update Code: 200507; Copyright: Copyright of Development \& Change is the property of {Wiley-Blackwell} and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0012-155X 2005-01 world_health_organization_world_2010 book The World Health Report 2010 - Health Systems Financing: The Path to Universal Coverage. Delivery of health care Health care financing Health systems Illness costs Universal coverage World health report 9789241564021 2010 World Health Organization 2010 wilkinson_decision-making_2008 incollection {Decision-Making} under Risk and Uncertainty Decision-making Risk Uncertainty Basingstoke {[England]} {;;New} York 86--148 9780230532595 2008 An introduction to behavioral economics Palgrave Macmillan 2008 burra_micro-credit_2005 book {"Two} persistent problems that affect a significant portion of Indian women are poverty and violation of their human rights. In recent years, micro-credit has come to be viewed as a vital tool to ameliorate both conditions. However, there are few studies in the Indian context which test the validity of the assumption that there is a linear link between micro-credit, poverty reduction and women's empowerment. This volume brings together revealing case studies of micro-credit interventions made by six non-governmental and quasi-governmental bodies in five states of peninsular India, several of which have been supported by the United Nations Development Programme {(UNDP)."} {"The} six case studies are diverse in terms of their socio-economic and geo-political contexts, the nature and ideological orientation of the intermediary organizations, the groups largeted by the projects (exclusively women or men and women); and the life-spans of the projects. Despite their differences, all the studies offer useful lessons on the institutional structures and processes that do or do not facilitate women's empowerment and poverty reduction, while exploring the potential and limitations of micro-credit to achieve these twin goals. This book will be useful for students and scholars of economics, women's studies, development studies and social work, while being of equal interest to policy-makers planners, activists and {NGOs."} Micro-credit, poverty and empowerment : linking the triad Empowerment India Microcredit Microfinance Poverty Women 2005 http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3640145 2005 wright_impact_2004 article Journal of International Development Section 1 sets the context in which a qualitative impact protocol {(QUIP)} was created by distinguishing between demand from within microfinance organizations {(MFOs)} for organizational development and from donors and regulators for public policy purposes. On the supply side, it is argued that there is a case for using rigorous qualitative methods that stand between lsquopositivist/quantitativersquo and lsquoparticipatory/interpretativersquo {approaches.Section} 2 charts how the {QUIP} has been developed using the {Imp-Act} programme network. It discusses the theoretical considerations that were taken into account when designing the protocol, and the developments that led to the generation of a step-by-step guide. It then discusses relations between social scientists and practitioners with regard to impact assessment, and suggests that the {QUIP} can be used to strengthen them. Copyright Copyright 2004 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd. Impact assessment of microfinance using qualitative data: communicating between social scientists and practitioners using the {QUIP} Microfinance 355--367 Impact assessment of microfinance using qualitative data 16 2004 3 10.1002/jid.1082 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1082 2004 unaids_expanding_2005 book {UNAIDS} Best Practice Collection Expanding access to {HIV} treatment through community-based organizations: Ajoint publication of Sidaction, the Joint United Nations Programme on {HIVAIDS} {(UNAIDS)} and the World Health Organization {(WHO)} Community-based organisations HIV/AIDS Treatment Geneva Association Sidaction 2005 -- Expanding access to {HIV} treatment 2005 Association Sidaction 2005 ahuja_emerging_2005 article Economic and Political Weekly Emerging Trends in Health Insurance for {Low-Income} Groups Developing countries Health insurance Low-income households Micro health insurance 4151--4157 Ahuja, Narang 2005 -- Emerging Trends in Health Insurance September 17 2005 2005 alcock_understanding_2006 book 3rd ed. Understanding poverty Poverty Basingstoke Alcock 2006 -- Understanding poverty 2006 2006 amoako_health_2002 book Births attended by skilled birth attendants and/or those at medical facilities are significantly associated with better birth outcomes, including reduced maternal mortality. Nkoranza is a rural district in Ghana with a population estimated at 128,000 in 2000. The Catholic Diocese of Sunyani launched the Nkoranza Community Health Plan {(NCHP)} in 1992. The plan was a response to the inability of district residents to pay for their health care, especially hospitalization, following the introduction of the cash-and-carry system into Ghana's health sector in the late 1980s. For some time, women in Nkoranza have sought to have normal deliveries covered by the plan. The Sunyani Diocese health system and hospital administrators were interested in expanding the plan's benefits package to include this service. They were unsure, however, of the impact of such a benefit on premiums and enrollment and were concerned about creating demand for inpatient deliveries that could not be met in the present facility. The Commercial Market Strategies project provided technical assistance to {NCHP} to assess the cost of introducing a normal birth-delivery benefit and the willingness of consumers to pay for the increased premium to cover the expanded benefits package. Ninety-six percent of currently enrolled women surveyed in Ghana's Nkoranza district were willing to pay higher insurance premiums for expanded birth-delivery benefits. Health Financing in Ghana: Willingness to Pay for Normal Delivery Benefits in a Community- Based Health Insurance Plan childbirth Commercial Market Strategies project Commercial Market Strategies project. Community-based health insurance Delivery care Ghana USAID Willingness to pay Washington {DC} Amoako 2002 -- Health Financing in Ghana 2002 2002 almeder_prevention_2007 article Central European Journal of Operations Research Prevention and Medication of {HIV/AIDS:} The Case of Botswana Africa Botswana HIV/AIDS Sub-Saharan Africa 47--61 Prevention and Medication of {HIV/AIDS} 15 2007 1 2007 anderson_microcredit_2002 article World Development Microcredit, Social Capital, and Common Pool Resources Common pool resources Microcredit Social capital 95--105 Anderson 2002 -- Microcredit 30 2002 1 2002 barnett_aids_2006 book 2nd ed. {AIDS} in the {Twenty-First} Century: Disease and Globalization Globalisation HIV/AIDS HIV infections New York {AIDS} in the {Twenty-First} Century 2006 2006 beck_hiv_2006 book The {HIV} pandemic and health systems: an introduction -- The evolving {HIV} pandemic -- Social and economic impact of the {HIV} pandemic -- Determinants of the {HIV} pandemic in developing countries -- {HIV} prevention programmes: an overview -- Antiretroviral treatment and care of {HIV} -- {HIV} vaccines: development and future use -- Ethical issues and {HAART} -- Legal and human rights implications -- Strategic information for {HIV} programmes -- The contribution of cost-effectiveness analysis -- Botswana -- Ethiopia -- Nigeria -- Senegal -- South Africa -- Uganda -- Cambodia -- China -- India -- Indonesia -- The Philippines -- Thailand -- Barbados -- Cuba -- Haiti -- Jamaica -- Argentina -- Brazil -- Costa Rica -- France -- Italy -- Russian Federation -- Spain -- Ukraine -- The United Kingdom -- Canada -- Mexico -- The United States of America -- The {UN} response to the {HIV} pandemic -- Donor, lender and research agencies' response to the {HIV} crisis -- Financing {HIV:} the roles of international financi Oxford medical publications Eduard J Beck and Nicholas Mays and Alan W Whiteside and Jos\'{e} M Zuniga and {Lynn-Marie} Holland The {HIV} Pandemic: Local and Global Implications HIV/AIDS Oxford The {HIV} Pandemic 2006 2006 bernard_social_2005 book Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Qualitative research Quantitative methods Quantitative research Research methods Thousand Oaks Social Research Methods 2005 2005 bibby_hiv/aids_2006 book {HIV/AIDS} and Co-operatives Cooperatives HIV/AIDS Oldham {HIV/AIDS} and Co-operatives 2006 2006 brinkmann_privatversicherung_1988 book Schriften zum Genossenschaftswesen und zur o??ffentlichen Wirtschaft Privatversicherung in Entwicklungsla??ndern - eine Aufgabe fu??r Genossenschaften? Cooperatives Developing countries Health insurance Private health insurance Berlin Brinkmann 1988 -- Privatversicherung in Entwicklungsla??ndern 24 1988 {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Literaturverz.} S. 104 - 126{\textless}/p{\textgreater} 1988 sarpong_national_2010 article Tropical Medicine \& International Health National health insurance coverage and socio-economic status in a rural district of Ghana Coverage Ghana NHIS Rural Socio-economic characterisitics 13602276 191--197 15 2010 2 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02439.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02439.x/full 2010 national_health_insurance_authority_ghana_national_2010 misc National Health Insurance Authority Annual Report 2009 Africa Ghana Micro health insurance NHIS Sub-Saharan Africa 2010 http://www.nhis.gov.gh/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/1(1).pdf 2010 mackian_up_2004 article The concept of health-seeking behaviour continues to permeate the development literature, and this paper reviews the main approaches. However, it also suggests that health-seeking behaviour is a somewhat over-utilized and under-theorized tool. Although it remains a valid tool for rapid appraisal of a particular issue at a particular time, it is of little use as it stands to explore the wider relationship between populations and health systems development. If we wish to move the debate into new and more fruitful arenas, we need to develop a tool for understanding how populations engage with health systems, rather than using health-seeking behaviour as a tool for describing how individuals engage with services. The paper suggests one way in which we might start to frame the debate, using reflexive communities and social capital as key theoretical and analytical concepts. Gender Health seeking behaviour Income equality Medical care 0268-1080 137--146 3 http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&colname=WOS&search_mode=RelatedRecords&qid=18&SID=Q16NG1p@ADD9Ih6hGLk&page=2&doc=11 Health Policy and Planning Up the garden path and over the edge: where might health-seeking behaviour take us? 19 Up the garden path and over the edge 2004 10.1093/heapol/czh017 2004 luke_social_2007 article This paper assesses the role of social affiliation, measured by caste, in shaping investments in child health. The special setting that we have chosen for the analysis - tea estates in the South Indian High Range - allows us to control nonparametrically for differences in income, access to health services, and patterns of morbidity across low caste and high caste households. In this controlled setting, low caste households spend more on their children's health than high caste households, reversing the pattern we would expect to find elsewhere in India. Moreover, health expenditures do not vary by gender within either caste group, in contrast once again with the male preference documented throughout the country. A simple explanation, based on differences in the returns to human capital across castes in the tea estates, is proposed to explain these striking results. (c) 2006 Elsevier {B.V.} All rights reserved. Caste Demand Gender Health Health care seeking behaviour Household decisions Human capital India 0304-3878 256--279 2 http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&colname=WOS&search_mode=RelatedRecords&qid=18&SID=Q16NG1p@ADD9Ih6hGLk&page=3&doc=28 {JOURNAL} {OF} {DEVELOPMENT} {ECONOMICS} Social affiliation and the demand for health services: Caste and child health in South India 83 Social affiliation and the demand for health services July 2007 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.07.005 2007-07 shaikh_where_2008 article This study presents an ethnographic account of health-seeking behaviors and determinants of health service utilization of people living in the rural Northern Areas of Pakistan. Data was gathered from 2004 to 2005 through 10 gender-specific focus group discussions. Sociodemographic characteristics, economic conditions, cultural forces, physical and environmental conditions, and health care service features form the behaviors. The complex composition of health care systems drives us to study the most intricate phenomenon of health care-seeking behaviors. Inappropriate or delayed health care-seeking could lead to undesirable health outcomes, high fertility, unwanted pregnancies, medical complications, and amplified susceptibility to future illnesses. At times it results in a significant economic burden when a simple illness becomes drawn out because of improper health-seeking behaviors. This study is an effort to present relevant information to the policy makers to reorient the health care services to make them more acceptable. It is recommended that this research be used for designing behavior change communication modules or social marketing campaigns in raising awareness about health in the community and sensitizing health care providers to the needs of their clients. Developing countries Health care system Health seeking behaviour Pakistan Public health Qualitative research 747 --755 6 http://qhr.sagepub.com/content/18/6/747.abstract Qualitative Health Research Where Do They Go, Whom Do They Consult, and Why? {Health-Seeking} Behaviors in the Northern Areas of Pakistan 18 Where Do They Go, Whom Do They Consult, and Why? June 2008 10.1177/1049732308317220 2008-06 shaikh_health_2005 article Journal of Public Health Health seeking behaviour and health service utilization in Pakistan: challenging the policy makers Health Health care system Health seeking behaviour Pakistan Services utilization 1741-3842 49--54 Health seeking behaviour and health service utilization in Pakistan 27 2005 1 10.1093/pubmed/fdh207 http://apps.isiknowledge.com/CitedFullRecord.do?product=WOS&db_id=WOS&SID=Q16NG1p@ADD9Ih6hGLk&search_mode=CitedFullRecord&isickref=143387062 2005 cabral_aids_1993 article Health Policy and Planning {AIDS} in Africa: can the hospitals cope? AIDS Cost 157--160 Cabral 1993 -- {AIDS} in Africa 8 1993 2 1993 jayne_measuring_2004 techreport Measuring Impacts of {HIV/AIDS} on African Rural Economies AIDS Impact of HIV on economic Rural households Johannesburg, South Africa Jayne -- Measuring Impacts of {HIV/AIDS} 2004 Informal presentation at {SARPN,} {HSRC} 2004 flick_introduction_2006 book 3 An Introduction To Qualitative Research Empirical research Qualitative methods London Flick 2006 -- An introduction to qualitative research 2006 {\textless}p{\textgreater}verf\"{u}gbar in {USB} K\"{o}ln{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {33A2455} {SAGE} Publications 2006 carrin_risk-pooling_2001 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Risk-pooling -- necessary but not sufficient? Risk pooling 587 Davies, Carrin 2001 -- Risk-pooling 79 2001 7 2001 ingstad_aids_1997 article Journal of {Cross-Cultural} Gerontology A study of elderly people in a village in southern Botswana is presented in this article. An argument is made for more in depth understanding of the role of elderly people in relation to the {HIV/AIDS} epidemic. It is demonstrated how Tswana indigenous medical ideology is behaviourally expressed in ways that identify elderly people as a group that may be at risk of catching and spreading {HIV/AIDS.} Through their position as respected members of the community, elderly people may also be a resource group in the struggle for {AIDS} prevention. {AIDS} and the elderly Tswana: The concept of pollution and consequences for {AIDS} prevention AIDS Botswana Elderly Ethnomedicine Prevention Risk 357--372 Ingstad 1997 -- {AIDS} and the elderly Tswana 12 1997 1997 smart_tb_2004 misc Aidsmap {TB} diagnostics perform poorly in Botswana study Aidsmap Botswana Diagnostic Tuberculosis April Smart 15.01.2004 -- {TB} diagnostics perform poorly 2004 2004-04 weiser_population-based_2006 article {PLoS} Medicine A {Population-Based} Study on Alcohol and {High-Risk} Sexual Behaviors in Botswana AIDS Alcohol Botswana 1940--1948 A {Population-Based} Study on Alcohol 3 2006 10 2006 phorano_alcohol_2005 article Journal of Social Aspects of {HIV/AIDS} The existence of gender-based violence has been a source of concern within the public and private sectors as well as civil society organisations in {Botswana.The} present study investigated the link between alcohol abuse, gender-based violence and {HIV/AIDS.} Further, it attempted to unravel the often unquestioned assumption that gender-based violence is perpetuated by cultural practices. Case study qualitative methodology was used to gather data for the {study.A} sample of 20 cases was selected purposively from five women's non-governmental organisations. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with agency coordinators, social workers, police commanders and police {officers.The} findings of the study revealed a relationship between alcohol abuse and gender-based violence, which makes victims vulnerable to {HIV} infection. From the findings, it is recommended that gender-based programmes be established to sensitise people about the link between alcohol abuse, genderbased violence and {HIV/AIDS.} Alcohol Abuse, {Gender-Based} Violence and {HIV/AIDS} in Botswana: Establishing the Link Based on Empirical Evidence Alcohol Alcohol Abuse Botswana gender-based violence HIV/AIDS NGOs Poverty 188--202 April Alcohol Abuse 2 2005 1 2005-04 weiser_barriers_2003 article Journal of Accquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Barriers to Antiretroviral Adherence for Patients Living with {HIV} Infection and {AIDS} in Botswana Adherence Africa Botswana Compliance Highly Active Treatment Barriers 281--288 Barriers to Antiretroviral Adherence 34 2003 3 2003 ministry_of_health_botswana_2008 misc Ministry of Health Botswana National {HIV/AIDS} Treatment Guidelines: 2008 Version Botswana guidelines HIV/AIDS National HIV Treatment Botswana National {HIV/AIDS} Treatment Guidelines 2008 http://www.moh.gov.bw 2008 ministry_of_health_botswana_2007 book Ministry of Health Botswana Treatment Guide Botswana guidelines Treatment Treatment Guide Ministry of Health {(Hg.)} 2007 -- Botswana Treatment Guide 2007 http://www.moh.gov.bw 2007 thior_breastfeeding_2006 article {JAMA} Breastfeeding Plus Infant Zidovudine Prophylaxis for 6 Months vs Formula Feeding Plus Infant Zidovudine for 1 Month to Reduce {Mother-to-Child} {HIV} Transmission in Botswana: A Randomized Trial: The Mashi Study Breastfeeding Drug Therapy HIV/AIDS Infectious Diseases Pregnancy Randomized controlled trials Randomized trials Women and health 794--805 Thior et al. 2006 -- Breastfeeding Plus Infant Zidovudine Prophylaxis 296 2006 7 2006 hartwig_building_2008 article Health Promotion International In this paper, we present the evaluation results of an {AIDS} non-governmental organization {(NGO)} capacity building 20-month pilot initiative in five countries in southern Africa called the {NGO} Institute. A five-person international team conducted a 2 week evaluation of the pilot in 2004 to assess the strength of the model, designed and funded by {Bristol-Myers} Squibb Foundation. The {NGO} Institute functioned through a separate consortium in each country. Results of the pilot indicate variations in adaptation and implementation of the model in each of the five countries. Each consortium took considerable time to develop its own governance and management systems. There were examples of strengthened {NGO} capacity in each country although it was too soon to establish overall impact. The strengths and weaknesses of this {NGO} capacity building model are presented along with the implications for other funding agencies and {NGOs.} Building capacity for {AIDS} {NGOs} in southern Africa: evaluation of a pilot initiative AIDS Capacity building Evaluation NGOs April Hartwig -- Building capacity for {AIDS} {NGOs} 2008 10.1093 2008-04 hsi_preliminary_2002-1 misc The {HIV/AIDS} epidemic is present in many of the countries in Africa where {Community-Based} Health Financing {(CBHF)} schemes have taken hold, and it poses many problems for these communities and schemes due to the dynamic nature and pattern of transmission, the complexity of treatment regimens, the challenges of prevention, and the costs of delivering {HIV/AIDS} services. The Partners for Health Reformplus project {(PHRplus)} has been providing technical assistance to a number of {CBHF} schemes in {sub-Saharan} Africa over the past several years in areas such as financial management, social mobilization, and risk management. This paper examines what these existing {CBHF} schemes in {sub-Saharan} Africa have done to address {HIV/AIDS} in terms of providing prevention and/or care and support services in the benefits package through either implicit or explicit mechanisms. The findings reveal that {CBHF} schemes know very little about the prevalence of {HIV} in their membership pool due to a lack of voluntary testing and counseling; nor are they aware of the impact that {HIV/AIDS} is having on their members. Some schemes cover {HIV-positive} patients implicitly because scheme benefits include coverage for specific diseases and conditions that may be {HIVrelated.} Other schemes do not cover {HIV-related} diseases but refer those perceived as having {HIV/AIDS} to national {AIDS} control programs. {HIV/AIDS} poses problems both to the financial sustainability of a {CBHF} scheme and to the scheme's capacity to provide quality health services for {HIV-related} health problems. Based on the dearth of knowledge on the subject and the limited findings, this paper recommends two areas for further research and investigation: 1) examine whether it is feasible or desirable for international donors and governments to contract with {CBHF} schemes in order to provide {HIV/AIDS} services; 2) explore various aspects of incorporating {HIV} prevention and care and support services into existing benefits packages of {CBHF} schemes, or how they can link with existing non-governmental organizations that provide {HIV/AIDS} services. The Partners for Health Reformplus Project Preliminary Review of {Community-Based} Health Financing Schemes and the Potential for Addressing {HIV/AIDS} Needs in {Sub-Saharan} Africa Africa Community-based health financing Finance HIV/AIDS Sub-Saharan Africa Preliminary Review of {Community-Based} Health Financing Schemes 2002 http://www.healthsystems2020.org/content/resource/detail/1421/ 2002 mbulawa_changing_2006 techreport Changing {HIV} and {AIDS} impact patterns in the wake of the {ARV-therapy:} Workshop Report ARV-Therapy HIV/AIDS March Mbulawa, Thwabi 2006 -- Changing {HIV} and {AIDS} impact 2006 Workshop Report http://www.geographie.uni-erlangen.de/forsch/hivbots_german.html {Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\"{a}t,} {Erlangen-N\"{u}rnberg} 2006-03 farmer_community_1998 article British Medical Journal Multidrug resistant tuberculosis is already a global pandemic, with focal "hot zones" of increased transmission. Although {DOTS} (directly observed treatment, short course) chemotherapy is the goal of global tuberculosis control, short course chemotherapy will not cure multidrug resistant tuberculosis. In settings of high transmission of multidrug resistant tuberculosis, {"DOTS??plus"} (a complementary {DOTS} based strategy with provisions for treating multidrug resistant tuberculosis) is warranted. Community based strategies designed to enhance local capacity are cost effective and make it possible to meet new medical challenges. Community based approaches to the control of multidrug resistant tuberculosis: introducing {"DOTS??plus"'} Tuberculosis 671--674 September Farmer, Yong Kim 1998 -- Community based approaches 1998 317 1998-09 hill_development_1978 article Journal of Counseling Psychology Development of a Counselor Verbal Response Category System Category System Counselor Counselor Verbal Response 461--468 Hill 1978 -- Development of a Counselor Verbal 25 1978 5 1978 manga_fombad_crisis_2001 article International Social Science Journal The crisis of confidentiality in the control of the {HIV/AIDS} pandemic in Botswana Botswana HIV/AIDS HIV Pandemic 643--656 Manga 2001 -- The crisis of confidentiality 53 2001 170 2001 mccord_microinsurance_2006 techreport Microinsurance Note 2: How is microinsurance delivered? Characteristics Management Microinsurance Microinsurance schemes {McCord,} Roth 2006 -- How is microinsurance delivered 2006 www.usaid.gov {US} Agency for International Development {(USAID)} 2006 linneroth-bayer_disaster_2007 article Environmental Hazards In developed countries, public--private partnerships involving insurance companies and governments often provide security against the human and economic losses of disasters. These partnerships, however, are neither available nor affordable in most highly exposed developing countries. In this paper we examine recent innovations in financial risk management that extend traditional public--private partnerships to include {NGOs,} international financial institutions and other donors. Importantly, these partnerships provide secure financial arrangements to low-income communities before disasters strike and thus relieve the uncertainty and anxiety of depending on ad hoc post-disaster aid for recovery and even survival. We examine three examples of extended partnerships: the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool; the Andhra Pradesh microinsurance program and an index-based weather derivative for farmers facing drought in Malawi. Disaster safety nets for developing countries: Extending public--private partnerships Disasters Insurance Microinsurance Risk Vulnerability 54--61 {Linneroth-Bayer,} Mechler 2007 -- Disaster safety nets for developing 7 2007 2007 van_liere_hiv/aids_2002 misc This paper aims to describe the ways in which the {HIV/AIDS} epidemic negatively influences food and livelihood security, how it impacts on the food and nutrition security of millions of households, the responses of these households and communities as well as the policy and programme implications. As far as possible, this paper uses examples from West Africa, but in their absence the author was forced to draw upon the multiple examples from Eastern and Southern Africa. {HIV/AIDS} and Food Security in {Sub-Saharan} Africa Africa AIDS epidemic Food and Nurition HIV/AIDS van Liere 2002 -- {HIV/AIDS} and Food Security 2002 2002 whitehead_equity_2001 article The Lancet Equity and Health Sector Reforms: Can {Low-Income} Countries Escape the Medical Poverty Trap? Health sector reform Low-income countries medical poverty 833--836 September Equity and Health Sector Reforms 358 2001 9284 2001-09 kemp_equity_2003 techreport Equity in Health Sector Responses to {HIV/AIDS} in Malawi Health sector HIV/AIDS Malawi August Kemp 2003 -- Equity in Health Sector Responses 2003 No. 5 Equinet Discussion Paper 2003-08 bussmann_five-year_2008 article {AIDS} Five-year outcomes of initial patients treated in Botswana's National Antiretroviral Treatment Program Africa Antiretroviral therapy Botswana HIV/AIDS Public sector 2303--2311 Bussmann, Wester et al. 2008 -- Five-year outcomes of initial patients 22 2008 17 2008 obrien_using_1993 article Health Education Quarterly Using Focus Groups to Develop Health Surveys: An Example from Research on Social Relationships and {AIDS-Preventive} Behavior AIDS Development Focus groups Health service 361--372 {O'Brien} 1993 -- Using Focus Groups to Develop 20 1993 3 1993 weiser_food_2007 article {PLoS} Medicine Food Insufficiency Is Associated with {High-Risk} Sexual Behavior among Women in Botswana and Swaziland Botswana Food Insufficiency HIV infection Sexual behavior Sub-Saharan Africa 1589--1598 October Food Insufficiency 4 2007 10 www.plosmedicine.com 2007-10 phaladze_gender_2006 article This article discusses the response of Botswana to the {HIV/AIDS} epidemic. In recognition of the fact that {HIV/AIDS} is more than just a health issue, Botswana has instigated a multi-sectoral response to the epidemic, which sets Botswana apart as an example of a country following 'best practice' in {HIV/AIDS} prevention and control. Yet the battle is not over. {AIDS} is the leading cause of death in Botswana for young adult women aged between 15 and 19 years old. This article makes suggestions for future improvement, to respond to the challenges facing Batswana women living with, and affected by, {HIV/AIDS.} AIDS epidemic Botswana HIV/AIDS Women and AIDS 1355-2074 23--35 1 Gender \& Development Gender and {HIV/AIDS} in Botswana: A Focus on Inequalities and Discrimination 14 Gender and {HIV/AIDS} in Botswana March 2006 10.1080/13552070500518095 2006-03 hoffmann_hiv.net_2007 book Christian Hoffmann and J\"{u}rgen K Rockstroh and Bernd Sebastian Kamps {HIV.NET} 2007 HIV/AIDS {Wuppertal-Beyenburg} 3-924774-56-0 Hoffmann, Rockstroh et al. {(Hg.)} 2007 -- {HIV.NET} 2007 2007 www.hiv.net Steinh\"{a}user Verlag 2007 gibbs_analyzing_2007 book The Sage qualitative research kit / ed. by Uwe Flick Analyzing qualitative data Qualitative Analysis Qualitative Data Los Angeles Gibbs, Flick 2007 -- Analyzing qualitative data Pt. 6 2007 2007 rosenberg_governmentngo_2008 article Evaluation and Program Planning Given current donor attention to orphans and children made vulnerable by {HIV/AIDS,} and the need for a new framework that recognizes the complementary roles of nations and non-governmental organizations {(NGOs),} this analysis reviews {NGO-operated} community-based orphans and vulnerable children {(OVC)} projects in Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland. There has been a lack of attention within the field of evaluation to inter-organizational relationships, specifically those with government agencies, as a factor in sustainability. We analyzed evaluations of nine {OVC} projects funded by the {Bristol-Myers} Squibb Foundation for the influence of {government--NGO} collaboration on project sustainability. For eight of the nine projects, evaluations provided evidence of the importance of the government partnership for sustainability. Government collaboration was important in projects designed to help families access government grants, initiate community-based solutions, and advocate for {OVC} rights through legislation. Government partnerships were also critical to the sustainability of two projects involved in placing children in foster care, but these showed signs of tension with government partners. In addition to the more common factors associated with sustainability, such as organizational characteristics, donors and {NGOs} should concentrate on developing strong partnerships with local and national government agencies for the sustainability of their projects. {Government--NGO} collaboration and sustainability of orphans and vulnerable children projects in southern Africa Africa AIDS Government Non-governmental organizations Orphans and vulnerable children Sustainability 51--60 Rosenberg 2008 -- {Government--NGO} collaboration and sustainability 31 2008 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2007.08.005 www.elsevier.com/locate/evalprogplan 2008 barnett_guidelines_???? book Guidelines for Preparation and Execution of Studies of the Social and Economic Impact of {HIV/AIDS} AIDS guidelines Barnett, Whiteside -- Guidelines for Preparation and Execution kalipeni_health_2000 article Social Science and Medicine Using a vulnerability and comparative perspective, this paper examines the status of health in southern Africa highlighting the disease complex and some of the factors for the deteriorating health conditions. It is argued that aggregate social and health care indicators for the region such as life expectancy and infant mortality rates often mask regional variations and intra-country inequalities. Furthermore, the optimistic projections of a decade ago about dramatic increases in life expectancy and declines in infant mortality rates seem to have been completely out of line given the current and anticipated devastating e??ects of the {HIV/AIDS} pandemic in southern Africa. The central argument is that countries experiencing political and/or economic instability have been more vulnerable to the spread of diseases such {HIV/AIDS} and the collapse of their health care systems. Similarly, vulnerable social groups such as commercial sex workers and women have been hit hardest by the deteriorating health care conditions and the spread of {HIV/AIDS.} The paper o??ers a detailed discussion of several interrelated themes which, through the lense of vulnerability theory, examine the deteriorating health care conditions, disease and mortality, the {AIDS/HIV} situation and the role of structural adjustment in the provision of health care. The paper concludes by noting that the key to a more equitable and healthy future seems to lie squarely with increased levels of gender empowerment. Health and disease in southern Africa: a comparative and vulnerability perspective HIV/AIDS Infectious Diseases South Africa Vulnerability 965--983 Kalipeni 2000 -- Health and disease in southern Africa 2000 50 www.elsevier.com/locate/socscimed 2000 mccoy_health_2003 techreport Health Sector Responses to {HIV/AIDS} and treatment access in southern Africa: Addressing equity HIV/AIDS South Africa Treatment {McCoy} 2003 -- Health Sector Responses to {HIV/AIDS} 2003 Discussion Paper No.10 http://www.equinetafrica.org/bibl/docs/McCaids.pdf 2003 wang_hiv/aids_2007 article Tropical Medicine and International Health Tuberculosis {(TB)} and {HIV/AIDS} affect each other closely. Given the rapid spread of the {HIV-driven} {TB} epidemic worldwide, the case for establishing some form of relationship between control activities for {HIV/AIDS} and {TB} is clear. However, the question 'how' has not been resolved satisfactorily. {TB} and {HIV/AIDS} programmes have traditionally maintained their own management, supervision, funding flows and specialist boundaries. This article explores opportunities and challenges for collaboration between the two, through drawing on the expertise in organization and management, policy analysis and disease control of both {TB} and {HIV/AIDS.} Based on an extensive literature review, the article investigates how contextual issues affect the design of a collaboration; what the organizational options are; and what impact a collaboration would have. A universal model for organizational change is unlikely and changes may present as both solutions and contradictions. Careful planning and consultation are required before implementing the changes, in order to avoid jeopardizing the function and effectiveness of both disease control programmes and the health service system. {HIV/AIDS} and {TB:} Contextual Issues and Policy Choice in Programme Relationships HIV/AIDS organizational issues Policy program integration Tuberculosis 183--194 {HIV/AIDS} and {TB} 12 2007 2 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01783.x 2007 london_even_2008 article Developing World Bioethics {'EVEN} {IF} {YOU'RE} {POSITIVE,} {YOU} {STILL} {HAVE} {RIGHTS} {BECAUSE} {YOU} {ARE} A {PERSON':} {HUMAN} {RIGHTS} {AND} {THE} {REPRODUCTIVE} {CHOICE} {OF} {HIV-POSITIVE} {PERSONS} Developing countries Gender HIV/AIDS Informed consent reproduction rights 1471-8731 11--22 London, Orner et al. 2008 -- {'EVEN} {IF} {YOU'RE} {POSITIVE} 8 2008 1 10.1111/j.1471-8847.2007.00223.x 2008 oucho_botswana:_2000 book Migration Policy Series Botswana: Migration Perspectives and Prospects Botswana Migration Oucho, Campbell et al. 2000 -- Botswana: Migration Perspectives and Prospects 2000 19 http://www.queensu.c???amp/sampresources/samppublications/policyseries/Acrobat19.pdf 2000 lohse_improved_2007 article Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy A human immunodeficiency virus {(HIV)} patient in 2007 has the option to commence an antiretroviral regimen that is extremely efficacious in suppressing the virus and has few side effects. In a recent study, we estimated the median remaining lifetime of a newly diagnosed 25-year-old {HIV-infected} individual to be 39 years. The prospect of a near-normal life expectancy has implications for the {HIVinfected} persons as well as for the handling of the disease in the healthcare system. The patients can now on a long-term perspective plan their professional career, join a pension plan and start a family. Further, they may expect to be treated equally with other members of society with respect to access to mortgage, health insurance and life insurance. As the infected population ages, more patients will contract age-related diseases, and the disease burden on some individuals may even come to be dominated by {non-HIV-related} conditions that may have a worse prognosis and therefore become more important than {HIV-related} conditions. Despite the improvements in antiretroviral therapy, there is still an excess mortality among {HIV} patients, which appears to be only partially attributable to immunodeficiency, with lifestyle factors potentially playing a pronounced role. Consequently, an effort to further increase survival must target risk factors for both {HIV-related} and -unrelated mortality. The continuation of the positive trend may be achieved by increased {HIV} testing, earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy, improved drug adherence, prevention and treatment of {HIV-unrelated} co-morbidity and collaboration with other medical specialists to treat an ageing co-morbidity-acquiring {HIV} population. Improved survival in {HIV-infected} persons: consequences and perspectives Co-morbidity Mortality Prognosis Treatment strategies 461--463 Lohse, Eg Hansen et al. 2007 -- Improved survival in {HIV-infected} persons 60 2007 10.1093/jac/dkm241 2007 makinen_inequalities_2000 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Inequalities in Health Care Use and Expenditures: Empirical Data from Eight Developing Countries and Countries in Transition Health expenditures Health policy Health services accessibility Patient Acceptance of Health Care Social justice 55--65 Makinen, Waters et al. 2000 -- Inequalities in Health Care Use 78 2000 1 2000 maloney_informality_2003 techreport The paper develops a view of the informal sector in developing countries primarily as an unregulated micro-entrepreneurial sector and not as a disadvantaged residual of segmented labor markets. Drawing on recent work from Latin America, it offer alternative explanations for many of the characteristics of the sector customarily regarded as evidence of its inferiority. Informality Revisited: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2965 Developing countries Informal sector Latin America 23 Maloney 2003 -- Informality Revisited 2003 World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2965 2003 schneider_paying_2001 book {UNAIDS} Best Practice Collection Paying for {HIV/AIDS} services: Lessons from National Health Accounts and {Community-Based} Health Insurance in Rwanda, 1998-1999: {UNAIDS} Case Study Community-based health insurance HIV/AIDS Paying Services Rwanda Paying for {HIV/AIDS} services 2001 2001 jefferis_macroeconomic_2008 article {AIDS} Macroeconomic and {Household-Level} Impacts of {HIV/AIDS} in Botswana AIDS Antiretroviral therapy Botswana macroeconomic impact Poverty 0269-9370 113--119 Macroeconomic and {Household-Level} Impacts 22 2008 Supplement 1 2008 nagelkerke_modelling_2002 article Bulletin of the World Health Organization Modelling {HIV/AIDS} epidemics in Botswana and India: impact of interventions to prevent transmission Botswana Computer Simulation Control Disease Drug Therapy Epidemiology HIV/AIDS India Infection Outbreaks Prevention Transmission 89--96 Nagelkerke et al. 2002 -- Modelling {HIV} Epidemics Botswana 80 2002 2002 geiselhart_stigma_2006 techreport Stigma, support initiatives and the "directors' dilemma"': Is anyone mitigating the socio-economic impact of {HIV} and {AIDS} related stigma in Botswana? Botswana HIV/AIDS Stigma 9 Geiselhart 2006 -- Stigma, support initiatives 2006 Working Paper http://www.geographie.uni-erlangen.de/forsch/hivbots_german.html {Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\"{a}t,} {Erlangen-N\"{u}rnberg} 2006 silvers_community-based_2002 techreport {PHRplus} held a workshop on January 30, 2002 to discuss the work {PHRplus} has done with community-based health insurance/financing {(CBHI/F).} The purpose of the meeting was to exchange information, reflect on lessons learned, identify outstanding questions, and promote better information sharing across the project. The team recognized the continuing need for technical assistance to {CBHI/F} schemes especially in the areas of financial management and training. The team also concluded that as the schemes become larger and multiply, technical assistance must be provided in a more economical way. Given the experience {PHRplus} has in the field of {CBHI/F} schemes, workshop participants felt that facilitating information sharing on this subject is crucial. The idea of creating a portion of the website for best practices and discussion on the {CBHI/F} schemes was one such idea for promoting exchange. Workshop participants recognized that it is important to learn as much as possible from the activities {PHRplus} is undertaking presently. Monitoring and evaluation of technical assistance and some in-depth research into {CBHI/F} is needed. {Community-Based} Health Financing Coordination Meeting: Information Sharing, Key {Findings,Knowledge-Building} Needs Community-based health financing 35 {Silvers-2002\_CBHF-CoordinationMeeting} 2002 Workshop Summary {PHRplus} {(Partners} for Health Reformplus), {USAID} 2002 hardon_access_2006 book World Health Organization, {(WHO)} From access to adherence : the challenges of antiretroviral treatment : studies from Botswana, Tanzania and Uganda Antiretroviral treatment Botswana Challenges Tanzania Uganda Geneva 978 92 4 156328 4 {Hardon-et-al-2006\_FromAccessToAdherence} 2006 2006 internationale_arbeitsorganisation_praxisorientierter_2006 book Internationale Arbeitsorganisation Ein praxisorientierter Leitfaden der {IAO} zu {HIV/Aids} in der Welt der Arbeit guidelines HIV/AIDS Genf 92-2-712562-0 \& 978-92-2-712562- {IAO-2006\_PraxisorientierterLeitfadenAIDS} 2006 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/trav/aids/code/languages/german.pdf 2006 interagency_coalition_on_aids_and_developement_hiv/aids_2001 techreport {HIV/AIDS} and Microfinance HIV/AIDS Microinsurance 8 {ICAD-2001\_HIVAndMicrofinance} 2001 www.icad.cisd.com 2001 the_international_bank_for_reconstruction_global_2008 book The International Bank for Reconstruction and The World Bank Global Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures: 2005 International Comparison Program Global Power Purchasing Washington {D.C.} {ICP-2005\_GlobalPurchasingPower} 2008 www.worldbank.org 2008 jefferis_economic_2006 techreport The Economic Impact of {HIV/AIDS} in Botswana. Botswana Economic impact HIV/AIDS {Jefferis-et-al-2006\_TheEconomicImpactOfHIV} 2006 Final Report 2006 unaids_report_2008 book Report on the Global {HIV/AIDS} Epidemic 2008 Epidemiology HIV/AIDS Geneva 978 92 9 173711 6 Report on the Global {HIV/AIDS} Epidemic 2008 2008 agyepong_we_2010 article Health Policy Objectives This paper examines policy implementation gaps of user fees plus exemptions and health insurance in providing financial access to primary clinical care for children under five in {Ghana.Methods} Methods included analysis of routine data, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and administration of a structured {questionnaire.Results} Providers modified exemptions policy implementation arrangements, sometimes giving partial or no exemptions. Clients who knew or suspected exemption entitlements failed to request them because of fear of negative reactions from providers. Providers attributed their modification of implementation arrangements and negative reactions to the threat posed to the financial viability of their institutions by reimbursement uncertainty and delays. At the time of the study insurance coverage was low and frontline workers were not noticeably modifying implementation arrangements. However, the underlying goal conflicts, resource scarcity, conditions of work and relationships between frontline workers and clients that fueled the exemptions policy implementation gaps were unchanged. The potential for the health insurance policy to stumble over implementation gaps as happened with the exemptions policy therefore {remained.Conclusions} Policies that do not take into account the incentives for frontline worker adherence and align them better with policy objectives may experience implementation gaps. {"We} charge them; otherwise we cannot run the hospital" front line workers, clients and health financing policy implementation gaps in Ghana Africa Clients Exemptions Front line workers Ghana Health insurance Implementation gaps Micro health insurance NHIS Sub-Saharan Africa 0168-8510 In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.09.018 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-51F810F-1/2/d05772d387b0adbbad754efe6a17c27d 2010 allen_african_2010 misc Exploring financial systems in Africa This paper reviews financial systems in four regions of the African continent, namely Arab North Africa, West Africa, East and Central Africa and Southern Africa. The review explores elements of the financial systems in each of the four regions. They include: * Banking systems consisting of central banks and deposit-taking institutions; * Insurance industry; * Depth, liquidity and performance of stock markets, sectoral investment opportunities and stock exchange trading systems; * Bond markets; * Derivative markets; * Private equity funds, pension funds and other non-bank financial institutions; * Organized and informal microfinance systems; * Impact of the current financial crisis. The paper discusses challenges facing the sector, and risks that potential investors should be aware of. These include lack of depth and liquidity, dearth of markets for government and corporate bonds, lack of access to credit for small businesses, macro-economic and political instability and African currency fluctuations. African Financial Systems: A Review Africa Financial system Review March 2010 2010-03 armstrong_risk_2010 article Ireland has a system of private health insurance {(PHI)} which acts as a voluntary alternative to the benefits provided under the Irish public health system. As part of this, community rating has long been a cornerstone of the Irish private health insurance market with the objective to make {PHI} affordable to everyone regardless of their risk profile. Until the mid-1990s one insurer had a legal monopoly. However, in 1996, following the Third {Non-Life} Insurance Directive, the market was opened up to competition and a number of regulations were introduced to support community rating. This includes the introduction of a risk equalisation system. Its aim was to prevent selection and thus protect the community rating system while still enabling a competitive health insurance market. There have been significant obstacles to the introduction of risk equalisation due to political, legal and implementation issues. The objective of this paper is to review the history, structure and likely effectiveness of risk equalisation in Ireland. The paper provides lessons for other countries with risk equalisation systems or seeking to introduce such a system. Amongst other conclusions, it outlines the difficulties in introducing risk equalisation. Community rating Competitive health insurance Consumer mobility Europe GL Ireland Managed Competition Risk adjustment Risk equalisation Risk selection Risk sharing 0168-8510 15--26 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-50M0TF0-1/2/30f02c7581d24eb0764ae2f20cb65980 Health Policy Risk equalisation and voluntary health insurance markets: The case of Ireland 98 Risk equalisation and voluntary health insurance markets November 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.06.010 2010-11 armstrong_risk_2010-1 article Health Policy Risk equalisation in voluntary health insurance markets Competitive voluntary health insurance markets Cost equalisation GL Health insurance Risk adjustment Risk equalisation 0168-8510 1--2 November 98 2010 1 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.06.007 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-50KVG1P-1/2/7a5358b70e307e102c474b5d96cfad70 2010-11 armstrong_risk_2010-2 article The paper summarises the conclusions for health policy from the experience of three countries who have introduced risk equalisation subsidies, in their voluntary health insurance {(VHI)} markets. The countries chosen are Australia, Ireland and South Africa. All of these countries have developed {VHI} markets and have progressed towards introducing risk equalisation. The objective of such subsidies is primarily to make {VHI} affordable while encouraging efficiency in health care production. The paper presents a conceptual framework to understand and compare risk equalisation subsidies in {VHI} markets. The paper outlines how such subsidies are organised in each of the countries and identifies problems that arise in their implementation. We conclude that the objectives of risk equalisation, in {VHI} markets are no different to those in countries with mandatory insurance systems. We find that the introduction of risk equalisation subsidies is complex and that countries seeking to introduce risk equalisation in {VHI} markets must carefully consider how such subsidies advance their overall health policy goals. Furthermore, we conclude that such subsidies must be structured correctly as otherwise incentives exist for risk selection which may threaten affordability and efficiency. Our overall conclusion is that also in voluntary health insurance markets risk equalisation has a role in meeting the related public policy objectives of risk solidarity and affordability, and without it these objectives are severely undermined. Affordable health care Claim equalisation Community rating Competitive health insurance GL Risk adjusted premium subsidies Risk adjustment Risk equalisation Risk rating Universal coverage 0168-8510 39--49 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-50M0TF0-2/2/a0850f82f1df9ca610af69cf3a06533c Health Policy Risk equalisation in voluntary health insurance markets: A three country comparison 98 Risk equalisation in voluntary health insurance markets November 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.06.009 2010-11 asthana_setting_2010 article Health Policy The English system of health resource allocation has been described as the apotheosis of the area-level approach to setting health care capitations. However, recent policy developments have changed the scale at which commissioning decisions are made (and budgets allocated) with important implications for resource allocation. Doubts concerning the legitimacy of applying area-based formulae used to distribute resources between Primary Care Trusts {(PCTs)} to the much smaller scale required by Practice Based Commissioning {(PBC)} led the English Department of Health {(DH)} to introduce a new approach to setting health care budgets. To this end, practice-level allocations for acute services are now calculated using a diagnosis-based capitation model of the kind used in the United States and several other systems of competitive social health insurance. The new Coalition Government has proposed that these budgets are directly allocated to {GP} [`]consortia', the new commissioning bodies in the {NHS.} This paper questions whether this is an appropriate development for a health system in which the major objective of resource allocation is to promote equal opportunity of access for equal needs. The chief reservation raised is that of circularity and the perpetuation of resource bias, the concern being that an existing social, demographic and geographical bias in the use of health care resources will be reinforced through the use of historic utilisation data. Demonstrating that there are legitimate reasons to suspect that this will be the case, the paper poses the question whether health systems internationally should more openly address the key limitations of empirical methods that select risk adjusters on the basis of existing patterns of health service utilisation. Setting health care capitations through diagnosis-based risk adjustment: A suitable model for the English {NHS?} Equity Great Britain Institutional context NHS Resource allocation Risk adjustment Risk equalisation 0168-8510 Setting health care capitations through diagnosis-based risk adjustment In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.10.014 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-51H5H5T-2/2/f706404862e91ac811709affb72d60ee 2010 brune_commitments_2010 misc Savings and social networks This paper reports results of a field experiment in Malawi that randomly allocated smallholder cash crop farmers to treatments facilitating savings in formal savings accounts. The study collaborated with an {MFI} in Malawi to facilitate savings in either ordinary accounts or commitment accounts. Commitment accounts allowed customers to restrict access to their own funds until a future date that they chose. A control group did not receive any savings treatment but was tracked alongside treatment groups. Findings include: * Take-up of both types of accounts in the treatment groups was high, but only the commitment treatment had statistically significant effects on subsequent outcomes; * Customers chose to release their commitment savings in weeks immediately prior to the next planting season, when they would need funds for agricultural inputs. Commitment treatment had large positive effects on deposits and withdrawals immediately prior to the planting season, on agricultural input use in planting, crop sales from the harvest and on household expenditures in the months immediately after harvest. The positive impacts of commitment accounts could be because they helped farmers maintain discipline and self-control, and refrain from sharing with others in their social network. Commitments to Save: A Field Experiment in Rural Malawi Africa Experimental design Malawi Microfinance Microsavings Rural Sub-Saharan Africa October 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.1.8524/commitments%20to%20save-%20a%20field%20experiment%20in%20rural%20malawi.pdf 2010-10 carapinha_health_2010 article Health Policy Medicine benefits through health insurance programs have the potential to improve access to and promote more effective use of affordable, high quality medicines. Information is lacking about medicine benefits provided by health insurance programs in {Sub-Saharan} Africa. We describe the structure of medicine benefits and data routinely available for decision-making in 33 health insurance programs in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda. Most programs surveyed were private, for profit schemes covering voluntary enrollees, mostly in urban areas. Almost all provide both inpatient and outpatient medicine benefits, with members sharing the cost of medicines in all programs. Some programs use strategies that are common in high-income countries to manage the medicine benefits, such as formularies, generics policies, reimbursement limits, or price negotiation. Basic data to monitor performance in delivering medicine benefits are available in most programs, but key data elements and the resources needed to generate useful management information from the available data are typically missing. Many questions remain unanswered about the design, implementation, and effects of specific medicines policies in the emerging and expanding health insurance programs in {Sub-Saharan} Africa. These include questions about the most effective medicines policy choices, given different corporate and organizational structures and resources; impacts of specific benefit designs on quality and affordability of care and health outcomes; and ways to facilitate use of routine data for monitoring. Technical capacity building, strong government commitment, and international donor support will be needed to realize the benefits of medicines coverage in emerging and expanding health insurance programs in {Sub-Saharan} Africa. Health insurance systems in five {Sub-Saharan} African countries: Medicine benefits and data for decision making Africa Comparative study Health insurance Health system Medicine benefits Sub-Saharan Africa 0168-8510 Health insurance systems in five {Sub-Saharan} African countries In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.11.009 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-51PXT5K-1/2/ea38ce8f4e59a05250ff5724f6a1d51a 2010 connelly_risk_2010 article In April 2007, Australia introduced a risk equalisation {(RE)} scheme (de facto a claims equalisation scheme), which replaced an extant reinsurance scheme that had operated since 1976. This scheme is one of a number of policy measures that the Australian Government has instituted to support the voluntary private health insurance {(PHI)} market which is subject to mandatory community rating and the attendant problem of selection. The latter has been a persistent concern in the Australian {PHI} market since the introduction of Australia's universal, compulsory national health insurance scheme Medicare. This paper presents a brief overview of Australia's health care financing arrangements and, in particular, focuses on the history, structure and functioning of the {RE} scheme. It provides an exposition of the operation of the scheme and empirical evidence of the scheme's effects in its first full year of operation, 2007-08. The paper makes three contributions: first, it provides the only detailed overview of the functioning of the Australian {RE} scheme published to date; second, it presents the first empirical measures of the scheme's operation at the level of the 38 individual {PHI} funds; and third, it describes the systematic differences in the scheme's operation with respect to large and small funds. Thus, this paper provides a number of insights into the operation and outcomes of the Australian {RE} scheme following its first year of operation. Australia Claims equalisation Community rating GL Private health insurance Risk adjustment Risk equalisation Risk selection Subsidies and taxes 0168-8510 3--14 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-50J9VK8-1/2/d1d5af7d31492c231ce4a2d193646cdd Health Policy Risk equalisation and voluntary health insurance markets: The case of Australia 98 Risk equalisation and voluntary health insurance markets November 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.06.002 2010-11 de_allegri_determinants_2010 article Health Policy Objective To identify determinants of utilisation for antenatal care {(ANC)} and skilled attendance at birth after a substantial reduction in user {fees.Methods} The study was conducted in the Nouna Health District in north-western Burkina Faso in early 2009. Data was collected by means of a representative survey on a sample of 435 women who reported a pregnancy in the prior 12 months. Two independent logit models were used to assess the determinants of (a) {ANC} utilisation (defined as having attended at least 3 visits) and (b) skilled assistance at birth (defined as having delivered in a health {facility).Results} 76\% of women had attended at least 3 {ANC} visits and 72\% had delivered in a facility. Living within 5 km from a facility was positively associated, while animist religion, some ethnicities, and household wealth were negatively associated with {ANC} utilisation. Some ethnicities, living within 5 km from a health facility, and having attended at least 3 {ANC} visits were positively associated with delivering in a {facility.Conclusions} User fee alleviation secured equitable access to care across socio-economic groups, but alone did not ensure that all women benefited from {ANC} and from skilled attendance at birth. Investments in policies to address barriers beyond financial ones are urgently needed. Determinants of utilisation of maternal care services after the reduction of user fees: A case study from rural Burkina Faso Access Africa Antenatal care Burkina Faso Facility-based delivery Maternal care Skilled attendance at birth Sub-Saharan Africa User fees Utilization 0168-8510 Determinants of utilisation of maternal care services after the reduction of user fees In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.10.010 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-51D5RFP-3/2/610a3fd44b062a6faf255a7cf5c45f17 2010 devadasan_community_2010 article Health Policy and Planning Background To reduce the burden of out-of-pocket payments on households in India, the government has introduced community health insurance {(CHI)} as part of its National Rural Health Mission. Indian {CHI} schemes have been shown to provide financial protection and have the potential to improve quality of care, but do not seem to improve access. This study examines this dimension of {CHI} performance and explores conditions under which a {CHI} scheme can improve access to hospital care for the {poor.Methods} We conducted a panel survey at the {ACCORD-AMS-ASHWINI} {(AAA)} {CHI} scheme in India. The {AAA} {CHI} scheme protects the poorest sections of society against hospitalization expenses. 297 insured and 248 matched uninsured households were observed by village volunteers on a weekly basis for 12 months. Any patient presenting with a 'major ailment' in these households was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Outcomes measured were utilization of hospital services, cost of treatment and quality of treatment {received.Results} The two cohorts were similar regarding demographic, social and economic parameters. More insured than uninsured households expressed trust in the {CHI} scheme organizers. Both groups had similar levels of minor ailments, but the insured had higher incidence of chronic and major ailments. Insured patients had a hospital admission rate 2.2 times higher than uninsured patients, independent of confounding factors. This higher rate among the insured was also found in children and those with pre-existing conditions. Vulnerable sections of the insured population-children, pregnant women, the poorest-had the highest admission rates. Most admissions, in both cohorts, took place in the {ASHWINI} hospital. Credible and trustworthy organizers, effective providers, low co-payments, and low indirect costs contributed to this {result.Conclusions} A well-designed {CHI} scheme has the potential to improve access to hospital care, even for vulnerable sections of the community-the poorest, individuals with pre-existing conditions like diabetes and hypertension, and pregnant women. Community health insurance in Gudalur, India, increases access to hospital care Access to care Access to hospital care Asia Community-based health insurance Impact India Micro health insurance 145 --154 March 25 2010 2 10.1093/heapol/czp044 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/2/145.abstract 2010-03 erlyana_expanding_2010 article Health Policy Objectives This study investigates the importance of medical fee and distance to health care provider on individual's decision to seek care in developing {countries.Methods} The estimation method used a mixed logit model applied to data from the third wave of the Indonesian family life survey (2000). The key variables of interest include medical fee and distance to different types of health care provider and individual characteristic {variables.Results} Urban dweller's decision to choose health care providers are sensitive to the monetary cost of medical care as measured by medical fee but they are not sensitive to distance. For those who reside in rural area, they are sensitive to the non-medical component cost of care as measured by travel distance but they are not sensitive to medical {fee.Conclusions} As a result of those findings, policy makers should consider different sets of policy instruments when attempting to expand health service's usage in urban and rural areas of Indonesia. To increase access in urban areas, we recommend expansion of health insurance coverage in order to lower out-of-pocket medical expenditures. As for rural areas, expansion of medical infrastructures to reduce commuting distance and costs will be needed to increase utilization. Expanding health insurance to increase health care utilization: Will it have different effects in rural vs. urban areas? Asia Health care utilization Health insurance Indonesia Medical fee Mixed logit model Provider choice Travel distance 0168-8510 Expanding health insurance to increase health care utilization In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.11.008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-51RBGHF-1/2/1d4b53a8b82e1fe5dfa3d10dfab9306f 2010 gustafsson-wright_inequitable_2010 article Health Policy and Planning The {AIDS} pandemic in {sub-Saharan} Africa puts increasing pressure on the buffer capacity of low- and middle-income households without access to health insurance. This paper examines the relationship between health shocks, insurance status and health-seeking behaviour. It also investigates the possible mitigating effects of insurance on income loss and out-of-pocket health expenditure. The study uses a unique dataset based on a random sample of 1769 households and 7343 individuals living in the Greater Windhoek area in Namibia. The survey includes medical testing for {HIV} infection which allows for the explicit analysis of {HIV-related} health shocks. We find that the economic consequences of health shocks can be severe for uninsured households even in a country with a relatively well-developed public health care system such as Namibia. The uninsured resort to a variety of coping strategies to deal with the high medical expenses and reductions in income, such as selling assets, taking up credit or receiving financial support from relatives and friends. As {HIV-infected} individuals increasingly develop {AIDS,} this will put substantial pressure on the public health care system as well as social support networks. Evidence suggests that private insurance, currently unaffordable to the poor, protects households from the most severe consequences of health shocks. The inequitable impact of health shocks on the uninsured in Namibia Africa Catastrophic health care costs Equity Equity and health Health insurance Health shocks Namibia Sub-Saharan Africa Uninsured 2010 10.1093/heapol/czq029 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2010/07/28/heapol.czq029.abstract 2010 howe_subjective_2011 article Health Policy and Planning Introduction: The wealth index is a commonly-used measure of socio-economic position {(SEP)} in low- and middle-income settings, but there is concern that it is strongly influenced by community-level as well as household-level factors. Subjective {SEP} indicators are infrequently used in health {research.Methods:} We use data from 11???280 households included in the Malawi Integrated Household Survey 2004/5. We compare the wealth index with four subjective measures of {SEP:} perceived food consumption adequacy, perceived overall consumption adequacy, an economic ladder question, and perceived income sufficiency. The wealth index is compared with each subjective {SEP} measure in terms of: (i) agreement of classification of households, (ii) targeting accuracy with respect to {US\$1-a-day} poverty based on consumption expenditure, and (iii) the socio-economic processes (household- and community-level) giving rise to the {SEP} {scores.Results:} Each subjective {SEP} indicator resulted in considerable differential classification of households compared with the wealth index. Three measures of subjective {SEP} (perceived food consumption adequacy, economic ladder question, and perceived income sufficiency) identified a higher proportion of dollar-a-day poor households as poor than the wealth index. The wealth index was strongly influenced by community infrastructure, but all subjective {SEP} indicators were free from strong community-level {influence.Conclusion:} The strengths and limitations of any measure of {SEP} depend on the context and purpose for which it is being used. In these data, the wealth index was strongly influenced by community infrastructure, whereas the subjective {SEP} measures were not, perhaps allowing analyses using them to disentangle household and community influences. Several subjective measures also corresponded to dollar-a-day poverty more strongly than the wealth index. Subjective measures may therefore be preferable to the wealth index in some circumstances, although they have their own set of potential biases. Subjective measures of socio-economic position and the wealth index: a comparative analysis Africa Asset index Comparative study GL Malawi Socioeconomic Status (SES) Sub-Saharan Africa Wealth Wealth index Subjective measures of socio-economic position and the wealth index 2011 10.1093/heapol/czq043 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2010/09/03/heapol.czq043.abstract 2011 mcleod_risk_2010 article South Africa intends implementing major reforms in the financing of healthcare. Free market reforms in private health insurance in the late 1980s have been reversed by the new democratic government since 1994 with the re-introduction of open enrolment, community rating and minimum benefits. A system of national health insurance with income cross-subsidies, risk-adjusted payments and mandatory membership has been envisaged in policy papers since 1994. Subsequent work has seen the design of a Risk Equalisation Fund intended to operate between competing private health insurance funds. The paper outlines the South African health system and describes the risk equalisation formula that has been developed. The risk factors are age, gender, maternity events, numbers with certain chronic diseases and numbers with multiple chronic diseases. The Risk Equalisation Fund has been operating in shadow mode since 2005 with data being collected but no money changing hands. The South African experience of risk equalisation is of wider interest as it demonstrates an attempt to introduce more solidarity into a small but highly competitive private insurance market. The measures taken to combat over-reporting of chronic disease should be useful for countries or funders considering adding chronic disease to their risk equalisation formulae. Affordability Africa Competitive private voluntary health insurance markets GL Risk adjustment Risk equalisation Risk selection South Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 0168-8510 27--38 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-50GTR37-1/2/aaed1951bd02e376fb540cf3d6eca2bc Health Policy Risk equalisation and voluntary health insurance: The South Africa experience 98 Risk equalisation and voluntary health insurance November 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.06.008 2010-11 meng_expanding_2010 article Health Policy and Planning Vulnerable groups are often not covered by health insurance schemes. Strategies to extend coverage in these groups will help to address inequity. We used the existing literature to summarize the options for expanding health insurance coverage, describe which countries have tried these strategies, and identify and describe evaluation {studies.We} included any report of a policy or strategy to expand health insurance coverage and any evaluation and economic modelling studies. Vulnerable populations were defined as children, the elderly, women, low-income individuals, rural population, racial or ethnic minorities, immigrants, and those with disability or chronic diseases. Forty-five databases were searched for relevant documents. The authors applied inclusion criteria, and extracted data using pre-coded forms, on contents of health insurance schemes or programmes, and used the framework approach to establish {categories.Of} the 21???528 articles screened, 86 documents were finally included. Descriptions about the {USA} dominated (72), with only five from Africa, six from Asia and two from South America. We identified six main categories: (1) changing eligibility criteria of health insurance; (2) increasing public awareness; (3) making the premium more affordable; (4) innovative enrolment strategies; (5) improving health care delivery; and (6) improving management and organization of the insurance schemes. All six categories were found in the literature about schemes in the {USA,} and schemes often included components from each category. Strategies in developing countries were much more limited in their scope. Evaluation studies numbered 25, of which the majority were of time series design. All studies found that the expansion strategies were effective, as assessed by the {author(s).In} countries expanding coverage, the categories identified from the literature can help policy makers consider their options, implement strategies where it is common sense to do so and establish appropriate implementation monitoring. Expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable groups: a systematic review of options Health insurance Systematic review Universal coverage Vulnerable groups Expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable groups 2010 10.1093/heapol/czq038 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2010/09/02/heapol.czq038.abstract 2010 meremikwu_priority_2010 article Health Policy Objectives In an era of evidence based medicine and systematic review, this study seeks to identify priority systematic review topics that address common health problems in {Nigeria.Methods} Firstly, a primary list of health problems was compiled from the National Health Management Information Systems and information from key informants (health professionals, researchers and {NGOs)} drawn from the six geo-political zones in Nigeria. Key steps included compilation and ranking of a comprehensive list of health problems into 4 categories: adult communicable, non-communicable, maternal and child health; searching the Cochrane Library and electronic databases for systematic reviews on identified priority problems, analysis of search outputs to identify gaps; listing and ranking of new priority systematic review topics using pre-determined {criteria.Results} Eighteen questions made the final list of priorities systematic reviews and 9 of them were related to malaria. There were 7 additional issues that the panelists identified as crucial cross-cutting issues that need to be addressed in systematic {reviews.Conclusion} Identification and prioritization of systematic reviews relevant to health care in Nigeria will improve the opportunity to deliver evidence-based and equitable health care to the people. These topics are likely to be also important for health care decision in other resource-poor settings. Priority setting for systematic review of health care interventions in Nigeria Africa Evidence based medicine Healthcare practice Nigeria Priority setting Sub-Saharan Africa Systematic review 0168-8510 In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.11.004 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-51MHP12-1/2/57fe636f90185367ce868bc625f56b27 2010 onwujekwe_willingness_2010-1 article Objective We examine socio-economic status {(SES)} and geographic differences in willingness of respondents to pay for community-based health insurance {(CBHI).Methods} The study took place in Anambra and Enugu states, south-east Nigeria. It involved a rural, an urban and a semi-urban community in each of the two states. A pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from a total of 3070 households selected by simple random sampling. Contingent valuation was used to elicit willingness to pay {(WTP)} using the bidding game format. Data were examined for correlation between {SES} and geographic locations with {WTP.} Log ordinary least squares {(OLS)} was used to examine the construct validity of elicited {WTP.Results} Generally, less than 40\% of the respondents were willing to pay for {CBHI} membership for themselves or other household members. The proportions of people who were willing to pay were much lower in the rural communities, at less than 7\%. The average that respondents were willing to pay as a monthly premium for themselves ranged from 250 Naira {(US\$1.7)} in a rural community to 343 Naira {(US\$2.9)} in an urban community. The higher the {SES} group, the higher the stated {WTP} amount. Similarly, the urbanites stated higher {WTP} compared with peri-urban and rural dwellers. Males and people with more education stated higher {WTP} values than females and those with less education. Log {OLS} also showed that previously paying out-of-pocket for health care was negatively related to {WTP.} Previously paying for health care using any health insurance mechanism was positively related to {WTP.Conclusion} Economic status and place of residence amongst other factors matter in peoples' {WTP} for {CBHI} membership. Consumer awareness has to be created about the benefits of {CBHI,} especially in rural areas, and the amount to be paid has to be augmented with other means of financing (e.g. government and/or donor subsidies) to ensure success and sustainability of {CBHI} schemes. Africa Community-based health insurance Micro health insurance Nigeria Residence characteristics Socioeconomic Status (SES) Sub-Saharan Africa Willingness to pay 155 --161 2 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/2/155.abstract Health Policy and Planning Willingness to pay for community-based health insurance in Nigeria: do economic status and place of residence matter? 25 Willingness to pay for community-based health insurance in Nigeria March 2010 10.1093/heapol/czp046 2010-03 onwujekwe_informal_2010 article Objectives To examine differences in malaria treatment expenditures from the perspectives of consumers and providers in southeast {Nigeria.Methods} The study was conducted using household surveys, provider surveys and exit poll interviews. The amount of money that the providers claimed to charge their patients for malaria treatment services was compared with the expenditures that the respondents actually incurred for malaria treatment services from the same {providers.Results} The average expenditure for malaria treatment from the consumers as elicited from both the household survey and exit poll interviews was \$6.30, while it was \$2.20 for the providers from information from the provider survey. The widest gaps between expenditures for consumers and amounts purportedly charged by providers were found in public healthcare facilities. All socio-economic status groups and residents of urban and rural areas were exposed to informal {payments.Conclusion} The differences in malaria treatment expenditures from consumers' and providers' perspectives point to high levels of informal payments, which worsen the economic burden of the disease and may predispose to catastrophic health spending. The informal payments are personal gains to the individual providers but represent a loss to the society, in terms of higher healthcare costs. Such payments should be addressed by policy makers so as to make treatment of malaria less costly to patients. Africa Expenditures Informal payments Malaria treatment Nigeria Sub-Saharan Africa 0168-8510 72--79 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4Y8G1GW-2/2/bc86899b0f52d398c483dd8b2bd972b1 Health Policy Informal payments for healthcare: Differences in expenditures from consumers and providers perspectives for treatment of malaria in Nigeria 96 Informal payments for healthcare June 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.12.014 2010-06 ridde_user_2010 article Health Policy Objective Analysis of the implementation process for a national user fees abolition policy aimed at children under age five organized in Niger since October {2006.Methods} This was a study of contrasted cases. Two districts were selected, Keita and Abalak; Keita is supported by an international {NGO.} In 2009, we carried out socio-anthropological surveys in all the health facilities of both districts and qualitative interviews with 211 {individuals.Results} Keita district launched the policy before Abalak did, and its implementation was more effective. The populations and the health workers of both districts were relatively well aware of the user fees abolition. Both districts experienced significant delays in the reimbursement of treatments provided free of charge in the health centres (9 months in Keita, 24 months in Abalak). The presence of the {NGO} compensated for the State's shortcomings, particularly with respect to maintaining the drug supply, which became difficult because of payment delays. In Abalak, district officials reinstated user {fees.Conclusions} The technical relevance of user fees abolition is undermined by the State's lack of preparation for its funding and organizational management. User fees abolition policy in Niger: Comparing the under five years exemption implementation in two districts Abolition Africa Equity Exemption Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Under-five User fees 0168-8510 User fees abolition policy in Niger In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.09.017 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-5196KH7-2/2/b29e5add0e7c9291a0899bbcd8433e04 2010 ridde_scoping_2011 article Health Policy and Planning In Africa, user fees constitute a financial barrier to access to health services. Increasingly, international aid agencies are supporting countries that abolish such fees. However, African decision-makers want to know if eliminating payment for services is effective and how it can be implemented. For this reason, given the increase in experiences and the repeated requests from decision-makers for current knowledge on this subject, we surveyed the literature. Using the scoping study method, 20 studies were selected and analysed. This survey shows that abolition of user fees had generally positive effects on the utilization of services, but at the same time, it highlights the importance of implementation processes and our considerable lack of knowledge on the matter at this time. We draw lessons from these experiences and suggest avenues for future research. A scoping review of the literature on the abolition of user fees in health care services in Africa Abolition Africa GL User fees User fees for health services 1 --11 January 26 2011 1 10.1093/heapol/czq021 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/1/1.abstract 2011-01 saksena_mutual_2010-1 article Health Policy Objective Rwanda has expanded mutual health insurance considerably in recent years, which has a great potential for making health services more accessible. In this paper, we examine the effect of mutual health insurance {(MHI)} on utilization of health services and financial risk {protection.Methods} We used data from a nationally representative survey from 2005-2006. We analysed this data through summary statistics as well as regression {models.Findings} Our statistical modelling shows that {MHI} coverage is associated with significantly increased utilization of health services. Indeed, individuals in households that had {MHI} coverage used health services twice as much when they were ill as those in households that had no insurance coverage. Additionally, {MHI} is also associated with a higher degree of financial risk protection and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure was almost four times less than in households with no coverage. Nonetheless, the limitations of the {MHI} coverage also become {apparent.Conclusion} These promising results indicate that {MHI} has had a strong positive impact on access to health care and can continue to improve health of Rwandans even more if its limitations are addressed further. Mutual health insurance in Rwanda: Evidence on access to care and financial risk protection Access to care Africa Catastrophic health expenditure Micro health insurance Mutual health insurance Rwanda Sub-Saharan Africa 0168-8510 Mutual health insurance in Rwanda In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.09.009 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-518VXHP-1/2/8c43d85dd4d31e097713784198c72360 2010 sridhar_health_2011 article In this paper we examine whether Brazil, Russia and India have similar financing patterns to those observed globally. We assess how national health allocations compare with epidemiological estimates for burden of disease. We identify the major causes of burden of disease in each country, as well as the contribution {HIV/AIDS,} tuberculosis and malaria make to the total burden of disease estimates. We then use budgetary allocation information to assess the alignment of funding with burden of disease data. We focus on central government allocations through the Ministry of Health or its equivalent. We found that of the three cases examined, Brazil and India showed the most bias when it came to financing {HIV/AIDS} over other diseases. And this occurred despite evidence indicating that {HIV/AIDS} (among all three countries) was not the highest burden of disease when measured in terms of age-standardized {DALY} rates. We put forth several factors building on Reich's (2002) framework on 'reshaping the state from above, from within and from below' to help explain this bias in favour of {HIV/AIDS} in Brazil and India, but not in Russia: 'above' influences include the availability of external funding, the impact of the media coupled with recognition and attention from philanthropic institutions, the government's close relationship with {UNAIDS} {(UN} Joint Programme on {HIV/AIDS),} {WHO} {(World} Health Organization) and other {UN} bodies; 'within' influences include political and bureaucratic incentives to devote resources to certain issues and relationships between ministries; and 'below' influences include civil society activism and relationships with government. Two additional factors explaining our findings cross-cutting all three levels are the strength of the private sector in health, specifically the pharmaceutical industry, and the influence of transnational advocacy movements emanating from the {USA} and Western Europe for particular diseases. Brazil Comparative study Development aid Health care financing Health financing India International agencies Russia 12 --24 1 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/1/12.abstract Health Policy and Planning Health Financing in Brazil, Russia and India: What Role Does the International Community Play? 26 Health Financing in Brazil, Russia and India January 2011 10.1093/heapol/czq016 2011-01 sun_health_2010 article Health Policy and Planning Objective To measure the incidence and severity of health payment-induced poverty of rural households under the New Cooperative Medical Scheme {(NCMS)} in rural Shandong, {China.Method} We collected primary data from a household survey to identify catastrophic health payments and measure associated health payment-induced poverty in a county of Shandong province. From a stratified random cluster sample of 3101 households, 375 households that might be at risk of catastrophic payments were identified and interviewed. A validity test of the screening method was conducted, from which we obtained the adjusted total number of households with catastrophic payments in the sample of 3101. The health payment-induced poverty incidence and severity were compared without and with {NCMS} {reimbursements.Results} Before the {NCMS} intervention, 5.06\% of the sample households fell below the national poverty line due to health payments in 2004, compared with 4.03\% after reimbursements. With {NCMS} reimbursements, the health payment-induced poverty gap of those households still remaining below the Chinese national poverty line dropped by 19.2\% to an average of 977.2 {Yuan.Conclusion} Out-of-pocket health payments remain a severe burden for rural households. Financial protection from the {NCMS} was limited. Health payment-induced poverty under China's New Cooperative Medical Scheme in rural Shandong Asia Catastrophic health care costs China Health insurance Health insurance and poverty New Cooperative Medical Scheme 419 --426 25 2010 5 10.1093/heapol/czq010 http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/5/419.abstract 2010 thanh_assessment_2010 article User fees at public health care facilities and out-of-pocket payments for health care services are major health financing problems in Vietnam. In 2002, the Government launched the Health Care Funds for the Poor {(HCFP)} policy which offered free public health care services to help the poor access public health services and reduce their health care expenditure {(HCE).} This paper is an assessment of the implementation of the {HCFP} in a rural district of Vietnam. The impacts of {HCFP} on household {HCE} as a percentage of total expenditure and health care utilization were assessed by a double-difference propensity score matching method using panel data of 10,711 households in 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2007. The results showed that the {HCFP} significantly reduced the {HCE} as a percentage of total expenditure and increased the use of the local public health care among the poor. However, the impacts of {HCFP} on the use of the higher levels of public health care and the use of go-to-pharmacies were not significant. In conclusion, this assessment indicates that the {HCFP} has met its objectives by reducing {HCE} for the poor and increasing their use of the local public health care services. However, further efforts are needed to help them access higher levels of public health care. Pharmacists should be better regulated and incorporated with primary health care to improve efficiency of the system. Asia Assessment Health Care Funds for the Poor Health insurance Vietnam 0168-8510 58--64 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-506YWT5-2/2/4726a4d5670d42f11cb6b1c8e3ea729b Health Policy An assessment of the implementation of the Health Care Funds for the Poor policy in rural Vietnam 98 November 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.05.005 2010-11 van_der_star_individual_2010 article Health Policy This study analyzes peoples' social preferences for individual responsibility to health-risk behaviour in health care using the contingent valuation method adopting a societal perspective. We measure peoples' willingness to pay for inclusion of a treatment in basic health insurance of a hypothetical lifestyle dependent (smoking) and lifestyle independent (chronic) health problem. Our hypothesis is that peoples' willingness to pay for the independent and the dependent health problems are similar. As a methodological challenge, this study also analyzes the extent to which people consider their personal situation when answering contingent valuation questions adopting a societal perspective. 513 Dutch inhabitants responded to the questionnaire. They were asked to state their maximum willingness to pay for inclusion of treatments in basic health insurance package for two health problems. We asked them to assume that one hypothetical health problem was totally independent of behaviour (for simplicity called chronic disease). Alternatively, we asked them to assume that the other hypothetical health problem was totally caused by health-risk behaviour (for simplicity called smoking disease). We applied the payment card method to guide respondents to answer the contingent valuation method questions. Mean willingness to pay was 42.39 Euros {(CI} = 37.24-47.55) for inclusion of treatment for health problem that was unrelated to behaviour, with [`]5-10' and [`]10-20 Euros' as most frequently stated answers. In contrast, mean willingness to pay for inclusion treatment for health-risk related problem was 11.29 Euros {(CI} = 8.83-14.55), with [`]0' and [`]0-5 Euros' as most frequently provided answers. Difference in mean willingness to pay was substantial (over 30 Euros) and statistically significant (p-value = 0.000). Smokers were statistically significantly more (p-value {\textless} 0.01) willing to pay for the health-risk related (smoking) problem compared with non-smokers, while people with chronic condition were not willing to pay more for the health-risk unrelated (chronic) problem than people without chronic condition. This suggests that sub groups of people might differ in terms of abstracting from their personal situation when answering valuation questions from a societal perspective. Individual responsibility and health-risk behaviour: A contingent valuation study from the ex ante societal perspective Contingent valuation method Equity Ex ante moral hazard Health policy Health-risk behaviour Individual responsibility Preferences Societal perspective Valuation Willingness to pay 0168-8510 Individual responsibility and health-risk behaviour In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.10.001 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-51RF5V5-1/2/b8636fb8d71d959c94cb51b28029eff8 2010 wagner_access_2010 article Health Policy Objectives We assessed the contribution of health insurance and a functioning public sector to access to care and medicines and household economic {burden.Methods} We used descriptive and logistic regression analyses on 2002/3 World Health Survey data in 70 {countries.Results} Across countries, 286,803 households and 276,362 respondents contributed data. More than 90\% of households had access to acute care. However, less than half of respondents with a chronic condition reported access. In 51 low and middle income countries {(LMIC),} health care expenditures accounted for 13-32\% of total 4-week household expenditures. One in four poor households in low income countries incurred potentially catastrophic health care expenses and more than 40\% used savings, borrowed money, or sold assets to pay for care. Between 41\% and 56\% of households in {LMIC} spent 100\% of health care expenditures on medicines. Health insurance and a functioning public sector were both associated with better access to care and lower risk of economic {burden.Conclusion} To improve access, policy makers should improve public sector provision of care, increase health insurance coverage, and expand medicines benefit policies in health insurance systems. Access to care and medicines, burden of health care expenditures, and risk protection: Results from the World Health Survey Access to care Africa Catastrophic health care costs Economic burden Health insurance Health risk management Medicines coverage 0168-8510 Access to care and medicines, burden of health care expenditures, and risk protection In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.08.004 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-510244T-1/2/3ae9cb5e0e3063913799850b12398f57 2010 yardim_catastrophic_2010 article Objectives This study aims to identify the level of catastrophic health expenditure {(CHE)} in Turkey and, to reveal household factors predicting this {outcome.Methods} {CHE} is calculated from a national representative data derived from {TurkStat,} Household Budget Survey, Consumption Expenditures, 2006. The methods introduced by Ke Xu and colleagues are employed for {calculations.Results} The proportion of households with {CHE} is 0.6\%. Impoverished households consist 0.4\% of total. Average out-of-pocket health payment is 7.36 {USD} {(PPP\$-2006)} in lowest fifth that is approximately one tenth of the highest fifth (70.18 {PPP} {USD-2006).} In the logistic model, probability of facing {CHE} increases by each unit rise of per capita expenditure. Household head's health insurance is closely related with catastrophe. Rural households face 2.5 times more catastrophe than the urban area residents. Having preschool child in the household is seen as a protective factor for catastrophic expenditure. On the other hand, elderly or disabled person increases risk of {catastrophe.Conclusions} Results indicate that more people in Turkey benefited from risk pooling/health insurance by 2006 and were, therefore, on average, better protected from catastrophic medical expenses, than in many other countries with comparable income levels at that time. Catastrophic health expenditure Europe Health finance Health system Turkey 0168-8510 26--33 1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-4X5HY3K-2/2/4f31de11c9980d1e6529e83b06c84acb Health Policy Catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment in Turkey 94 January 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.08.006 2010-01 yu_reform_2010 article Health Policy Objective This paper assesses the potential equity impact of Malaysia's projected reform of its current tax financed system towards National Health Insurance {(NHI).Methods} The Kakwani's progressivity index was used to assess the equity consequences of the new {NHI} system (with flat rate {NHI} scheme) compared to the current tax financed system. It was also used to model a proposed system (with a progressive {NHI} scheme) that can generate the same amount of funding more {equitably.Results} The new {NHI} system would be less equitable than the current tax financed system, as evident from the reduction of Kakwani's index to 0.168 from 0.217. The new flat rate {NHI} scheme, if implemented, would reduce the progressivity of the health finance system because it is a less progressive finance source than that of general government revenue. We proposed a system with a progressive {NHI} scheme that generates the same amount of funding whilst preserving the equity at the Kakwani's progressivity index of {0.213.Conclusions} A {NHI} system with a progressive {NHI} scheme is proposed to be implemented to raise health funding whilst preserving the equity in health care financing. Reform towards National Health Insurance in Malaysia: The equity implications Asia Equity health financing Health insurance Malaysia National Health Insurance Reform 0168-8510 Reform towards National Health Insurance in Malaysia In Press, Corrected Proof 2010 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.10.018 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8X-51M58T1-1/2/a4df57225a961c5d9852d3f9847fdfb7 2010 bauchet_can_2010 misc Improving the quality of healthcare, and not just its price This paper investigates whether microinsurers can help improve the quality of healthcare, and not just its price. The paper studies Indian patients who had a caesarean section,appendectomy, hysterectomy, or abdominal hernia surgery. It compares facility's infrastructure; doctor's qualification and knowledge; process of care; and patient satisfaction. Two thirds of insured patients contacted the insurer about their choice of provider. They are directed towards facilities that are part of the insurer's network, which have better infrastructure than non-network facilities. The paper states that being insured is not significantly associated with receiving better-quality care. Can Insurers Improve Healthcare Quality? Evidence from a Community Microinsurance Scheme in India Asia Impact Impact studies India Micro health insurance Quality of health care September 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.1.9053/Can%20insurers%20improve.pdf 2010-09 marr_importance_2010 misc Identifying the best strategies to institute shareholding partnerships Non-governmental organizations operating in Tanzania and seeking to transform themselves into regulated {MFIs} are currently facing the difficult task of establishing who the owners of their organizations are, a crucial factor that is limiting their ability to secure transformation and hence to get access to further funding. As an integral part of the Leverhulme-funded research project {"Optimising} the Dual Goals of Microfinance" this briefing paper presents preliminary results of field research undertaken in Tanzania during August 2009. One of the major findings is that gaining access to equity capital is the primary concern of many of these organizations and hence identifying the best strategies to institute shareholding partnerships is paramount. The Importance of Being Owned: Microfinance Institutions in Tanzania - Leverhulme Microfinance Research Project Executive Briefing Paper 3 Africa Microfinance Non-governmental organizations Ownership Sub-Saharan Africa Tanzania February 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.1.9144/the%20importance%20of%20being%20owned.pdf 2010-02 oosterhout_different_2010 misc Reviewing the financial behavior of poor people This article discusses the characteristics of income and expenditures of the impoverished and how both are the cause and the outcome of financial behavior. It is from this perspective that the author discusses the role of microcredit, exploring why poor people borrow and how they use their loans. The article also shows how the impoverished deal with risks and discusses the opportunities {MFIs} and commercial banks have to serve the poor and what financial products they can offer to meet the needs of low-income people. The article draws from the author's working experiences in different parts of the world, especially in Africa and Asia. The Different Techniques and Tools the Poor Use in Cash Flow Management Cash flow management Financial management Microcredit Poor Poor households Strategies February 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.49216/Living%20on%20the%20Financial%20Edge.pdf 2010-02 alip_status_2010 misc Providing sustainable social protection to the low-income population This paper was commissioned by the {Asia-Pacific} Rural and Agricultural Credit Association {(APRACA)} to determine the current status of microinsurance in Southeast Asia and the emerging developments relative to microinsurance. The study primarily looked into the experiences in Cambodia, the Philippines and Vietnam and cited microinsurance programs by implementing institutions in each country which employed a variety of models and delivery frameworks. Accounts on this paper are highly based on the review of existing researches and other related literature. This study also enumerated organizations and institutions pioneering microinsurance developments in Southeast Asia as well as their partners in the three countries under study. Status of Microinsurance in Southeast Asia: The Cases of Cambodia, the Philippines and Vietnam Asia Cambodia Microinsurance Philippines South East Asia Vietnam 2010 http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.1.9143/status%20of%20microinsurance.pdf 2010 rosenberg_role_2010 article {AIDS} and Behavior Microfinance loans targeted at vulnerable female populations have the potential to foster female economic independence, possibly leading to the negotiation of safer sexual practices and reduced {HIV} risk. This study assessed the relationship between experience with microfinance loans and {HIV} risk behavior among 192 female clients of the Haitian microfinance organization Fonkoze. Clients with longer microfinance experience were generally found to have lower indicators of {HIV} risk behavior and higher indicators of relationship power compared to those with shorter experience. In particular, those with longer memberships were 72\% less likely to report partner infidelity, were 3.95 times more likely to use condoms with an unfaithful partner, and had higher average general power index scores compared to those with shorter experience. This study provides evidence that long-term exposure to microfinance is associated with reduced {HIV} risk behavior in Haitian women and that this reduction may be partly regulated by influencing relationship power. These results suggest the need to further explore the use of microfinance as a tool to prevent the spread of {HIV.} The Role of a Microfinance Program on {HIV} Risk Behavior Among Haitian Women Haiti HIV/AIDS Microfinance Risk Risk behaviour 1573-3254 December 2010 {PMID:} 21153762 10.1007/s10461-010-9860-3 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21153762 2010-12 Kozel, V. Kozel V. Kozel Colletta, Nat J. Colletta Nat J. Colletta Shankar, Rashmi Shankar Rashmi Shankar Jaffey, Michael Jaffey Michael Jaffey Kachika, Tinyade Kachika Tinyade Kachika Lindenthal, Roland Lindenthal Roland Lindenthal Swinton, Scott M. Swinton Scott M. Swinton Yaw, Deborah Yaw Deborah Yaw Gertler, Paul ; Levine Gertler Paul ; Levine Gertler Spaan, Ernst Spaan Ernst Spaan Fortney, John Fortney John Fortney Falola, Toyin Falola Toyin Falola Christie, Daniel J. Christie Daniel J. Christie Graeve, Diana De Graeve Diana De Graeve Hamid, Syed Abdul Hamid Syed Abdul Hamid Temmerman, Marleen Temmerman Marleen Temmerman {Maticka-Tyndale}, Eleanor {Maticka-Tyndale} Eleanor {Maticka-Tyndale} Gruskin, Sofia Gruskin Sofia Gruskin asbl., {ADA} asbl. {ADA} asbl. Manoharan, S. Manoharan S. Manoharan Thompson, Joyce Thompson Joyce Thompson Oppong, Joseph Oppong Joseph Oppong Liber, Dominic Liber Dominic Liber Aliber, M. Aliber M. Aliber Bliss, Frank Bliss Frank Bliss Vargas, Veronica Vargas Veronica Vargas Campbell, T. Campbell T. Campbell Storkebaum, Werner Storkebaum Werner Storkebaum Sapelli, Claudio Sapelli Claudio Sapelli Guinnane, Timothy W. Guinnane Timothy W. Guinnane Bloom, G. Bloom G. Bloom Greeff, Minrie Greeff Minrie Greeff Tschoetschel, Ulla; Erber Tschoetschel Ulla; Erber Tschoetschel Ho, Maria T. Ho Maria T. Ho Kubo, K. Kubo K. Kubo Ltd, Global Learning Services Pty Ltd Global Learning Services Pty Ltd Harpham, Trudy Harpham Trudy Harpham Beck, Konstantin Beck Konstantin Beck Kruk, Margaret E Kruk Margaret E Kruk Schulz, Oliver Schulz Oliver Schulz Promotion, Committee for the Promotion Committee for the Promotion Martelo, Emma Zapata Martelo Emma Zapata Martelo Sen, Priti Dave Sen Priti Dave Sen Langenbrunner, Jack Langenbrunner Jack Langenbrunner Durlauf, {S.N.} Durlauf {S.N.} Durlauf R\"{o}sner, Hans J\"{u}rgen R\"{o}sner Hans J\"{u}rgen R\"{o}sner Nandraj, Sunil Nandraj Sunil Nandraj Pepper, Katy Pepper Katy Pepper Marchand, Maurice Marchand Maurice Marchand Lamers, L M Lamers L M Lamers Silva, Roseanne Da Silva Roseanne Da Silva Leive, Adam Leive Adam Leive Zipperer, Manfred Zipperer Manfred Zipperer Rademacher, Ralf Rademacher Ralf Rademacher Hintz, Martin Hintz Martin Hintz Salmen, Lawrence Salmen Lawrence Salmen Holding, Micro Insurance Agency Holding Micro Insurance Agency Holding Hargreaves, James R. Hargreaves James R. Hargreaves Devadasan, N. Devadasan N. Devadasan Jun, Y Jun Y Jun {Lopez-Rodriguez}, Patricia {Lopez-Rodriguez} Patricia {Lopez-Rodriguez} Sintonen, Harri Sintonen Harri Sintonen {BRS} {BRS} {BRS} Ven, Wynand {P.M.M.} van de Ven Wynand {P.M.M.} van de Ven Steiner, S. Steiner S. Steiner Mwale, Biziwick Mwale Biziwick Mwale Schrader, Wilhelm F. Schrader Wilhelm F. Schrader Goudge, Jane Goudge Jane Goudge Cabral, A Jorge R Cabral A Jorge R Cabral Malcomson, James M. Malcomson James M. Malcomson Tenikue, Michel Tenikue Michel Tenikue Mersland, Roy Mersland Roy Mersland Aubert, Cecile Aubert Cecile Aubert Sarma, Sisira Sarma Sisira Sarma Dror, D. M. Dror D. M. Dror {LeMay-Boucher}, Philippe {LeMay-Boucher} Philippe {LeMay-Boucher} Gerstoft, Jan Gerstoft Jan Gerstoft Holle, Rolf Holle Rolf Holle Grant, Emma Grant Emma Grant Ssengooba, Freddie Ssengooba Freddie Ssengooba Garber, Alan M. Garber Alan M. Garber Squire, S. Bertel Squire S. Bertel Squire Giedion, Ursula B. Giedion Ursula B. Giedion Kremer, M. Kremer M. Kremer Pollet, I. Pollet I. Pollet Johnson, Susan Johnson Susan Johnson Miranda, Bernardo Miranda Bernardo Miranda Poortinga, Wouter Poortinga Wouter Poortinga Christiaensen, Luc J. M Christiaensen Luc J. M Christiaensen Cutler, David Cutler David Cutler Adjei, Sam Adjei Sam Adjei Saleh, Ibrahim Saleh Ibrahim Saleh Bangsberg, David R Bangsberg David R Bangsberg Sakyi, Dr E. Kojo Sakyi Dr E. Kojo Sakyi Eggleston, Karen Eggleston Karen Eggleston Peter, Trevor Peter Trevor Peter {AnhDuc}, Ha {AnhDuc} Ha {AnhDuc} Khurana, G. Khurana G. Khurana Dlamini, Priscilla S. Dlamini Priscilla S. Dlamini Munshi, K Munshi K Munshi Mensah, J. H. Mensah J. H. Mensah Heijink, Richard Heijink Richard Heijink Reitmeir, Peter Reitmeir Peter Reitmeir Luft, H. S. Luft H. S. Luft Chiumya, Chiara Chiumya Chiara Chiumya Over, M. Over M. Over Group, Malawi Health {SWAp} Donor Group Malawi Health {SWAp} Donor Group Kuchler, Felix Kuchler Felix Kuchler Smith, Peter C. Smith Peter C. Smith Garand, Denis Garand Denis Garand {deGraft-Johnson}, Joseph {deGraft-Johnson} Joseph {deGraft-Johnson} Dave, H. R. Dave H. R. Dave Godfroid, P. Godfroid P. Godfroid Morduch, Jonathan Morduch Jonathan Morduch Haque, Trina Haque Trina Haque Kirigia, Joses Kirigia Joses Kirigia Binswanger, Hans P Binswanger Hans P Binswanger Gaydos, Laura Gaydos Laura Gaydos Thompson, C. Thompson C. Thompson Mensah, Ayayi Omar Mensah Ayayi Omar Mensah Banthia, Anjali Banthia Anjali Banthia Anto, Francis Anto Francis Anto Giesbert, Lena Giesbert Lena Giesbert {LeBan}, Karen {LeBan} Karen {LeBan} Stich, Andreas Stich Andreas Stich Braun, Joachim von Braun Joachim von Braun Wittenberg, Tom Wittenberg Tom Wittenberg Berlowitz, Dan R. Berlowitz Dan R. Berlowitz Rauch, M. Rauch M. Rauch J\"{o}nsson, Bengt J\"{o}nsson Bengt J\"{o}nsson Churchhill, Craig Churchhill Craig Churchhill Roth, J. Roth J. Roth {McGrath}, N. {McGrath} N. {McGrath} {Narh-Bana}, {S.A.} {Narh-Bana} {S.A.} {Narh-Bana} Goldberg, Jessica Goldberg Jessica Goldberg Cook, Philip J. Cook Philip J. Cook Estupinan, Jazmina Estupinan Jazmina Estupinan Amenyah, Johnnie Amenyah Johnnie Amenyah Ghosh, Jayati Ghosh Jayati Ghosh Chuma, Jane Chuma Jane Chuma Chaudhuri, Anoshua Chaudhuri Anoshua Chaudhuri Maestad, Ottar Maestad Ottar Maestad Ngonzi, Ancent Ngonzi Ancent Ngonzi Narang, Alka Narang Alka Narang Vliet, {R.C.J.A.} van Vliet {R.C.J.A.} van Vliet M\"{u}ller, Verena M\"{u}ller Verena M\"{u}ller Damm, Wim Van Damm Wim Van Damm Axelson, Henrik Axelson Henrik Axelson {USAID} {USAID} {USAID} Bydawell, Moya Bydawell Moya Bydawell Andreoni, J. Andreoni J. Andreoni {Wiedmaier-Pfister}, Martina {Wiedmaier-Pfister} Martina {Wiedmaier-Pfister} Tangcharoensathien, Viroj Tangcharoensathien Viroj Tangcharoensathien Yardim, Mahmut Saadi Yardim Mahmut Saadi Yardim Antunes, Ad\'{e}lio Fernandes Antunes Ad\'{e}lio Fernandes Antunes Singh, Arbind Singh Arbind Singh Grant, Ken Grant Ken Grant Clougherty, T. Clougherty T. Clougherty Harvey, Corinne Harvey Corinne Harvey Flessa, Steffen Flessa Steffen Flessa Thomson, Sarah Thomson Sarah Thomson Pflug, G. Pflug G. Pflug Creese, Andrew Creese Andrew Creese Shewry, S. Shewry S. Shewry Engstr\"{o}m, Karin Engstr\"{o}m Karin Engstr\"{o}m Rai, Suyash Rai Suyash Rai Zurn, Pascal Zurn Pascal Zurn Portes, Alejandro Portes Alejandro Portes Carlo, Gustavo Carlo Gustavo Carlo Basu, P. Basu P. Basu Gr\"{u}b, Andreas Gr\"{u}b Andreas Gr\"{u}b Uzochukwu, Benjamin Uzochukwu Benjamin Uzochukwu Annycke, Pascal Annycke Pascal Annycke Fatas, Enrique Fatas Enrique Fatas Couffinhal, Agnes Couffinhal Agnes Couffinhal Baza, Anaclet Baza Anaclet Baza Holly, Alberto Holly Alberto Holly Lorgen, Christy Cannon Lorgen Christy Cannon Lorgen Osterkamp, R. Osterkamp R. Osterkamp R\"{u}ckversicherungsgesellschaft, Swiss Re - Schweizerische R\"{u}ckversicherungsgesellschaft Swiss Re - Schweizerische R\"{u}ckversicherungsgesellschaft Fraser, Frances Fraser Frances Fraser Lwihula, G. Lwihula G. Lwihula Ullrich, C. G. Ullrich C. G. Ullrich Franke, Sandra Franke Sandra Franke Chee, Grace Chee Grace Chee Mayasudhakar, Parimal Mayasudhakar Parimal Mayasudhakar Kilpatrick, Sue Kilpatrick Sue Kilpatrick {Xing-Yuan}, Gu {Xing-Yuan} Gu {Xing-Yuan} Chowdhury, A Mushtaque R Chowdhury A Mushtaque R Chowdhury Witter, Sophie N. Witter Sophie N. Witter Phily, Caroline Phily Caroline Phily Juncheng, Qian Juncheng Qian Juncheng Swidler, Ann Swidler Ann Swidler Krummacher, Andr\'{e} Krummacher Andr\'{e} Krummacher Chanfreau, Catherine Chanfreau Catherine Chanfreau Kyeremeh, George Kyeremeh George Kyeremeh Simpara, Cheick Hamed Tidane Simpara Cheick Hamed Tidane Simpara Luboyeski, Victor Luboyeski Victor Luboyeski Ansong, David Ansong David Ansong Swain, Ranjula Bali Swain Ranjula Bali Swain Fischbacher, Urs Fischbacher Urs Fischbacher Kemenade, Solange van Kemenade Solange van Kemenade Mwenda, Kenneth Kaoma Mwenda Kenneth Kaoma Mwenda Hinote, Brian P. Hinote Brian P. Hinote Hamid, S. Hamid S. Hamid Floyd, S. Floyd S. Floyd Leemput, Luc Van Leemput Luc Van Leemput Morgan, Lynn M. Morgan Lynn M. Morgan Feigenberg, Benjamin Feigenberg Benjamin Feigenberg Cochran, Jennifer Cochran Jennifer Cochran Albrecht, M. Albrecht M. Albrecht Chalkley, Martin Chalkley Martin Chalkley Prins, Hendrik Prins Hendrik Prins Allen, Adriana Allen Adriana Allen Kim, Soyeon Kim Soyeon Kim Phetlhu, Ren\'{e} Deliwe Phetlhu Ren\'{e} Deliwe Phetlhu Kimball, Richard Kimball Richard Kimball Nandakumar, {A.K.} Nandakumar {A.K.} Nandakumar Montenegro, F. Montenegro F. Montenegro Sahni, A. Sahni A. Sahni Nagendranath, Abhijit Nagendranath Abhijit Nagendranath Sidib\'{e}, Ousmane Sidib\'{e} Ousmane Sidib\'{e} {Leon-Ledesma}, Miguel {Leon-Ledesma} Miguel {Leon-Ledesma} Zabojnik, Jan Zabojnik Jan Zabojnik Greiner, Ben Greiner Ben Greiner Gerrits, Trudie Gerrits Trudie Gerrits Hatcher, J. Hatcher J. Hatcher Burritt, Kiendel Burritt Kiendel Burritt Behrman, Jere Behrman Jere Behrman Owen, Mindy Owen Mindy Owen Platteau, {Jean-Philippe} Platteau {Jean-Philippe} Platteau Kyanamina, Sindele Simasiku Kyanamina Sindele Simasiku Kyanamina Bester, H. Bester H. Bester Danilenko, Alexander Danilenko Alexander Danilenko Lund, Francie Lund Francie Lund Weron, Rafael Weron Rafael Weron Supakankunti, Siripen Supakankunti Siripen Supakankunti Hougaard, C. Hougaard C. Hougaard Roth, James Roth James Roth Yardim, Nazan Yardim Nazan Yardim {DeMonner}, Sonya M {DeMonner} Sonya M {DeMonner} Fontaine, Philippe Fontaine Philippe Fontaine Masa, Rainier Masa Rainier Masa Ito, S. Ito S. Ito Grossmann, Michael Grossmann Michael Grossmann Senbet, Lemma W. Senbet Lemma W. Senbet Oosterhout, Henk van Oosterhout Henk van Oosterhout Maloney, William Maloney William Maloney international, Plan international Plan international H\"{a}rdle, Wolfgang H\"{a}rdle Wolfgang H\"{a}rdle Gumber, Anil Gumber Anil Gumber Develtere, Patrick Develtere Patrick Develtere Kiwara, Angwara D Kiwara Angwara D Kiwara Hsu, Shuofen Hsu Shuofen Hsu Zwi, Anthony Barry Zwi Anthony Barry Zwi Rao, K. Sujatha Rao K. Sujatha Rao Liu, Mingwei Liu Mingwei Liu Xuesheng, L Xuesheng L Xuesheng Ravallion, M. Ravallion M. Ravallion Bhavsar, Ami Bhavsar Ami Bhavsar Alsop, Ruth Alsop Ruth Alsop Sarol, Jesus N. Sarol Jesus N. Sarol Wagner, Anita K. Wagner Anita K. Wagner Vergis, Mercy Vergis Mercy Vergis Brehm, John Brehm John Brehm Alam, Moneer Alam Moneer Alam B\"{a}rnighausen, Till B\"{a}rnighausen Till B\"{a}rnighausen Swartz, K Swartz K Swartz Fournier, Pierre Fournier Pierre Fournier Ost, Alexander Ost Alexander Ost Klimm, Ernst Klimm Ernst Klimm Zikusooka, C M Zikusooka C M Zikusooka Gypong, John Gypong John Gypong Field, Erica M. Field Erica M. Field Kumaranayake, Lilani Kumaranayake Lilani Kumaranayake Aggarwal, Aradhna Aggarwal Aradhna Aggarwal Twahirwa, Aimable Twahirwa Aimable Twahirwa Kirigia, Joses M. Kirigia Joses M. Kirigia Espiritu, Betty Espiritu Betty Espiritu Coricelli, Giorgio Coricelli Giorgio Coricelli {McMillen}, Heather {McMillen} Heather {McMillen} Edgerton, Robert B. Edgerton Robert B. Edgerton Sahn, David E.; Stifel Sahn David E.; Stifel Sahn {Arhin-Tenkorang}, Dyna {Arhin-Tenkorang} Dyna {Arhin-Tenkorang} Field, Erica Field Erica Field {McIntosh}, Kenneth {McIntosh} Kenneth {McIntosh} {Puig-Junoy}, J. {Puig-Junoy} J. {Puig-Junoy} Clark, Cullen Clark Cullen Clark Dawes, Andrew Dawes Andrew Dawes Yanni, Mohga Kamal Yanni Mohga Kamal Yanni Mushkin, Selma J. Mushkin Selma J. Mushkin Robinson, J. Robinson J. Robinson Schultz, Jennifer Schultz Jennifer Schultz Uhaa, Iyorlumun Uhaa Iyorlumun Uhaa Marchal, Bruno Marchal Bruno Marchal Syed, Ali Syed Ali Syed Evans, David B. Evans David B. Evans Goodman, Catherine A. Goodman Catherine A. Goodman Hounton, Sennen Hounton Sennen Hounton Foreit, James R. Foreit James R. Foreit {Sherburne-Benz}, Lynne {Sherburne-Benz} Lynne {Sherburne-Benz} Duclos, J. Y. Duclos J. Y. Duclos Lokshin, Michael Lokshin Michael Lokshin Waelkens, M. P. Waelkens M. P. Waelkens Jones, Andrew M. Jones Andrew M. Jones Mushi, Adiel K. Mushi Adiel K. Mushi Meessen, Bruno Meessen Bruno Meessen Finkelstein, Amy Finkelstein Amy Finkelstein Zmora, Irit Zmora Irit Zmora {(GNeMHO)}, Network of Mutual Health Organizations of Ghana {(GNeMHO)} Network of Mutual Health Organizations of Ghana {(GNeMHO)} Butler, Lisa M Butler Lisa M Butler Patel, Falguni Patel Falguni Patel Chuka, Stuart Chuka Stuart Chuka Samuelson, Larry Samuelson Larry Samuelson {Meze-Hausken}, Elisabeth {Meze-Hausken} Elisabeth {Meze-Hausken} Poku, Nana K. Poku Nana K. Poku Bossert, T. J. Bossert T. J. Bossert Kippenberg, Juliane Kippenberg Juliane Kippenberg Diop, Francois Path\'{e} Diop Francois Path\'{e} Diop America, Economic Commission for Latin America Economic Commission for Latin America Novitsky, Vladimir Novitsky Vladimir Novitsky Mompati, Kgosidialwa Mompati Kgosidialwa Mompati Smith, Peter J. Smith Peter J. Smith {Scheil-Adlung}, Xenia {Scheil-Adlung} Xenia {Scheil-Adlung} Ven, Wynand P M M van de Ven Wynand P M M van de Ven Schrader, Jan Schrader Jan Schrader Duflo, Esther Duflo Esther Duflo Bigdeli, Maryam Bigdeli Maryam Bigdeli Rosenberg, Molly S Rosenberg Molly S Rosenberg Bolle, Friedel Bolle Friedel Bolle Kelley, Allison Gamble Kelley Allison Gamble Kelley Murawski, Matthew M. Murawski Matthew M. Murawski Mladovsky, Philipa Mladovsky Philipa Mladovsky Churches, World Council of Churches World Council of Churches Simtowe, Franklin Peter Simtowe Franklin Peter Simtowe Santhosha Santhosha Santhosha Consultants, Kadale Consultants Kadale Consultants Teerawattananon, Yot Teerawattananon Yot Teerawattananon Randolph, Tom Randolph Tom Randolph Sheiman, Igor Sheiman Igor Sheiman Olawoye, Janice Olawoye Janice Olawoye Sinha, S. Sinha S. Sinha Hasan, Mohammed Emrul Hasan Mohammed Emrul Hasan Barrett, Louise Barrett Louise Barrett Wang, Hong Wang Hong Wang Costello, A. Costello A. Costello Martinez, Gabriel Martinez Gabriel Martinez Roberts, Jennifer Roberts Jennifer Roberts J., Weimann J. Weimann J. Peter, Christine Peter Christine Peter Sahokwasama, Jean Baptiste Sahokwasama Jean Baptiste Sahokwasama Mukhopahyay, Tilak Mukhopahyay Tilak Mukhopahyay Andersen, Helle Max Andersen Helle Max Andersen Molyneux, Catherine Molyneux Catherine Molyneux Burger, Ronelle Burger Ronelle Burger Kawabata, Kei Kawabata Kei Kawabata Abramson, Wendy B. Abramson Wendy B. Abramson Swartz, Katherine Swartz Katherine Swartz Musango, Laurent Musango Laurent Musango {Vialle-Valentin}, Catherine E {Vialle-Valentin} Catherine E {Vialle-Valentin} Okello, Francis Okello Francis Okello Monye, Felicia N. Monye Felicia N. Monye Gbesemete, Kwame Prosper Gbesemete Kwame Prosper Gbesemete Hatcher, Juanita Hatcher Juanita Hatcher Rajasekhar, D. Rajasekhar D. Rajasekhar Happich, Michael Happich Michael Happich Grootaert, C. Grootaert C. Grootaert Hsiao, William Hsiao William Hsiao Murray, Christopher {J.L.} Murray Christopher {J.L.} Murray Hsiao, Willian Hsiao Willian Hsiao Macagba, R. Macagba R. Macagba Yip, W Yip W Yip Takyi, Baffour K. Takyi Baffour K. Takyi Honohan, Patrick Honohan Patrick Honohan Krebs, Uwe Krebs Uwe Krebs Ezeh, Alex C. Ezeh Alex C. Ezeh Mubyazi, {G.M.} Mubyazi {G.M.} Mubyazi Ross, David Ross David Ross Gs\"{a}nger, Hans Gs\"{a}nger Hans Gs\"{a}nger Wilms, Annegien Wilms Annegien Wilms Baeza, Cristian C. Baeza Cristian C. Baeza Fund, {IMF} International Monetary Fund {IMF} International Monetary Fund Leist, Hannes Leist Hannes Leist Health, Government of Malawi - Ministry of Health Government of Malawi - Ministry of Health Levitt, L. Levitt L. Levitt Jr., Richard H. Adams Jr. Richard H. Adams Jr. Dodoo, F. {Nii-Amoo} Dodoo F. {Nii-Amoo} Dodoo Fischer, Isabel Fischer Isabel Fischer Hargreaves, James R Hargreaves James R Hargreaves Mtonya, Brian Mtonya Brian Mtonya Ndagije, Felix Ndagije Felix Ndagije Banks, D. Banks D. Banks Schott, Whitney Schott Whitney Schott Barnett, Tony Barnett Tony Barnett Ahmed, Nabil Ahmed Nabil Ahmed Kutzin, Joseph Kutzin Joseph Kutzin Hammitt, James K. Hammitt James K. Hammitt {Bao-Gang}, Shu {Bao-Gang} Shu {Bao-Gang} Bhuiya, Abbas Bhuiya Abbas Bhuiya Robinson, Debbie Rene Robinson Debbie Rene Robinson Bellamy, Richard Bellamy Richard Bellamy Bossert, Thomas Bossert Thomas Bossert Pritchett, L H Pritchett L H Pritchett Ramey, J. Ramey J. Ramey Oxfam Oxfam Oxfam Moore, Jeffrey C. Moore Jeffrey C. Moore Kulkarni, Veena Kulkarni Veena Kulkarni Allen, Franklin Allen Franklin Allen Kwaak, Anke van der Kwaak Anke van der Kwaak Zohir, Sajjad Zohir Sajjad Zohir Kurokawa, G. Kurokawa G. Kurokawa Cai, Renhua Cai Renhua Cai Colletta, N. J. Colletta N. J. Colletta Scott, Anthony Scott Anthony Scott Njunwa, {K.J.} Njunwa {K.J.} Njunwa Danis, Marion Danis Marion Danis Gardiol, L. Gardiol L. Gardiol Jans, Manuel Jans Manuel Jans Zeladita, Jhon Zeladita Jhon Zeladita Kamdjoug, Jean Kamdjoug Jean Kamdjoug Purohit, Brijesh C Purohit Brijesh C Purohit Craig, Neil Craig Neil Craig {Al-Bagdadi}, Hayder {Al-Bagdadi} Hayder {Al-Bagdadi} Roth, Alexandra Roth Alexandra Roth Odell, K. Odell K. Odell Dachraoui, K. Dachraoui K. Dachraoui Kurian, A. Kurian A. Kurian Saha, Jean Claude Saha Jean Claude Saha Dept, International Labour Office; Social Security Dept International Labour Office; Social Security Dept Microsave Microsave Microsave Damme, Wim Van Damme Wim Van Damme Lewallen, Susan Lewallen Susan Lewallen Heggenhougen, Kris Heggenhougen Kris Heggenhougen Islam, Syed Khairul Islam Syed Khairul Islam Bocognano, Agnes Bocognano Agnes Bocognano Closon, {Marie-Christine} Closon {Marie-Christine} Closon Schuller, Tom Schuller Tom Schuller Schrey\"{o}gg, Jonas Schrey\"{o}gg Jonas Schrey\"{o}gg Wilms, A. Wilms A. Wilms Juetting, Johannes Juetting Johannes Juetting Aikins, Moises Aikins Moises Aikins Grant, Rachel Grant Rachel Grant Grignon, Michel Grignon Michel Grignon Borzecki, Ann M. Borzecki Ann M. Borzecki Kapalamula, J Kapalamula J Kapalamula Wasserman, Jason A. Wasserman Jason A. Wasserman Hong, W Hong W Hong Tikare, S. Tikare S. Tikare Kershbaumer, Rose Kershbaumer Rose Kershbaumer Virani, Altaf Virani Altaf Virani {Osei-Akoto}, Isaac {Osei-Akoto} Isaac {Osei-Akoto} Vliet, Ren\'{e} {C.J.A.} van Vliet Ren\'{e} {C.J.A.} van Vliet Edejer, Tessa {Tan-Torres} Edejer Tessa {Tan-Torres} Edejer Travis, Phyllida Travis Phyllida Travis Stone, Wendy Stone Wendy Stone Hanson, K. Hanson K. Hanson Amin, {MO} Amin {MO} Amin Ingstad, Benedicte Ingstad Benedicte Ingstad Alexandre, Leslie M Alexandre Leslie M Alexandre Killian, Richard Killian Richard Killian Sato, Motohiro Sato Motohiro Sato Devadasan, Dr. N. Devadasan Dr. N. Devadasan Alcaraz, John E Alcaraz John E Alcaraz {DeFilippis}, James {DeFilippis} James {DeFilippis} Prinzo, Zita Weise Prinzo Zita Weise Prinzo Leiter, Karen Leiter Karen Leiter {DeRoek}, Denise {DeRoek} Denise {DeRoek} Fikree, Fariyal F Fikree Fariyal F Fikree Ven, W P van de Ven W P van de Ven Malkin, {Jean-Elie} Malkin {Jean-Elie} Malkin {Schmitt-Diabat\'{e}}, Val\'{e}rie {Schmitt-Diabat\'{e}} Val\'{e}rie {Schmitt-Diabat\'{e}} Hsi, Natasha Hsi Natasha Hsi Phaladze, Nthabiseng Phaladze Nthabiseng Phaladze Steinberg, David Mark Steinberg David Mark Steinberg Sekhri, Neelam Sekhri Neelam Sekhri {(BMZ)}, Bundesministerium f\"{u}r wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung {(BMZ)} Bundesministerium f\"{u}r wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung {(BMZ)} Dror, David M. Dror David M. Dror Gauld, Robin Gauld Robin Gauld Eisenhauer, Joseph G. Eisenhauer Joseph G. Eisenhauer Thekaekara, N. Thekaekara N. Thekaekara Hotchkiss, David R. Hotchkiss David R. Hotchkiss Cordova, Polibio Cordova Polibio Cordova Gwatkin, Davdison R. Gwatkin Davdison R. Gwatkin Ponthieux, Sophie Ponthieux Sophie Ponthieux Islam, M K Islam M K Islam Triplett, Jack E. Triplett Jack E. Triplett {Pablos-M\'{e}ndez}, Ariel {Pablos-M\'{e}ndez} Ariel {Pablos-M\'{e}ndez} Bau, Natalie Bau Natalie Bau Ito, Sanae Ito Sanae Ito Sobel, J. Sobel J. Sobel Doyen, Gerlinde Doyen Gerlinde Doyen Rogal, Deborah L. Rogal Deborah L. Rogal Dudley, Adams Dudley Adams Dudley Babu, Sumesh K- Babu Sumesh K- Babu Chernichovsky, D. Chernichovsky D. Chernichovsky Seiler, Eberhard Seiler Eberhard Seiler Winden, F. van Winden F. van Winden Welniak, Edward J. Welniak Edward J. Welniak Swiderek, Donna Swiderek Donna Swiderek Ottersen, Trygve Ottersen Trygve Ottersen Feeley, Rich Feeley Rich Feeley Isern, Jennifer Isern Jennifer Isern Mapfumo, Shadreck {(CRMG} Consultant) Mapfumo Shadreck {(CRMG} Consultant) Mapfumo Shahrouri, T. A. Shahrouri T. A. Shahrouri Zeramdini, Riadh Zeramdini Riadh Zeramdini Nathan, D. Nathan D. Nathan Supakankunti, S Supakankunti S Supakankunti Osseni, Reimi Osseni Reimi Osseni Bonneux, Luc Bonneux Luc Bonneux Poursat, Christine Poursat Christine Poursat Nugroho, G. Nugroho G. Nugroho Hagemejer, Krzysztof Hagemejer Krzysztof Hagemejer Kumar, Naveen Kumar Naveen Kumar Chimangeni, S. Chimangeni S. Chimangeni Thekaekara, M. Thekaekara M. Thekaekara Marion, Martin Marion Martin Marion Henry, C. Henry C. Henry Cohen, M. Cohen M. Cohen Wir\'{e}n, Kjell Wir\'{e}n Kjell Wir\'{e}n London, Leslie London Leslie London Narain, S. Narain S. Narain Kress, Daniel Kress Daniel Kress Hsiao, William C. L. Hsiao William C. L. Hsiao Senchanthixay, Matry Senchanthixay Matry Senchanthixay Fine, P. E. M. Fine P. E. M. Fine Badasu, Delali Margaret Badasu Delali Margaret Badasu Hardon, Anita Hardon Anita Hardon Kleef, R C van Kleef R C van Kleef Ghana, National Health Insurance Authority Ghana National Health Insurance Authority Ghana {Kiwanuka-Mukiibi}, P. {Kiwanuka-Mukiibi} P. {Kiwanuka-Mukiibi} Eke, Felix Eke Felix Eke Pepler, Terry Pepler Terry Pepler Dodd, Rebecca Dodd Rebecca Dodd Styn, Mindi A. Styn Mindi A. Styn Beauli\`{e}re, A. Beauli\`{e}re A. Beauli\`{e}re Meng, Qingyue Meng Qingyue Meng Masud, Tayyeb I. Masud Tayyeb I. Masud Peltzer, Karl Peltzer Karl Peltzer Elkins, David Elkins David Elkins Sathymala, C. Sathymala C. Sathymala Isern, J. Isern J. Isern Massaga, {J.J.} Massaga {J.J.} Massaga Klasen, Stephan Klasen Stephan Klasen Ulasi, Chijioke I. Ulasi Chijioke I. Ulasi {(ILO)}, International Labour Organization {(ILO)} International Labour Organization {(ILO)} Basher, Md. Abul Basher Md. Abul Basher Gilles, Willem Gilles Willem Gilles Smith, Kimberly Smith Kimberly Smith {II}, {B.L.} Turner {II} {B.L.} Turner {II} Moeti, Matshidiso Moeti Matshidiso Moeti Bridges, John Bridges John Bridges G\"{o}pffarth, Dirk G\"{o}pffarth Dirk G\"{o}pffarth {d'Almeida}, Selassi {d'Almeida} Selassi {d'Almeida} Inc., {SPSS} Inc. {SPSS} Inc. Catrinescu, Natalia Catrinescu Natalia Catrinescu Fielding, Katherine Fielding Katherine Fielding Galarza, Francisco Galarza Francisco Galarza Hay, {Fran\c{c}ois-Xavier} Hay {Fran\c{c}ois-Xavier} Hay {MeTA} {MeTA} {MeTA} Hill, Clara E Hill Clara E Hill Mansyur, Carol Mansyur Carol Mansyur Steel, William F. Steel William F. Steel Mazonde, Patson Mazonde Patson Mazonde Srivastava, Siddharth Srivastava Siddharth Srivastava Schindler, Kati Schindler Kati Schindler Havlir, Diane V Havlir Diane V Havlir Yuan, Beibei Yuan Beibei Yuan Ogden, Sean Ogden Sean Ogden Gonzalez, A. Gonzalez A. Gonzalez Bayona, Jaime Bayona Jaime Bayona Pronyk, Paul M. Pronyk Paul M. Pronyk Carrin, G Carrin G Carrin Ye, Maurice Ye Maurice Ye Maumbe, Blessing M. Maumbe Blessing M. Maumbe Chandler, C. Chandler C. Chandler Graham, Wendy J Graham Wendy J Graham {Sabates-Wheeler}, Rachel {Sabates-Wheeler} Rachel {Sabates-Wheeler} Waelkens, Pia Waelkens Pia Waelkens Abdool, Shelly N. Abdool Shelly N. Abdool Bloom, G Bloom G Bloom Leopold, Jennifer Leopold Jennifer Leopold Acharya, Akash Acharya Akash Acharya Aguilera, Nelly Aguilera Nelly Aguilera Pelt, Maurits van Pelt Maurits van Pelt Laurinkari, Juhani Laurinkari Juhani Laurinkari Sky, David Sky David Sky Agency, Japan International Cooperation Agency Japan International Cooperation Agency Devadasan, Dr. {N.;Divakar} Devadasan Dr. {N.;Divakar} Devadasan Pellini, Arnaldo Pellini Arnaldo Pellini George, Melvill O. George Melvill O. George Msuya, John M. Msuya John M. Msuya Maux, A. Le Maux A. Le Maux Perez, F. Perez F. Perez Chen, Theresa Chen Theresa Chen Miroinsurance, {CGAP} Working Group on Miroinsurance {CGAP} Working Group on Miroinsurance Goparaju, Lakshmi Goparaju Lakshmi Goparaju Sissouma, Issa Sissouma Issa Sissouma Chanani, S. Chanani S. Chanani Nayar, K. R. Nayar K. R. Nayar Hickey, Elaine C. Hickey Elaine C. Hickey Hauck, Katharina Hauck Katharina Hauck Vassall, Anna Vassall Anna Vassall Prabhu, K. Seeta Prabhu K. Seeta Prabhu Iezzoni, L. I. Iezzoni L. I. Iezzoni Guiso, Luigi; Sapienza Guiso Luigi; Sapienza Guiso Yu, Joseph {Kwong-Leung} Yu Joseph {Kwong-Leung} Yu Cripps, Gil Cripps Gil Cripps Travail, Bureau international du Travail Bureau international du Travail Frew, Emma J. Frew Emma J. Frew Louis, Val\'{e}rie R. Louis Val\'{e}rie R. Louis Zephyr, A. M. Zephyr A. M. Zephyr Hermes, Niels Hermes Niels Hermes Binnendijk, Erika Binnendijk Erika Binnendijk Geest, Sjaak Van Der Geest Sjaak Van Der Geest Mwangi, P. Mwangi P. Mwangi Rifkin, Susan B. Rifkin Susan B. Rifkin Obel, Niels Obel Niels Obel Braun, Johann von Braun Johann von Braun Vetrivel, S. Vetrivel S. Vetrivel Hoff, Karla Hoff Karla Hoff Dr\`{e}ze, J. Dr\`{e}ze J. Dr\`{e}ze Cohen, Jon Cohen Jon Cohen Edmondson, Ricca Edmondson Ricca Edmondson Bose, Sujata Bose Sujata Bose Sachs, Jeffrey D. Sachs Jeffrey D. Sachs Manoharan, S Manoharan S Manoharan Mansmann, Ulrich Mansmann Ulrich Mansmann Gross, Revital Gross Revital Gross Mahapatra, Prasanta Mahapatra Prasanta Mahapatra {VanRooyen}, Michael J. {VanRooyen} Michael J. {VanRooyen} Sinha, Tara Sinha Tara Sinha Kett, Maria Kett Maria Kett Venkata, N. Venkata N. Venkata Cookson, Richard Cookson Richard Cookson Selten, Reinhard Selten Reinhard Selten Shenglan, T Shenglan T Shenglan Wood, Joe Wood Joe Wood Mazzucato, Valentina Mazzucato Valentina Mazzucato Diop, Fran\c{c}ois Diop Fran\c{c}ois Diop {McMahon}, Anne {McMahon} Anne {McMahon} Koning, Korrie De Koning Korrie De Koning Dalal, Aparna Dalal Aparna Dalal M\"{u}nkner, {Hans-H.} M\"{u}nkner {Hans-H.} M\"{u}nkner Dorros, G. Dorros G. Dorros Adawy, Maha El Adawy Maha El Adawy Ferreiro, Alejandro Ferreiro Alejandro Ferreiro Chatterjee, Arup Chatterjee Arup Chatterjee Kliemt, Hartmut Kliemt Hartmut Kliemt Morison, Linda A. Morison Linda A. Morison Arhin, Dyna Arhin Dyna Arhin Lin, Chaohsin Lin Chaohsin Lin Gen\`{e}ve, Bureau international du Travail Gen\`{e}ve Bureau international du Travail Gen\`{e}ve Donaldson, Cam Donaldson Cam Donaldson Matul, Michal Matul Michal Matul Molitor, Nina Molitor Nina Molitor List, John A. List John A. List Clarke, Daniel Clarke Daniel Clarke Schneider, {Karl-G\"{u}nther} Schneider {Karl-G\"{u}nther} Schneider Compernolle, Phil Compernolle Phil Compernolle Cullen, M. L. Cullen M. L. Cullen Hammer, Scott M Hammer Scott M Hammer Hansen, {Ann-Brit} Eg Hansen {Ann-Brit} Eg Hansen Mitole, Zunzo Mitole Zunzo Mitole Martin, Kathryn E. Martin Kathryn E. Martin Zhang, Licheng Zhang Licheng Zhang Kolo, Jerry Kolo Jerry Kolo Klein, S. Klein S. Klein Mechler, R. Mechler R. Mechler Larson, Heidi Jane Larson Heidi Jane Larson Carapinha, Jo??o L. Carapinha Jo??o L. Carapinha Armbruster, Paul Armbruster Paul Armbruster Gbangou, Adjima Gbangou Adjima Gbangou Napier, David Napier David Napier Habbani, Khalid Habbani Khalid Habbani Ensor, Tim Ensor Tim Ensor Gruber, Jonathan Gruber Jonathan Gruber Putnam, Robert Putnam Robert Putnam Redzuan, Ma'rof Bin Redzuan Ma'rof Bin Redzuan Department, Social Development Department Social Development Department Chandani, Taara Chandani Taara Chandani Natu, A. Natu A. Natu {HIV/AIDS}, Network of Maharashtra by People Living With {HIV/AIDS} Network of Maharashtra by People Living With {HIV/AIDS} Dike, Nkem Dike Nkem Dike Assaf, Susan Assaf Susan Assaf Squire, Stephen Bertel Squire Stephen Bertel Squire Kim, Julia C. Kim Julia C. Kim {(NDC)}, National Democratic Congress {(NDC)} National Democratic Congress {(NDC)} Ogawa, Sumiko Ogawa Sumiko Ogawa Goold, Susan Dorr Goold Susan Dorr Goold Jiaying, C Jiaying C Jiaying Victora, Cesar G Victora Cesar G Victora Murthy, Ranjani K. Murthy Ranjani K. Murthy Reinsch, M. Reinsch M. Reinsch Selinger, Evan Selinger Evan Selinger Henr\ufffd?{i}quez, J. Henr\ufffd?{i}quez J. Henr\ufffd?{i}quez Kainyu, Lenity H. Kainyu Lenity H. Kainyu Khandker, R. K. Khandker R. K. Khandker Anum, Adote Anum Adote Anum {Oliveira-Cruz}, Valeria {Oliveira-Cruz} Valeria {Oliveira-Cruz} Kadiyala, Suneetha Kadiyala Suneetha Kadiyala Chambers, Robert Chambers Robert Chambers Wolfe, William R Wolfe William R Wolfe Hornbrook, Mark C. Hornbrook Mark C. Hornbrook Kahssay, Haile Kahssay Haile Kahssay Macq, Jean Macq Jean Macq Smith, A. Smith A. Smith Bello, Segun Bello Segun Bello Mohiddin, Abdu Mohiddin Abdu Mohiddin Ledgerwood, J. Ledgerwood J. Ledgerwood Seibel, Hans Dieter Seibel Hans Dieter Seibel Sen, S. Sen S. Sen Dercon, Stefan; Krishnan Dercon Stefan; Krishnan Dercon Devi